RULES of the GAME
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Transcript of RULES of the GAME
THE EXAMTHE EXAM
• All questions are compulsory.
• The answer booklet dictates how much you write.
• Your answers are clipped when they are marked.
THE EXAMTHE EXAM• One extended writing question
where QOWC marks are allocated.
• 72 marks for the whole paper in 90 minutes i.e. about 1 ¼ minutes per mark
– 4 mark question = 5 minutes
• Injunctions …– outline, describe– explain … – discuss or describe + evaluate
Can I use bullet points?
Can I use bullet points?
Questions are set from the specification.
Don’t rely on textbooks.
For each topic be aware of POSSIBLE questions.
Use past papers.
Write your own questions.
GETTING INTO THE MIND OF THE PRINCIPAL EXAMINER
GETTING INTO THE MIND OF THE PRINCIPAL EXAMINER[RESEARCH INTO]
[DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION]
Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance
Obedience, including Milgram’s work
The multi-store model, including the concepts of encoding, capacity and duration.
QT 1 Simple selectionQT 1 Simple selection
Only 50% of students got
this right.
Only 50% of students got
this right.
If you tick too many your
answer is null and void.
If you tick too many your
answer is null and void.
QT 2 Short descriptionQT 2 Short description
Make sure you write the right
amount.
Make sure you write the right
amount.
(a) What is meant by the term attachment? (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………….
Cognitive interviews have been developed to improve witness recall. Identify and explain two techniques used in the cognitive interview.
(3 marks + 3 marks)
(a) Explain what is meant by internalisation in the context of
conformity? (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………….
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(b) Explain what is meant by compliance in the context of
conformity? (2 marks)
Outline the main features of the multi-store model of memory. ……………………………………………………………….
QT 3 Longer descriptionQT 3 Longer description
What are the implications for social change of
research into social influence?
……………………………………………………………….
Describe how social influence has contributed to our understanding of social change.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6 marks 6 marks
Outline one or more ways to improve memory. ……………………………………………………………….
4 marks 4 marks
Describe personality factors that have been shown to influence the way people respond to stress. ………………………………………………………………. 5 marks 5 marks
Some students
wrote about WMM??
Some students
wrote about WMM??
Good AO1 is DETAILEDThe devil is in the detail• ‘Repression is when you don’t
remember certain events.’
• More detail: ‘Repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’
• Even more detail: ‘According to Freud (1918) repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’
• ‘Repression is when you don’t remember certain events.’
• More detail: ‘Repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’
• Even more detail: ‘According to Freud (1918) repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’
Good AO1 is is just the right length
Outline the behavioural approach to psychopathology. (6 marks)
Explain what is meant by informational social influence. (3 marks)
Describe how one research study investigated workplace stressors. (4 marks)
Outline the behavioural approach to psychopathology. (6 marks)
Explain what is meant by informational social influence. (3 marks)
Describe how one research study investigated workplace stressors. (4 marks)
10
Why it works
• Produces a précis of text.
• Gives you the coat pegs.
• Ensures you learn just the right amount (notnot too much or too little).
• Produces a précis of text.
• Gives you the coat pegs.
• Ensures you learn just the right amount (notnot too much or too little).
A prècis is a summary where one cuts out less important
material leaving the key bits. golden nuggets.
A prècis is a summary where one cuts out less important
material leaving the key bits. golden nuggets.
Why it works
YOU select your points Levels of processing theory E.g. Mandler (1967) Processing increases recall. Processing increases understanding. Cues help recall (cue retrieval
theory). Organises your exam answer. Revise by rehearsal (MSM) and
elaborating the points (leads to enduring memories).
Outline one study of the effects of disruption of attachment.
Describe what research has shown about he effect of age on witnesses on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
Outline how Ainsworth studied types of attachment.
Outline how one research study investigated the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (EWT).
Outline and evaluate research into the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
QT 4 Research studiesQT 4 Research studies
WHAT
HOW
SHOW
3 marks 3 marks
4 marks 4 marks
12 marks 12 marks
4 marks 4 marks
Outline what research has shown about the effects of day care on children’s aggressive behaviour.
6 marks 6 marks
QT 5 Applying knowledgeQT 5 Applying knowledgeDuring the last few months, Paula has suffered from headaches and colds, and has been having difficulty sleeping. She decided to keep a diary and found that her headaches, colds and sleep problems were associated with experiences such as having too much homework, losing house keys and being stuck in traffic.
Use your knowledge of psychology to explain why Paula might be feeling unwell.
