Rule of Law-Int Law-Terrorism Tom Bingham

7/27/2019 Rule of Law-Int Law-Terrorism Tom Bingham

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.r,'lha mosbeminent of our judges'

TO'Derccr:c". , ire edom oi srr--ech, freecic:r

cf religio': rlose are not;irrolv princ:oles of the West

to De ic;sie.l on {othc'l co!.trie., cul .ather, !,vhai I

oel eve io bc -:niversai o-!r:.tp e: iral thcy ca:-

e.n5iacci arici aif:n, i:s oar o{ if,.li, fallcnal ider'ttiry'

'Frer:dom rrller . ihs srmple, rret

l)rolorncl, e)(D.essiorr t)xplcirls alfircs: ev3iythin-g you

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.ae

'Ours are riot Wester!_ ,ralL es, ihey e.e the rrrversai

values of the h!:nan sptril . frceCc;:t not tyranny;

demccracy fci qictatorship: not the

aule of secrei oo lco

'The ireedon' of peoples depends irrdamentallyoa

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The R*ie *{ Law in the

lnternaticnal Legai CrCer

i3 ) Thc rule oi Iarv :equires ccrpli:rnr:Ly thc staie i,-ith iis oblig:rticrs iir

ilternltional lau'l,:s iir narionll lrrr,,

I ustl ro te n,uctr arrrrcted by rire ciescriptior oi pLrblrr nr,-::r.r:rorali,riv rs Tn. l.tlvr)iN.:iro]ls'. 1: seemcd to rclcct rlrt lrrstre o] iteruili3rrd Clrotius, ro ;rrcst :ie sublect wirh r gr:irdeLt .rl.l digrritr r.pr.at-i,rg i. iri,,n rhe mand.rnc concerns oi scri,d:.; Lie. t c<nju:e :p :r

visior: oi pxrrd ald cqLrri sove;eigns, dcclining ro bow thc krcc ro orcrnoLL:r l.L:r conclcscendng Lo parlcy $roLrgh the redium ,;i tteirimmliu. cntoys. I rou :hirli, ior ver; nuch Crc srl: rca:ons:ndodrers, rhat fie expressior. lf not a*uallv pemlcious, is bcrrer avoxled.

for.riilolgh inicrrariol:rl t.m' comprrses a clistjrci :rrl recogntzrbte

bodv ci l:i", *'ith irs orvl :Lrles .rnrl instirutons, ir is a bodr oi larv corrpiemc',rr:Lr:o thc ir.,rional 1.r*s,,i inr:li rlual:iatcs..rrr1 !r: no rva,v

rntrgonisrc ro rhen; ir is nor e rhirg aparr: it r.esrs on si;ri1.rr 2rlrciples,rrd pL,:rlL:s sirrrhl cntlsr ar;.l obser v.rrcc ol rhe raic oi tal, is quitc rsinrtrn.r.r o1r rhc ir,ternrLionri plrne.rs or.:he;:rriorai, p:neps *,enrrorLr sri. Corsisrent!l rvi$ ih s, rrre currcr:t NIirlLsre.irl i-{r.i.. burd;ngol Srjrjsh nrljris.ers,..quirer rhcfr as rn overr.rclLng tiutr.ro ionrplltiri 'nt l:,\ r:reiLrcli:rg nrcn,;rrro:r:J lr$' a!ci :rc.rrr oblrg:rrois .

1r \i' r.:pcrL of:i Argrsr:cc1 rc rhe 5r::r;rjl f-r'L:riil. rlre

:ccrr:.ll' LL:rer.rl oi:|e Lj'rir€rj Naii{)1] pr;;ie oi rh,: [r]e r:j l.rr .rs.rro.r.!i .:t r-! i ei! irc.l t oi :ie orgariz.rtion : rrrj:.ror. tle rr,rrir;Lreilr

li r:i.i\ i,) I fri,:.iflr oi iro!r,:!ir.. r:r !/h;.1i.::l tr!rr)rs. 1,,!tjr! rj,,r\ rnd

I,P CA ] ORD:I

r arc prbl,cly promulgated, equalli eniorccd .nd trrdependentl-! adjudr

oted. and q,iich are cors;tent unh irternarioD!i hunan rights nomrs rrd

..is. k rccr ires, !s re1l, ners'res to cnsrr: cdherelce to rbc pllcrples

Ile qLroLecl n lomer prisirlent ol thc An:e:r:air Bar Associerirr::

c{ suprenacy oi larv. eqL:ality l;t{c,re rhe larr ec..unrabili io rh. l:i.feirness in tie .ppli..tioi ol the :r\!, separ.llin oi PoNer'. Pirii.ilrario|n

riecision n:;kire. lcsal ceftrirfl,,:voida.cc oi ar!ilrr.ess tr..: pro.elL:raland iesalrarrsparcno '

Nothing ::r this iorrlrlatior ;ornrs ro'oards ,t .or.ePr dit::i!r.irorr ar i.rmilirr in the.loucrric sphere. \or rile; Lhe krrnluh:ri)ir

oi 1'rofessor \Vit|rm Bishop. l'lrc. raving p,rs:I rhr qre-.rior'Y\aL

dc, s'e mcar :r,r "!nrerr.rrlonal Rrlc r,i l:r.." 1 p:oreciirl ro r::s.rt:

\ti:h 1r

frti{-,liGniri.m.l briicrc rrr ci!lcl .rgrl rtrr tit crnlpi i,,eLJr'

rei,.:rce or hrt a opposed ar rrhiLnrr rowcr r;r,:rre,r,rt,orrl rt!.rtions, tl,sub'rirLriioroistnltnentL,rl:N.foisrrl.mctrrra!!,t:.,Irarie,.:iliz.r!.t:ih.r li$,,:.,n rnri s!u:iC bt nn:d rs r!r l:\rrnr.fLil,r'J i,! thr..t,i,tilr','nr.cla.{)..r1 iDr.ircr.rr.i 1il rtrrl .r;rs. il rLt' i'.! .

prowxe rhc vr[rs oi trcer]on and huLmr: jiq;:nr :oL rn.ir rLlu.rL.

The r!i. .i h\r wirni. rrriois . . . conrotei li. e$tercc .i dt hurrirtds .:leeal rulis. rhr legal proccdurcs. cours. rnd ,,:ltr ns:itrr,ns r'!ich jr srr,roiai adi L:; o ordcr rnr: sribil;ti', cq!rliry.llbltr. rrui indr:rjrai irtrJur . .

Thc : Ll. o: h.{ .rnn,rg rtrt:ons :nc.ns rhc reglLlirio. oi N:i:ii $ie(!ti rc.inarrns..rrrl rrem:lora coDtlcs ala :el::!i:;,is .a irrllrirdrls. tl iegri olreprs, srrr:ri;is.,n;ttrti,nr rnd lrocccii;rts.'

This rrcrlc suggcst thri rhe rule oi lar.. i: ric rti::r:rilolel Irr.ler i!.

r.r l;;siderablt cxtert trr lejcl.lhe do::,:s.;,: nrlr I;: i.rw r''r;r l.rrgc.

SLrch rn lnpLessro:: I irrtiil:tl 5y rq,r ii,rher soirric' A..,,r.ilrs r,-i

PoicEsr: {lhtsrerr:.:r, "ihe irrrefn.iioial ruic oi i,:"'rrl :.: rrr.icrsroo(l .:i! :h! rppljcrircr: of rLJe oi las' rrir,:4ries :o r:.ruo:rs btl.corSr.rtrs .rr:Li r,lhei irbrec:s oi :;rrernatirm ,ru'.' l:r rireir I!|lienrirrll.

Dech:.it,-r: th. nier:ber irrres oi .!e Lirittrl r'I:rr:rus rerollecl :o



THE RL]IE OT LA\v

affairs nnd, ln prrricula! to emure compliance by Merrher Strtes rviththe decisions of thc tnterna.ional Coufi of.tusrice, in compliance wirhthe Chaft€r of rhe Unitcd Nations, in cases to which thev arc parrics'."

Ti:e analogl, even if inexac;, rrvitb the dorncstic siruarm makesplain, I sug11cst, rvhl wc should favour srrict compliancc rvrth ttre lalr,.

Howevcr mLrch any of Lrs as individurrls might rclish thc opporruniry

ro live our lives frcc of all lcgal consrrain:s whet|er ro pay i.rxes!

obs€rve rh€ Highwav (-'odc, obtrrin planning pcrrnission. Llisch:rrge

our Jebrs or refr.rin frotr assaulring our ncxr-do(tr ucigbbour - w€

knou' qLrire lvell rhar acceptance of rhese const.ainrs is th€ necessirypricr to be paid irr thcir observance by others rld thrr.t socrcry intlrjch no one sas subject to such consrraints would not hc a ver,v

congenirl one. Thcn there mighr indecd bc no such thing is socjet),.

Thc sanre is true in the inrernarional sphere. ltowever arrricrivc irmigbt be aor

"i single srate to be frce of the legal crxrstL.ainrs that bind

:rll orhcr srates, rhosc srates are unlikc[ to tuler.rle such a srruariorlfor verv long and in rh€ me.ntimc rhc solo srare rvould lose the bcn

clirs and prorcctions th:lr inrerrariolral Agreenrent can confer.Ihe rLrle

of the jungle is n<, more tolerablc in a big jungle.

The poirL is nor iDfrcqucnlir orrde rhat the.c is no inrernariouallegislature. which is, of course, srricr\' speaking rme, rnd rhii irrer,narional ler'..rs r lcsult, laclis rhe lcgrtirnacv,,vhich enrlorsemenr by,

a dernocrstic legidarurc woLrld gire. fhis does nor impress me ;s 3

vcrv porverful argLrrnenr. The nreaos br rvhich air obligation beconres

binclrng on :l stsrc in irlrcmerional lavlr secn ro bc quite as rvor.rhy ofrcspcc:.s a rrcasure approved, perhaps in hasrc arjd wiihour adequrrre

inqLrirl. pcrhrps on a narrowli rlivided votc, b) a narionnllegislarurc.-l

his is tru. of rreatics ro rvhich. by signature and mtificarion. rhc stirchas iorlrrrlil und solerlnlv counrincd itself. Ir is iruc o1.ilrrernationalcustom, as evidencc of I general pracrice accepted rs la,"v'_ since thethre\holJ conditioo - very rviclcsprcad ohscrrance,.rs a inatrer oi lcgalobligation is rot easily satisfieti. k is true ot general principles oflaw recognizr:t1 by civilized narions',- siuce such principles c:..r.ry srrong

prcscriptive ruthorirl: Thc failure ol a national l_gislatur.e to ann l a

rrcarr. or'rcjecr a rule oi cnsromary internarional ian; or disorvrr a

gcrrclai prircipie ol larv rccogrrized bl,civilizcd natrrxrs, ora;. propellrbe rdiecl rn a; evidence at leasr of ircq u icsccnce.

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In his illumrrratin.e. recent book, lntett,ttutul 7d!r., l)r.'f€ssor

V.rughan Lorvc Q(l poscs the qlicsri(Jn: Whl do peopl,: comply withinrcinariolal la\r?'" I pause ro draw xtenril)n t(, dlc prenise ol hir

questi(,n, which is rhar bv nn.l large rople. inc!utling olcouLse stntcs,

d,,.orrrnr" sirh rnrcrn.rtior.rl lrN. Thi. i. .r \ ., I nf ,r:' j.. ni*.sinccl is easr. ror least hrr larvyeis,ro beconrc rxsmerizcd br'breachcs

olrhe lLrw :rrcloierlook the ovenvherrning,rss of trarsn.tions irh;.hprtceeJ snlnrhlr, r'ourrrelr and la'l'iLrllr'. ln the rlour:rie sphere.

grnrls rre boLrght:rnd soid, lantl is convcvcd. iertarnerrran bequcsts

take eftect end pe,rpie r,alk unmolested in thc'rrie*s i-.cc,rusc:he h*'rs clear ond rlcp.rrrure lrom i! is rhe c\ccprioo. nor !hs rulr. So it ir in

drr ii:tt'lr.rtional spLelc aiso. and ilrtern"tion,rl h* is no:",rs sonre

tinres supposcd. i.od! morr lronourcti in rhe lrreech:]rrrn ir thtoLrscn.rrce. jrrrlcetl. Ploicssor Lorve observcs rhat rLis r';civ, paniLrLr

larli i., id.-spread .rrrrrxg rhose rr,bose r irion is i::rsu llierl Lrr .rn i' lnos i

cdgc or cxpericrce oi thc mrtrer. is hopelesslv rl rrng'-' Lr errsn.erine

his r;ir question. the Prolissor relics on thc i:rct thar rr:errr,rrioual

larv is rrrL irnposed on sntes bv an extenral leglsl:rrure.' ird sug-qcsrs

rhdt a porl,crful reason wiy sratcs do compli. :rrl all.rl s h.rve conr

plied,'virh

intern:ltional 1.r* is th.rr thev malc thc rulcr ro suil rhcur'

sclres." Tirer ar, dre r Lrles ol r members , noL .r froprictor's. flLrb. I 1{.

srggcsts othel rciscns rlso, rrnro|g rhem thc Lendcncv ro rr'r'on r[esirlc of crrtjon, h.rbrt, rrnd the :rnril;rirl of outirrk .rnrong rn.rnr oirhose \':ho eo\ €:i rhe narrons and .rnong tire higi priesrhoo.l oi irr.r-nirion.rl l.r1{lers

'!hoatlvisr the chancelleries ci thL,\,r,r'1.1.'

Nlosr porertt of all rcrscns tor compli.rn.c hv strrtcs irh rl]rer';lr

rion,;l h\\ i\ the shccf nceessirr of tl':eii doinu s{). Iir. p()irr \\is n(l!mrdc br DoLrglas Ilurd. in e passtrge in I ie9- Lrooi qLL(,ted l)\ i)r1)

i;,y,, I ,'\\'F t LI.c .. ''"t , i)r. u\\ | iu,,l

lNlrr:,i,,\r,rr.ar...!.r(lnpcr.n..N(,ron.,i)ifh.m.f.rf\r,:1h(li:lrcJSL:llri rs thr srnsle r.i:.]ining !rLr)if-ilNer c:r.nirqr.,Lrl, t,i)!i,l( r,,: rh.

ne(L{: rhrr rls .LriTers n.rv iiti.rrlir.. Ihe r r.nr .i rh\r !n.onrtcrr..r h,r"

bc(,rr. sh.!:?!. rlcarcr rlurir{ rhis rennr!: l[. nr.r.le!uir.r o! !,.tii,,].rjs(^

e, nrrai. to plrvilc sccurirr !r^p.rit.v or. !l..cnr crn:ordcrrr hrs.rr,rlrhrinni ;.in{ r i!,rs. ,ii'rr ol inrerniiiortrl rnlL\,.or)i,ir.D.i\ .rrri insrin:rl,fiii



rIII RULF] OF I.AW

cffrcrive co operation bciweeD those sr:res for nll rhe rurposcs that lie bcrond

rhe reach oi in! on. ol rhem. '

TLc carliest nrles of inrcrnational lat' can, I thirk, be arrlibutcd ro

rbe self-intcrest of states, rhe need to do as orc rvould be clonc b1

(l hare in nind rLrles such rs those goverling the durv to cr-!nply u.rrh

neari obligations, thc equaiul' and ;urmuniq of sovcrcigns, or ihc

rrmunir! oi dlplomatic representativcs) and recogaitioq tl:ar therc

ar e sonc. mischicl.s rvhich can on 1,,r be cffective ly :r dcl ressed il rrctirc:strl

b) rnor( star(\ thrn olre (such irs piracyl. But rhe pass:rge oi tirrrr: hr"

highlighted rhc number of sillurions rn vhieh a probl,n crroot bc'

elfecrircll rcgLrlarcd on a nation;l b.rsis. The intelnaturral r'rgularion

of telecornmullicerions, daiing l)a.k io r 865, rrnd nrail srrviccs, drrtir!,

b;rck ro r 8-+. arc tivo cxrnrplcs- The interrarion.rl c:rri.rgc of goods

bv sca plovides nnothcr: shipolvners, ch!rierer!. shippcrs rncl ecns:gne.s rnusr. ro the grcaaesr e\rcnr possible. crliov the sLrmc righrs indbc sul:jecr ro rhe sanc obligarions rr t!e porr of Ioading, rhe porr oldiscIargc :rrd anl inrelmecliarc pom of c"tll, nor righr. rncl obligrrtions

prculiar to thc :r:rrionul lan of rhc port irr qucsdon. Herce rlrr Hrrguc

Rrlcs cf r9-!,1.:rs nncndecl f'r'the llrussels Prbtoe()i ol r968. Hence

too the\!arsiw li)nvcnrion rtzg or carriage by rir.rnrcnclcrl rtThcHague rn r9i; antl iurrher .rmrrrded :lt -\lontreal in :g.re. I leFce rlsr)

rlrc (l\{ll G)nveriion on (he (i)ro'rfl l(, lrrrerrirtionrl Cl.rLrige of

Gooils Lry Rorrrl nrlcle .rr Gercl i rn r9j6rrrdnori.nockrubt.;rpplyi:rgio the iLrgge:r,rut\ irorrr eestcrn Ecrlpc l.hieb i:tnil:i'l\ nnder rp,r;tl dol'rr th. notonr,lfs ()i wcsrer rr E!rop..

t hesr' .rre i.rr n orr rnrnrportxrri exainj)lcs. I hcl give circcr r<, l.orul

\ irrstie[] : irrri.rhi iquoted ;r: (-haprc'r I i ihil ii ronrrrcrc.. r' :o plos-

pcr irrr estorr .rnd bLrsin.ssnrc,r n)ust ltno\\, shLjrc ihcv strnd, ror onlt

in th., IJK brrr .rbro.rri. lrnForirr! rs rhc\ rre- hol'cler. rrrch t xrnrplcs

sc,rr.el' sc.rLeh rhe.Lrrl.ice ,,i ihe,rrrrerrr r:eerl i rr :rrcrnltiix.rl .{}oLrcnilon ir: r.rckJing prohlemr wLi.h rrc r.rLi,,l.rl. irr rhc scn'c rh*

Llr'r .riflict:rrgic sr::te\. bur rl-o i:rtc'rr.rtion,rl. ir rhe sL:nst rhar rlr!\'.riilier morr rL,rtt: rhan onc rnJ e.rr: onh b. r:ekled jo:,rr[: I ear: nr:ke

nir nrr)rf thlr\ !ufn)ry fL:lefcucf &r 5i,me ('i rhcse.

lr i..r rnarrcr oi hisrorl rl1rr rr rhc l]rc orr Wo.J' c(nfercnce.ltcld

Porvc'rs soLrghr ro lay rhc ioLrndarrons of intern:rrronri cconon:ic

stabiliti ir rhe aiternarh oi rrar. : nrovcmenr r' rich lctl to cstablish-

ment ol the lntcL .rtionel N,loretafv l'unll anJ thc \V,rri! BIIk,rr-,J.

less dinctll, ro the (icnen) Agrccnrenr on farilts rrd Trrdr. Ilerc wel'stroust ei!€cli\. ud 5rrlcrlr cinrrolleri iniernerrrrrl sch*ncs to pli,

lrlrrte dc\clotrnrn(. rclie.c prvcrtr rn.i rri* lliirrg st,rnrl.rrds-':ariorcrii j'v:sL.rl,liihn:tnr of rh. IiriLrn.rr:orrrti alL'nlr. tor rhi 5,rdcrrrent

{)i hrenrrror Dirfrrri ;rnd :irr \lulrii.rrerrl li\rsrnri. (,ri:,i.rrrr(

Agcncr'. Itegioral jr:rrlrati,n:rl gloLros rrrch ,rr rhc FLrr,,p*rrr Lriorir:Ll ri:e (..rrihire.rr a,,n1mrr.irl C1))rr:r!,rrr! li:irlrarr :,i rl:. rx,rc

oirie.i!- tr ;s har.l :o'rp1-,rrc

rh.rr rhc ir.r:rnrnr:. rrr,irh<; rr;::rreriiL

whieh lirilowttl Lhe coll-rpsc ,,i rhe Anrcric.rrr rLrI pliut uroiru.r*t

m.rrker rrt troo- :oo9 ilill rot sirrngthrn rh( h,rrrds ,ri rhos: rhowisllt:)\riitcrr\ilrh::rIcr!rarirtrilr{)ntrolr-r\nL:r:,\r!r,);:1:rr:':r.lii.r

'{lr 'r"t

lr''i(

'l 'L':|l.I'r 'r'er'.i i inif r' \\; 'h r.,.,;i*li.rr,'r r,,tl' r".,r'.1'crr.l'.,. rh.. ir,p r.cr",., .:...

is irr n,r w.rv novcl. Nor is rhe r:lIing,,i bil,:ier-rl lerrjL, tor ti.'c'xnllrlirrrn oisuch crrrninirl\ lLrsrallt', *ith sor)(' rrio[ILi.irre cr.riliorrs. on .r ...ipr(,.a1 ltrsls). But rhe need to.rpr:el:cnil :rd r:r :..rrus cnnrrn:ils h.rs beer gre,rdr srrengrherr€d br'.r nrml,.r,rL e.rLrsrs:

ar*rng rhcn: ,rre the ircle.rs,:d e.rse. vr rth moderf nrciir)cl' 'ib!5rJrrs!

