RTP_MOD-2.7

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

Contents

1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................1

2.0 Urban Environmental Issues in India .................................................1

2.1 Water Pollution .................................................................................1

2.2 Air Pollution......................................................................................3

2.3 Solid Waste ......................................................................................3

2.4 Noise...............................................................................................4

2.5 Urban Microclimate............................................................................5

3.0 Need for Environmental Safeguards ...................................................5

4.0 Key Features of the Environmental Safeguard System of India ..........6

4.1 Environmental Legislations at the National Level ....................................8

4.1.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - As Amended In

1978 & 1988.......................................................................................8

4.1.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.....................9

4.1.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 .........................................9

4.1.4 EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006 .................. 10

4.1.5 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification: .................................. 14

4.1.6 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000...................... 16

4.1.7 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - As Amended In 1988.................. 16

4.1.8 Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000.......... 17

4.1.9 Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998............... 18

4.1.10 The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ..... 18

4.1.11 The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002 ............................................... 19

4.1.12 The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958 20

4.2 Environmental Policy and Guidelines at the National Level ..................... 21

4.2.1 National Environmental Policy ..................................................... 21

4.2.2 The National Water Policy, 2002 .................................................. 22

4.2.3 Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines

...................................................................................................... 23

4.3 Social Legislations at the National Level.............................................. 23

4.3.1 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894.................................................... 23

4.3.2 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 ....................... 24

4.3.3 Interstate Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment & Condition

of Service) Act, 1979 ......................................................................... 24

4.3.4 The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment

& Condition of Service) Act, 1979 ........................................................ 25

4.3.5 Right to Information Act, 2005 .................................................... 26

4.4 Social Policy and Guidelines at the National Level................................. 27

4.4.1 National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation......................... 27

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5.0 Environmental Policies of International Funding Agencies...............27

6.0 Generic Environmental Impacts due to Urban Infrastructure Projects

...............................................................................................................34

6.1 Land and Land Use .......................................................................... 34

6.2 Flora and Fauna .............................................................................. 35

6.3 Air Environment .............................................................................. 35

6.4 Noise Environment .......................................................................... 35

6.5 Water Environment.......................................................................... 35

7.0 Project Specific Environmental and Social Issues.............................36

7.1 Sewerage and Sanitation Projects...................................................... 36

7.1.1 Environmental Issues................................................................. 36

7.1.2 Social Issues ............................................................................ 37

7.2 Urban Roads and Transport Projects................................................... 38

7.2.1 Environmental Issues................................................................. 38

7.2.2 Social Issues ........................................................................... 39

7.3 Sub-Project Wise Issues-Water Supply ............................................... 40

7.4 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs.

Environmental Policy, Legislation and Guidelines ....................................... 47

7.5 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs.

Environmental Policy, Legislation and Guidelines ....................................... 48

8.0 Checklist for Urban Infrastructure Projects......................................49

9.0 Project Specific Environmental management Plan............................51

9.1 Project: Water Supply ...................................................................... 51

9.2 Project: Sewerage ........................................................................... 53

9.3 Project: Solid Waste Management...................................................... 56

9.4 Project: Road and Transportation ...................................................... 59

9.5 Project: Storm water drainage .......................................................... 63

List of Annex

Annex I: Application for obtaining authorisation for Solid Waste Processing and

Disposal Site from Pollution Control Board ( Form 1 of MSW Rules,2000 )

Annex II: Format if annual report to be submitted by Municipal Authority.

Annex III: Schedule ii of MSW Rules, 2000.

Annex IV: Schedule iii of MSW Rules, 2000.

Annex V: Schedule iv of MSW Rules, 2000

Annex VI: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist for Sewage

Treatment Plant component.

Annex VII: Checklist for Solid Waste Management component

Annex VIII: Best Practices in Construction Phase.

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1.0 Introduction All developmental process invariably has some negative effect on the

environment. There is a popular perception that environment and development

cannot go hand in hand. This perception has given birth to what is known as

sustainable development, which strives for balancing the two diverse directions of

developmental process and environmental protection, and tries to meet them at a

point whereby one need not be sacrificed for another. Therefore it is a need of the

hour that we incorporate the environmental and social safeguards while planning

preparing and implementing any infrastructure project.

This module has been structured in a way to discuss the pertinent urban

environmental issues in India, National level environmental legislations, policies

and guidelines, project specific and generic environmental and social impact

arising out of different infrastructure projects and environmental and social

safeguards that need to be incorporated in different project stage.

2.0 Urban Environmental Issues in India Population density in urban centers is increasing rapidly. The rate has been too

fast for the development of the infrastructure required to keep a city running

efficiently. Provision of housing, water supply, garbage disposal, sanitation

facilities, etc. has not been able to keep pace with the rate of urbanization. This

has led to polluted, overcrowded living conditions for many who move into a city

with hopes of a better life. On the other hand urban centers heavily draw on

resources like water, forest, fuel, and land, for their very existence. However,

they return these back to the environment as waste and pollutants. In short the

urban environment in general is deteriorating at a rapid rate. The crucial supports

for a healthy environment and good living conditions. Viz. air, water, and land,

are being adversely affected.

2.1 Water Pollution

Access to safe drinking water is a problem in most urban areas of India and the

world. Rivers running through most cities are seen as convenient places to let out

the untreated sewage and even industrial effluents. In earlier times the practice

of letting out waste into rivers was relatively harmless because the quantity and

quality of waste were such that it got diluted to safe levels and also allowed

natural biochemical processes to act. This broke down the wastes naturally.