3 marks for elaboration (theory and/or studies)
3 marks for elaboration (theory and/or studies)
4 marks 4 marks
Two pronged attack:•Answer the question•Give the psychology
Two pronged attack:•Answer the question•Give the psychology
1 mark for basic statement of relationship between daily hassle and stress.
1 mark for basic statement of relationship between daily hassle and stress.
QT 5 Applying knowledgeQT 5 Applying knowledgeA student teacher finds it very difficult to remember pupils’ names. She decides to look in a psychology book to find some useful strategies for improving her memory.
Outline one strategy the student teacher could use, and explain why this might improve her memory for pupils’ names.
Candidates often selected a memory technique that was not appropriate for names or not linked to names e.g. method of loci.
Candidates often selected a memory technique that was not appropriate for names or not linked to names e.g. method of loci.
Mr Harris is about to move his business into a brand new building. He is very keen to create a healthy working environment and reduce workplace stress. In this way he hopes to improve productivity and reduce absenteeism.
What advice would you give Mr Harris? Use your knowledge of psychological research in this area. (6 marks)
Jan 2010
Exam question for you
How does the behaviour of securely attached infants differ from that of insecurely attached infants? (4 marks)
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QT 6 DifferencesQT 6 Differences
Candidates can look at one difference in detail.
Or more than one difference more briefly.
Candidates can look at one difference in detail.
Or more than one difference more briefly.
But candidates who only describe insecure or secure attachment get a maximum of 1 mark.
A further 1 mark if the comparison is implicit.
But candidates who only describe insecure or secure attachment get a maximum of 1 mark.
A further 1 mark if the comparison is implicit.
How does the behaviour of securely attached infants differdiffer from that of insecurely attached infants? (4 marks)
If an infant is securely attached then their behaviour is a lot different from those who have an insecure attachment. If you are securely attached then you will seek proximity and distress when you are separated you are also likely to be easily calmed down.If you are insecurely attached then you will show no signs of distress when separated and make it seem as though you have no care.
If an infant is securely attached then their behaviour is a lot different from those who have an insecure attachment. If you are securely attached then you will seek proximity and distress when you are separated you are also likely to be easily calmed down.If you are insecurely attached then you will show no signs of distress when separated and make it seem as though you have no care.
Securely attached infants cry when the caregiver leaves the room but are easily soothed when reunited. Insecure avoidant infants take little interest when the caregiver leaves and continue with what they were doing. Securely attached infants seek close bodily contact whereas anxious insecure infants seek and reject intimacy. Securely attached infants also explore from a safe base whereas insecure avoidant infants are more clingy.
Securely attached infants cry when the caregiver leaves the room but are easily soothed when reunited. Insecure avoidant infants take little interest when the caregiver leaves and continue with what they were doing. Securely attached infants seek close bodily contact whereas anxious insecure infants seek and reject intimacy. Securely attached infants also explore from a safe base whereas insecure avoidant infants are more clingy.
QT 7 Criticisms, and strengths and weaknesses
QT 7 Criticisms, and strengths and weaknesses
The three point ruleThe three point rule
Outline one limitation of the behavioural approach to
psychopathology. (2 marks)
Outline one weakness of defining abnormality in terms of mental health. (3 marks)
Outline one criticism of investigating cultural variations in
attachment using the ‘Strange Situation’.(3 marks).
ELABORATING COMMENTARY
THREE POINT RULE…. State your criticism
(“What is it?”)
Evidence (“How do I know that?”)
Explain it (e.g. “Why is this a good or bad thing?”)
THREE POINT RULE…. State your criticism
(“What is it?”)
Evidence (“How do I know that?”)
Explain it (e.g. “Why is this a good or bad thing?”)
Weak AO2• This study can be criticised
because it lacks ecological validity.
Coherently elaborated AO2This study can be criticised …• …it lacks ecological validity,• …becausebecause photographs were used
instead of real people.• This means that the findings
cannot be generalised beyond the particulars of this study.
Weak AO2• This study can be criticised
because it lacks ecological validity.
Coherently elaborated AO2This study can be criticised …• …it lacks ecological validity,• …becausebecause photographs were used
instead of real people.• This means that the findings
cannot be generalised beyond the particulars of this study.
QT 8 Short essaysQT 8 Short essaysDiscuss the emotion-focused approach to coping with stress. (8 marks)
Discuss one or more physiological methods of stress management. (10 marks)
Why did many candidates wrote about psychological methods …?
Were they stressed?
Why did many candidates wrote about psychological methods …?
Were they stressed?
