Ruminology-5--Reducing Environmental Impact from N-Excretion Ruminant Protein Nutrition-- Other...

Ruminology-5--Reducing Environmental Impact from N-Excretion

Ruminant Protein Nutrition--Other Topics

1. Urea Recycling

2. Reducing NPN In Hay-Crop Silages

3. Ammonia Losses from Manure


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Use of 15N15N-Urea to Quantify Urea Catabolism in GIT

Infused:15N15N-Urea + LiOBr

Mass 30 N2 Gas

Hydrolyzed:14N15N-Urea + LiOBr

Mass 29 N2 Gas

“Monomolecular Rxn”


Use of 15N15N-Urea to Quantify Urea Catabolism in GIT

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Infused:15N15N-Urea + LiOBr

Mass 30 N2 Gas

Hydrolyzed:14N15N-Urea + LiOBr

Mass 29 N2 Gas

“Monomolecular Rxn”


Urea Metabolism Quantified in Sheep Using 15N15N-Urea (Lobley et al., 2000)

(BW = 50 kg;Intake =1000 g/d)

N dig (g/d) ~0.07

Variable Hay-Grass Conc-Forage Prob.Crude protein, % 9.8 13.4N-intake, g/d 14.3 17.1 0.02Fecal N, g/d 6.8 5.6 NSN-digestibility, % 53 67 NS?Urinary N, g/d 6.2 8.6 0.08N-retention, g/d 1.3 3.0 NSUrea kinetics, g Urea-N/dUrea production (UER) 11.1 16.3 0.01GIT entry (GER) 7.7 9.9 0.07Return to Urea cycle (ROC) 3.3 5.1 0.04Loss in feces 0.5 0.3 0.01Re-use for anabolism (UUA) 3.9 4.5 NSFractional transfersUER to urine (u) 0.31 0.39 0.05UER to GIT (1-u) 0.70 0.61 0.05GER to ROC (r) 0.42 0.51 0.05GER to feces (f) 0.07 0.03 0.01GER to UUA (a=1-r-f) 0.51 0.45 NS

Diet


Urea Metabolism in Ruminants(Lapierre & Lobley, 2001)

(average data from 15N15N-urea studies in cattle & sheep)


y = -292 (SE=27) + 26.1 ( = 2.0) SE x

( . Adj R2 = 0.65)

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 , % Dietary RDP of DM

- , /Trial adjusted ruminal N balance g d

Effect of Dietary RDP on Net Transfer of N to the Rumen (Meta-Analysis; Reynal & Broderick, 2006)

Rumen N-Equilibrium at 11.2% RDP


RDP, % of DM Microbial CP, kg/d(3.2% /RDP)

9 2.42

11 2.58

13 2.75

15 2.91

Effect of Dietary RDP Content on Microbial Protein Yield

(Meta-Analysis; Reynal & Broderick, 2006)

Microbial CP, kg/d = 1.68(±0.27) + 0.082(±0.02)*% RDP (% of DM) (range = 7.5 to 18.7)

(diet avg. = 27% NDF; 1.57 Mcal/kg of NEL)


Altering Diet to Lower N-Excretion

Ingredient

Normal

17.5% CP

RUP/RP-Met

14.0% CP

(% of DM)

Alfalfa silage 25 10

Corn silage 25 40

High moisture corn 35.5 37

Solvent SBM 13.5 0

Expeller SBM 0 12

Protected-Met (eg, Mepron) 0 0.06

RDP1 11.7 7.5

RUP1 5.8 6.51NRC (2001) Model


Effect of Altering Diet on N-Excretion

Item

Normal

17.5% CP

RUP/RP-Met

14.0% CP

Metab-Protein (kg/d)1 2.51 2.36

Metab-Met (g/d)1 46 48

Metab-Lys (g/d)1 163 140

Lys: Met1 3.5 2.9

Milk Yield (kg/d) 37 36

Milk-N/NI (%) 27 33

Manure-N/NI (%) 73 67

Urinary-N (g/d) 220 133

Urinary-N (kg/Lactn.) 60 381Estimated using NRC (2001) Model


Effect of Acid Treatment on NPN Content of Alfalfa Silage (Vagnoni et al., 1997)


