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Transcript of Rubbish Journal
1
CALORIFIC VALUE OF RUBBISH PRODUCED IN MATARAM
MirmantoMechanical Engineering Department, the University of Mataram
Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, Indonesia 83125.e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRAKSampah adalah barang-barang yang tidak digunakan lagi dan merupakan hasil
aktivitas makluk hidup atau industry. Sampah merupakan maslah bagi masyarakat dan lingkungan. Sampah menjadi masalah yang serius di kota Mataram. Manajemen pembuangan atau pengolahan sampah belum tertata dengan baik dan jelas. Sebagian masyarakat membuang sampah kemana saja termasuk ke sungai atau selokan dan sebagian lainya memilih untuk membakar sampah dari pada dibuang. Pemerintah dalam mengelola sampah masih menggunakan cara-cara konvensional yaitu mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya di TPA. Tidak ada aktivitas yang memanfaatkan sampah. Sebenarnya sampah dapat digunakan untuk mendukung kegiatan manusia. Penelitian terhadap sampah telah dilakukan. Bomb calorimeter dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kalori dari sampah atau energy yang dikandung oleh sampah. Alat ini membakar sampel sampah dan menghasilkan temperature tertentu. Perbedaan temperature sebelum dan sesudah pembakaran memiliki kaitan dengan energy yang dibebaskan saat pembakaran. Penelitian menunjukan bahwa sampah plastic memiliki nilai kalor (energy) yang paling besar yaitu 12415,72 cal/gr. Karet, makanan, daun, kayu dan aneka kertas masing-masing memiliki nilai kalor 8640,8 cal/gr, 5875,57 cal/gr, 5334,49 cal/gr, 5975,59 cal/gr dan 4425,75 cal/gr. Sampah makanan prosentase kadar air yang palin tinggi yaitu 70,66%. Sampah daun menempati komposisi 20,65% dari total volume sampah produksi masyarakat kota Mataram.
Kata kunci: Sampah, kadar air, nilai kalor dan komposisi.
ABSTRACTWaste (rubbish) is unused matter resulted by life creature activities or industries
processes. Waste is daily problem for the community and environmental. Waste becomes problem seriously in Mataram Town. Management of rubbish disposal is not clear enough yet. Some people throw rubbish anywhere, others throw it in to the river, and the rest burn it on the ground. Government manages the rubbish with conventional way. The rubbish is collected from several places and the thrown to the rubbish disposal (TPA). No activity advantages rubbish. Actually, rubbish has some advantages for supporting human being activities (life). Research on rubbish energy has been done. Bomb calorimeter can be used for predicting the waste’s calorific value. It burns the rubbish powder and results certain temperature. The difference temperature before and after combustion process indicates some energy released. The result shows that plastic waste has highest calorific value than others. It has calorific value 12415.72 (cal/gr). Rubber, food, leaf, wood, mixing papers have each calorific value 8640.8 cal/gr, 5875.57 cal/gr, 5334.49 cal/gr, 5975.59 cal/gr, 4425.75 cal/gr respectively. Food has greatest water contained than others. It has 70.66% of water contained.Leaf has highest percentage of waste composition in Mataram. It is about 20.65% of total waste volume.
Keyword: waste (rubbish), moisture content, calorific value and composition
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INTRODUCTIONWaste is unused stuff (material).
Usually, it is as a side result of human
being activities or industries processes.
Population and human being activities
increase, so that wastes volume increase as
well.
Waste causes several problems for
human being and environment. Rubbish
existence generates the growth of flies,
mice, and others. It also makes ground, air,
water and environmental be
contaminated/polluted. Waste serves rotten
smell as result of decomposition processes.
Decomposition process results CO2,
methane and others. Un-organic waste
causes the land unprocessed, bad view,
and flooding as well as health disturbance.
Based on the data from Dinas
Kebersihan Mataram 2004, waste
production reaches 1029 m3 a day. The
biggest composition of rubbish volume is
waste from community dwelt. It reaches
525 m3 a day or 51.47% of total volume.
Only 76.37% of total volume has been
thrown to the waste disposal place (TPA).
In other words, waste in Mataram will
make serious problem in the future.
