Rumungro

Viktor Elšík (Charles University)

Austria

Czechia

Ukr

aine

Poland

Hungary

SCSC

NCNC

Rumungro of Selice

SlovakHungarian

General information

village of Selice (Šóka): 3,500 inhabitants 2,200 Roma “Rumungri” (Rumungro) 300 Roma “Pojáki” (a different dialect of Romani) 2,000 Hungarians hierarchy: Hungarians > “Rumungri” > “Pojáki”

Rumungro family and in-group communication among “Rumungri” learned as L2 by local “Pojáki” and some local Hungarians inter-group communication between “Rumungri” and

“Pojáki” no publications, no education, no media

Contact layers

Indo-AryanWest Iranian

Armenian, Ossetic, Georgian10th c. Greek

South Slavic

Croatian16/17th c. – current Hungarian1920 – current Slovak1950 – current Czech

(Hungarian deictic pro-words)

demonstrative ‘this/that’ ez az

quality ‘such like this/that’ ilyen olyan

quantity ‘this/that much’ ennyi annyi

size ‘this/that big’ ekkora akkora

manner ‘in this/that manner’ így úgy

extent ‘to this/that extent’ ennyire annyira

stative ‘here/there’ itt ott

directive ‘to here/there’ ide oda

separative ‘from here/there’ innen onnan

perlative ‘this/that way’ erre arra

time ‘at this/that time’ ekkor akkor

terminative ‘up to here/there; until this/that time’ eddig addig

(Coordination)

1. CONJUNCTIVE taj ‘and’te – te ‘both – and’ni – ni ‘neither – nor’

2. DISJUNCTIVE vaď ‘or’vaď – vaď ‘either – or’ha – ha ‘whether – or’

3. ADVERSATIVE de ‘but’azomba ‘however’mégiš ‘still, even so’halem ‘G. sondern’

(Coordination)

BORROWING HIERARCHY (Matras 1998)

adversative > disjunctive > conjunctiveHungarian Hungarian Croatian indigenous

SELECTIVE BORROWING

meg pedig

PREP POSTP PREP POSTP

Hungarian ‘and’ ‘in turn’ ‘in turn’ ‘and’

Rumungro – meg pedig –

Morphological borrowing

category borrowing (PAT) iterative aktionsart causatives orientation gender associative

construction borrowing (PAT) lexical compounds reciprocal universal quantifiers

affix borrowing (MAT) numerous

Morphological borrowing

category borrowing (PAT) iterative aktionsart causatives orientation gender associative

construction borrowing (PAT) lexical compounds reciprocal universal quantifiers

affix borrowing (MAT) numerous

Associative

Hungariankőműves ‘bricklayer’kőműves-ek ‘bricklayers’kőműves-ék ‘bricklayer & his work team’

Rumungrokémívėš-i ‘bricklayer’kémívėšš-ė ‘bricklayers’kémívėš-ingere ‘bricklayer & his work team’

Associative

ASS kémívėš-in-ger-e

GEN.SGNOM.SG kémívėš-is-ker-e

GEN.PLNOM.SG kémívėš-en-ger-e

Associative

OBL.SG OBL.PL ASS Kálo M -e s- -e n- -e n- Grófo M -o s- -e/o n- -o n- Gumi M -i s- -e n- -i n- Rička M -a s- -e n- -a n- Káli F -a – -e n- -a n- Čuma F -a – -e n- -a n- Néni F -i – -e n- -i n-

Morphological borrowing

category borrowing (PAT) iterative aktionsart causatives orientation gender associative

construction borrowing (PAT) lexical compounds reciprocal universal quantifiers

affix borrowing (MAT) numerous

Universal quantifiers

minden-hogyanevery-how‘in every manner’

minden-kievery-who‘everybody’

minden-sar

sa-ko -who

minden-holevery-where‘everywhere’

minden-káj

< Croatian

sa-káj

Affix borrowing

affix extraction = indirect matter borrowing affixes of L2 origin are borrowed as parts of

borrowed word-forms, then expanded to non-L2 bases

affix replication = direct matter borrowing affixes of L2 origin are borrowed directly, without

the mediation of word-form borrowing

Affix replication

[D]espite the many claims concerning the “borrowing” of phonology, morphology, and even syntax, there has been no convincing demonstration that such structural change occurs without mediation by some other medium or process. (Winford 2003: 61)

Affix extraction

cigaretta cigaretta ‘cigarette’

cigarettá-z-ik cigarettáz-in-el ‘smokes’ (3SG)

cigarettá-z-ni cigarettáz-ňi ‘to smoke’ (INF)

HUN ROM GLOSS

-(V)z-V = a ~ e ~ o ~ ö

Affix extraction

cigaretta cigarett-a ‘cigarette’

cigarettá-z-ik cigarett-áz-in-el ‘smokes’ (3SG)

cigarettá-z-ni cigarett-áz-ňi ‘to smoke’ (INF)

ásv-a ‘tear’

ásv-áz-in-el ‘sheds tears’

ásv-áz-ňi ‘to shed tears’

HUN ROM GLOSS

-(V)z-V = a ~ e ~ o ~ ö

Affix extraction

nominative noun inflections (< Greek) verb adaptation markers -in-, -is- (< Greek) participle marker -ime (< Greek) adjective and adverb derivation -ik-, -ik-a (< Greek) ordinal marker -t- (< Greek)

feminine derivation -kiň- (< Croatian) adjective adaptation markers -n-, -av- (< Croatian) attenuative marker -ast- (< Croatian)

nominalisation -áš-, -íš-, -šág- (< Hungarian) causative marker -tat- (< Hungarian) adverb derivation -(š)on (< Hungarian) and more

Affix replication

‘cheap’ ‘cheaper’ ‘the cheapest’

HUN olcsó olcsó-bb leg-olcsó-bb

ROM óčó-n-o óčó-n-eder leg-óčó-n-eder

Affix replication

other instances deictic-contrast marker am- (< Hungarian) deictic-identity marker uďan- (< Hungarian) specific indefinite marker vala- (< Hungarian) free-choice indefinite marker akár- (< Hungarian) universal-quantifier marker minden- (< Hungarian) separative adverbial marker -tú (< Hungarian)

borrowed from Current L2 construction parallelism closed classes (but degree!)

Brief overview (ROM < HUN)

phonology e.g. intonation patterns, word-initial stress, vowel length, palatals, geminates, morpho-phonological rules (incl. vowel harmony)

typology e.g. prefixes, preverbs

nominal structures e.g. case, gender, nominalisation

verbal structures e.g. infinitive, aktionsart, causatives, verbalisation

other POS e.g. particles (phasal, focus, modality, discourse, fillers), conjunctions, interjections, pronouns (deictics, interrogatives, indefinites), numerals and quantifiers; degree

constituent order e.g. some postpositions, pragmatic variation

syntax clause-combining (coordination, complementation, relativisation, adverbial subordination): majority of conjunctions, non-finite construction

lexicon all word classes, incl. basic vocabulary