Value of Reducing NPN in Alfalfa Silage onN-Utilization (Nagel & Broderick, 1992)


NPN Formation in Alfalfa (Alf) & Red Clover (RC) Extracts & Silage

(Jones et al., 1995)


Expression of Red Clover PPO in Transgenic Alfalfa

In alfalfa, browning was dependent on:

A PPO transgeneExogenous o-diphenol

(e.g., caffeic acid)

(Sullivan et al., Plant Phys. 136: 3234-3244, 2004)


How Well Does the Trans-Genic Alfalfa Work in Silo?

25% Reduction in NPN in Silage from PPO-Alfalfa versus Control Alfalfa

Control Alfalfa PPO-Alfalfa


Effect of Condensed Tannins onSilage NPN (Albrecht & Muck, 1991)


Forage Sources Birdsfoot Trefoils (~ 2, 4,

and 7% Extractable Condensed Tannin by Vanillin-HCl; Miller & Ehlke,1997)

Alfalfa(No Polyphenols)

Red Clover(Polyphenol Oxidase)


Forage Chemical Composition (Hymes-Fecht et al., 2005)

Item Alf RC LBFT NBFT HBFT SE P > F

DM, % 41.2b 60.2a 40.1b 33.9d 37.1c 1.2 < 0.01

% of DM

CP 22.0a 18.1c 21.7a 20.4b 20.1b 0.3 < 0.01

NDF 35.3b 42.7a 32.4c 32.4c 32.2c 0.4 < 0.01

ADF 25.1ab 26.1a 24.0b 23.7b 23.5b 0.6 < 0.01

a-cMeans with different superscripts differ.

LBFT = low CT, NBFT = medium CT, HBFT = high CT


Experimental Diets (% of DM) (Hymes-Fecht et al., 2005)

Item Alf RC LBFT NBFT HBFTAlfalfa 59.4 0 0 0 0Red Clover 0 50.5 0 0 0LBFT 0 0 60.5 0 0NBFT 0 0 0 60.3 0HBFT 0 0 0 0 60.7Corn Silage 15.6 15.6 15.2 15.2 15.1HMC 21.9 24.4 21.2 21.3 21.248% SBM 3.0 9.0 3.0 3.0 3.0Bicarb 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3Vit &Min 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Composition

CP 18.0 17.8 17.3 17.0 17.0NDF 29.2 28.6 26.2 26.9 27.1


Silage Source & Production (Hymes-Fecht et al., 2005)


DMI, kg/d 24.4 25.6 25.2 23.3 24.5 0.7 0.37

Milk, kg/d 30.2c 31.1c 32.9b 34.6a 34.3a 0.05 < 0.01

Milk/DMI 1.24c 1.24c 1.34bc 1.50a 1.40ab 0.04 < 0.01

3.5% FCM, kg/d

31.4d 32.6cd 33.8bc 36.3a 35.3ab 0.6 < 0.01

a-dMeans with different superscripts differ.



Silage Source & Component Yield (Hymes-Fecht et al., 2005)


Yield (kg/d)

Fat 1.13c 1.17bc 1.20bc 1.32a 1.24ab 0.03 < 0.01

Protein 0.94b 0.96b 1.04a 1.09a 1.07a 0.02 < 0.01

Lactose 1.40c 1.48bc 1.53ab 1.58ab 1.60a 0.04 < 0.01

SNF 2.59c 2.72bc 2.91ab 3.03a 2.95a 0.07 < 0.01

Concn. (mg/dl)

MUN 10.8a 11.0a 10.9a 9.3b 9.2b 0.3 < 0.01

a-cMeans with different superscripts differ.