Advantaging waste, until
nowadays, is not conducted yet. Many
people throw rubbish to anywhere they
like such as river, TPA, other places etc or
burn it respectively. Actually, rubbish can
be used for fertilizing, or be converted to
become fuel or briquette. Rubbish in
Mataram Town can result electrical power
of 3.25 MW (Wiradarma, 2002). Based on
the BPPS 2002 data, population of
Mataram Town consists of 27.759
households. If each household needs 1.3
KWH, so that Mataram needs at least 36.1
MWH. This research objects to knowing
the calorific value of rubbish produced by
human being or industry activities in
Mataram.
The amount of maximum heat
energy released from fuel during
completed combustion process is called
calorific value (Anonymous, 2005). It has
unit kJ/kg or kcal/kg.
Table 1. Calorific value of several wastes Waste Calorific value
(kJ/kg)FoodPapersPlasticwood TextileRubber
2,864.791,104.392,077.56498.5584.76550.83
Source: Ahmad, R. (2004)
To generate electrical power, waste
must hold high calorific value. Wastes
such as plastics, wood, food, papers etc
can be used for generating electrical power
because they have high calorific value.
Plastic has calorific value 6000 calories,
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papers have 4000-5000 calories and leafs
have 5000 calories (Apriadji, W.H, 1995).
Waste contains 50% of
combustible waste (Budiman, 2005).
Table 2. Energy produced from combustible materials.
Energy contentMaterialkJ/kg Btu/lb
Town wasteCombustiblePapers Organic waste
10.50023.30016.3005.800
4.50010.0007.0002.500
Solid deposit waste
17.700 7.600
Extraction of solid deposit waste
9.100 3.900
Oil fuel- anthracite - methane
46.50028.00049.000
20.00012.00021.000
Source: Eddy and Budi (1990).
Calorific value of several types of
waste is presented below:
Table 3. Energy produced from varies rubbish (waste)Rubbish Energy contents
(kJ)Papers or carton 8.082Wood 8.256Wood branches 7.533Leafs 5.170Green grass 4.030Fruits and vegetables waste 1.920Textiles 6.795Rubber 13.104Leather 10.550Papers candle covered 12.661Plastic (Cellophane) 12.661Plastic (polyethylene) 20.932Plastic (polyvinyl) 18.464Oil waste 18.991Wet Semen 12.133
Source: Hadiwiyoto, S. (1983).
According to reverence (Henry, J
Glynn., 1989), rubbish can be classified as
follows:
a. Based on material contained: organic
and inorganic rubbish.
b. Based on waste sources; household
rubbish, industrial rubbish and life
creatures waste.
c. Based on waste properties:
- Food waste
- Moldy waste and slowly moldy
waste: wood, papers, can, iron etc.
- Un-decayed waste: glass, plastics etc.
Drying
Drying process is a process of
dewatering of material or substance until
certain value. Process of drying contains
two fundamental steps:
1. Heating is transferred from heating
sources to the material heated.
2. Water mass is transferred to the heating
sources.
In other words, drying is a kind of mass and
heat transfer phenomena, which occur
simultaneously. Heat transfer occurs from
high temperature to low temperature.
The effectiveness of drying and
combustion process depends on four
conditions below (Anonymous, 1997):
a. Vapor dispersion velocity
b. Temperature difference
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c. Steering process for accelerating the
heat transfer
d. Rubbish dimension
Dry sample or other material can be
classified into three models (Jupri, A.
2001):
a. As Fed
b. Partially Dry
c. Dry
Water contained
When rubbish has high value of
water contained, drying and combustion
process need much energy. To know the
water contained of dry stuff, someone can
use an electrical oven for drying stuff at
105 oC (Elwakil, 1992). After being dried,
dry stuff is analyzed by using equation
below:
Sample weight
D = B – A
Where:
D = sample weight (gr).
B = bowl and sample weight (gr).
A = empty bowl weight (gr).
Percentage of water contained:
100x D
C-B(E)contained water %
Where:
C = bowl and sample weight, after being
dried at 105 oC (gr).
Dry sample (Bk)
F = 100% – E
Where:
F = dry stuff (%).
Heating value:
Heat analyzed of fuel objects to
obtaining heat energy released in
combustion (El-Wakil, 1992). Heating
value indicates the amount of heat released
from perfect combustion. According to
ASTMD standard 2015, heating value is
determined by testing sample in Bomb
calorimeter. There are two types of heating
value; HHV and LHV. HHV is a heating
value where H2O of combustion product is
in the form of liquid, while LHV is a
heating value where H2O of combustion
product is in the form of vapor.