'rn -'-..r,. .i. , i.,,r 'rrrr",s. r',. ,r '( \r..t<

rhich rhr: cficcrs rrc lilL rr Lrrother: Lhe Lrter rbhorrcncc r:orv tt,lr tc"thos. i!hi).our.rir d:r rrnsr scriorrs oi crrnr* su.5 irs gcnr).:rlc. mr! i:and \r:rr lrimcii rnll th. inlcir.rrion.ri rcrivitl (Ji thit st;:ii.rl lrsrlofcflirin,rls \^,hoIlr $e sr:grrniizc:s tcrroIis.s. !r'11)s( .rcr' (ii !il,lflr.irre rr<,i.or::,rtarntcl hr rr:rjoral bcnLlalcs. Ihlr: cr,;. hr,:rlcr i'rlilcms e all ir:r . rus bor cicL solLrtlru;- rhirh c.rrr c:r r 5.: o*;r rtlci bv :r

cohtrcnr bo.ll' r'i cnforci'aLrlc rna nr.rrr<,nri mlc{. S,) lr rli,r! s,rpr\ir:q.lor rr.rrrpi:. r', ::n.i ihr ::llrrbtr str*cr t;i rhr 1.r)r,tr.ri) l,!:i( r irli:ing

'rstrc.Lr:,lined ]ne.rr\ iLLr' :1rr)prLr: rrrcr;r nri'r,ri:i di l,Lrrcurrirg

tire "Lrrcnrlo,,i Lrinin.rls itt ,rrd rr, rarh cih(i \r'rtr ir1r.h less tolnrrlrr' r''.''t'.1'

tr.,,,,.u i" ,l.t r' ::..r ..

sys.ur (l(s.rib.d,1\ rr(tridirr{ tJr rh. lrcr nri)\.'r.rrr ol trd:nren1..lr is rror rL r prrsirll r|:i rgrc(nrrni is rcrrhi:i t() crirrrrl ihL: ;:r r ".ircr,*

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]HL RULI: OF LA!'

lorture :1nd war crimes, wherever the crimes were commitreLl. lr is nots,rprisirlg to find thc tJnited Nadons establishing an Internarional(lr;n)inal Coorr to tr' ihe mosr seriorrs critnes which will nor he rricdelservhere. and ad hoc rribunals to try serious crimcs eorrmutecl ur dre

lormer YLrgoslavi;r and in Rwandr. It is nor surprising to 6nd rh€

United Niti(lns urgcnrlv calling on rnenher states ro rake mcasurcs ro

corrbat tht scourBe of rcrrorisnr.If international co opcrarior is tlrc kev ro sLrceesslLrl rction aglinsr

crrxs-border criminal activity, ir is also essenrirl ro secure eliectir't pro

te!tion oa dro rnvir()nnrcnt. Thar is so wherher one consiJers die con

servarior ol a scarct' natural rcsourcc such .rs fish, or dre ir.ri!rrr oi one

sr.rte rdrich cruses polllrt;on ir alorher o[ fre,eminent]i,, the enissiorof carbon inro thc atnospheire. lu arens sxeh as rhesc rhc i!1rcrclrr ofdilfcrcnt states ere, in one sense, inhcrcnrlr antirherical. Al! srates waor1tl rn:rilrtain prorpcrous lishing 0eets, frcc to carch *,lrar tho c.rn. AII

t ish to cncoLuage prolirable acrilirl rvlthour resiricrirc en\ irolnne)rrxl.rDti(ts..\ll lvish ro mrnr:rin, trn.i preferahlv cnhancc, thcir prosPer'-

itr rnd tlrc living strnd,uds oi rheir people. Sut ol course tbcr knorv

drar ii fish srocks are cleplcred bevond a eerteir poinr..rll lose; frtedonrto oollute nrav nrean liabilitl ro be pollutcd; :rld cach srtrrc knows Iorought !o l:no\\') ihit other states niil not rakc the srfi.qenr slcps nlccs-srr; to cr::rLrol climere ebtrnge if ir does nor. None. I think. crn cioLrbt

that ii lflcctivc uoL rirltn. on rn irrrererrtion.ri b:sis,ar conrb,t clrn:rte changc. nerv rncaning rvill bc givc:r to Keynrs\

rph{r isiu rhrr n the long rurr rve ,rrc all deacl.

tven ir curvrrl and incornplcre skerc| such as thi! cinnor r:.rrolc rhe

inrenrarionrl prorecr!on of hunlrr ngilis.Such intcrnadon;l plorectiorris significrrr.l suggerr, tor rr lerrsr fi\'c lersons.liirsr, ir is toundc'cl on

v.rlLrcs rshich. il nor ur:ivcrsrrlll sharcd, commanci vcry riJe a.cepr-:rncc throughout most oi rhe $,orld. No other field ot Inrv. pe,.haps,

rests so dirccrlv on a morrl foundrtion, thc belief th.rt evelv hurranbeing. sirrplv bl i rrnie oi his or her existence. is enritlcd ro cetiiir rer_v

blsic. inrl in s(:rrre ;rsrances unqr:alilied, righr: rnd iler:donrs.

Sccondlv. sucl iltcrna rio na I prolFcri on i! reintively rrew, csscnrially

,t posr Secorrd VTorld Var phenorrrcnon inspired br rhe Unirers.rl llec-lar,rtion on Hunran Rights of r948 and followed lrv rhe tlternational

III E INItrRNAI'Ii)NAI LECA! (]RDIR

CLrlnrral Rights of r 966, "rstring of later (.onve[tiorrs such rs rhosL

on lhc F.ljn]i!itlion of All lronis ol R:rcral Discrinlinatlr)n (rt.j6l, rhrElimiuxrkro ol .\li F,rrnrs ol Discrlmrnatior .rgurnsr tii)rref ir.)t9iartl $at o:r dre Righrs oi rhe Chrld ire39). ,tuire ap:1rr irom re:tio1r?r I

instrlrncnts sLrch rs the Europe;rn an,:l Anrcric:rn Conrt:rtions -rrci rht

Airlcrrr rrnrl ,\r,ib Ch.trt.rs. Sueh protccrior: xs c:iisi(,.i briorr :rriwas largeli exrcnclccl on. rl.rtionrl basis.

'l h'rdlv, rhc.lcsc:rcss of rhe rcl,rriorship lrtt*'rtr Jre rrrenrario,rai

prorr,rrion <,i hurrrn lighrs rncl thcr:ieoil::r hLrs l>ccir in.rr.rlrlsi1rreognizcrl. Not unril rer6 (li!l .hc Sr.Lrjl! Cluncll nrr:kr crpr.srr cten nce to rhc rLrle of iar,, rn rl:r oper'.rrivc prrag:.rph oi r L<solLrriorr '

brrt it hrs dorre so vrrr ircqrrcurlr iincc.,1\ .,rrrrusr. rhe L:rrcpc.rr

alr)'rr' (ji lfurirn Rig:ts lirii rcfeircd ro rhc lLrlL of hu, ur .9.;.' al:lhr; itortc so riirh qr.iL con\isten.v rince. In :oo' L$u nrr cislL ruiqrrcrrs of the CoLrrt rcfcrrccl to the rulc oi larv. :r i.nnri! inJ Frll u.1r\

:o.li .rlooe no t€\!€r ih ( n. h i ju(lgnrcn: oi :: \orc;:rbrr :oc-.ibr, (irrrt drcl.rr-td th.rt'rhr rrrlc .f !.r*, onc r:t rhc iunLhrrenrui prin

ciples of :i tlernocrrric sr).i€l! i! inhltnL jn ull thc ,\rtjclcr oir dre

Con|e|tior.'" ,1irrr r slo!! srirr. rle lLrlop.ilr ( (,u$ , )i .Jr]\ii.t. .c

i€rre(l in'rr

olitcL rlictUrn irr r969 ro'rh€ fruri:rr;rr.1rral hrrirrrr:ighrscnshrintd ir :he gererai piir:cipks oi Lrirrrnru:ri:r'iel :rrci pn,LcctL.ri

lrr tht (lorrri. \irl soon ihe lluropcrD (lonr!:rLior.reqLrirecl a rpcri,ri

.rr,l ccrrrrrl rrrlc rs .r soLuce tor iilcntiiving lirndamcrr:l |ighLs.. .rnd ::

iuclge ol tlre I:rrope.rn (i)un (,i Justiic l.\ntorrx) I izz,iroi h.r\ \.iia.nol ,:le Jefilir:g ch::racrclisri.s oi:r t-r;rnrrurit| $:rt i" ilrsr oi rli a

corr:nrrrlitl of prinriplcs;nii lelLrcs rr ih< iri:rrr ol whrth rlt ir;ncl.r

mr:rrrui rights. L:orsriturionali;nr. rlemocrrrci ;rrd rhr rLrlc oi l.rl .'

lroLrrhh'. rlr inrcrlarionrl protecrior oi l:irurr: rigil' :, rnrporrrrrt

n) lhr,:uh {)1 la* irLrrrrationalh be,:rr:sr: oi rhc r\rrnr r(, \i.irirh

llntlonrl .()u11s rrt rlr.r',rlr ir rhc pr1i.o!s ol .1,:irinriri|! qu$l]orr\

oi inr,r:r:tionrl l.r!r. And,Iasrl!. rr js inpolrarri i,er.rLrse r:l; is.r lielJjr wnrrir indivilu.rl elaiur.r.rq teiturc verv fflrnrincnrlr. gri rrr: rhc ;irr(, th! ol!1 bcli.t $rt $e pur!irn oi in.rr,rrior.rl l.r'.r r.ontincd :r'

tile rcsqhtion ()l rnrer;tatc rcl:rrjons.

I ht ;orion rhrt rhcrc is rr erelr gult fixcci bet'rr(n n.rn.)lll .u!(l intc:'

Jli.i,D;rl liN is.orrra'iicrerl hodr l,y rlrt osrnotic rbsoryi:orr rif Qsr,ic:

I

i

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CoLirt of Appeal\ decislon;n T.endtex TmLling Car?ordt'on I Cuttul

/'r'rdo'r iCeneral f inochet\ first aprearance on rhe English iorcnsic

scene)" but aiso and even r:rorc prominerrtly by the involvencnt oi ti:rnirionxl .(nrfts. here a;d elsewhere, in dcciding quesriors of mte:.-

r,rriorul jair'. in his \'er! ilrer€sriqs Mich.rcl Kirby Lectnrc ir jlier-

,,erxrnel i.:|t rlelnered tlr C.rnber? jn Jurc zooii,., Prol.sso. Jrmrs{irrrvloLLl Sll reyiervcd and .omp.rred thc acrjvir_v.rithe i Iorse oi Lords

arLl the liigh Court olAustrrlia in this lleld over rhe ferj{)d r9e6-2o!8.alfirrxt drr whole span ofJustiec i{irby\ membersl}it oi rhc High Colri.Hls sLrrve.; shorved that orer that perxrd the HoLrse oi I-orCs haJ nivcn

iudgnent on .tuesriois of interratiol::l 1:l\\' rn torLy,ninc rastr. Thcbrrrkdori.r. on hrs an.rlvsjs, ,)t rh. :rspe.t. irrvohed

"r',rsrs io,iol s:

. Iielltion betw€m irearl hir und nalon:rl l:r,,v :

. Reliti(nr ber$,een cusroniai,v irrernarional law

.rnd nrtlonal larv

' 1...r'.-: r,", st:rl! rrrlntLirtrr! I

"' r'., Itr;r'ur, OrLcr ;nrern:llrinrl human r rghn. r \ri|;irior: b, r\".

\l . , ..,.

iils iast misc.il;,rcousl hcn3rng tmbrarcL.l eo,rpensrrion oi rhc .rrrr.:f(,r.c. i{)r r1riu,iel srr.rirrcd rbro.rcl, chrlirqle to ::r rrbiL:::l lr,rrti ;,rr:

consi-cre:rit hrtrvecn der:sior,r oi rire Lnrofe.ir atrr:rir oi Flullrilnitis;is rnLl Lio,ncs.i. casc l.Lt. Tirr rrr:l .,.roLr1d havc hetn srgi:rlicrirdrhiglc, hrtt rlrcislorr ir,-,rrairi,u ro Erfote.rn (iinrinun:rl rr\\. ir.en,,rrlLrcier.

li,:, ;,L,,foges oi lrir l,npr;iv,n. |,{):cs.or ar.\,,,1orJ ,,rjolL.cl rh,:.rsporsr-,,iLhc nvo cor;-= to irLrr probiems ."i'hich |o:l r.oor Ls ,rLld:r:scrl.

r:r pr,:.ii:ls :ddressecl -:,." I ih;Eii, of inre:.rr.rs slor,iirg ihc mngc or

i,rrrme:ior:al lrr,, prcnnens:rsing ior chcisior ln n.ti,,ral cour.rs. Cneturr:eti o:r rhr. ;reenrng oi r parii,:ul.r! ntrj.:l :lrcup' ,r5 ir sr)L:r,a rj;

.' l r'.

IHE INi'ERNATIO^'AL TtrCAL ORTT!N

this point the House m.rde ivhat in my opinion (t \ras nor a parrr io ir)was a bold but correcr decision in R t hnmtgratior Appeal Tribunal,

er t. Shrb,- followed more ,ccentlv ',n Foftnh , ;er:retatl, ofStote t'or!be Hothe Depathtnt.."The fi.st ofrhese cascs |cl.rteti ro rh.- trertnenroi maLried ivomer scspected oi adulrery iu Paljsiar, dre secorcl tofrn:rle genital rLrLii.rtion in Sicrra Leone. Those etterted *cr c hc:d io

bt nember s ol:'parricLrl,rr socialgroup . A srcond q.resrior discusse,:ibl Plofessor Cra\riord, als., erisine Lrndcr rht llehrgee {t.ir!nrior.r,as fie ;rppllc.rbilrq' oi rhe Cor.rertion ..r irere rhe pcrsccirtiriu com

$ained ol rs uor br ag.nt5 of .h€ !,rxrc. On ihar issuc oi rirerprererionol dre (lonrenrion the H<,Lrse agrin ,Liicd.. l.:htrciissuc airtrersed l,rProiesvrr ii.rrr,iorcl irrs rndellnrre rrecurire de:ri rior. or ,i,irrcl thcllfirlsh !c::ti naclc .t,rcLsrrm\ rcl:tlrg borh ar r:rrogrrior iran ricELiropc.ll il.!lenrioir Lu:oerr\rtirle r5 and cor;rmribilirv rlr:h,\:ri,1e 5

t"t\c Beln:atsh c:rse l.' , rd rhe ji1!iiijcrilor LrDtLer Sccr:ijtv i.o.rncil

Rcsolnri.rr ri.+a' and articl: ro; oi tlrc tJnircd N.:iicr:s ii::r.rer lorlerijning.rr lrr.t/UK n.rri,nrl rn l:.,ir 1A/ /r:,'i,:].. Trc i., : ,

i']roiessor's er:mplrs r\inlnred rle qLresrron. ..rjr.,.!!d ,r toL.r tr,il ligi aiLrfi r:d dri] House oi Lordr, ot *,herher L:irn,orpor:r:ed ircrries cr:r]:1 g].:e ri\r ro lesirim.:,ie lxprcr:rions ol .r l<!nl rvhich roLri..l

.o \tr'.;r o*i.;:l :!ciron. rn i!su. on v,,LirL.rn;ni.i-ri di\ergclrt lrivicw rctueer.!e lrro iLr.:dicric,rs ::ppeari.o h.le :!.r.r.wcc.. 1he

i . " .,, I

of courl. a rer,- :;rrll srnpl:. Thr: brcadih oi ttr! trtc is mrdc clca,

in Shehc:d lrarinr'. irterestrirg rccmt book. Usiry ltEcrtttn,!l i

fl,ii1 Da/t1t:s . (i,tr!;,: rr \i'hicL rhc author lists !hr.r.ri:r pr.r.rr.c.i:!:!whcrc issucs oi:nreln:riarnal L:-"r'mar ,risL.in r.ui,ri.r: roirrrs: iLei:trc evi.:tior hq comncrr:irl :nC intel[.cmai properl. Ir,, crininr:law. emplornea: .:rlci industr:rat rel.rtir:rrs i r; euriro:menrel hr.Furopeer: trearies. iar,iil and chiklh,,L. hum.B rrghrs iai,, llllrlrgr;iior:and esliur law, lnrriLrnirr€s :ri:11 pririleger. irirrrnericnel org.rniz:tiorx, jL!!l5iicri.rlr. i.rr,: oi rhe s:r, tferrLes rr:d. rrrrllr., (.rLi.rr,:.rnrl11,eapons 1.\,, 1n re.er. rcilrs rhe Br irjsh courrs hav. rrled .lr qxestton!arisrlg in nnst of ri:sr: arees. Thc rnr€rrelxii.,rtilip oi lrrional 1arl,

and inrclnarional 1aq srbsranriveil end prcce,:1irrall1, rs sLr,:ir rhar therule oi larv cannot plausiblv bc legarcled rs ap;.ircable or orr plane

bur ;ror on $c orher.



\:lirar

fhc last oi Shaheecl firinra s |cadings points ro rvlat nr,rny. eneorrr"

.:geil bv Ciritirs. ivotrld re.rsrnrblv regard as tlle rnort ii:nil.rnrcntrrl

pre()cc!rprri(nr ol intcrn.rtiourrl hiv: dre rcsort to rvar: rhc.,ndrrct oi

rvar;rd rhe rights lnd dutier oi.rn occupyrng Powcr iiicr a \"er i\oler ior'. in the lc'gal vernacular; drc ius ad bellrrm, tbr ius irr l':cl[',riril

thc ius lost bellun). Il drese rreas above rrll. scrupulous obsc, \ rrr.c , 'irhe rLrlc oi l:rrv nra-v be sccn rr) servr the common lrtcresr oi rnantirrrl

,\s I'rliessor Sir \tichrel Hol,rrti has oixcrled,'n,rr, :rrrrr.J ,:orr

flict l,-etrleer orgrnized poiitie:rl groups, hrs been the Lrnnersrl nonr

in hriirilr hisrorv'." IJe quores Sir Hcnry Nirirtr, who in rlllJS $'rot.

lhaL'Wrr rppe.rs to be rs olcl rs manlind, but pcacc is .r moderrr

i.rleniirxr- 5i. Henrl spokc too soon. l he Hagrrc Conierrrcts of r 31.,

.rnc1 r 9o7. while secking to hLrn:rnizc thc coriluct oi rvar. rccognizeil!he Lrse ol lor!. is rtn rvailablc opr ion. The (iovcnanr ol:the l-eague ot

Narions rliscouragcd resolt ro fortc, trut did r{)! prohibir tr. Not urtllLhe I(ellogg-Bri;rnd l'acr of r9:l{ (retifietl bv Gerllran". thc Urited

Statcs, Itelgium. Fralrcc. Bri(rin rnd its ovlrseas Donrrnions, Ital1,

Japun, Pd.rnd, (lzechosl,vakiLr and hcland) wis therc u; renLrnciLr'

rior of l arirre as:n opti(tr (4)en to st.tcs its an ilstrtrncnl oi narioirrl

policr. ll!t: rhe making oi rhe pacr did not. ovcr rhe coming dec.rdc1.

detcr lalan irour irrvadurlt i.lxnchurill. halv from urv.rcliDg,\bvssinl.r,

Rrrssia ironr inr.rding lirnhnd. Gelrnanr tronr inrading nrost oi L ropc

or irp.nr i:.nr inyrdnrg iarge srvtths oi sorrrh ersr Asia. (lltirli it \\':r\

rrcccss.rrv for rhc sratc's ot rhc rvorld ro m.rhc r iLrrthcr rrLenpr ro ouL-

l,ru r prlcri,:e those evjlresLrlLs h.rd been so rnrp;)' dcDronsrfatu!1.