QT 9 Long essaysQT 9 Long essaysOutline and evaluate research into the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. (12 marks)
Psychologists have put forward different explanations of attachment, such as learning theory and Bowlby’s theory.
Discuss one or more explanations of attachment. (12 marks)
Outline and evaluate
Discuss
Quotations
Outline and evaluate
Discuss
Quotations
THE ESSAY QUESTIONSDescription (AO1)
Marks Detail Knowledge and understanding
Selection of appropriate material
Presentation of information
6 Accurate and reasonably detailed
Sound Appropriate Clear and coherent
5-4 Generally accurate, less detailed
Relevant Some evidence Appropriate
3-2 Basic Some relevant Little evidence Appropriate1 Very
brief/flawedVery little Largely or wholly inappropriate
THE ESSAY QUESTIONSEvaluation (AO2)
Marks Use of material
Range of issues and/or evidence
Expression of ideas , specialist terms, spelling etc
6 Effective Broad range in reasonable depth or narrower range in greater depth
Clear and good range, few errors
5-4 Not always effective
range in limited depth or narrower range in greater depth
Reasonable, some errors
3-2 Basic Superficial consideration of restricted range
Lacks clarity, some specialist terms, errors
1 Rudimentary Just discernible Poor, few specialist terms
ConsiderConsider
ALL AO1
• Bandura suggested that people learning through observation and vicarious reinforcement.
• He conducted a study with the Bobo doll where children observed a model and then were tested to see if they imitated the model.
ALL AO1
• Bandura suggested that people learning through observation and vicarious reinforcement.
• He conducted a study with the Bobo doll where children observed a model and then were tested to see if they imitated the model.
AO1 and AO2
• Bandura suggested that people learning through observation and vicarious reinforcement.
• This was supported by a study he conducted with the Bobo doll where children observed a model and then were tested to see if they imitated the model.
AO1 and AO2
• Bandura suggested that people learning through observation and vicarious reinforcement.
• This was supported by a study he conducted with the Bobo doll where children observed a model and then were tested to see if they imitated the model.
To make AO2 effective use THE AO2 ‘VOCABULARY’
• However …• On the other hand …• This suggests that…• So we can see that…• This would imply…• A consequence would be…• An advantage of this is…
• However …• On the other hand …• This suggests that…• So we can see that…• This would imply…• A consequence would be…• An advantage of this is…
• An alternative explanation could be…
• This is supported by…• This is challenged by…• Not everyone reacts the same
way, for example…• There may be cultural
variations…• This has been applied to…
• An alternative explanation could be…
• This is supported by…• This is challenged by…• Not everyone reacts the same
way, for example…• There may be cultural
variations…• This has been applied to…
There is substantial There is substantial research evidence to support research evidence to support the claim that the claim that violence is a reaction to the deprivation imposed by institutions violence is a reaction to the deprivation imposed by institutions such as prisons. For example, McCorkle such as prisons. For example, McCorkle et al.et al. (1995) found that (1995) found that overcrowding in prisons significantly increased peer violence. overcrowding in prisons significantly increased peer violence. This knowledge This knowledge has been applied has been applied in the treatment of violent in the treatment of violent offenders in UK prisons (Wilson, 2005). Wilson lowered offenders in UK prisons (Wilson, 2005). Wilson lowered overcrowding and other environmental ‘pollutants’ (noise and overcrowding and other environmental ‘pollutants’ (noise and heat) associated with prison deprivation, achieving a significant heat) associated with prison deprivation, achieving a significant decrease in violence.decrease in violence.However,However,, , research in this area research in this area has not produced reliable has not produced reliable resultsresults, , with other studies in prisons (e.g. Nijman, 1997) failing with other studies in prisons (e.g. Nijman, 1997) failing to decrease violence levels with lower levels of overcrowding. to decrease violence levels with lower levels of overcrowding. This suggests that This suggests that deprivation alone cannot fully account for deprivation alone cannot fully account for institutional aggression in prison populations.institutional aggression in prison populations.
If you leave it out, it’s not AO2
• This was a laboratory study using a doll as the target of aggression.
• This study may not tell us much about real life aggression because it was conducted in a laboratory using a doll as the target of aggression.
• People in collectivist cultures are more helpful than those in individualist cultures.
• There are important cultural variations, people in collectivist cultures are more helpful than those in individualist cultures. This suggests that altruism is not innate.
Statement
Statement
Effective criticism
Effective criticism
QT 10 Research methodsQT 10 Research methods
What conclusions about the effectiveness of different therapies can you draw from the bar chart? (4 marks)