Heating value of almost dry waste is
called Gross Energy (GE).
12 TTΔT
cal/cm2,3 x e)remain wir(10burned wireofcalorie
Where:
Initial temperature is (T1) (oC)
Final temperature is (T2) (oC)
Temperature difference (∆T)
- 2.3 (cal) is the amount of calorie needed
for burning 1 cm of wire length.
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weightsamplewet ) titrationmilliliterheat (wire-T) x (2470
GE wet
Where:
Wet sample weight is in gram, milliliter
titration is in calorie, GEwet (gross energy)
is in cal/gram, wire heat is in calorie, 2470
(cal) is the amount of heat needed to
increase 1 OC of stuff temperature, milliliter
titration (Na2CO3) is heat correction of
nitrate acid during combustion.
Analyzing the GEdry can use the
equation below:
sampleDry %GE x 100
GE wetdry
Where: GEdry (gross energy) is in cal/gram.
Chemical solution:
Chemical solutions for heating
value tested are:
a. Benzoate Acid: It has 6.32 kcal/gram of
heating value; un-hygroscopic;
combustible.
b. Naphthalene: It has 9.61 kcal/gram of
heating value.
c. Sucrose: It has 3.95 kcal/gram of
heating value.
d. Alkali solution is used for serving
titration. Alkali solution used
usually is Na-carbonate 0.0725 N,
which is equivalent to 1 cal/ml.
e. Methyl orange (methyl red indicator).
Acid correction is usually used for testing
sample that contains Nitrogen (N) and
Sulfur (S). If acid correction is mixed with
water, it results N2O3 and S2O3, which can
oxidize the water. Water oxidized can result
HNO3 and H2SO4. Heat, which is released
from HNO3 0.1 N in the bomb calorimeter,
is 13.8 kcal/ml.
MATERIAL AND METHODMaterials used in this research were
rubbishes that were taken from three
Deposal places (rubbish disposal places) in
Mataram.
Method was used in this research
are:
a. Literature study: study the reverences
that contain relevant topic with this
research.
b. Experiment on determining rubbish-
heating value using bomb calorimeter.
Rubbish samples investigated were
food rubbish, wood, plastic, rubber,
papers.
Devices used were:
a. Bucket.
b. Weight scale.
c. Ohaus weight scale.
d. Analytical weight scale.
e. Rubbish crusher.
f. Brush
g. Wood spoon.
h. Oven
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i. Bomb Calorimeter unit
j. Bowl
k. Thermometer
l. Burette
m. Pipette
n. Pinsetter
o. Flashing wire.
p. Ruler
q. Oxygen tank
r. Beaker glass
Reagents
- Na2CO3 0.0725 N= 3.4821 gr/lt
- Methyl orange indicator (m.o)
After being taken from several
deposal places, rubbish samples were
separated by their classification. Samples
were putted on weight scale in order to
know their initial weight. They were dried
under the sunshine and then were crushed
to be powder.
Procedure of bomb calorimeter used
a. Clean the bomb calorimeter and its
cover with water.
b. Cut flashing wire 10 cm in length and
install it. .
c. Put the bowl, which contains sample in
to calorimeter, and adjust the flashing
wire in order to touch the sample.
d. Put one mm3 of water into the bomb
calorimeter.
e. Flow the oxygen into calorimeter with
pressure of 35 atm.
f. Install the bucket, which contains water.
g. Cover the calorimeter.
h. Switch on dynamo to steer the water.
i. Connect the bomb calorimeter to the
ignition unit and electrical power.
Testing:
Clean bowl is dried in the oven at 105 oC as
long as one hour. After being heated, the
bowl is cold in the desiccators for about 15
minutes at room temperature. Then it is put
on weight scale in order to know its weight.
Rubbish sample (1.5 gr) is put into the
bowl. Sample and bowl together are placed
into the oven as long as 8 hours at 105 oC.
Next steps, they are cold for 15 minutes,
and then they are put on weight scale again
in order to know its dry weight.
Procedures of bomb calorimeter use
1. Check all devices completely and
carefully.
2. Prepare the blank form for noting the
data from Bomb Calorimeter and the
time.
3. Run the dynamo for 5 minutes and
note the temperatures appear in every
minute.