Thr (lh': r'to ,ri rht Urir:rl Neti<rr;. rdopretl in r o+;, ro whjch r y:inritpertle,,rt.rrcsh.rrer...(1..1,JiciusrftnL.ll.lvingenioircdnr.'r-bcr rt.:tLs io j.trc tl)crr rnt!r'rrrrr{nel dlspures 6..'lca.ciul rrr.trl\. ll:r'qtlir:.1riinr irr iflrclc:t+l r(i retrain ir: theil int€rr:rli('lel ri]ixtion(

iloirl tlilihr(rir or usc ol lir:r,: r.sair:st rh. tcrrit,'rral rrrregtit. or polit

icrl irLiepcne[-;:cc oi.L ! iinrr, or ir rrr! oth(r anncr LrL]or\i$re1rl

rvrtl ric l'rirp.sei of the tJnrrcd \irions. I'rjur.rr\ resporsibilitl i,lr.rkins Pr'orrpr .rrrd tifterrrr ;cn,n ior rhc nr:iintent\rr.. t)i inttr

Tnf I ti r F R \ t a r o N r\ r . Lti;A L oRDFk

which rvrs aurhorized ro aet on beh:li of nembcl srares.'' Chapter VIJ

of the Charter', covering threats to and hreaches of rhe peaer', pror idcs

in Alticlc :q thar'Thc SecLrritv C,runcil shull dcter|rine rhe cxistcnce

ofant threat ro the pcace, breactr of the peace or act of aggression and

shall nahe rcconmerJarions. o. d&idc \1hat rrcarures sh.ril he rrkerrr. r.. J. r..' rh t.r..l-' ,..rr J.-.r .r.,rnr.r" cr

rion.rl pexc€ ird seclrr-r. Article,{r is du-ccrell to rneasLrr.'s decided

on br rhc Sccurltr Cbuncil rvhich do nct inro[c rhc u:. oa trrmcd

torc(. r\ticlc .1r rs dir(ctcd to militrrr nreasLrrcs.rnd prcrid.,sr 'Sboul<1

rhe 5!'ciritv (i)urrcil considcr thar nrcasur cs prov irlecl kt in Articie 4 r

would bc inrdcqLraic or have prolcrl ro bc irudequr:c. ir nai'rakesuch icti(n br i:ii. leit. ix l:rnC i,rces ,rs mar be rreressrrl rr' ;rr.rinrain

or restorc intcmationrl peic€ .rnd 5ccurirr' . . .'. lir':\rtrrlL' i: tlre rLeht

of 3 sr.ti1'Lo d!tco.l itself rias rccognize.l:'Ni,lhjrrg irr :lrf i'r('r.iCharter shall iorpa,r the inheretx right,)f inclirirh:l or i,,ir.. ,

delence ii.rn :rrfleli arta.k olcu.s.rgiinst L1 Nlenrber {rf rir' llrlii.JNations. until the Srcuritv Courcil hrs taken nrc.r5urcs ncies5arr ro

maintair ir)rerrarioral pcacr rnd securit) . . .'. This provlsior lrrs bccn

ioterpretcd in a lr* r c'r.. simil:rr to the right oi t)crs('ul sclt'dererce

in dorrcsric larl': there rnusr Lre xn xrnled rtixck ofl rhr srltr or r thrcar

of jmIrri nt lita.ki ihc use of force nrust be rccerrarr rlrd ()iher me.ns

of meeting or nver.ing the arr.rck urur,.tilablei rhl: rrsptrrrlc rriusL irfprc'pofionaie ancl srri.rir lrrlriled ro elcfenct rg:rr\r rhr urr:lk or

drreatencrl atack. Tbelc is conu overrs,v rvherhtr lorcr: nrr rrecprion

allv hc usc.ito avtrr:rrr olcnv|cierrng hLrnlnirrri::r c;r.suophe. bnrorherr.isc tl!. li unclt r :bc tlhrrrter is cleal s.rsc rr .,rl:rleicrr... iorrrmry be uscd il anthorizei br ihe Sccurit! a.r)trrell hut nor orherursc.

tlnjlirer.rl iesoft ri) \!.r is repld.c(l !1 collccrivr .irri\i(m rrrtlkin!, !r

.he SecunI\ a,nrncil cr beh.rli of ell rrerri:er st.rt.'s.

Despitr tiris rpp,rrenrlv clcar.rr.l uuanrbi3uous rrlirnc. rn {rrrtre.rracLldcrri! rlulIor \! rring ir :oos reco: clcLi thar ir iirc fast iilenrv li!,:

l,ears $e linrrcd Sr:rtcs tr,rtl hren lr;volrcd in scnrlr iorrl njil*rrr.1ctions, irr!lx.ling \!:us in Iriq..\;gh. isr2ll.rnd )riloshrr;,; rcgifrr:

chaiging inr.rsion:; ill (;ren.rda. l'.rr,rm: ,rrJ I l.ritr: :lrilrr.rrr .rssist.rrrc.=

to rebci grr-'Lrps irr .\rgoli, L] SalvaiL;r encl Nic.r'rrgL:r; Lrnd rrrsriL'

anacks ir l-ebalon. i-lhtr. \emer ilr:.i S.d,1n.'i i,\l L[cs,:. br irrL r[r'

I

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It is not ar.ll clear ro mc what, il uny, lcgal jusrification of irs

.;.tion the US Governm€rr relicd on. Pr(nninent figures in rhe idmin-istuati(nr madc clear thcir ambition to rcmove 5:rdclam Hussein and

rcplace hrs eovcrnnental regimc,r, ancl British offici.ris gave irssur,

ances of rhe UK1 support lor regine chunge.," But the Biidsh Arror,nel Ccncrai. Lord Goldsmirh

QC.w;rs c('nsisrenr in his advicc th.l:

wh;ie rcgime ch{Dge might lre a resrlt ol disannrng Saddem Hrssein,

it coLrlcl rot ir irscll be a larvful objecrive of milit.rry i.r1.lrr.,

Sil Nlichael Wood, iormerlv the senior Legal idviser to the f{)rciqtr;d (bnmonrvealrh O*Ecc hur norv spcaking in I purelv pers,rna!

.ipacit\'. i1.rs si;d rhat the British inrervcnrion in Ir:r! rarsed no grrar

issuc oi'plinciplc:'the legality of the Lrse oi forcc in irllarch :oo;rurleil rolch- or rvhether ol not it had bcerr :rurholizrd bv rhe (],unril.No onc dispurcs rhLrr rhe Coun.il ca. aorho.izc the use oi iorcc. fheqriestir:n rvas

siurply rvhedrer ir had donc, so. That nrr.lcd on thc inrerpretluorl ol , !€ries of Securin Conncjl resolutions.',NThir wrrs rhe

approleh rrkcn bv rhc,{rrornc\'(lencrel in his full rtritr.=:: :rdlice of: \larcb :oo; ro rhc Princ \4inisrer (no! n:acle prrblic.i-r rhr lrm.i:rnd in his nore surnnary strtetlena plrblishcC on r z l\,lalch ;-cot, .r

lew d.rvs beiore lighting beg,rn.

h thc e.rrlicr opirrion rhe Arrorney cencral addrerscd in sonle derriith! inturrelationship berq.ccn thrce Securir,v Co rcil rcsolUti.rrrs,

r.-spcctivclv rutnl)ercd 678, 6li7 rnl:i r 44 r . Rcsolurior 67ij rva! pissed

in rger: ir lailt on earlier rcsolurir)ns callrng fo|rhe s.irhclrarvLrl ofiraq aronr Kuii.rir follo*'il3 its inr.asion oi that countrr .rnd ruthorized thc use oi for'ce to e;ect lrrcl fron l(urvait and rcsrore pcacc rrnd

se!-Lrrit) in rhe .ren.Ihis .xrs dre:uthorizarior oi Opcrarion 1)cscrtSronr, *,hich drorc rhe lr.rqis out of Kuwaii. Resolurion 58- t r ee r )

brou'.thr l:rilitari opcrario s n) iro cnd, imposrrg eorrdiriors on Iracl

\1'lth rcgir.l to wcrpons of nrass desrr ction nnd inspccrion. h sus

pended bLn dld not rcvoke rcsolut;on 6"8. Resolurirrr r14r x,as.rclrrpred

urarinxrusii ln Novenber zoo:.. Ir recorded tiat L.aq hal Seen and

re;;aint d 'nmareri.rl breach of irs obtigations under lclcva:rt rcsolu

rions. ineitrding 687. lr ofierccl iraq a firral ooportuliry:o corrply$irh its clisarm.rrrrcnr obligetions. k estaLrlishcC a strict€!;nspccrionregin:c .rlci provirled thar furthcr breaches q oulcl bc leportcd ro rhe

THE INfFRNAIIONA',

Security Ciouncil lor ir'to consider rhe situation and rhc need for fullcompliancc *,ith all of rhe relevant Council resolutions in ordcr ro

secure intemaiionnl peace and securitr'. In his earlier opinion rhe

Atromey Ceneral corrsitlcred thar resolLrrion r44r coLrld in principle

revive the aurhoritv to use force, but only il rhe Securiry Councilderermioecl

thar tbcre was: violation oi rhe con.litionr oi thc ceasetircsLrfficicntly serious to destroy rhc besis of ir. fhe Attornev Generrrl

rer'1er,r'crl the conpeti g arglrmcnts: on rhe one hand, rlur rher. wrsaurhoritl ro use force ilrhe Councildiscrss.d rhc maner.oen ii it didlot reac| I conclusioni on ihe orher. rhar norhing short of a frrrirelCouncil dccisii,r rvould provide.r lcgirimare basis tur Lrsirrg iorcc.llesaw lorce in botir argLrnrents, bLu cOnclLrdcd rh.rr rrsoluriOn r44 r lehrhe posurorr urciear ald tha*he safcsr iegal cours:-,r'oulcl be ro sccurc

drc aCoptior oi a iurrher rcsolurion to aurhorize rhe rsc of force. ,\

reasoleble case couid be made th.rr resolurion r44r rv;rs crpablc inpruciplc oi ler.r irg rhe rurhori/nrion ;n resolL r(n: ar"8. hur .he ].SLL-

nenr could onlv be sust.rinablc if rhere lere srrong facrtr.r! grounds'

for corclucling rhat ir.rq had frilcd ro iake rhc lirai opporrurin. Tho c

would need ro bc'hard cvidercc',ln his summarv sritenenr of r7 h{arch rlrc Arrorner (jcntr.ri rratcd

that a material breach of resolurion 58; r.o ived the aLrthorr:r ro usc

forct urdcr resolurion 678; rbar ln rcsoluri()n r.++ i rhe S(cLrnty a-oLrn-

cil hati detcrurjned rhar lriq hid becn aad was in naterill bre.rch ot

resoluti{nr 687; that ksolurion r44 r had givcn lrrq a finrl r:ppotnnirrto complr u,ulr its disalman:ent obligarions and had l ar.netl jr ci scri-

olrs corseqoences rf if diclnot conply; thar the (louncilh|cl rlso dccidetl

in resolLrrion r,14r thar any iallrlrc ro co opcratc 1n ifirplcnrenting reso-

lution r11r rvouJd bc a furrher nreterial brcrrchi th:r: ir \ris pl.:in'$.rrIraq hrd failcd io conrply and drrrcfore $'rs rrr rh€ riinr ol rcsol rionr 44r arcl continrcrl to bc in marcrial breach; and rhrt accon|nglr, thraurhoritt () Lrse iorclr ndcr resolurion 678 had rer lrcd arrcl collllnucrlto thai datc. lle rrrded:'Resoiutiorr r44r \.oLrlci ir rerms have pro-

vided rhar ir furthcr rlecision of the Security Cirurcil ro sancrion iorcewas requirccl if ihat h.rcl been inrendcd. Thus, all rhrr Resolurion r.i,1rrequires is rep<xring to.rnd ciiscussiorr by thc Selurin.{buncil oftf:q s

l'

I

l

!

l

?

I

a

:;

:

lf.

,

'.



tHtr RUrE OF I]A\\

"fhis sratemenr was, I rhink, flarved in trvo funclamerral respc.rs.first, ir \\.rs noi plain rhar iraq had failed to comply in a nanncrjLrstiiying rcsor-t to force and there wcre no slong f:rcrual grounLls orhar.l e1id.'nce to show rhat ir had: Hans Blix :rd his tc.trlr of neaponsinspccrors had iourd no weapons of mass desrrLrction, r.erc maLingprogrcss ard erpectecl to conplere rheir rrsl( in I nr.rrte:.ol months.SeconJl),, ii carnor

;! accepted that a deter mirarioir s4lerher Inq hacliarlec ar ..l ril iiself r:ri irs linal opporturirv t.as inrenled r,r be raken,,rherwisc Lhan collectivcly ti, rhe Securiry aoLrreil. The re,ival argLr.

nent i.seif has becn lll r:ccived. Lord Aicrander of \\'eccr,n e(i irhis bnliir:r ToIn Srrganr memorial :rnnLr:rl tectlrc br JUS]-I{tF oJ

r4 Oct.l-..f .:.icl {wirhout ac.ess ro llic ALto:lcy Gencr:l,s ,:erlir:radr ice ) dc:cLlbetl jr as 'Ltrr..nrf|icing .,, proiessor Sands eit ias calcdit 'r brd i16 n,cnt .F Professor t.owe tas ttesc,ibed thc rigL,ncrr as'ianroLts : l-rewholepojntolrhc UNsrste'r i! rhnl ntcrlnelec rirl(i,un.jl

is ieiied of a probLn ils dre |orncii- and rot :ndi.,iLtr;t\iel.]b,:r Sratcs, tLar has rhe righr to conrrol manrrs. ti thc Sec.r.rti,ir . rre. , , ,. . r:, .. \r r',-.r... ..i", ..r . .

odr€r\ sboL!ll ;ur,rdc lr.rq ir roo: rvith its blessirg rnd its rrrr.iar:. irs,oL:,d h;rc saiJ so. ft did rrot..,

;i I im r;shr rhar rhe mvasbn oi traq bv rtre US, ihe {lti .rni soneotber srrrcs war rnaurhorized i),..ihe Sccurir, Council rherc ri.rs. o:coursc, I sclour riolarion ol mtr:rnaron:rl las. and oi: rte rolc r;l l:r.,r,.

lol the riiccr oi acrng rinil.rteraiiy wrr ro undcr!rir:e ihc lound.li:.r

rr thich:he post-r9.ii ronsensus had b,:un construcred::tre prohiirirror ot Jrr.. lsrve iri selrlcclcnce. or, oerhaps. Lo:verr.r:r rrnpentling1:r:ranirar':.rr c:rrasri opire) rnless fornallr. :rurhorizel il rire rrrjons

" r.-.eC. ,..al:):r!{ !l urLir! athaprej- liti oi ih: LrN itharrtr 1.le nronr.jr. rjr:r .ritir. irc:ts i:r: : rlc: oi jrr.fn. rttln. t li\\, rs ilnding lr oiher; bL:r ro.,ln ::r.:li, rir !r.)r-:)r:rlr!.)r whr:h :!c irr lesLs ir lriicn. lr ir...rs ,ir,beerr r.rr.i. ihe .llitere,r.r bei\,!frr rtc rote oi i.rrrtct policr.rr:-.r: ,:rrrlrr rrr i yi::ilrr:rr ''

l-i:orl,i rtl.Llie ir pl:rir Lhet ivl j .Jrrr. Srr.lr., Loreigr Se,rct.rrr i;:ilrrcJ: :.o.:. .r:l t.ord aloldrnr;rh. Arrorncv (ierc:al .ri rhe rir:t.rrron;:ir r:hellcrrge rh: curclusions : lrve erprcsseci.., rnciorher s rnri

'iHr tr!TTRNATIO\Ar L!C.{l ORD:n

Lold Coldsmith has emphasizcd rhar he belicvcd thc adrice whicirhe gavc at dre time to be corret - q4rich I have rot challenged and

re;nalirs of rhai vien. On the issue of legalitv he has strcsscd rireeporrts in particulal Firsr, the use of forre in :ooj \r.rs inc has raicllauthorized by tlle Unired Nations becanse ol the origin.rl anti:or.!z:r

don" wh;cb remair.d;n turce. He has poinr€d oft ihar rhr revivrl

argunent had been.elied on before, had been.onlrsrenrl'r sLrpporredb)-Btirich !-.nvOffice.s rnd had beencr<lorsecl bl 4r.iec,era,! G!rei.aiof the tiN in r9e; aad bv tli! rher Leg.rl Adviso. i., rlr: UN. RcsolL[ion

| ' \l r|'

His second porrr js rhat rir. S€curiq' Clolr'rcil iilJ :er rhe conclirirniforthe perrnission to use f.n.| ro re\,il'e. REso lrri;on

'.1,4rm.rdexfi:l-

lng oi mate,lal breach anrl gavc lr.aq r linrl opportunrrl io conrph:

This drcl aor reqr:ire rhe SecL!fjiv Councllto.l!riae rl: Lrer. had bcrla further mareri.rl bre.rch. The negotiaturg hisro:r :rrc1r rir: ijcar:

Hjs.iird por t is rb;ri r:r. lili .ras jlsrified !.r lritrir(ling rhrL rlrrlinai oppo;r,-rnitr had not be.-r :rhr:r. He h.rri e!:r:rc! rirc irrnri tjrrr',r1...of rrtrss d€snLrrtion. Llnder rcs,rlLrrion raar lrrq lnd :,, .o op.fnnlfulh ano rhc Brrris| gover nnenr ludged drar :r [ad ror tlo,:e so.

Nlr Str.rw h:s agreed rv,th q,l:r rord Goldsnt Lrs s.rrci.Thr nego

ti:rting hisror') 1i1.1r(rrdins oi resolLrrir,n r44r shr;n, i:r l,rs urd. th.rr

ii !,"'es n.r til. illreiriion ot rhe 5e.!r;.\ &rLrncil. [r. :r,I ir ;,, r::prexed.ihat:1 dE.ision ol n;rtc'ri:i bre:::h iud ro be.l..,!tr.l .;i :lrr,SerLrfrl\

CoLrec!!. Thls rr;igl:r 5e slr.pr rsiirs, he .ornrn.rrs. hLir t: ir t.r:1.

caili.r3 irn t instie:. a:!!i. !1hc r,v:ir :uthonzecii R:riliLjr:.f 6-Sauthor!?:c.1 'rhe r\i€rlbci. Srr.€s ...jpcl]iing rvlrir ih. Go\..flrl:ri:r i,iKu$,.lir'. I!iar eatr.\:il! hx.i r v.fr !;r:: i:re:rring irr re,9r. tir.: :r

could s.::i.rlr be r.,ri .r : reierencL: rr I s5rL:r:lL.ir (rr oi :! i) ii i:r.lbrnci .o.lliLron prrtners, :horn of nosr oi rier: :rr';rer p.rI'l::err r:riagainsi ihe itr ong rocrl opfixi.ron of sever.ll oi.irrr. Th. r)!lrihrrr:,applicrLlon oI rtsolLrrion 671 rr:j rn imporr.rnr ..r::urr irf !i.