Silage Source & Urinary Excretion (Hymes-Fecht et al., 2005)


Volume, L/d

25.2ab 23.1b 27.9a 27.0a 26.7a 1.8 < 0.01

Urea-N, g/d

134ab 123b 131ab 139a 120b 1.5 0.02

a,bMeans with different superscripts differ.



Silage Source & Apparent Total Tract Digestibility

Item ALF RC LBFT NBFT HBFT SE P-value

-----------Digestibility, %----------

DM 70.9b 74.5a 70.2b 71.4b 73.5a 0.5 < 0.01

OM 72.3c 76.9a 71.4c 72.3c 74.6b 0.5 < 0.01

NDF 47.4bc 59.9a 43.1d 45.6c 49.0b 0.8 < 0.01

ADF 48.4b 57.2a 45.4c 48.0b 50.1b 0.7 < 0.01

a-dMeans with different superscripts differ.



N-Intake &Utilization(Castillo et al., 2000)

Nm = 0.17*Ni + 41 ( . . ∆; r2 = 0.42)Nf = 0.21*Ni + 52 ( ; r2 = 0.48)Nu = 30.4*e0.0036Ni ( ; r� 2 = 0.76)


Misselbrook Apparatus to Estimate Ammonia Volatilization from Manure (Misselbrook et al., 2005)

Chambers Contained Surfaces of either “Concrete” or Soil


Effect of CP (Solvent SBM) on Milk & Protein Yield (Olmos & Broderick, 2006)


Effect of Dietary [CP] & Condensed Tannins on NH3 Volatilization from from Fresh

Manure on the “Barn Floor” (Misselbrook et al., 2005)

19.4% CP

13.5% CPHT-BFT

LT-BFT

Alfalfa silage


Effect of Dietary [CP] on NH3 Volatilization from Fresh (a) & Stored (b) Manure Slurries

Applied to “Soil” (Misselbrook et al., 2005)

19.4% CP

13.5% CP

19.4% CP

13.5% CP


Relationship of Blood & Milk Urea (Broderick & Clayton, 1997)


MUN Mirrors BUN(Gustafsson & Palmquist, 1993)

BUN MUN(RFQ)

MUN(PM)

MUN(AM)

BUN (Weighted avg.) =17.0 mg/dl

MUN (AM/PM avg.) =20.7 mg/dl


MUN & Dietary CP Content(Nousiainen et al., 2004)

Milk Urea-N StronglyRelated to [CP] butInfluenced by Other Factors


Effect of Ruminal NH3 on MUN(MTT Data)


MUN & Rumen N-Balance(MTT Studies)


MUN & N-Efficiency (MTT Data)


Relationship of Urinary N to MUN (Nousiainen et al., 2004)

Nousiainen et al.

Kauffman & St-Pierre

Jonker et al.


Prediction of Urinary N from MUN Output & Dietary [CP] (MTT Data)

(Urinary-N = NI - Milk-N - Fecal-N)


What About Bulk Tank MUN?(USDFRC, March 1 - 25, 2006)

Source Mean CV Rangelow high

Fat, % 3.77 2.1% 3.53 3.90

Protein, % 2.93 2.3% 2.85 3.20

SCC, thousand 370 8.7% 309 453

MUN, mg/dl 10.5 11.2% 8.8 12.7

(MUN rose from 9.5 to 12.7 in 1 day)


Number of Cows on a Diet to Sample for MUN (Broderick & Clayton, 1997)

1. GLM Determined SD for 1 Cow Within Diet:

Mean MUN = 14.8 mg/dL; SD = 2.07

2. Confidence Interval (CI) = ± 1.96*SD/(n)^0.5

3. Sample for CI = ± 1 or 2 mg/dL:n = (1.96*2.07/1)^2 = 16.5n = (1.96*2.07/2)^2 = 4.1

4. About 16 or 4 Cows Must be Samples for Mean MUN Within ± 1 or 2 mg/dL


Percent Dietary Concentrate (PCO), Defaunation & Rumen pH (Eugene et al., 2004)


Effect of Defaunation on Rumen NH3 (Eugene et al., 2004)

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