4. At the fifth minute, burn the sample by
turning on the red button on ignition
unit.
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5. Write the last temperature when the
temperature shows the same degree or
has been steady.
6. Shut off the dynamometer.
7. Remove dynamo's steer.
8. Remove the bomb cover.
9. Remove the bomb and release the rest
Oxygen by turning the button valve.
10. Take the bucket with clipper, wash the
inside with water, pour the water
washer into beaker glass.
11. Wash the bomb with water, pour the
water washer into beaker glass.
12. Penetrate the water washer with
Na2CO3 0, 0725 N solution and methyl
orange (m.o).
13. Remove the flash wire, straight it and
measure its length.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The research data are served in
tables and graphs below.
Actual waste composition
To determine the actual waste
composition in the disposal place,
researcher took 20.1 kg (0.1256 m3) of
waste samples. They were then classified
in accordance with their groups.
Table 1. The actual composition of several wastes in the disposal place.
Waste types Waste weight(kg)
%
Food waste 2.1 10.44Papers 1.25 6.22Glass 0.5 2.48Plastic 3.75 18.66Wood/branch 1.1 5.47Textile 1.75 8.71Rubber 3 14.93Leaf waste 4.15 20.65Others 2.5 12.43
Total 20.1 100
Based on the data from Dinas
Kebersihan (2005), Mataram produces
waste 1020 m3/day, but the waste that can
reach the disposal place is only 76.37 % or
779 m3 a day. Therefore, the prediction of
waste composition becomes as follows:
Table 2. Prediction of waste composition in the disposal place.
Types of waste
Waste Volume (m3/day)
%
Food waste 81.39 10.44Papers 48.45 6.22Glass 19.38 2.48Plastic 145.34 18.66Wood 42.63 5.47Textile 67.82 8.71Rubber 116.27 14.93Leafs 160.84 20.65Others 96.89 12.43Total 779 100
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Water contained
Testing the water contained is in
order to know the percent of water
contained in the sample. Thus, this work
results the percent of wet and dry weight
of sample. This testing is done on the
sample, which is dried first under the sun
with neglecting the environment’s
influence.
After all of samples are scaled by
using analytical weight scale, each
maximum weight is 1.5 gram, they are
dried in the oven at 105 oC. The testing,
that has been done, resulted data as
follows:
Table 3. Percentage of water contained of samples dried under the sun
Types of waste
w1(gr)
w2 (gr)
Water contained
(%)Leafs 2534.6 1087.5 57.09Food 5511.7 1840.4 66.61Wood 1288.8 902 30.01Papers 2735.9 2317.5 15.29Plastics 2052.8 1333.1 35.06Rubber 668.1 657.1 1.65
Calculating percentage of water containedlost during drying process under the sun can be done by using formula below:
%100wcontainedwater Naturally %1
21 xw
w
Example of calculation for leaf waste:
%09.57%1006.2534
5.10876.5342
%100wcontainedater Naturaly w%1
21
x
xw
w
Calculation of water contained lost from
stuff (leaf waste) is able to be done by using
formula below:
Sample weight
D = B – A
D = 21.1987 – 19.6970
D = 1.5017 gr
(%) Water contained
100x D
C-B(E)contained water %
%7.6047
100x 1.5017
21.0845-21.1987(E)contained water %
(%) Dry weight
F = 100% – E
F = 100%– 7.6047%
F = 92.3953 %
c. Total water contained
To know total water contained, one can
use equation below:
Calculation example for leafs waste.
% Water contained = % naturally water
contained + % water contained dried in
the oven at 105 oC
% Water contained = 57.09 % +
7.6926 = 64.7826 %
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Heat released from waste combustion
Testing energy is for knowing the
calorific value, which is contained in
rubbish produced by community in
Mataram. Types of waste that were tested
are leafs, papers, rubbers, plastics, woods
and foods.