ThL' sccord qrcstlon is: r,'r:r ird resolrtlol 6:,E grr.t .rrtborji. rrrlo? The ars,rrr ii clear Ir g,rvc arrhorirl r).rpel ti:rrt irrrr Iir*,r:ir:tld'resror.')'.,n.. end se.nriil inlhe.lrei'. Ir;r.:jt'jl.n;r nr c:rd:bjsas,r!rh(,'it\ ro l;uIr:l .r iLrll-,,c:le r;rasiol] of



obviolrs intention of dcposing its golernmenr and occrpvirg iis

teniro 1, dre foleseeable consequencc ol causing x'idesprcad lots oflitc, and rhe porential to destabilizc the area.

The $rr'd qrestion is: rvhcn was authorir] gl\'!r ro invadc? 1r

ca:r:or bt rlarrsibly sullflcsted d13i aurhorrrr was givcn br rcsolurion

r,i4:, for ihat gave thc lraqi goveimcnt n final opportunitv to co

operare.Cicrrll,

rherefore. an iavesioncould

not ha!e beL'rt l.runched

dre next cia,v. But if not then, wLen? As soon.rs any mcnber stare ofthc IIN dlcidcrl that t|e l!.rqi govcnrmenr had bad sufFciert due to

co'opcrate ani harl not clone !o:'fhis. rs I have alre:rdr suggesrcrl,

wouLl suiverr rhe coile*ilc J!!isiol makrng process oi the Securnr.

il.nncll whjch lics at rhc hi:art oi tnc Clhapref Vll regimr. A dcc:slrn

a\ mass,rc arld far reaching as ore ro rnvade ancl occupv e loreign

v,ver.eign st.rie nusr be bas€d on som€thing verr'luc!

more rolld

rhan a good erguable case. The inescapabic !rurh is thir .hc BririElr

go{ernm€nr wlshed and rrled to obtain a iln1h.. Se.urilI ai,!n.ilresolLrrion .rnrhorizrng rhe irsc ol torce, bur was unablc ro cjo ro l;r t:rc

i.rce oi nrenratic,nal oppositir:rr rrnr! u.crt ahe:ti rvithour.

fl:e iegal dutics of bclligcrcnts ivhile hostillties aLe rr progress rnd.rirer :he' have ended irr lcry largclr go'remed b,v ihe legir[rior:seni:ercclro tbe r9o7 Hague Convention and bl dre iour r9r9 Geneva

(lonren!!ons rs exrended by I'rotocols adoprer: ir: r9r7. These grve

ellec: to ,r ivi.le;nl.rnational consensus rhar:here are scme r:rerhods

ol n.rkrrg u',rr rvh,ch alc inpcrmissible {sucb rs killirg or"r.oundurg

ar enenv wiro is rtready wounded or has su rleni €red, .r1d rhe desrnrctioo of p.operrf lrlihoui ;litarr nccessitr); rhat prisoneLs ol n.rrshould bc proreeted, anl rreated n'ith hunmil' and decenclr; .nd rhai

c,viliars. nor coml:.rtants. rire sic,r:nd tht rvoundeclshould bc so ia,

:ts tossibic Fr.r.cltrd flom rhe n:iitary aciivitr'. Wh€n hosrilitics ere

.r.,cr 11 o.cL:pring po*,er'rhail r3ke lll rrrcasurcs ir lrsl porvcr to

rcstor'"-, atlri e;rsLrre, as ier as posslbic, public order and s.rfeo. rvhile

respcctng. unless : bsolurely preverted,tlrc Lwr in iorcc in thc corntry'.+Propcrti' .rnd lilt nllisi bc ::spe:trci.,,The occup'ring poner hes no

rrr:riate ro tr:rnsform thc law enri institutions ol the deleared stare. e

iolaewir:rt ir)(nnalous rrrle givcn th:t the two mosr s!.cesstul tosri e,t t o\:.rprtionr, thosc of\\tst a;cl'tl]:ln'{ arld.lapan. comprehenslvelr

rtlsiorr:rcd thc hrvs rnd institutions oi rhose .ou:rrrles...

The record ol the Br itisf as an occLrpr ing pcrver in lraq Lr.s, ns we

knor.'.'recn

sullied by a runber of ircidents, most aotabl,v the siramt

ful bcadng to Jeath r:,f Mr Baha MoLrsa i Ensr.i.r But sr.h brea.hes

of thc 1a,,r, r.ele not a resuit of delibcraie gole:r:me:rr policr'. :nd the

rights oi rhc .rlcrirrrs have ..cer rccognizeci. This conirasts ,,vith the

uuilrter a1 decisions ofth€ US coi'!rrn!rt that rhe riere!r Conventrors

did nor.rpph to rhe dctcirir!r rorCitrons in (-lLr:rrrrn:rmo 8:1t aub.,,

or to trial ofAl-Q.rcda or Tai:ban prisoners bv I]lilirir.r.ot:r lssi.rs,"

thar Al Qeeda suspecrs shoLrld be:enic,:1 tlc rights of loih priilrirerr

of rvar,rnd crimrnrl suspe.is,2d. Jrat rornrrr \hol,lti be reC.ir:ca.

contriry to the Tortlrre ( lon ventior, :n,:l rhc cors,:rsus of lrier rr:i.rr;,1

opinio . ro coilrore pain. rvhere pir;sical, oi an ;rrcn\iir llin to ih.!vrlicir.ricorrp.rnier serions pby-sicel inlLrr,v such rs de.rrb ,.lr org.r,

failur r'.:" This is rvhat Lrnrlcr ia,v tht abuses urdellblv essoc,:rred t the

minii ol rhe rv.;rlJ rvLrh the flrorogr:rpis of r\bLr Ghrail-. bLr: ocL:L:,:ing

elses'herc aiso. described ur hoLrilving detril ln,

eport' oi thc 1,rl,retitlr.i: {-oil1mi.ree ol the Red (-ross {Februarr zcol :,rJ Fcb|u;r;r

:co'r,' (lene,:rl l?guba It./hrcn 2oo",i,,' L;ef.r.ls jrar und jrilis(Augus: :oo.l rnci i-ebrua|v :oo7l".rnd the Arneric.ln BaL Asscc:.r

ri('t {Auglrsi :oc4)." Paiticulirlv distln-brng to pr.rponelts o} ihe fule

of l:w ir the rvnical lacl oi eoncerr for internarion,rl leg.llll ,ruoir-e

sone :oo oificials in the Bush :rilministrarion. Tiu; ur ore nc*rc,,.:l

rium tic Depr:g Asslstant Anolrey a;!n.rrl (lohn Yrr,l. iv;iiirg tL,

thc Cor:rr:cl ro tic Presidcnt, ar-lviscd,

Thus wt ccacldc tlat tnr tsrsh idlrlrisnaiion! L;,,Lltr:t:rxl,ng ',.ati-J.,

valid ard.ii€cr,v. r.s.fvrrio. nr rhe TorftLr. (l)i:in:ror- E!.n ri i: w.riorfielv:st. rhcrc is no ,qicrnar'onil courl io i cy:".w rL. .or.lnc ol nrc ll,,i1ed

Statcs rnder ilr Co.r.rri!,r. li ri iddxi(, l res.r.ni.n. lLc lirlted slrtrs

fefLise(l ir ..ct:r rne t!rarli.rrdr !i rhc Unrc.n.!irri:l 1.c,,:1 .,i.l.s.c.l r$ti.hh a:r tverr.,:ali heer onli .r crse l,rorgh: br anr):i. st.rc" ioi bl .r !rl,vi.iuall ( idlrdL.ii! ...s9 ,rid.i !he co.!'.n.iH.,',lihirith Jrc (',tr'.nri.n

crear.s. Grmlrft!. n) no. it.i .onrplirn.., r.an oDi .orJlo !a ics.Rlha.

no eni.r.emeN: j)on.rs.;

The Brrrisl-' gcver;urenr clid rot adopr praciices.rci .ls rrresc. or rr'lirha number ol pfominenr 3rlrish mulisters lir!iu.iii:. :il: Aiioril'1

Generalt rver: cpenlr ciir':el-



As I stressed at dre outsear mosr ffansac.ions laovernrd bv iitcrnationnl l:.r proceed smoothly and rourineh on the srrength oi knorvnand accepted rLrtes. t have perhaps drvelr disproportirr,:rtcly on rhe

ron co::rplianr rip of the iccberg, illusrrated bv events in lraq ?nd !is€rvhere. But rlose events highlight what seen to ne ro be the't\vo llrostscrious cleiiciencies of the rule of larv h the inrernarional ordcr The

5r' r.r ,,,rr' ... rn ,.,.. .. , a ;rdre rules to meet th€ pcrc!ived exigencies ol rhe polLttcal situaiiorl.:s e UK did ur relarion ro rhe Sucz crisis oi r950. The second is

rhe consensual basn of rhe iLrris.llcrio'1 o{ rhe tnftrnarion.rl Couri ofJusri.. ilCJ1. (].lses comc belore rire Court onlr t{ thc pirties reree.

While 65 ol dre r9z rncnber srrres of the Unired Narn,is hle choseir

io acccpr rh€ compulsol jLrjsdi.rlo' ol rhe i(jJ. n.r:riofll' do nci.and it i .r tarncrtable facr that. of the 6r'e perrrancrt rnemberc ri rhcSecrril aloLucil. onl"- one, thc UK, now docs so. RLrssi.r aar:l Ch,ra

ne'cr halrtrs clonc so:rnd lr;.rnc| and the United Stares lrarirg.airh.drarvn e,..ii;.r lr.epran.es. As HE Judgc Rosrl,vr liiggirs, ritr rhe

Lcsidert oi rhc lClJ. seid jn a ie*Lrre 1i tb. British tnsrtturc of jnrer

rarion:rl ercl Comrrratirc'l.aw in Ocrobcr :oo7,'ihe ibsrice oi u

conpulsorv rceoulse ro rtre Corfi falls shofi otr recogr:isablt, r'ule oiirr"' modci .,, r he suggesrion rh.t rhr rrle ol ht rcqrires, rn dr:,i .jav:nd egc. r ioLrLiire:rrd obirgarorv rccourse to rhc C-ciurt rn irattcrs.o!rne.t..l to rie U\ Charrer arLl related

'ssuesis obvirrslr,, she sug

grsted, strll r srep roo

f.rBur ;r is,l rhink..r srep

which musr be rakenri ti:e rLrte oi larv is ro bec<rri irLrh eltcctivc n rhrs ar cr.il ereLrrs in lraq and clsrrhere hig!light sone oi rhc deficiencics oi

iniernetror.rl i:r; rhcr nal Lrorctheless vtcld r publrr bcncfit in rhe

l<,rrerLcl:r.i.o:rvhiL:rhclrrvtLLlrressoleir.iir:rnilitalr;rr;rrent(rslas .rin;ricd

't..r.le,nicenal\ s's {d!. ,rotabl; by Ccolfrer' \1:r srrn or

r\e 5!.2:.ri:i!'.). I io nor think the pul,.li. ar t:rg: i)rs br.cn $Lr,:tjlurL'rtssd rr i..,h* .r rhe intc'rrcrrions ivcre l:trl,fur r: nr-,r. tn rle..aseli li,rq. ';::dr.rpr becaLrse oi widcspLe.rd .ioulx in itlrs ,:or::rrrr abolr

l1).m(i l:irqi: rn:n,l rhirh- cvrr before. This hrs e,:rractd the rr:poit.rr, r oi inr..nrrlnal leiv irr rhc pLrblic r:inl, and atir,r'.!r ! I lli itrUN aib.rne, irs r:c:ae ro lic nror.€ rec.gntze.l nor cil! .:r r

thnt sLrch action is ne.cssarv to mainrain or r csror: peace and pr oporrionete, rradiiio!1al condirioni.f .r iLrsnvar $rhrle pr.optrev is.rt*aysperiloirs. it is rerhaps unlikeh rhar srates chastcned bl rhrrl erpe;.ier"eir lr:c1 rvill br:rger ro r.epeat ir.Thev hale ror been hrLrtld beti,rr r!eICJ or anr otheL::ibnrai ro answer for their acrjors, i,rr rl:er hercbcc,r r; rrigrcrl ar ttre Lar oi wor[1 oprn,rn. anl jLr.lgrtl rrirvourab|rr.riih resulting drmagc to rlre| srrrJrng nir.:l i.fuence. ii rbe cl.rurrting

challenges noil iar:ir:g the rvorti:ie to il r,rerco,:rr, ir nrr* bc rrimport,rrt parr rhioLrgh ihc inedtLrnr ot:;rLcs. i:rrr:r:rarionrllr, rgreeLt.

interl]etion:r1h inp .]relltr:i ard, i1 nr:rersar1,,rnrcr r]arior,rii].crtrjrcea.That i-q rvh:rt rhe rulr: of rerv r:qriie" irr tire in..rnrriorrl orclor,



dI

Terrorisna and the F.ule cf Law

lTlhe LJnired Stater will not support snj, rnd all nrcasrres takeir in rhe nrne

of Eghting drugs and ill'neas!.es

trlen in rhe nanrc of ighting drugs ard

rerrorisn or rcstoring rlability. {lne oi ihe nosr dangcrous tempt.tionr ior lt

governncnt facing riolenr tlueats rs to respond in licavy"handed ivals that

vioiare rhe rights oi innocenr cllizens. Terrorism is . criminal act and sholldb€ rrearecl accordingly ard that oeans applyug ihc law {ai.ly and consisr

entl). We have i.,und, rhrough experience round ihc workl, drsr the besr wr)

to deleat tcrrorsr drrents is ro rncrease Iaw enforcencnt capabiinics white at

the sam. rinc promoti.g rlenocracy anti hunar rights.

The speaker was Madeietue Albright, thc US Secretary of State, the

datc r 7 April zooo, rhe occasion a speech to thc U iversity of Vorld

Econonlv and Diplomacy at Tashltent in Uzbekistan.

Historv does not, so far as I know, record how the tjzbehs leacredto th€ Secretary of State's rem:rrks, bur they wor;Lj at the rrme have

strucl ar American audience as orthodox...r,sistent wirh ihe

rule o{ iaw aird reflective of rhe valucs rvtricir the llnited Steres

prides irself on obscrvirg. Nl:ny Anericals *,orld have looked

back wjrh : sersc of shan':e and regr er to occasions q'hcn rhe lhircdStares had overreacted to: perccived rhreat,:s in the rourd Lrp ofsupposed anarchrsts afrer rhe First V/orld \{ar. iire detenrion olrJo,ooo lapan€s€ Americans after I'earl Harbol the eifectlve kid

napping of 1,r61 japanese from Central Ancric: {also atter l'eariHarbor) rnd :!re persecurion of suspected Cofl.nnnlsts ;nsrigareci

by Sera.or McCarrhy- Very lrlany Ainericans rvould hale recognizcd

rhe truth oi whar Supreme Court williarr Brennan h;d sard



THE RULII OI LAw

l'hcre s co.side.ablr less ro be proud irbour. and a good dcal ro he emb;lr

.a$cd al)our. (hcn onc rcnecrs on rhc sh.hLrv $earlr]err civil liLre.rics have

relcitcri in thc trnited Sraies dlrilg rjrnes of srr and lrcrccjlcd thjcrrs r,r

nirional s.. , it. . . . Afrcr ei.h pc.ccived sccurirl easi3 cnded. rh t,nirud

Stirc! hls rrn!,,,clull! rerllzcd thrt dl..tbrogrriol) of ctril lil'erltcs srsunnccrssirr: lrfr it h;s provcn lr.rblc ro froenr trscli ir,m rtperrinr rhe

rrrr * hcr rhr r::rr trisis canre :lurg.

ln Briram. rh.- s€.rcrarl oi srarc s rcrrtarhs r,olrltl harc riised |.)e!:l)ro$s. Bririin hrrJ :rperienced spa;nroclic outlursn oi rcrrorisrviolcrce lor : tcmpte.l violerrce) rt home sincc ;. lcasr !hi iim. ()i CLr!

liat kcs, had resporrdeJ rlirh forcc {rnd on oc(.rsrof brniaiil\'t .o cnrer

Sencics rn \,:rrious p:lrrs ol thr en-4riIe and haa dcrrincc. c r riidrscluring two worlJ wrrs- Ir h,rd !lso, vcrr reccnrlr; €adu.€Ll .h.cr dr..rdes of !\trenre tcrrorisr violerue, borh in Norrhcr-0 l cl;rucl rrncl or rhc

"rrrnlJ:,J ot l{.rr.u r. lh'. rf.runr.r,:, nt in.,. r. ,.i,rcsl)rcrs parti!ul.rrl!. |irsr. ir \vtr! intporrant ht'crrrsc rh:1Jr;t;\h go!crDnreut hnd throlLghout rrcarcd rlrfl)rism er .r civi] ernergirn.r'. rior a

\\'r.. irnd had r.eired dre ter|orisrs. r.cp,.rblican or lovali*" .rs cr jnrin.rls

itnd not is conrb.rlrnrs. It n rs intpotant. seconrlh,. bec.rusc drr li iiishrLrthoririrs, h:rving r.!orred !o inlcr dnrenr olrhose suspectecl oi involvclrenr in icrrorirm .rncl to rncrhods oi inrerlog.rriolr condcmrrLrd Lrr

St,asborrg.rs lrhLrrq,rn an(l dcgrading trearrnc:1., ab.rn,loncd rhetrn!ihodr Lts iIrji.cti!e ancl coLrnterTroducti!r. rlientlrin! rhe ver!

pr:oplc or rvhose srpp<'rr rhc stibilirl oi rhe r(,rtc clcperrrJerl.lhe tvents r,,hich rook pl.ce ir Nc\i ii;i.k, rXr.rshingrorr ancl

l)cnrsrlvania on rr Seprembcr:oor rrc roo rvell hrosrr to c;rll forreca;rrtri.rrionherr,.lshtrllr!J€rr(,rhcln.ourpcndioLrsl1,as.9/rr.fhcv

tr.rLrnlirzL'.1 th. .\rn€rican peoplc;rnd shoclied rl:r rvrrlit. tn drc

tJnitrrl Sr,rres. Lrnd also in Bririin ('*hi.h suffered irs u*n. rnrallcr ancl

less letial,.rrrrrck (tn t I!T) .:.oot), thc.rurhori.lcs r.erppr.,riscd ril:.,rth(,do\ :rpproach Jescribcd br trlarleicioc,\lLrrighr.

t th! Llnircd Stlrcs,rheAttornev(icner rl,JolrnAshcroii..rnnountrd:

'ln orclcl r,r iighi erd clcfeat tenorisnr, rhc Dcpartrnent oiJLrsricc h.rs:rddcd r ndr firrirdignr to rhlr cf prosecL ion .r parrrdigln oipre\.ennon." I hl! ne\! L)aradigm seems.:rt tirst hlush. :o Larr :lrrcL to

'I'ERRl)RI5TI AND T HE RUL' oF I,A\'

comflrend ia. Prevention is bencr than curc. Sette! surely, to rry t()

prevcnr .t lufthcr.track occurring than to $air ior anodre. .rrtack and

then tr-y t() carch iov ol rhe perpcrretors who rr;ght still ir€ ilivc. Thc

loval and l.rw'abidirg rr,ould hrve notiing to firL President Ceorgc

\\. Busn. in nr\ !r.re "t rh, Unr,ll.:dd, .' i' Jrfll.rri :oor. ,,.x1

dcclared, to applaLLsc. rhar: 'Amclic.r'rill al*,ar.i srLrnd firm lirr thc

nonrrciaotiablc derrlrn(ls of hLuran clignity; the : Lrlc' oi iari I iirrirs onthe towcr oi rhe statci rsspect ior r-,orncnl prilni3 protrrili irrc

specchl cqual jLrstice;.rnd rcligioLir toielrnce.'JLrsrice Hu!.(, Bh!k olthe LjS Suprcme (lorri ha(i in r9c4 desc|ibtJ rirc LJrited liatcs:r:'dedic.rrc<l to dre nrle ol hrv.,

Bur.Alrhur (lhaskalsor:. I grextll respcct€d Chi.l.lusricc ot Sourh

,\fricl ir posr-rprrtherd times, has drrlrr r prr.rllcl oerr.,ctn ihc

behatiour o: rhe r u5cs govumnrents oi S{)uth Airict, riJ iirni oa.hc

Bush rdrrrinistrrriof :

Theinrrij {ep5 r,ri,,n i Sourh \ .i in rhr rrsos ia,Ll t grLrr,,:Ll :o,:rr'ther nrc.r!tlre! j1r.ltr<lins the 5:f ining oi rhe Alrlcr$ \.!rior.rl a(,rgre'!. r\{

l.r.,\ir.ir (.1)rg.es, in(l or!r'inic

various (,rher rr:ti-aprnhcii orgrrur.

rioas lel ir .tlll, rftl Ihe (lrrconiar: stcurLrr lr$;s!rro!r {)i rhc r rr.os :ni(l l:rtcr

!c16. I'.):iri.al rhcarri. *'t rhu !.rrt nr ihis rrJ ior r\r lrgr:l;t,r[ t!:,rL

nrlloreLj. lhc whrrc votcrs.rcrc rvrmrd rhrt rlrc srrru $.,s ir.ins r ro!.j

onsl.us;i. i!.) rc:c iolJ rhar Li:e legisl.rri.rl wis nor rlir.ckd rgilrsr iin-abidurc jrizrn:,rri sr:uli Dot rilrcrthrn:. lhc iargcr; rtrr thc.,rnrrIr:ss

Litld rhc tcrfu,isrs Ilirqri,ro io,i$oithe'uhirepopu.rn"nrcnr.rinrdsilentrnd ihrre *rs litrle lpposi!ion ro ihr lnenslr(s. Dcre,ti(ni wrhour rn.rl tri5

inrroir'.r.i. ii)r Poirrr erc:rnPorrr:C ro nolc dclri:r:.r rrr.,orruii..!.io.

and r,, dejil rh(nr tccss ro thrir lrv'!.rs,r rh(ir,r:,i rd:.rl ,rdvv{..

lnitialh dcrcr:iion ta.1s t.r eo dr)s. the. L,r rso d.ys rD.l rlrn riiLlctriirclr.

