Rulers of Russia and Central Europe
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Transcript of Rulers of Russia and Central Europe
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Boyars Czar Peter the Great Westernization Catherine the Great Thirty Year’s War Treaty of Westphalia Maria Theresa Frederick the Great
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1500’s Russia far behind the West
Boyars- landowners or church officials with conservative viewpoints
Czar-Latin word for caesar or emperor
1546 Ivan becomes czar
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Created a general council (merchants, low, level nobles)
Promote military on merit
Drew up a new legal code
Defeated the Tartars Expanded Russian
territory
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1547-1563 known as the good period
1560’s he changed Suspicious of closest
advisors When his wife died he
thought she was murdered
People were conspiring against him
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Created a 6,000 police force
Dressed in black and rose black horses
Controlled half of Russia’s territory
Brutal punishment for speaking out
1565 seized land of 12,000 Boyars
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Ordered killing of thousands in Novgorod
1581 killed his own son
Russia left without an heir
Time of troubles lasted till 1613
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Peter became czar in 1682
Age of 17 took over the throne
Peter said to be 6’6” Stormed Azov- Black
Sea port held by the Turks
Attack was a disaster
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Peter built a better navy
Peter helped to build the ships
Built hundreds of ships
New navy Azov surrendered
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Westernization- the process of bringing western ideas to Russia
1697 Peter went to Europe
Traveled in disguise Learned hands on
skills (ship building)
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Recruited Europeans to bring skills to Russia
Streltsy rebelled to have his sister on the throne
Disbanded the Streltsy and started modern army
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Brought church under state control
Built up Russian industry
Started first newspaper
Started schools Modernized calendar Promoted based on
merit instead of social status
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Russians needed to learn more science
Waned to adopt European style of clothing
Cut off his own long hair and beard
Boyars resisted this action
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1700 fought Swedes for warm water port
Russia’s other ports choked with ice much of the year
Baltic Sea would open Russian trade
Built new capitol of Saint Petesburg
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Czar Peter III 1761 Catherine and
soldiers grew angry at his incompetence
Catherine seized power declare Czarina
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Kept Peter’s westernization efforts
Built statue said to Peter the First from Catherine the Second
Reformed Russia’s legal and educational system
Removed restrictions on trade
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War with Poland Russia won and
took half of Poland’s territory also on the Black Sea
Rebellion inside Russia
Yemelyan Pugachev-claimed he was Peter III
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Gained support among peasants
Caught and was beheaded
Catherine needed to strengthen the monarchy in rural areas
Reorganized local government
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Administration, hands of local landowners
In return for government service taxes were reduced
Gave them absolute control over their lands and the peasants
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Rulers in Central Europe never became Absolute monarchs
Holy Roman Empire had a single emperor
Covered most of Central Europe› Empire had dozens
of small states› Each with own ruler
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1450’s All Holy Roman Emperors came from the Hapsburg family
1600’s Hapsburg emperor caused the Thirty Years War
Alliances cause it to be a continent wide affair
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Religious dispute in 1618
Two Protestant churches were ordered to shut down
Protestants threw the emperor’s representatives out the palace window
They were unhurt
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Emperor’s attempt to control religion sparked revolt
Nobles in Bavaria and Austria rebelled
Joined by other rulers
Monarch in Spain were members of the Hapsburg joined Ferdinand’s side
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France, Spain’s rival joined the Protestant side
Denmark and Sweden Also on Protestant side
War lasted till 1648 7 million Germans
died Disease and
starvation
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Treaty of Westphalia ended the war
Extended religious tolerance to both Catholics and Protestants
Reduced the power of the Holy Roman Emperor
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Austria governed by the Hapsburg family
Prussia’s rulers came from Hohenzollerns
1740 Charles V died without an heir (HRE)
Wrote the Pragmatic Sanction-empire could be passed to a female
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Maria Theresa was his daughter seemed she would take the throne
Hohenzollerans had different ideas
Frederick the Great seized Austria Province of Silesia
Offered Maria Theresa an alliance
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Would help her husband become Holy Roman Emperor
Maria Theresa turned him down
War of Austrian succession broke out
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Spain, France and two German states entered on Prussia’ side
Each hoped to gain territory
Maria Theresa asked for peace
Prussia kept Silesia launching it to position of power
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Prussia’s victory intensified rivalry with Austria and Hungary
1756 Seven Year’s War
Prussia ruled by Frederick and Great Britain on one side
Austria, France, Russia on the other
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Fighting also occurred in North America and India
Prussia was on verge of defeat
Austrian and Russia forces occupied the capitol
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Russia pulled out of the war
Prussia regained strength
Prussia became the strongest military in Europe
Frederick pushed opponent out of Prussia