Calculation of testing energy
contained in wastes can be done by using
equation below:
An example calculation for leaf wastes:
Known:
Tinitial = 25.60 oC
Tfinal = 27.70 oC
Titration milliliter = 6.80 ml
Dry stuff = 92.3953%
Sample weight = 1.0491 gram
Temperature difference (∆T)
C2.10ΔT25.60-27.70ΔTTTΔT
o
initialfinal
Heat of wire burned
cal18.402)x2.3-(10
wire)x2.3rested-(10burned wireofHeat
Wet Gross Energy (GEw)
cal/gr4920.2173GE1.0491
(18.40)-(6.80)-102.2470GE
weightSampleburned wireofheat
weightSample)milliliter(Titration-ΔT2470GE
w
w
w
x
x
Dry Gross Energy (GEd)
cal/gr5330.2523GE
2173.920492.3074
100GE
GEstuffdry %
100GE
d
d
wd
x
x
Based on testing data, which is
found from experiment, and actual waste
composition data, one can determine the
amount of total energy contained in each
sample.
Table 4. Calorific value of wastes in MataramNo. Waste
typesComposition
(%)Calorific
value (kJ/kg)
1 Leafs 20.65 4612.05872 Foods 10.44 2568.2223 Woods 5.47 1368.5164 Glass 2.48 -5 Papers 6.22 1152.5486 Plastics 18.66 9699.8677 Textile 8.71 - 8 Rubbers 14.93 4151.0959 Others 12.43 -
Total 23552.30
Sarofim (1977, in J Glinn Henry,
1989) revealed that energy contained in
combustible materials such as organic
waste was 5800 kJ/kg. As shown in table
4, total combustible organic waste is 22.13
% or 333.36 m3.
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0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
Spesimen
% to
tal w
ater
con
tain
ed
Leafs Food Woods
Papers Plastics Rubbers
Leafs20.65%
Food10.44%
Wood5.47%Papers6.22%
Plastics18.66%
Rubers14.93%
Glass2.48%
Textile8.71%
Others12.43%
Figure 1. Waste composition in the disposal place
As shown in figure 1, leaf has
highest percentage that is 20.65% from
total waste volume in the disposal place.
However, Achmad R (2004) elucidated
that waste such as yard rubbish, kitchen
rubbish, papers and so on dominates waste
composition.
Composition of food waste in
temporary disposal place differs from that
in TPA because animals eat food waste in
TPA. Therefore, composition of food
waste in the temporary disposal place is
greater than that in the TPA. In addition,
rubber waste almost consists of tire waste
and sandal waste.
Figure 2. Water contained of waste
As shown in figure 2, food’s water
contained is 74.66%, leaf’s water
contained is 64.79%, wood’s water
contained is 43.76%, plastic’s water
contained is 35.63% and paper’s water
contained is 21.47% as well as rubber’s
water contained is 3.22%. Food’s water
contained occupies biggest percentage
than others because food does not only
contains of much water but also gets much
water when it is processed. Thus, it is
confident that food has greatest water
contained. Plastic also contains much
water because it is produced from plastic
stuff and water.
Figure 3 shows wet gross energy of
several types of waste. Plastic has the
highest wet gross energy because it has
high temperature difference when it is
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Dry
Gro
ss E
nerg
y (c
al/g
r)
leafs Food Woods
Papers Plastcs Rubbers
02000400060008000
100001200014000
Wet
Gro
ss E
nerg
y (c
al/g
r)
Leafs Food WoodsPapers Plastics Rubbers
tested in the bomb. This temperature
difference is resulted by bound of plastic’s
stuff composition. Bound of plastic’s stuff
composition is too strong so that it needs a
lot of energy when it is decomposed.
Higher temperature difference resulted
bigger energy needed. In addition, other
wastes have no bound as strong as that
belongs to plastic, so that they have lower
calorific value. However, rubber waste has
bound close to that of plastic so that rubber
has almost the same calorific value to that
belongs to plastic.
Figure 3. Wet Gross Energy of several types of waste.
Figure 4 indicates the same
phenomena of calorific value of several
types of waste. It is believable because
calculation of dry gross energy is
proportional to wet gross energy. Greater
wet gross energy had, greater dry gross
energy had as well. Therefore, plastic has
the greatest dry gross energy than others.
Figure 4. Dry Gross Energy of several types of waste.
Research results, particularly
calorific value of paper, are not too far
from Enri’s result. Enri (2005) revealed
that calorific value of paper was between
4000 to 5000 kcal/kg, while this research
resulted calorific value 18531.5 (kJ/kg) or
4412 (kcal/kg).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
After collecting and analyzing data
resulted from research, researcher can
make conclusion as follows:
a. Highest composition of waste in
Mataram is leaf waste (20.65%).
b. Highest water contained percentage is
about 74.66%, which belongs to food
waste.