C-,)urrs \rcrc irrip?rd .i thei. iu!islr.rnnr nr nulc h.5cs.,xr)u. orrl.s i,,

lcspccL oi der:iine". lhe isolalion ol rhr derilrees rnJ rit',!qtine

oi tht

iurisdicr'on ,ii dr. .o1,,6 leci a, tonrrrr ,n,i ,rther rbusLs. r'hich h:rc hter

dr.rcunrn:trl in tlr. Itrrins\ oi ih.l rurh rDC Reconci::arior (i'nmi!si(rr.

On drc intcrnarrcn;rl phne, the tlush .rdministratioD'! reicction ol an

approrch consisr:nr rirh t{re rule oi iru,was crprcss. ln .:.oo5 the



Pelrtago, in its NarioDal Defcnse Snateg!, warred lhat'Oli. stic]rgrh

at a nar;on stlte rrili continde to be.hallcngcd by thosc whc. crrploy:t str3te1y oi the weak, Lrsing;nternational fora. judicirl pro,:erses.

and terrorisrli." As e not llllsl'rnparll€tic Amerl.an arrho.. \\'riiing in

rooa, obse ,ed"'One nal rafel toncludc drar .hc .lrrL'rt lls :tL1n1;n

Istratio! is io iar oi the collective security .rpproach €nshr;ne.l tn the

LiN (lhrrrerih B, iraxr .rlso rhc niood nusrc changed. This was rcfle*ed in the

rhen Prijre i\,lnister ion,v 8l.tir\ ol)servAtron.t hjs nronihlY prc!\.onlereIl.e on 5 AugLrsr :oc5. aitcr thc jrly bombirss, rvher lrr srl,1

'l.rr no one ie in rnl doubt" rhc nilcs oi the ganc are chinging . . .

This rvrs nor, perhaps, a happv choice ol phrase, sincc no rcporsiblcper sor had ever supposed thcrc was a gane. A learned author: havins

ev:mired rhe matter xt length, has concluded that rhe onll rule

craage bes bccn rrmrd in the p,reater rvillnrgress of rhe courts to

r'l ,"..r r.r. '.Jl.J.r, "-'br€aches ol rh,: lair.'But Mr Blair cen rt least clain rhc lirru. cl.r)rsisrerc).. O. rire poirt of le.ving otfi... in a11 ariicle publisrctl on

tr' r\l.ir r.oot,'he described it as:r'drnge,ous ,niijulLgrncnl i!, pur

cir.rl libertics llrsr. To do so was. he s:ric1,'misguicled and iirong'. \! hilc

reithi'r hc ror or|rr ninisrers have, 1 Crink" quotcrt Ciccro ducctll.their guiding pLrnciple has been (li.er(,\ phr.rse'SalL;s populi suprem.r

esr l€\' (thc s,rletr oi rhe peopie rs rhe suprctllr iavrl; in his forero(lto "lhe UKs Slatgl fcr aiountermg LrternidorLdl Tcr&)ri!rn'. l-.ub-li:hcd :n Marth .oo9. ihc Pure \linjsrei Mr (lor.lm Brorvn, pa,a-

ph:rrcrl Cicero irhen he said: 'The lirsr priorit) oI:mr' {;(Jrcr.!Ient irto enst:e $c sLlurrn :rnd selerv ot the uatlorr and all ncnbcrs ol rhe

pubiir. This ,: .: r',t*' rlhich mar.v supp(nr, in Brir:in:rrd rhi. Lirtire.i

Sr::tt's. Brrr i::irr -lcider ir5li,1 r6i.t), rcho Llicl ror iark,:rpcLieiccoi .ivil !r.ii.. ,,ir:r'r'eri fher-c ;. !r.)i .!!rr tilurg n rhe u'orlLl n:crc

:,bLricrl tilr :l:rr rr;:r,::rc.' ,! rrL.:r::lie vierv ro {ll.ero:i. t.rlr.t.. is

rhlt .t.r ihL :.d :.' :lcilja:rri,r Fr rnllin, rir:r 'h: r'bo l,ould pL;r secur.rr

b,:l:c lrbrrrv cesr:r'vcs nelrhe:'. ']il'e c,rr:ror ion:r::irtl orr soclrtr to

or!1ii\ ht d.priiirig iron: d;r iurL:rrrnt.r. sr-rrdr;ds rrlirl r,ai. irii'o: rhr,,i ;r,r:r;renderror

The lvar on tenor

ln somc r'.r-vs, thc rcsponsc of rhe US end Brjrish gi^,enr:r3:irs ro rhc

potent rhreat of Al Qacd.r .rno,inn has been na:kcdh diiierei:t.

I dra\{':lt.enrion to three imporLani dilfercnces iand orh€rs could

doubdess be addtd). Firsr. the Presidenr of rhe Linircd Srates rery pLrb

iiclv decl.led a \\'ar on Tcrro,'. This rvas no Lloulx ir pari,: qoliLr

clan's rheorical Norrish. conpar ablc r ith dechfir:g !rar on ( rttt. .ipovtrry; or drugs, or I ilv AlLlS. Bni ir $'.rs rot orll a rhetor'lcal ilorr..t,.. 1 ,l-.'...r .-.,.,...1 Ir.. .... I,tial tefror;st lvas rieri,ed .rs .r!r enemt rrthcr i\3!r :r .r:1'!1rr.1l srrp.cr, iifollor,ied that his :rar,,s r.rs gorerneci b-v rfc ial oi,rnn:d coniiicr iiianv lan ar elll rithei tha. dt. crrminal lar," diflcLii q.rtrtio;rs rverc

bound ro {::;rd dulr dlcli ar isc or rhe :pplicariii.\ .! iht rl:l,C (l.ner:

Convertio;r of r r+y,,ui tic lJnited Stares found irscii io,r,:: ::r, t,'.twarolirrr]efinitcdLrrlticll:gainstaniLi.de!ined

battlefield. l'roiessor Ccnor Gearty h:" CescnbeJ .hr $p.,t"\j{)l (,i

thc crilriiat mc,del besel on justicc:n,:! dLre process br',r s"c',,'r1'

model thaL ls brsed on fear rnd ruspicion as'rhe srngle greatcst Jisrs

sous iegal' of rhe rvar on rerror from a humen rlghts poiri oi r,iciv ."The Brirish, b! .onrr.rsr, edhered ro the coursc esrablished in Norther n

leland o{ treatiDg rerrorists as crlrnrn.ls, n.t cu:rb.rt,ints. This lxa-

be why the Britis| rurhori.les hare becn nore successiirl rhan r\ei!

\rn, r. ' .o.. r',1 .' . .J. e. ,

gcsted i,1 I'roiessor |):vid Cole ol Georgear',lr'irrilersit" ir: rr a,:irlr

entitl].rl'Thc Brirs to ll Befter'.'1 He poirtcd oi:r.h]l rl:e sr'Eslr

lesponse t.) telrorisn ltl hccl coirsrtler;lly n:l:r *rlntcd :rtc

sensirivc ro ,ights, ilor rlealrreel. ruaic.d in.i ,:rrti.rih :ailrtec'

than ih:r of rhe Uniic.l Srat.'s r::cl cLrored i"iilr rDll,-ir: x il.rte!)..r

b1- the Nirecror ri l'L,blie l'rosecurlors, Si: (€n -\i:c!irrr.lJ Qi, l,eight agrrnsi rerroirsn on rire stfc.li oi grii,iin rs r:ot a ur k l.:!eprer'€r11on ol..inrc ...:: crlrr:rr r:'ltgisiarive rr';ir;jnt n rl:r

':rc,:

oi

:crroiisi..ire is cenilrl o rr: e:rsicr.e L;l ee eiii,-icrt a:11 hL:ra::-

rights tomp.rLible oroeess.' i his ::sr ai:ri nr:r1. l'roiessor Coie clns:Ll'

'', " ff



Erecuiive pcrver

Tic second rliiiererce llons frour rhe fir.sr. Iiy e rerlLuior adopted onr 3 Scpteinbtr u oo: rh€ tiS Congress .rurhorized the &esi.1cnt ro

rsc rll rtrcssrrr ud rpp,oprirrc ior.r isrinsi r|.se r.ll;ons,',gr]rzNjo.s.

,,, r.rsr\ h( a.rcfiriner | ..nca. rLiho.zcrl, conrr:rec, or r;dcrt rirc rerrcri\r rft.rk\ .hii,r..r, cl I SipLcrrbe: , i, rcol. rjr hJho.etl _{r.h orgxnjT.r

rions rr pcrsors.r, o cr ;o pre"dr rr1' irture rci of nkl:rLb::rt te,,orsir

Iltis ivrs followul oir L3 NovcmLe; ":cor b1 r PresiLlenti;l 1!ilrrarrOrdcr r',.hicl, :rint:lto'1d..rrtr rerrciisrs ard r|ose t ho suppoi; rhen:l.

t., riisrupt rllri rcrlvitics, and to eiirrinare rhelr eb;litr ro coJrCu.t or

support rcrloristl .rttacks l.rnd tur ruspecrslto be rlcajncd. rnd, whilr,;cti, ro bc riied ... b| nlilirxrt tr.ibLrrnts .,' Thr Oid€r appite.i :{j

inrlivriuals rho uc',c nor US cirizcns rnd who v,.cr c or had been, o:h.rd krorvirgly heriroured,:r rnernbcr ofAj,Qacd: or had engagcd ir,.rirlcd cr ebenecl, or coispir€d ro .ommir, arts r)f rfrernariol,rl i!riof;sn prelr:dicirl ro rh! inreresr oi thc Unired i.:1fus. l. aLlrhorrrlJ rhcrlcrentlor o; sr:spe.ts ar.1r-j, d.;i.cnared jocrrion woridr,iclc rvith noquarantcc of irllrl. It prescrilrrcl thar sLrspccts, if rried. wouid be rried5r .r nrllirrrv courmirsior:, ',vi standarris oi cvtlenc: Lncr duriho!.lppl;cr;I i'r tlrc.)rdin.1ir.ou.rs and titi pcire:.rc rnposc rhcde::$ peneltr. " Llen ii rh! Unired 5r!rcs had been cngaged ir -r rnaj,lwar, ihes€ rlrrr rnmensc po\\,ers to confer on rhc !recLfilr" .]r)po\aerlng rir. Pre!i6€1r: ro use lorrr: ageillsr anv person or:nriir irc ghrdctrrn:rirc to be responsible,.rnd providing lor rhe rndefinir! Je:enrioiroi

'nspe.icd t!riorl\rs rnywherc in the rorld \[,ithour :|rv gue:.:nteeof ch.rrqc or rr r.tl. Tre Wesflnins.cr 1,:iriia!1lenr .onferrccl no corepar r-ble porvrrs on thc rxecur;vc jn lJrlr.1r1.

Elrt.iordini.rry rendit;on

^ rirl d;l:rr.rn.e brtwcen die tJK .rnd llS responses to.,\]-e:rea.r ie:.,rii:n, ,ei.1ic' ro rhe jrr:lrlce oI rendjr'or" :r rciv e:<p;.ession origrl:tilused t. d:s':.jre r|le unl:r!'l{l seirjrs 1rr eirccr. krdnapptrgi oi: perso:r

in one coLLntrv in order ro removc him to srand rrlal ir arother corintrr.Thc British courts irad erperiencc ofsuch a case in r 99I ar.l rhe ttolrse.rI Lor.ls held th.rt the courrs should refuse io rrr' .r clefcndanr brouigrio ihjs cormtry in fla:trant brcach of irrernarion.rl law lhat d:cisioniras foilou'ed bv thc Colr oflppral in a case ron.ernins ;in iiiA i€r-

rorist u,ho u,es LrnlarvlLrlll eldu*ed ir Zhl-rbrvc. bloughr:o riris

counLrr', chargtd, i;rirlv rri€d ard lor1'!cre,:l. His cr;ntir.rl eppeel rv:rsatlorved beca:rsc rhe condLic ri the rurhoriri:s

'r'.rsr l.larrlt ,r:rrl

extrenreil suior:s leilnlc to aitrere ro rhe rule ol iaq' rvrrl lglrd ro rht,

prodrcton oi I deiendef. ioi oilre.urldr ;.r r;c f.nglish iorrrrs .'ihe rlnrcri.2n .rpproach is Lathei diftcrent. ' ii : deicnr:lerr ts dujr

indlcted in rn.A-Ererican corrr, rhe courr n,;ll n{rr :nqu;re hor hc c.ureto be in *c.oLrnrrr itt all. lhr:e dr:ferrrlarts r.r'er:. iL sccms, rendered

to thc Uniie.i Statcr tn srancl trial in ihe Cecade l;enrrc r9r"15,. but iir

ihlr,vear Presi.lc!r Cltintor !ssucd i l,rcsidenLi-rl Dfcisri)ir Dire.riv.

ri'hich srared: 'ivhcre r,,e do .oi receive .rdequ;tr coor:elriol iron IState that halbors .r rcrrolisr *hose ertradLtror: .,re .rrc -r('liirg. !€.\., r, ..1pects by force mrv Lre cflrcr:cl t,ithour rhc eoopererto,, ,,i rlrr horr

Sol'emlncnt.i This lcd :o a sreep in.rr,1s! in rhe nunrlr oi rerditrors, iorrv ur rhe thrcc r:ars iolloiviDg the DlLecrjv€...Birr ii all ihese

cas€s rir. srspe.t $rr s::zed h 0,dcr thrt bc shoLrlLj stanti l'ral:: rire

Unlte.i Srrtes Afrer Scplenb.r :oci rhc praoic.- '.ras r1:ocd rrd lasbeen crtled'cxrrrordi,rar'.,r::rlirlolr.. This ;1,',)l\ed rhe ;cizt,r oi Isuspecr ard hi; rr:l] oval t,,.r rhird coai:rv In:,r rre \\ould suitlr iilrrentrnc.1a J! rorrure wirh 4re oLr;cct, rot 0l p!*r;rg hirn on iriil. bLit

of cxirrciing niorrrarion irom him.I hree c.rscs. ihe taers oi,,r,hrcr havrnot, ro nI.htlorvlerlge, bee chaile'.ged, jllLrsrr-rtr rhe operlrion ot

extr aordrnary ;erdirior in pracrrc:.

Ntr l-l -Vasrl, r Germ.rn ert:zea,:lained thar ie *,ent to \lacciorrarn hotidal: A{ter erre.l!rs, he was cietairred bl' Mrcedorrirn olliciris,who handed hjn over ro CIA operarives.llevtool::rirrrtoa (ttA opcrl.e11

derenrlon ccnr:e;re:r-Kabul, nhere he rvas helLl LrcomnLrnicario for

sorne nnrrths. b:arca, druggeC and nristreareil ilt ctlcr \l,:rys. ,r-iteraboLrt 6r'e morths lc iv:s relersed rr a reinor.- arca oi Atbenir. il,mwhich hc marie his rvay beck to Germanl He bror.ght an action egal:rsr



inrsftermreni. But the lederal Districr Cour1 (aflirmed by rhe Coun olAppcals) disaxsed his ciaim, wirhour any hearing oi rhc merits, on thegrcrurd ther i: coulci not bc trjed'*.irhout reveeling statc secrers con

cernng dre oper:rrions oi the ClA, ud ttre Suprenre tbiirr declined,ir) crltcrtain an afpeil.'r It appears that Ir,Ir !.I-M!!fi rtra,! hr.,'e been

tLe e/r r hijackers, .rrd that his relcase rvas ordererl bv :hc Scue;:rrv oiSai:e when rlre misnke of identit,v was npprecieted..L

I{r Maber Arar'..rldrough born Ln S,vri.r. il,!s x cirrzcn ol Canrda,rvhcre ie had liicd arrl ll.orked for.sevcnrtn yrars. in Seprelnber

:oo: i: rnterrrptecl a holiday rtl'tinlrsi:r bccausc hc s'as calleC brclro (iaradr bv his.-rrplovers. Ol his *,ay hone he passerl rhrough

John l-. (ennedl' .ri,port in Ncw Yori(. Ther€ hc wrs :ncsted b; dre

US eurhoriries in r:iiancc on informatior givcn thcn i-.y the C.rnadlarr

police. I le w:rs rrot advised of hx righr to consular .rccess, .rnd thc

Cen:rdian aLrdroritics ivcre not told that he ivas in US custodv. Hc wrsheli ir: dre Urrred Stares for rrvelr.e deys" ther rerdered ic Jordrn.Lhcn rendered ro Svria. rvhere he w.rs rrpnsoned, rorrured ar.i h.id in

degradlng and iLrhLrnan condrtions lbr.r year.Ar the €nd of rhar pcriod

the Svriars releascrl him, and he retu,ncd ro Canada nor passlng

throlrsh.lFK. :-itr MrEl Nlasri,tre b,oughrana.rion againsrrhcAnlericlrl autLorities. bur this rvas disnrisscd on much the same grountls lsMr Fi ,\lasri"s. Thc llanadiar g.rvcrnmenr \\..rsj ho$/e\,r! srong inro

establishrns a rudrciel inqujrv rr.o the cas€. Ahcr nvo :nd .r hali vear s

.; urvestjgntjon Justice O'Connor tbLrnll rhar tr4r Arar was ur:rocent oitrong-doing: rhrr he rvas an intlocerr victim oi US, Sr'rian :tnd (t.rntr.

dror: ofllcialsr that rhc Canadiar: aurhodiies had glven ialsr and mis

ie;ding rrfornrtlon .o thelr Anericrn counrerparrs; rrd thar rnc US

Sl.rte llrorrrlreni B;ls a\rar€ thar Slrir ro rnr€ly rorftrred irs dr.:rjnels.Thc;rdge\ r c;omrr enderions lcd tr:r: prbiic epoloq l-.;.ih: irrin:e

\ljrister oi (.rr:.rJr. rhe resignarior ol the cotr-rs:loner ol poirc: anrl

rhe piirr:nr .,i !.:rpcns.rLlon in rhc sLrn of litlairro r illio,r...t he crsr. ,,i ltl L]isher Al-R:ni'i rnd Mi r:;mjl ii1 B:ni:,r rr oi:gn:

honrt io thl llriusn .ruiLrorjrrcs ihar rndiv!dL:els rvbolly :rcour:ettecrrrth rht .onl::cL :e Ilghrnrsta11 urighr bc ih.: s.rbjeci oi err::ordlnal-,

';;rdirior rrrj r!ri.;l irfori:ra.ion \r.rs givlf ro rh€ LrS.rrt[{)r]r;*sirbjecr i,, r ;,:i e.:r ,,i

up Dec.Nre lns t ol .111 lsslrcr:ltc (ii one o appl'

T!RRORIS'i

could not be placed on Americar observance of the condition. The

story is told in thc repo|t on Rezdirror made by rhe lnteLlig€nce and

Sccuritl Comnrittec oi ahc Housc of Conlmons h iuly roo7.'!i\,1. Al'Rawi iras an Laqi iraiional who had llved rn Britaln stl1c€

r934. He had becr grarted cxccptio al leave ro remiiIr, bLt had nor

app[co ror ul(. cllzcnsntp. rvr! r]r'bltnna was a lorlr.rnl.rn 1-lreslilrlrl,

recognizcd as a refuglc in Brita;n hlit nor:r cirizen. fhe trvo men hadattracted rhe anenticn of tile Seculry Serr,rce a;rC rvere believed to irt

associarld with Abu Qatada,.r radical clerLc. A::he erd ol October

zoo: the Securib Service made :n aLtcmpt, appar.nrl-v L]li3!..essi!ll!'.

to seek the co opcration ol Mr ai'3anla. Orr : Nolenber troo: rlenvo mcn" *'ith arothcr (a UI{ citizcn), arrived rt i;rtwicli ilrporr ro

l1y ro Gambla, on, thev said. busincss. A covtn rcercn rvrs nade of

their baggage rnd an rrem rvas toun,:i in Mr Al-Rrrvi's luggagc r';hich

rvas rltought to be suspichus. All rhree men were arrested. The Secur

ity Service reported the ariesL and rher .rssessuent oi rhe n:,:r ro tht:US:utlcriries in a reiegren ririch made r:lear rhar rhe

rvas lor';ese,rrch arci anailsis pnrposes only arri mar noL be rsec:sthe Ms:s ior ()veri. co!eft or elecutrve acrion'. The rhree nen were

questioned bet$,een r and 4 Novenber. :nd rheir homes searched.