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c. Lowest water contained percentage is
about 3.22%, which belongs to rubber
waste.
d. Plastic has highest calorific value than
others. Plastic’s calorific value is
12415.72 (cal/gr), while paper has
lowest calorific value. It is about
4425.75 (cal/gr).
e. Harder to be decomposed higher
calorific value had.
f. Wastes such as leaf, paper, wood, food
etc, are combustible wastes that occupy
22.13% (333.36 m3) of total wastes in
Mataram.
g. Calorific value of materials depends on
the material composition.
Recommendation
a. It is better to examine chemical
composition of wastes for determining
calorific value.
b. It is necessary to do research further
about wastes usage such as for
electrical power generation instead of
disposing them only.
c. It is recommended that solid waste
crusher, waste dryer etc be produced in
order to make research be easier.
REVERENCES
, 2002, Sekilas, Dinas Kebersihan Kota Mataram, Mataram, NTB.
, 2002, Mataram dalam Angka 2002, BPS Mataram, Mataram, NTB.
, 2002, Petunjuk Pengelolaan Persampahan, Dinas Kebersihan Kota Mataram, Mataram, NTB.
Anonymous , 2005, Waste Technology lecture 3,http://www.scu.edu.au/staff_pages/mcullen/wt_lec3.html
Achmad, Rukaesih., 2004, Kimia Lingkungan, Andi Offset, Yogyakarta.
Apriadji, W. Harry., 1995, Memproses Sampah, Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Budiman, 2005, Mengelola Sampah Tak Perlu Teknologi Mahal, www.bppt.go.id/berita/news2php?id=698
Eddy dan Budi., 1990, Teknik Pembakaran Dasar dan Bahan Bakar, Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknologi Industri -ITS, Surabaya.
Hadiwiyoto, Soewedo., 1983, Penanganan dan Pemanfaatan Sampah, Yayasan Idayu, Jakarta.
Henry, J Glynn., 1989, Environmental Science and Engineering, Prentice Hall, Engle Wood, Cliffs, New Jersey.
INFIC., 1997, International Feed Data Bank System, Publication No. 3 Nebraska, USA
Jupri, Ahmad., 2001, Manajemen Sampah Padat (Solid Waste Management), Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 2 No. 1, Program
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13
Studi Pendidikan Biologi PMIPA FKIP, Universitas Mataram, NTB
M. M. El-Wakil., 1992, Instalasi Pembangkit Daya Jilid 1, Erlangga, Jakarta.
Sitompul, Darwin., 1989, Prinsip-Prinsip Konversi Energi, Erlangga Jakarta.
Tanudi dan Sukardi, Eddi., 1998, Membuat Bahan Bangunan dari Sampah, Puspa Swara.
Wiradarma, 2002, The Energy Potency of Municipal Solid Waste to Supply Electricity in Mataram Regency, Rekayasa Vol. 3 No. 1, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Mataram, NTB.
APPENDICES
Table I. Calorific value of town wastesComponent As
received (kJ/kg)
Dry (kJ/kg)
Paper/paper productPaper mixedNewsprintCorrugated boxesPlastic coated paperWaxed milk cartonsJunk mail
Food /Garden WastesVegetable food wasteMeat scraps (cooked)Fried fatsLawn grassLeaves
157501855016380170702635014160
417017730383004760
18490487062708560
19570
175301972017280179102729014830
19230289403830019250205409740
202301858019940
Green logsEvergreen shrubsFlowering plantsWood and bark
Household wastesLeather shoeRubberUpholsteryPolystyrenePVCLinoleumRagsVacuum cleaner dirt
1677025930161203802022590188701597014790
1812026230173203809022640192401772015640
Source: Paul T Williams (1998)
Adiabatic Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter
Specification:1. Thermometer 19 – 35 oC 2. Thermometer bracket 3. Thermometer support washer
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4. Thermometer reading lens5. Thermometer support rod6. Motor assembly with pulley7. Motor pulley8. Stirrer drive belt9. Stirrer pulley10. Stirrer bearing assembly11. Ignition wire12. Stirrer shaft with propeller13. Oval bucket14. Bomb body cover/blanket.15. Oxygen combustion bomb
Oven
Kongok disposal place
Ohaus weight scale
Samples
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