But it rvt.,uid scen fiar notiling irlcri ;nar1lrg was ioLind, rlrce lL rvas

judgcd thar thcre was inslrfJi.ieni cvide:rce on .rhirh to:iurge roe

men, .rn11 rhcy u,crc rchascii o:: 4 Norcnler Tre US rlthorriles \,,er:

infornred, es also drar rhe mer rvere expecteci :o t:.rl€l r.i l;rinir::

.F^r I 1/ t'.. n.

and ro rscertein wherher the (l.rmbians could 'co1'€r rhese rrCil idu.ls

rvhilsi thf\ :re iu GaI11bia'. This tclcg..rn elso.ontri.ed:i.on.iiriorlprohibitirg 'o( rt. covcrr or erecutive actionr, $'hich wr; c'rpr:cteil tcr

be p:ss':rl on ro rhr Clanbians. ThLrs no ilr.est !) inr€r.led or..rntemplele::.

Cn I lovenbei :cor the rhree mi'n rerurned to Cai*ick rnri illvto Garr!,;r. llet:rjls ol rhe flghr rvere pass.rl io rhe ,\ntc,icafs. Oir

arrivrl r 13an1:rl, the mel were greered bv a Grmbiu nrtrurrl rnd

n{r Al R$i\ brorire:. r t.ili aarlon.rl. Ihe ai:1l]rLrirn iLrrboririesserr.h€. :he travellc:s hggrge, found items regarded .rs sLr4ricioLrs

and alresteci all lir'e :re!:. thc Cirrrbian rrrriorl:rlrves relerst'.1 rhe nert



Thc ltiLrr rcnainrng nen were inirrall]' .ietarn€d bv the Garrrbi:rn arrhorities. and Iatc! by the Americans. The Security Service were told abourAe progress of rire rnvesrigation, bui not of dle meni rvhereabours.

In l.rte Novcnber rlle Seclrriry Servic"- wcre Lnfomed br rhr IJS

rLt]roriries drnt ihe iour ncrr rvere ro be rcmoved ro Brgra!n Air B.sr

threlr. ,\ltho uglr d:e t;S ilal rakc Doic ofLrK proiests r rci ro rccrns. thrs docs

nor app€.r marer;r11, ro aficcr irs srrareel on rcldnirr..'

In irs Responsc ro t;1;! T{cporr rhe Gov€rnm€nr Lellrrc.lr. IrrLrf.lnces

bv rle US Secrd,iry ci Sr:ie rb.1r rlre l-inirecl Sietes;t'pefcci tfc srx'

r epr cs.nrr tior rs \vere meclc ro rhe US embassador in Llanjul .inrl to th;:S.nte Depsr-rn..t and rr're Narlonal Securirv Council in W:rshir;gron.'lo no .rv.li1. T|r US aLtrhoritres declnecl a, releal rvhere thc. ,rcn ivere.

l,rl denred corsul.rr acccls r.r the vo LIK nariorak,;n clcrr bruch ,,.ne Vienr.i aiolvenrlon o1l Consrlar Rciarlclls. The iIK n.rironetstere reiersei.rnl renrmed to ihe UK rln 1:rnd 5ltec:rnbo .roo:.len\ irs ivir li'Rawi rnd Mr !i Bain.r in Anertcan hr,rds Th: 5:.!r-rit Sen'i.c ilssLrr€d Lhc America:rs thar the !ti-irish go|cr.:rmenr r.vorlcl

n(). seet to €rten. ronsular pr.orecrion ro thcn:.lvlr Al-Ra\1'i a:rr:i Mr Ei Banna u.cre rakerr to B:gram Air Besc br

rlrc LIs .turh.rrirles oD 8 De.cnrbcr. {frer a pcriocl Ln custlrov rircrr:r,

ti:ll *e,c derrrned rn l(abul bctorc iraasfer. in Februarr, ,:oo;. rr,{lrrantarano Br1. r'here, rc thc Britlsh conrrs trrer assunrcri. rheys iicr€d nlj5trcermc|r rhrr wes, at lcast. rnhurrar; and degrading. ArCLrartaruaro llay. Ci)llbararrr Srritus Review l-1ilrLlll:1ts, 1,',h(,sr tLrn.tion \\'n! nr rletcrrrine rvhcticr. clerainc'es .,r,ere eren). combranllrs,iounti rhar thel lmrh t er e, Lrnd borl l,ere properil d.-r:rir1.d. At.cr lLrsrover lour rc,1:s'derentjon ar Crarrrrnamo, Crei,rver: r:lersed,ulretumtti r.r til. llK 11r Ni:rch :oc r. Tlcir reierse loll.r..eii reirerenr.r

i;ons b,. rhe Forcigr .rnd Conmon..rea[h Oftice. per]rap! )rorltred b!drc s.rggesrion rhri N{r Al Rrl'r had hrrmcrlr. utr.ked, or ,.r'oLrld tfrtierseci rrcrk- ior:he Secnrrrl Scrrlce, rnd nlso lolto,,,;cct:n acrtrll,n)rchr bl,hin i. ihr lligh alorlr jn:o1r.lor.' t{e h.rs i,ccr ci:ergecl

Ihc Irrelligcncc .1r.i jccrrir! ai) nlioe€ c-\prcsscd jrs ccaclr:io::

\l:rr rlrr frirdi.:on pl)E:.rmmc las shou,n is rhrr rn rvhar r rciirs k).rs1h.

w:ri on r.rrt,i ih.l-:S villrik. whr*ei ir.rrci :. dc.ins rcccss!,): {,rhrn {_s

i\,. i. lroiei: ,^ !ir;on.:i s.c!ri:t toif rlron, ir irsrttrs ro pose L.i-r:rrs

I egislaticir

So mLrch lor the diinrcrces benleer rhe US r;rd iii resllmsc!.o 9/J r.

\{rh,:t ol the slrnilelrics: Again, drefe

lrir\:. both r:rlrrnrrie! :espr,rdccl ro rhc rhrr:ar br legrsi.Ltrr:r. In tirc

ilritec srat.s rbis rool rnc lorrrl ol rhe xr.frllr.nrle.l lj:rilrig :lird

St|erg:leaing .\Ir1eii.r ir) Provlding Afpropriar. ?;olr licqui:..-J ro

hrrerce':lr .!rc l)b\iruct'ier.ons:rt r\ci :.o1, rt)i)irr.i.:e.l ic tire i;ScPAl lttc; A.i. This was ; rerr srbstenrial r1r€rrlr., roirr.rmg rl.}prorisiors !nd .!)r.fing ;q: 1agrs. Ir n:rs r ushr,l rh; oLrgl t--rrr ltous..;of (iorrgrcss rvith riliie deb.rte, i:ri, liirired public heaLr:rgs.:.i,: * irlorrta conierencc of.onlmrfte€ ieiort. ii drr li( iht parrer;r rves:..:r:lrr

stmilar, althouql r:rore suiprisilg. shce trJll.r,ins leers o: erperie:rcr

of terrorism ir No;therr ]icianrl and mucl ieliberarior l,rriir:le,rrhed a; rrcerti';:s the vear zooo errcred a conprehensire frrrori:ir A;rrurrir.rg a; r;; sec,:lo slr.1 :6 sei:ed:ries.llut folior..'ilrg rl:E 1!!...rs {,ii

an)st;i.. I her regrstercd concerns, orall,v and rn u ritlng. Suong ereignt! oi othcr co,rrrfie! and did nor rranstoft dcrrir:cs io other

courrrie! t(). rhc p!:poses oi rnterrosanon uqiig iorrLre.- Llut rhe

Comrnitte: night h:rvr acidetl Lhar rn whar 1r.eirrs nr:! ilrr \r.r on

rerror't|c lhirer-1 Siaies ri'ouLl rakc $hatever aerior: ir ieeills ieces

sar! fo rroae.r ias r:lti('rr. iri|fcir itnll1 ah()s! ir cons:ll.ri t.r llrsc rr

serit:ir r;r.ar- ln disreg::id r;i int.:rnatioral rnLl irterr.::lor::i hi:rralrighrr irr. Cr lresenr iirii)!n:trnon. tht 3ri:r;h govelrrrenr rs rorshown ro ;av: ...eir .ornpliclr in rhc llS pirrer:mllle oi r::tr:c:cllrrr:'rendirior, rrd erer rhe h;ll Lrenr or: ris itnottedgc h.,r nor i.,:rrestabLshed. Tir ,r xpp€rrs 1u ih;s icspr:ii t !:rr,: ir,:: :r rp,r:rr:::diffelerce ir Jre ;rsponse oi rhe rvo ccrrrrrle., :,: rl! rirr

isn, bLrt the iull ::cts hile ler io e:ncrg{..



THE RLI LlJ OIJ LAIV

ri Septemb€r ir cnactcd, within a very short perlod, fie Anri'terrorism,

Crime ard Scclrrity Act 2.oor. Parliament has nol, however, rested on

irs laulels. Since the zoor Act it has passed ao fewer than five furrher

\.,. dr' nJ ar u rcd''q

ro rl,e lau

Non-nationals

Secondlr', rhe .rntr rerrorist legislation of both countrics has i the ftsr

instance directeci many of the most sn ingent provisions agairst those

who rvcrc not c;rizens nnd rvho thercforc had no absolute right tr-r

remaln 1r the countrl,. ln the PATRIOT Act, rerrorism $as defircd irr

one sensc lor domestic pLrrposes and arothcr; much brorcler, sersc irr,rl. grdri"' 'rp^.", \' l'rolF. ur .

"l.la' .' 'ren:

Ne,iher Congrcrs nor the e\ecuiive branch nade any trrempt io cilrla$rhy ih. !.me nct sho!ld be lcrrorisC whcn comnritted bv a foreign :rational

but nor when cc,rnn,tred by a US cinzc!. This diflerertial rreatmenr Luns

rhtuughoLrt the PATRIOT,{cr, which rcscrvcs us most severe measures for

ro.citirc!s. k nlikes foreigr natiorals dcportabic io, whollv inno.enr rsso-

citrri.rnaL acti!rt). cxchdable frx prre speech, and subject 1(] ir.arceraiion on

rhe rttorncy-scncr.l\ sav ;o. rvithout a inding rliar they pose r danger or e

il,shr risk.,\ prcrisid rhar ntrlies hrgely brt not crclusrvely to foteigr

nitionils.utll!;zes i.oer searches !r cr!!!ral iivcsogarions Nrh.,,' plot)

abl" cruse oi crin,irl r.riviri, rlc corslrutional n;lift!trm lor.r;nilralsearchcs. \tirh r strc<r ol the per, in orhcr ivorls, l'.esident Btsh denied

ioreiqf nin,n,,li las:c rigirtr.i p.liricrl associarion, political speech. due

prc..ss. ind !Lir...!.i

li ..,r'1.. \ l\t\,,,' \.' ,r r , .r'r

tlertd ron citizcns llable to rleporraiior lor their .rssoci:rions rvith

disiavoLrred org:rniz:tions.

Dis,::r:mii:utj<n agairst n.nr citizens was, ir appears, drliLr!rii

.rdmir:istrurion po1ic1. As Profcssors Cole and Lcbel have l rinen:

Vlen,\rn,.n!r LicneQl Jr*r Ashdoi: first nrou,rced ric paradisn oipic

\enri.i, in., iii..h in O.robe! roo, h New Yorl Ci . ire rowed $rt Lhc

terrorists and pr.lcnr then from inflicting fLrrthcr damage uioa us He

erplicirly snrgled o t imniilrariotr ia$', warniig rerorisis that ii thcr'over

stlled lrhcifl vsa bt even one dav'tltey would bc locked ut. lhe ldmrnisn a

tion subseq!endy adoprecl a zero-tolciance ;Drtigrarion policl' torvard

imnrigrars and visirors fro Arxb.nd Muslim .otDrries, on thc lheor,v rliat

of e1lni. pLofilins jince \i/t,rld W:rr II canr€ up cmPr-r. The Srecirl Re.lisrra

t$n prograD, vrh,ch !equircd 8o,ooo ncn irom predominandr Arab rnd

Mlslim.olnrri.s ro rr:gister after Scprefflber ;r. rcsrircd ir':ot

r:ugltlerrorii .olviclion. Oi rirc E,ooo toung mcn oi Al.rb .md lluslirt des.err

soughr o:i f{,, rBi ,ttervieirs, aDd dre mort ilar t,oco ioreiglr F.tion,ls

pLaccd o p,ererLive Jerenrion in the liist rr\'o y€!,i aiter e/r1. r.rxillr ail

.q.rab an(l niuslin, turt ore srards !o.!incd oi e ierrousr crint:cdai. hthese i1ririarives, iiris g.vernrnerr'; rccord i; o io: ql.oco '

This cisc.lnriraro.y approach t'as mirrorerl rn Part,1 ol rhc Anti

terrorisn" Cnme ancl Selnrity^.i

Lccr, whi.h pro,rided ior:hc indei

irire det€nt;on ivhhour chargc or triai of folcigl n:ttionals suspcc.ed ol

involvem.nt in rerrorisrl1, br:t not oi U( citizc;rs ivho night be {and in

fact rvcrc) simit:.rl,v suspected oi rl,olvement l! tcrrcrism Such dis'

crimination was,,rgain, e deliberate lolitical dccision, ar explriccri

by the rhen Homc Sccretary (llaviC Blunkett) rr .r discr:r;roir papt:i

(already quoted in Chapter 5):'rvhilc it woulii be possi5ie to seei<

other powers to dctaLn Brltish citizen-. who may b: irroirec in rnre|rr"

rionalrerrolisn it would be a lerl grave step.Thc Covcrnnerrr belicves

rhat sucb .lrac.rnin powers would be dil6cLrlt to 1:stif,v '."

]etention without charge ot: tr:ial

Thc $ird simil.rrnl iies in the iesoir of both coLrrlrries, :1ir:1ougl) on .r

verr cliffeient scale- to the pracrice jusr rrenrio ed .i .ierairrng !u\Pe.rs

indcfirirely t'irirout chalgc ol n i.rl..r pracrice ior:nerly rcg.rrc1td as tbe

ha11n:r'< of repiessrve ruthoiiiaiiir r€gxres. Lr ihc lJnire.l S.lrc\ dle

governmentls prcvertjve derer.iolr irrograr11lrlr" I.:rgciv direcred irs

aireacly rotedl ai Aralrs rrld i'4uslinrs, led ro rhe ietenior of r,r8:

fthe rFrr.riirs But the narion's brordesr.a



carriecl our Clsappearances of allegeclAl Qaccla members rnto secrer

:n,l rl,rord k h,ls clairred ar 'n- 'r*F[ni-i

ih€ d€tention of about 5,ooo,r many of tllen on no charge at all, on

rhe strength ol vague, anonymous accrsatjors- \'crv ferv hale been

corvicred oi terrorism. The Unired Sra.es |as also euthorized and

i:h:rrge or t|ial an1'one the Presiclot chooses ro dcrign,rte .rs an elremy

coml'rtanr." i'!e number oi pcoplc lounccri L:p anrl detrired in

Afghenrsr.rn. tr;r1 rnd orher Lrn identifiecl 'bla cl( sitcs .rrorIra rlie Noi l.i

is not linowr. brr rhe Penragon is said ro h:rve,:orLccrlcrl rhat tllrlh1red Strres l,.tr.ll".aired irore ihan So,ooo ireople, " olrvirorr rcerlr

l rrn-.r ',,.

1o:rrg as r!ri(ee..'! rnd rh€!i were very ie$'rerrorists aE:j:1g.!r!.1.r"

l: ,l ,., ...i.. 1,. e.rcF, .t,.!..r. .

snrpr.:i.rr l;uirnr.rnanro Br: ieJ to r scrjr! ()i three .ie.irlor:i. 1r rl)e

5uf.crn! CoL::t

,)ithc

tlnitcri St,rtcs. rll ol rhe.r.iverse to

ihi'n.irnin

istrdiior:. Ir1 ]nI llrst oi thcsc.rt!!s iRis'l l, Brlrr)." rir. issri n.rs

rrhctlcr r r:.::r cirizen.lerrlncc ir:rci .r rterutory right to c[.rlitrge lis.:.Jcnrior in :: ijS court. A rr::ori:r ecld thri !c h.r,:l. alirirg ,\lrgr:-r

al.r ix, S:er'rirr j iaor rhe mljoriir l rLrlerl: 'l::<ccutilc iuprison,n.nl his

ilco considrLecl oppressive ::nd h.rless srrcc Kr.s Johr :rr RLr..

:r me|e pieLisc.l rh.rt no lree mer should be lnrpisone.i, disposscsscti.

.nrlnrled or rxil.d save b-! rhe j!dgn€fr ol !i:, pccrr or Lr $i l.N, o:

the iuri . Thrs ivl- ll::"il was .nrjtlcd nr .l:rini leire': co:pus in tlre

Flilor lr:r ;r l:el:iarivc cirlngc. marlc'.o :]r'rrii c rne d.!.i jn,r.s oithr bcnerlr oi rhis clecrsion. ri: second crs: can:e belre tl: ioLrrr:

tlauidr r i:.Lr;t:leld., !r this :ase. ; rr:rjorq' held rhai thr lcgisirLirr,:ir,l n,,: rrl nr ieder.rlcoLrrr he:rr;rq h.rbeas corpus periti,)rs:lfr.rdrpundinr:. rhrL rler.rrnees rvere er!,de.i ro the trore.tion oi.rJlirlnon.\riiclc : o: rlr (leaeIa (ionvenrlr,r! i\rhi.h trohiLrLrs iruej t-.ernneir

i.i n)mLrel .:.:.1 rh.t detaillees rvere €i.ided. if ui€d. ro rrL.rl beicre

'r rr,ilLri:rr; .:rlrsrirlte.l cou.r aiiordrng all rhe iudicial guilran:er!

:crognized rs inciispens.rble hy cii iLzeri pr:oplcs .

I ollon'ing .r iurrhcr ltglsletivc clangc, and altcr an urusr:l prol-dLrLal rwisL well ,.lr"r:ribcd bv Tim Otr; Q{l (who nas prrt oi: rean:

rvhir:h made subnissions ir ell rhree of these cases), ' the third case

r-eached tfe 5upre1ft (iour..: ltoutnetlienc t, Srsr.ri Agair, ih. dcc;

sion ,{,as br a nl.rjorit!. lt nas e de"isi!e dcfear for the rdnrl]istr:tior.Thr ft::iioriti ireld rh:LL rh: der.lit]ecr iacl ,r tonsritrti.rnal right r(,

d*cnflnc ih.: sntos oi the ri:rarnee: .r.a" no slbqrrLrre ror hal.(ri,,

corpus. lackirg inporr.rur pLocttlLr:.:l !aiegi:.trdr. liei:red1 l. gl\'lng

judgmert tur trr n,rjrrir),.ire.i Nhgr: a,rrr1.:ht ra e^:r13ltr:

l-,:si'

L - ..,R'

He rlso circi Atexrnder Hanilto,,'r ,;bs::r':r:l;n. ll,irg rirc ilci.rLr'

.)i 1ile l-15 Consriir:i.n" rh.ri lht pr.1.rice ol:r-.ii'::r'r ir::r:iinrrerril,rs Srcn rn ell r;1t: rhc irvoLrritc:rirci.rori iri-r:ri.:rirl! l,r!:ixrrlell

.llsurilr,:,arc1 fu::u:i r:r iorce rn errraoLdin:rr 1::|!r Lib.1:r.::rI s.i.rr-

l:s. ;l:rs it ,,r,r' bc srrd rLl,Li. in lllr.'nd. rh,: , triL o: i.tr' .t .': : r,,.lr.::,.'.:

Bu. r,)r brto,r'rrr,:leirir--,:r l,rd urdelipn,: ors rrr;r,;: r:rl.rwiirl

rnrp:i:orrrenr rncl *riicr.d no.h ili Lrtrrtri.,:,: lili ltsprnsr il:s o,r :: ,1r!.1 crolr ffo!1r\i :c,,1,:, .r::.1 rr'.:s ,rr

LLr.,r' .,.r'ecred r. .r r;nlc:rlrr grorf oi leopj.: n)r.rsr ri,r:rl':i:li r rrir

::l r,girt r: ljlr irr ri: Jli, ''hr,rcrt -.r.;pe.rrti or ,rri,,,::;.,,r ::l

r"-r:-,;r'::rr. irL Lrho coriri r:r: br L!rporrerl rr) ih{r r lr(ifr! ,rurirri:t.h rhc o, dirar. r rl.. ilrr H.lnrc Se.r:i.'rr :r:-r rl ;r:; a hrre igrlr::r:,:rr1

wJroi.)rcscrrr

ir ih;s.(,urt:! lji'rdgeC:ot

l) !r ci)rrdu.r\ie 11,:h.

pr:bi:c ro;xi,::s L. oLrld I'c vlr: :lre,:rsr o: r pr sor .ls1-.c.ttcl oi irrol,':$renr rn rer:.r:!Irl. I'trdine Llcpor::rlor: .-, p:rs.n :r' be Jcralrcd r:r

cusrodr. brL o;rii l'o: .r r'easorabit' tlnt. rro, r:rdt:rlrreir ' : lr. pr1)hleli

ia.!:,S iie Dr:ii\l S,)r:rlt.rt.Jrr wa! isduld: .:r.ier .\rri.1c i ot dic

!uropcrr (io:r,r;::ira on llum,rn Righis lriis.:rs*'d,;r {llriptr 7l .1

pros;-'c,:n'e J.por--cc might only be cletaLned prrLiir:g ic1-trtati<n end

rrriglr :rot Lrc rlctai:recl ii ro,:leporralor ir.rs r:: pr,:rspt:r: bi:t r .leci

sior ri lhc ll,,cr*rn CL)L:: t. !indlng on rhr Uli, i',:: ,-':rlc :he clepo, t:t

tr{rl ri.r per5or &r his horre counlrr'- even il i::'"":s thlLrght iobe

x lrsl ro n]tiorr: se.uriir', if hc ran a n'rl risk tI berng rornrrrd ln tlrrtco inrr:r SLrch u'rs tle Liee:sion madc in (hahti r Ltn:tt,i littgdont.'

t

::,

i



N4r Chahal was a Sikh separatist living;n the UK, suspecred of

tcnorism ir his n.rtivc lndia and ar risk of rorture by l\urjabi forces iidepolted to his homeland. Ilor., rhen, $.as.he LiK to tackle rht:

problem posed l,v foreign nationals suspected of involvement in ter

rorisrn rvho could not be deported to rheir home countries in the

Middlc F.a* and Norrh Africa because of the risk of tortule on rheir

return, an<l rvho, since they coutd not be deported, could not br

detaiDc.l pcn.ling d€poft arioniThe solurion adopted by the British govel ment, r'ith the blessirg

of Parliamenr, r'es to derog.rte frorn 1ln effect, opt oLrt ol) Arrlcle 5 ofthc Convenrlcn. This is a porver which n.ry be elercrsed xr relafton ios(rnc (hur nor alli a,ticles of rhe Convention if ceriair .onditions xre

fu1fil1t,:1. I he co;rdltions are laid dolvn ln Arti.le r 5 of rhe Conventlon

and app\,'liln riirc oi rvar or other public c.lergencr rhre.tening rhe

lite of rhe nalon', but the opr-orrr nal onlv be 'to the cxtcirt strictliLeqLrireC by tirc cxigencies oi rhc sirLrarion anti pr,:rvirlcd that the

measrues taken'arc not incorrsrstenl with {thc srarc'sl othrr obliga-ttxrs urde:- interuational Larv'. Thc gciverrmeni jrdgcd drat .h. condi

tiols rl,erc ful6lle.j, and opted or.rt ol Anicle s sr as to pernlt thc

cietention of f,rrcigr narionals suspected of lnvolvemcnt ur rerrorism

even whtre, bccause of the decision il Cl.'al:al. rhcy c,:xr1Ll not l:e

The porvcr ro deLarn ioreign r;rtrorais urde. Pan 4 \r.1s erieicis€.l

in sixr€e cas.\.r" h what car1]e ro be kno\iu rs'the Icrr,7/-rr..tse',rbriefl1' mentioncd 1n Chapters 5 lncl 7 abole, nrne ol those detained,

hrlC in hlgh securirv corditions ar BrLra.sh l,rinrn,'lsucd

pn)ceelings ch.rllengii,g rhe hrvfuLress oi rheir detention. The,v .rrgirecl that

:he ,onditiors ior opting out oiAfticle j !v!rc noi nrct. an.l $at !v!n,l Jrer scrc thc legrslation rv'ts mconpatible \\',th rhe UK'r .bligrtionr unJcr r[e j-Lrropear Cu}!eDtior. Thc action wonrd;.! irn] np

r|e ritr:r'chl oi corrrs but th!\.Nc,r Lrrsuccessfri in rhe CoLrrr oi,lpprr1 :nd irr OcioLrc, zoo.l rlrtir appeal came brb;e rr ei,:r;!r,ed

coLrn ol rin. 1..r!v llxd\ i,, t|r Flousc ol l-ords. Thcv gai'c ;udgmenron r ) Dcc.mbe: :rca. Onc oi tlr,: Lal l,ortls rrlctl ib:rt rht. .ondi

- \ .;.likc rh:r of q/r r Llirl ror threaren thc lile oI thc'Bruis[ r:rion, br.i Lhc

othcrs. ri/ rh i'errifs lcslcrs oi rnrhLrs'asnr. held :h:r r!r, .:'-restion

involvcd : political judgmcnr rvith rvhich rhev should not tntcrfcrc.

On tirc lrraxr.tuestion, the Law Lords ruled. b1 a majority oI: ro r,

thar P:rr. .t iras r compxtilrle rvith rire UK's obiigations undcr the

CoLrvcntion. Thcl hrld thar e me.rsLirc did nor r:tionallr rcicirrss thc

tlreat rc securirr. w:rs riol r rroporrionate r.gponse. \r.s rr)t str'ictlr

required by the eligeircles oi rht sinration an,., rniLIstiF:biy .Lscrirni'

rErcd igairst i{rrcilln nxtior!ls .lrr grounds oi tieir ira:il)ralit}.

Thc Law Lo,dl corc!usion did noL oL.lige P::rlienrsrt or rhc gov-

lrr1rncn. ro lrpcxl c: ,r:nci:d ?an 4. There was r choi.e: !o mairrt3;n

l'arr 4, ancl run thc rlsir oi deteat bv e appeliarts n StasboLrrg; or

to mbsdrrte an aliernaiive reginc. Thc lette;-rcr::se -'i'a: chosen. As

briet\' nentiored !r {lhaprer 9. rhc PfevcDrlo.. o: lerrcfism r\cr .roor

provideciloL rhe maknrg.bl tlre Home Sccreterv isuliecr io revie", Ltrh€ dlgh aourr) of.onrrol .fders agaxls. p.rso:ts rlonr hr: rcasonroil

suspccted oiirr,o;venrenr li rerrorism related acti\'it-v ii he corsidcred

;t rcccssdr,v to rmrrxe oiiigations on sLrch pers;irs lor protecrrng thc

publit eglirst t€rroricrn. Thc obligations rvhich such oltjcrs coulct

irnpose could piace v!ry scvcrc rcstriciio s on rhose sublect ro rhe;r.

conlinilg them ro an allocatcd fl:t;r a1 rniamiliur place lo::onghor:rs each da1 resrricrirg whorr thcv night meet. derr'ing rtrem ordi

nerr means of corrmLrnicatror, obliging then io wear an elecirxric

tag.:endenng rhem Lable ro be searched bv dre addror;tics ,i': inv riIrle

of d.rl or righr. end exposLng rirem ro thc r isk oi imprisonmerr ior up

to 6ve ;r:ars il anl conditron oi the oi.lcr w,rs breachcd. Bur the or Llen

*'ere called non derogatirg contlo! orLicrs l.ecruse tLel r:rLrid not, it

nade by tht Hone Sccrctarl, rlcpi ivc ,r perso,r .i hir lil:rrt rn r wayrvhich rvould rnlringe Anlcle ;: ro do so rvould re.lnrr iiic ild,:reain.to opr out oi Artrclc -,. rn r:rcrci;t'u'hich tas rot repeereci :Iter th,,

judg:rrclt in thc Belrr;;s6:rse. Eighreen sLrch ordcrs il'e heen nacle, 'ard rganr theLe *'.r: r chrlkig: ro rhc larraL,Lres ol Lirc:,:gisl.rLion ola nLrmber ol gro!ncis. :rmong rhen tlrar rhc er>r:rliiilns lrpotcd dr11.

cLimul.rtrrellr deprive rhose sdLjec. io drem {,i rleir librr'. \\hcr the

case re.rched rie l13.rre cl'Lo:cs ir 2co7, rt ir!.itljrii oi l aw I ords

helcl thar the rcstrittio,rs irr or:e *se. q'hich irclLriieci ar; ergl:t.rl horr

cLrlfciv, dlrl, cLrnulativclL clcpr:r!'tre srbtecr ot hrs liberLr-. rli sborrer

.urh:s.s ltor rer or frrlvc hous pc: drvl ardlessrigorc,:s:j:iiii.rlons

1r'err hcld irr orher.rses to b: conoarjblc v,'rrh,1rii!1f i ' :rrd :he L.til

I,.aa

i.RRORTS\t



Lords dll not contlemr drc control order regrme. This conclLLsion

clcall.: rroubled Ior;rer CfiicfJustice (lhaskelsor of So!.h Airi..t:

Conrill .r!ir6 nar le mch iroLr rhrn they stldd. Tirer r!! r..inlLc tne

l,i.rim (l thc,idei a, renau ar his or hcr lrorlc ior up ro r 8 hotrs a d:r witi;

.on{rii,,tr rt('r r..i!,i.g rirrors, atren.h.g gadrerinas. meering ptopic or

soinglot.rrrl.!i.rthccsr-luringrhcslrhour-ofiLeedori'.\ii.h&ln.isL,re'

likr r!it ir Souih Alri.^. $;'c crllel rlrer horsc a, rrst. disLnrsnishtrr.s bci$.cctL: irorL, s lor;e r. cst ,rrri :4 hoLrs housc errcst. The ?il,tlr trli..1ed bl such

or.i.ri I(,Linl ,L rim)sr lnpossibi. n, c!mpi) wirl Llreir Leirns, rcsulting in rhcir

brcakurg Lhe r:r1ers. rvhich in nirn lcJ ro rhei. ('itcr 1r!0g prosr.urcll nrl

l'4e:rrlhil:, rhere has l,.ecr grllclu.rl crosio:r of one oI rhe nrosr iun

damer:::l srl:gLr.rrr:ls ot personal libelt,v in this coruitrr', the hIriir o11

thc trn€ 1fefson sLrspected oi havirg connirtrl i :er:ors:.irirefr:rv be lrel.l l1.usnrd! rr,ithoLrt being L:haLged L,: rclcasccl. L:

Lrrrri:p.rlftl !!:rs lour d.trs." ln lcoo it \\is raised to scrcn rial-s," :r'r :oo;Lo fou.tlc Lirl\,,r in :006 ro nvenrt elghr da!s., Brt ihr\..!l\ rljrenough. in l.rte u ool the governnrenr sought to r'.ist r\. li rt tt] nrnel!

ci.rrs. rLlrhough lrnabl! ro toint to r single case irl:re r sirslc,:t had

r:.'l hcl.l to rhi rlcn cri.r.r1t iiin;r oi foriiieer days ard lel.::seLiu,ith

our char gc for hcl of evidence." This rid rv-rs roundlv tielertc:i in tlrtHouse oi {ir;nmom. Undererred, .lrr .qo!!rnnrcnr llrt.nrfre.l to

incre::se ihe rriroti to forn'iu"; days, nr:xli'ly rucci'cdilg rn tire

HoL,seoi i-i::nrlrons and.rb:,rtir;ning rhe:ttcnrFt rnlv ritcr

,rnove,whelrri:g cc:, at if drr' House oi Lor'ds o:r i I {-l.iober r.oll.

Fair hearirrg guirr:ntees

3 irurrl sinrllaritl bctiiccn thc US and Ul( rcspon\c! ro rcrr.nrrrllrr bc roLrnd in il:cir crosion oi lalL heariirg gLrarrntccs dlscri;scd irii|.rpter e. ln a r:.rerr ense ihe SLrprcme Couri of Cararla obstn'cd, irr

jLrdgnent delnered b,r rire Chief Justice: Lasr bur rorirarr, i i.rrr heanng rerluires rhat e affected person be infor.mel oith( .as€ .rg.rlnsr hi or her, and be permirted ro respond to rher case-

This right is rvcli ,:siablishcd in ilrrmigraiion lar,."- Thc p,inciple ii'rs

that a person rvhose libern is !r ltoparcly must knorv the casr ..)

meea." Cn the le€,isla.n'e sehene l,cfore it, th€ court held,'rh3t lrr;.-ciple has rot merel,v been !mlted; it has been effecrivel.! !,u:led.

go$

can ore rleei iL .ise one does rot knowi"'The .oLrrr \renl rn rr linc

thet iLe secreci':eqLrired bl rhe schcnc deried rhe n.rmed gelsor rhc'

opporruniry ro klor'. ibe case pur against hrn rr her, rnd hencr rL-'

challenge rhe governmeni's casc.""

b rl;r counrry, rhe rghr ot those ir i.opa:'il to li:ro.r' tie .asr

against rbcm so thet ther can rnsrver ir has rot prrrrpr l:e,:r'eiier

tivc!\ sutre.l . Brt ir ha\, as ds;ussed ir Chala:r 9. .r:t:r ser':re1r

rcsrricred in cases rvhere rhe aLthoriii(s rrc iinwillirrg ro r closc sen

sirivc sccxrir! infor-lnrrioir ro rhose ir jeopardy .ln.i i;rcir l.trt!e$. I hrs

is not r siruatic-'r .r'hich proponcnrs oi rhe :dle cl iei,/ c.i: \ it\ $';dr

ln rhe Lirrteri 5r:tcs d:e !r,r i.irg poLnr ie x)rrle\r'brr itr:rrr:r. irnr:grarion oi6cll1,i Lrrtler r seri,:; oi aC:rlarsrnrir: rs f.rt ,. .

righr ftr relv or: Lrndrseirxeci :rrdeni.; I derrin .iii deporr mfrigrl

naricnrlr, colrerrdirg theL aon crnz:ri clo ror er,oi thr sene constt

nrtioiril prore.il(rli rs c]rizens. ].iris policr h.rd bc'.'n reltcreri rn InrmL.r'r ,;r.oLrr* be|ue zocr. bL::9/rr somovhar rr:vtrserl tl:e trrlt'

ol jr:Cir::al opin:on i:'rrr .lc.isiorr v'ere ibeD ci!r'r !irholding !he go..'

'1. ...,. ,^r r '.i ,

gratioi .ro.ee.ilirgs- Mern$,lile. .he PATRIOT r\cr -rlrir.)rizec rl:e

governrle ro rse ci.rss,fied rlliormntion, prererted beh.rd c:rseri

ciorr s, to sLrpport the ireezl:rg oi rssets ol:rliegecll,r rerrr,r'i-rr orgarrz.r

rions ancl Niusii;r ch.r:itresi ir rrc,tised rhe po..ver aiso rgr:;r* ;.i!

clrizens i!!Lrs{l oi srppor ii.g fr olcril)ed groLrp:,. l bjr. Proicss.r (i:ie

has rrgLrcd. i:, prrt oi e rrpcarccl partern: e;rreorlir.rl por,::<- irrrererclse.i o:r\' :l!r,ai sr n.rr citizcns, on the !i!rir.id riai ri!1 rio ror

cntoy !hL'.onsiitlrtion.rl pror.':iron :xterdcd ;o titrzerr- .:nd rroLrsr:rg

littie protesr bec.rLrse rpplied ro norl cjtirens orlr'..rre rlen exter,.lcrl

ro c;t;zrnr !lso." ,\ny usc oi er idence nfiich, becarrr s<r:,:t.:.:rrcr Le

chail:ri:r11 r,ust gii,e groLird-. ior concern: as Judgc tlir.n i{e!:h

obserred in :.oou rvhen conclcmning;s rnconstirutror:al :ir'1lS lriorrey General.s blankei polic-v of closing to rhe publl. a;l in:,nig.iinnl

proceedrngs invoh'ing persons oi intcr€st to 91ir in.iesrig:tu.s-

'l--re]no.ricies dr€ behird closed tloors."'

T[RRORISNl iND llrC RUL! a]I Lr\\\'THERI-]Ir:o.rA\l'



A fitth surilarity ol respons! ftldy bc tound ln (on thc Arrlerican sxlc)

n 1ss, xpploach to arrture and {on rhc Brriish side) ar l,rnsr i ceniilr

anrbivalence roivards it. This is surprising- As noteC in Ohrtptcr z, thc

Brnish Bill of Rights r689 provides th:ri crrcl .tnd unusurl punish-

mcnts'sh.rll not bc'inllictcd, a plovision copiccl rn thc Eip,hdr Arlerr{l-

mcnt r{) thc LIS Consrirurion in r79r. Both c()untries ar( p:rrrier rc thc

L;cncv:r Oorrrenrions of r919..onrlron Articlc ; oi t'lrich p:o1:ri,ri'

vlolcncc to lllr rnd pcrson^ rrlurcler ol all Iinds, rrlutilari(]nj .ruel trc.rr

incnr. r()rlurc, olrrages upon personal cligrritv, and hLrniliating rrncl

dcgradirrg rreatmcrt. Borh countries arc paltics ro rhc Intern.rtionrl

Cor.cnant <n Cir.il and Poltric.l lligi15 i r 966), $ h;ch in Articte : pn,

vides rh,rt no rxre shLrll bc suirl€ctcd to iorturc or ro crucl, rJrhumLrn or

degr:rding tre.rr:nenr or punishrrcnt. lloth counffies !re p.rtics to dlcU\ Con\,cJrtior Agrir)st Torrurc, \\hich reqnires all \trtes to prevert

Iortr.e in rni terrilorr urder thci. iurisdi.tion, prorides that |orx.epti(rnal !ircuDrsrirrces rvharcver may be inroked .rs I jusri6catiolr

and requircs that rcrs ol rorture bc treated rs criminal.

tr might have becrr supposed thar,:t the outse: oi thc nventt,firsr

cerrur!, oothine could be clearcr than ihc rejcctnrn br cn ilized :uriolls

of tor nrrc ancl huliliating :rncl degiacling trcrtnrent" anl the auroln,rtic

Lejeciion by civilized courrs oi drc evidenrirl frLrrrs ot rLLch;ondrrct.

Linhappi[', .rs norecl ab<,vc. L;S oflicials irar,e. .rs a detibcr;re :s ,;f pol-iclr ren.r'inen the clefinition of rorture: halc inflicred rlc.rrme:rr *hich

ntosr oJ flrc rcsr oi the world rcgxrds.rs (rftLrre enLI vrhicl: is nou,

rcknoticdglJ b' ih( US Colcr)ni€ni to bc such; rnd hlrc vruq)rt t<r

.lenr pr-orL*ion :rgrinst roriurt (x .rucl, inhunrnn .rlcl rltgr.:d:::_: tr'c.rt

n,eni rt) li)rri.sn nxri(nr.rls nritl ,r hr.o.rd. lel ing th. Urrilcd Statr ifec ()L{o tc torcigncrs rbxr;rLl rrllr ir coLrlcl nor tlo ro ALrrric,rrs:rt !orrrc."

\\'he,r. iu / /,r:rJ"r,r r' /tir7,r1irl.' r SL,prerr( (i)urr hclcl th.r. ae13inrus

.r: (jr.rrrtun.rro lLC11 pr.te.rt(i hi .\rli.le I ()! dre (;rDC\r aon\c

rions. urrcl rtj:cred rhc rriiit,rrr eomInisslou ilstrn pr(vioLi\ii esrrlrl:shLLl ,rs Lrri.ri], (irugress lcgisl.rrrLl in rhe,\.1ilir.r.y Cofr:rissi.rrs Aei

:..6 r; rle.: ir!'in.r|ze huri:lii1iDg rnd degrrrclirg trerrnrcrt .:rd dr'rrv

Ouly an amendmenr by Senator iohr McCair plohibited t)rc use bv

officia ls of cruc I, ilhuman Lrnd degrading rrcatnrent whercrer tbcy acted

:nd whatever thc narionalirr oi rhe pcrson being inrerrogated. " when

dle Prcsidenr signed the Ilill he af6xcd l signrng sr.rlencni signihins

rhur'thc cxecutive brrnch shall constrLre Ithe rvlcC]iin arllcndnr|ntl lll 3

marrner .onsistent $rrth the conitirul()nal a!&oritl oi thr President ro

superrisc rhe unitar! excculivc b.arch lnd :s Conrnrrndcr n Chiet and

iionsrient \\lidr rhe consrinnionel Lnrit.rti.,ls orr rhc lirdici,rl fower"-r\n unfricndlv joulnalist Lruslrted this as me.rring: 'li rhc lrrcsiient

belic'ves rolrure is sarr.rnrcd ro pnltect drc coutrrr\. hc !1 v:ltl.rrt rhc Lii

ru(l auihoirr tortu.e. It the couns rrt t() srop hrfi, ir.ill;qnori'rhrnr.

too. "r\viilc cviciercc obtainerl bv tornrrc rv:s irradmrssible trrrder dre

Mjlitarv C(Jnnn;ssiuls Act. coerced o.idcnce irr rvh;eh rhc tlegler of

coelcion is dispLrr,rblc ruightbeadduced iir!:ecoc|cion ct.rr!red l'ef.)rt

thc drre oi the t\'icCain irmendmenr, rs \'\'ould h.rir itsr rlrq iase !l:

nrost ofrhe (uantairarno detailrees.'Nloteovcr',

rh(;il 1\llrr! -i.

prosecurcr l() inrroCuc( . . . e\,;dcncc . . . thilc prorccnrg t, 'surc tlre ... rnethoris . -. hr,'r'lri:h the [hi.ed SLrlcs tt.1:::],.i :irr''dencc i{ thc nilitan judgc 6nds th.rr rhe . . . methocls rrr rirssitrcd : rfus

dre detaincc eaLrnor irr thnr rvert csrablisli rhe 1)rris oa his .hi(crion nJ

thc o idencc. ' BLr rnr\e rulls cnlv ipplv u:rdcr t ht Aer to n0]r-cnizcns:

thel arc o bc tried ::r\ rrr;litar! eorrtmissions rn:iccordllcc nith rltmLes oi proccilure nc1 cvidenc: hid r.1rrl r il th( ,\.1.1\'hil! ljS .ltizen\

.rre ro be rriecl befotc tbe ordinary courts ill.rcc(,fthn.! \!ilh llS crriri

nrrl law: .rll this in a r:rersLlrc.onrnrcndcd ro !iirrlrrtss br th. I'rr=itictrtas dcmonsrr,rting ri. Linittd St:ires comnirD.nL Lo rhe ruli oi la ' '

Hlppih.. tbc ralues ror irhicir thc tJnittd Srrrcs hrs proLrJlv siood

throLrglioul nlc,sr oi irs hisro.v. slrct rhc d,rrs rvhL n aienerirl V.ts!rrri!

tur. tlii:irg the \\rr of Indep,:cciencc. iorbrclt thr'r(nlrlr ,,i Br;rrsh

priroreN oi wil dcsrritc rhc Lrse oi t,rLnrre bY thc lirristr on,\nreri:.trr

prisorl:is, lr.rvc beel mbr.rsdr reasselteci b1 rht i:rcorring rJnrurrstra

rIo0 oi I'resi.lcnt Obrnlr.

ln.::lclirion to the il]rrrniii.m.ri instrun::irts rrrtnrioncd.rl'ore- rhi

Ilr.r frr\'riLLI'notecl in (ih.rptrr -) ctrrrlcLs rrr iL)solute right rrot ro Lrr rr)rrLrrcLi or

sublectcj t,, inlum.rrr or clegrading rrcgoenr' lhis is ar r i.l. ;rolr

Torture

.:

:

.:

,}

,

x

,

l

,

a.

THE RULT OF f,A\v TERRORISM AND:HE RUTF OF 1A\i'



brought hy the Republic of ireland against the UI( rn 1978,-' rhe

Europcan Court had iound methods of interrcgarion used by the

UK to be nor iortur0 (as the Eu.opean Conhission on Hrmau Righrs

had hcldJ bur inhuman ard degrading rearmenr. Bur later, as nored

in Chapter 7, the Cour r indicated that stand:rr?i change :r n d rlre rncth-

ods of inrerlogation might now Lre regarded es tortu re._, per hrps

chasttned b;'' ihis cxperiencc and mind{ul of the possibilitt of compleint under the Convcntion, pcrhaps on grounds of moral principlc,

the UK does not appea. to have rcsponded rc rbc threat of rcrrotism

s;nce r.oor hl rcsorting ro the use of rorrure anrl ill trearment ns an

insrnrrrcnr ol policy. Whether British officials wcre complicit il drc

,^e,'l loflrrre br "dr<r". hy erre,'uraSenlinr. /!qLllcne (e or luflring

a blind eyc, has yet to be investigated aDd decided. Bur it carnot be

said that rhc UK ias shorvn that implacable hosrilitv .o rorrure and

its iruits u,hich mighr have been cxpected of the statc whose courrs

lrd dre rvorld in rejcctiDg them borh.ln a sequel to the Belrnarsl) case,aiready mentioned, the Government argued that evidcncc obtained

bv rorture abroad without the coftplicity of thc Brirish aurhorirics

could be considered by ihe Special Immigrarion Appeals Commission,

a contenrion whlch the llouse ol l.ords unarinroLisly ind s[onslyrejectcd.l

Rcterence has been mrde above to thc Europcan CoLrr.t! decision

in Chahal,lttbi<1ding the dcporration of ;r foreign national, even if he

is a security risk. m a counirr q,hcrc he sralds a real risk of ltingtornrred. Thar thc decision is e vc|y unrvelcomc impedinrcnr ro goi-e.nnlcni acrion cannor be doubtecl. Dr John Reid (then Hone 5ecre

tar'11 descriLrcd rhe judgmenr as ourrageously clisproporrionar€'. , and

has sueqesrcd that those jrr rhe Hor-rse of Commons who deltndcd the

decisio.r 'jusr don'r get if. So .he LIK has done ;ts best ro persrradc rhe

case in *,hich an rpplicant complained of a Dutch dccision .o dcporr

hin to a cor.rnrry wherc he feared he would bc torrlrrcd-.,The LIK also

interlcned in r rase in *4rich a Tunlsian reljdent in lralr was rhrcar,ensd rl,irh rffurn to linisia, rvhere he taced a risk o{ torture. - Bur the(iourr soougiy le.rffinncd irs approach in C|al:al: 'lSltates face

immense difficulries in mode.n rinrcs in protecting their comnrunities.

the scalc of the danger of terrorism today and the thrcat it preserrs to

thc communiry, That nrns. not, h.rwever call inro qucstion the abso'

lute nature oi Art;cle -t-' 'As irn alternrtive nrcans oi cscaping the (lDl':i plr.'hibrrrorr, the IJI(

goremment has concluded agreenreflis \{ith so$c+roposed dcstiradr.rl

states rn ihc Middle l-ist am1 Norrh Al:rrca, iuchrd g lorden, Lebant)n

and Lib1a. ihat dcportccs rvill not bc ill rreatecl if ierurned.-'.'\rr aercc

nrent $'ith lordan has bccn accepred by rhe Britili courts:ts ilJbrding

tbe dcportee adcquare prote.rion,and (lcportntions roAlgcri.r havc been

pernincd on the srlcngrh of fonnal .rssu rances, desp;.r rbe absencc oitlrl

Rgreenlcnr.lr' [Jut depo(tatjon ni I ib,vA was Jenicd, clcspitc thc cxistencc

o[ an agree:nenr. t his is dif6cult tcrrirorr. Sr.rres $'hich rolriurcl! i.,(Lr.c

dctarnccs rarely aclnir to doing so, ancl rhe UN Connritree rgarnst lirr-ture Nrs lriaical of Swcden \,r'ircn ir rctr.rrned arl rsvluur-seekrr to Eg\pL

on the bLlsis of aslilrr.rnces ironr the Eg,vpiian n!rrboritics rtirh r'specr to

futne ocarmeuC. whcn Swedcn knor,. or should haie kno*,n. rhrt'Lg,pr resorrecl ro .oDsistenr .rnd tidesprcad use oi tonurc rg,rinsr

detal:ces. and rhlr the risk oi slrch treirtment *Lrs prriiclrlrtrh high iir

the casc oi det.riuees hckl ior politi:.ri aorl securn! rutson5 ."

ii

il

lI

lLrropcan (irrirt m changc its nircl. To drar end it inrervcned irr one i

Survcillance

A sjyrh si rilariti benr.eel rhe resporrse oi thc Llrtcd St.rres .rr,l dre

UK ro g/r r h.rs been hcightcrrccl sLrrvcillance Lr gr)!rrrrrtrenlrl aLrrh(x'

iries oi merlbers oi the pulLc. ln rlre Lhited 5tares, steps u,erc rnrtiirlli

tal(er lvhich \!.erc urlas,iul. bur rhel lelc judiei.rii-r i:ontlenrrctl.

aroused srrong public protest whelr !hc-v becnrre krr)\r,n, werc limitcd

in exrcnr and u ere brought ro an crcl. ln rhe LiK rhc drngel is rhrr rhe

courltfr- mav 13s rhe Inlormrtiojr Cirrlmissroncr put il, (fo:re(l l)..,'

dre BB(l Nervs on : Nogcnrl'er roo6l slccp\\,alli inr<,,r srrnejlhrrce

society. The stcps t.rkcn hrr'f not bcen unlnlvful, in(l public prorcsr

has becn mutecl. llLrt withiil a shorr period of rime u,c ha!e becorrc rhe

rnosr closel) monitored people in thc free rvorid.

In fie Unitccl Sratcs, rhe Foreign lntcliigenLc Survciliancc Act r978

itted the gor.emnrent to intercept the telephone conlerirtions rnd

l IIE AULI OF LA\Y TERRORISM ANO'II'F RULE O}i I7tW



believed ro be associated with a forcign power But such wire-tapping

coulcl lawfulll take place only if authorized by a warr:rnr issued by a

iudge ben)re or imnediately rfrer tbe rvire+ap took place. Thcrc $,as

rhus. as in Bnrrin {.lthough the procedu.cs are ditterent). a legal frarne

rvrrrk,lqid dowr rlr slitutq S,ovLrnlng interception of c(rnmunicrdons.

Brrr in rhe iritcruarh of 9/r r rhe Bush adn istratio[, in pursLr.rnce oiirs prevcnrir.c pamcligm, deptlftcd fiol1] this nrlc. 81 a sccret ordcr, tlre

Prcsid.nt.rLrth.rrizcd the National Sccurity Agcncr to intercept conr

n)unic.l.ions wrrhoLrt an! jucliciai \!'arranr, rbr:s byprrssmg Lirngr-=ss

:rnd auriorizing violrtions ol fecicral crirrin.rl l;rw.1'lt took nrme dme

lot'rhe rlder ro bce(rne puhlic but wher it dicl it w,rs challcugcd, and

in Augusr :oo6 1 fcderal iudgc sitting in Nlichjgan ilLtdgc.\nrrrr Diggs

laylor) ruled rha! ir violatcd rhc rcrms oltheAci. As rhe Suprem! Couft

hrd donc, she relectcd rhe govenrment\ argurnent .h.rt rhe Presidertl\

ncrion lvas \\'irhin his aurhoriq.as Grmmander rr Chiel. s,riting rhat

'there arc noheredit.rry

Kingsin

Anrerica'-'' (lier dccisionwrs

ovcr'

ruled bl thc US Courr of Appeal; a icar tater;:rnd thc Srpremc (br:Lt

dcclired ro he.u iu appeal.) Relerrirr8 to i sinil.r sur.rtion. ti).Jner

Prcsidenr Niror had assertecl. in rhe conrse ot rnt intervicw wirh David

Flosr. that'sher ihc Presidcrrr does ir, rhai mc.rns rr is not illgal ,' but

this appro;rch ciid not prevrril, Rei€crc.l by dre court, rrnd opposeil br'

rhc co:rt rcsponsib le for a udr o rizing wi rc-raps." Pr esideDt B lrsh s secre!

orcler ;!so provokccl widesprcad opp(,sition irrrrong rlle publ;c, and in

.l.rnLrarr rooT h. rnnounced the abandonment of his rvarlarrlesr wire-

tappirg progr3pnre.*'In rhc tlK. srarurorr.pr(n'ision \'.rs made rn i985 ior:i:e intcrcep'

tiou oi.omrnunie rrrions whclr: one of a nunrbcr oi specificd gr'ounds

r.rs sbon rr.' L \'.!{ necessrrv ior a warrant to bc obr:rined in rrdvancc

'i.nc. . ! .r ) . '1..|1o, {r,rlc: ih. rsu. 'r \\ r' rilL \ r\ rctru\fr\-

rivclr-.crutlrrr:zrdhi r judge,whetherservingorreiircdimisirkcsNerc

rcl:rtire!r iu.,: ,rd rhc nllrbcr <;i irtclcepriorrs r,;as rcl.rLilelr nrodesr.

Bur s:rct enrcarcnt of thr l(cgulirlion ci lnvestigatorv Polvcrs ALr

rooc. tIe iiiL:xri(ju hrs ch.rrrgcd. tVo|e ihIrr r.so pubiic hodics rre

cnrprxrtrcil rr: .:Lrr:rirr ronnruricariuns d,:rlr. incluJing.rll 1-1 Ioc.ririrthr)iites in rhL eoLLrtry. They ln.rr exercist thrs porvcr ior rht prrr'

posc oi frcverIIng.rnrl dcrccring those suspccted ot crime. s,ho r:.rr

exercisable b)', among others, ja police forces and r ro orher public

authoriries who between them, in the period r April-,lr Dccember

2006, generaaed zj 1,it7 requests for communicarions data."r All jour'

neys underrakcn on motorwa,v_s and through cit,. centrcs are reco:ded

by the network of autorn:rtic nurrrber-p1ate^recognilion cameras." fheUK har been said to have nrore tlian 4 million CC-TV cLrm-ais, and lhe

largest DNA datahase in the uorld, said ro have nlore thrn4.r.i

nrilllon

entr;es, covcr;ng olle in e!er) fourteen inhabitanrs,' (rrlrhouilh somc

eDtries rd], it seenls. be scrapped). According ro: doss;er r!'cend'! c.tr-piled by l minrsrer; th€re ure nrorc thar' r,ooo hrvs and ri:gulations

which pcrmir olficials to lolce enrrr n.o h.nnes! c;rrs encl busiress

premiscs.'Of;r--israr'-rtor1-pror.isionsand:goregulrtiocsgivingsuclr

Authority, Dearly hnl{ (4:o) have bccn introduced sincc r997. Accorcl-

ing to a sLuve;' hv lrivacy lnrcrnarional, the LJK is norv rire nrosr closelv

watched countrr in adrope, promprin8 a commerri[o: to notc thirrlGcrmaul,,

ir country-ridr Lr rrnique roth cennrry doLLble erpcrlcrce -Nrrzi arrd Stasi - of uriieedorrr. i\ r)o\\'. acc{)rdjn.i ri) l'rli.:-tional. the leasr rvarcirerl. "

Thc glcatlr. rnere.rsed lcvel ol surveitLance ur Brit.rin is, ol coursL'.

madc possible bv tlre norrble tcchnologicai rCrances tinressci in

receni yeilrs. llnt it seems clcar thrt the urge to kio$, rnd recorci more

and morc aboui nrembers oi thc, pLrblic has been strengthcned Ly

experience oi 9/r r and drc bombings oi lulr' :ooi. Thc rn.rin reacrion

ol thc public to this sterd! encroachnlenr by rhe srute i .r) whri hicl

Iten rcg.rrded as dre privnte donrain of thr crrizcn has hci:n or:c oiapathl, qi\.e in rclarior ro the groposal lin a uni!(rsrl iclenrirr:rruj

carrying c\tensive pcrsor,rl bicxnetric data.This api!hy m:1v lrc be.au\c

rhe end (f revenrinij terrorist vrolencc.catching trlninils) rs rh() .drr n)

justih rhc rrre:rn;; it mar bc hecausc most pcople.rr'c un::,'.:rr oitlr.rtis happeningi or ir mar be becrirse, survcillarcc br,.ing coier'r. no one

knoq,s dlrr tiel are beilg,'r:lrchcci. rheir rnorencnrs iecorlttl. thrir'

comlnlln jcaiionr i'rtercepred or roniror ed.

Onc cIrqLrcnt;rud persistent critic ofoLrl clescent inro e suLv!,ill:rre

socierv tl ienrv Por:er s.riiing'r

rhc Orse,'rerj has pointeJ rr rhe hi;-tory oLtlin€d aLr )\,c' .rs dcnonsrrating rhe irilL,re ol rhc i lLrm,rn Rights

Act." That ls i hir criticisr. up rc a pornt. Bur brcacLres oi the Acr

;j

tIi

I

l

I

i!

:

'the most eminent of our judges'



-1 o

=q

zCIIK

TOM

BINGHAMDemocracy, '',' r' , {reedom of speech, freedom

of religion - those are not simply principles o{ the.*lest

to be foisted on [other] countries, but rather, what I

believe to be universal principles that they can

ombrace and aff rm as part of thelr nadcnalidentfu'*

. ,il, .,:'.. .r..rview, ZOO9

'Freedom under . ..,. '''r. This simple, yet

profound, expression explains almost

need to know about our country, our'ta

our history, our cLrlture - even our econl$nyl,':, .peech to th*-i -t

. i .. -.nt.t" 2008 ,'

'Ours are not Western values, thqy a

values of the human spirit .. f not

democracy not dictatorship; ihe rulg

rule of secret poliga'

,le lreedom ol Pe

on

rnr

acm

oT*

€

read mo

&,

,. n)

Rule of Law-Int Law-Terrorism Tom Bingham

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Transcript of Rule of Law-Int Law-Terrorism Tom Bingham