However, with the increase in urbanization, the quantity and concentration of

wastes has increased, with the result that the river is not able to dilute the

increased quantity of wastes any more.

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Contamination of piped drinking water by sewage is not uncommon, due to the

corrosion of the pipelines over time. The release of untreated industrial waste into

the domestic sewerage line also adds to the pollution of water bodies and hastens

the corrosion of the pipeline. Twenty one per cent of all communicable diseases in

India are water-borne.

Because of the concrete jungle of buildings and paved roads that our areas are

today, no percolation of water occurs, and almost the entire precipitation is lost

as runoff. Thus a natural source for the recharging of the much used ground

water is lost. The run-off water lost through storm drains wreaks havoc in low

laying areas by flooding them. The clogging of storm drains also results in rain

water overflowing and flooding the area.

Source: Tasa Graphic Arts

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Preparation of DPRs CEPT, Ahmedabad

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2.2 Air Pollution Polluted air is becoming an enormous and growing problem in the cities today.

This is attributed to the increase in the number of industries and vehicles on the

road. In major cities like Delhi and Mumbai, over half the quantity of air

pollutants is from vehicles. A major contributor to the increase in vehicular

pollution is the increasing number of vehicles on the road.

2.3 Solid Waste Unplanned disposal of domestic or household garbage is a major source of

pollution in urban areas. The increased economic growth of a place is reflected in

the kind of waste it generates. Earlier the type of waste used to be mainly organic

wastes which are biodegradable, for example, leftover food, peels of vegetables

or fruits, paper, etc. today not only has the quantity of waste changed but the

composition of the waste, from being mainly reusable to disposable. These wastes

mainly comprise plastics, fused materials (in which more than one material –

plastic and paper, or paper and aluminum, are joined or fused together, e.g. pan

masala pouches, tetrapacks), toxic material, etc., these wastes are not

biodegradable and remain on the land for a long time. They could contaminate

air, water and land with toxins.

On an average 0.3 to 0.5 kg of solid waste is generated by a single individual in

an urban area. The quantity of waste generated in a day varies from city to city.

Disposal of solid waste is a big challenge for any urban authority. The problem is

that there is not land available to dispose of the waste collected. New sites have

to be found and these are normally far away from the city. This means that the

waste has to be transported longer distances, resulting in increase use of fuel, as

well as resulting vehicular pollution, and possible spillage of the waste en route.



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The wastes are not segregated at sources and the mixed composition of the

waste makes degradation difficult. In many cases, during the rains, toxic

leachates (toxins released from the toxic waste when it comes in contact with

water) runoff into nearby water bodies and also percolate into the water tale,

polluting both the sources of water. The impact of this pollution may be felt not

only locally, but even at places located away from the source.

2.4 Noise The increasing number of vehicles on the road, proliferation of small-scale

industries within the city, use of loudspeakers at religious, public and social

events, are some factors resulting in the increasing noise levels of the city. Sound

intensity is measured in terms of the unit decibel (db). On this scale each 10 db

rise indicates a ten-fold increase in sound pressure. Thus the rise in sound

intensity on the ear from 1 db to 20 db represents a hundred-fold increase in

sound level.

The noise levels in some of India’s major

cities vary from 60 to 90 db. Continuous

exposure to high levels of noise leads to both

mental and physical health problems among

people. Some of the effects are irritability,

aggression, rise in blood pressure, headache,

insomnia, permanent hearing loss, etc.



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2.5 Urban Microclimate The climatic condition of the urban area is generally different from that of its

surroundings. Urban areas generally have higher temperatures than the nearby

suburbs and rural areas.

One reason for this is the heat generated due to the various urban activities, e.g.

greater number of vehicles on the road, and more industries (often polluting

ones). High rise buildings obstruct cooling winds and also absorb and radiate

heat. Paved roads also act as heat absorbers. A combination of these, results in

the creation of urban heat islands. At times, the urban heat islands of two hereby

urban areas merge, affecting the climate of the region.

3.0 Need for Environmental Safeguards Infrastructure is an important component for development of a city. However,

development should not be at the cost of environment. Thus, development of a

city should go hand in hand with environment keeping in view hazards to

environment.

Good environmental and social management practice is a well-established

element of project preparation and implementation. It is even more important in

the context of a urban infrastructure projects, where additional criteria must be

considered, such as enhancing hazard risk management and strengthening

natural resilience to climatic and natural events. Thus our municipal engineers

and managers should keep in mind the environmental and social safeguards,

whiling planning, preparing or implementing an infrastructure project to achieve

the following objectives:

• Enhance positive and sustainable environmental and social outcomes

associated with Project implementation

• Support the integration of environmental and social aspects associated with

the numerous Sub-projects into the decision making process

• Support displaced persons in their efforts to restore their livelihoods and

living standards and compensate any loss of livelihood or assets

• Enhance positive environmental and social outcomes

• Minimize environmental degradation as a result of either individual

subprojects or their cumulative effects

• Protect human health

• Minimize impacts on cultural property



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4.0 Key Features of the Environmental Safeguard System of India

The responsibility of the Government of India to protect and improve the

environment is enshrined in the Constitution under the 42nd amendment, adopted

in January 1977. The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 provides umbrella

legislation for the protection of the environment, established through various

preceding laws with responsibility to administer the legislation jointly entrusted to

the central Ministry of Environment and Forests Conservation (MOEF) and the

State Pollution Control Board, coordinated by the Central Pollution Control Board

(CPCB). In addition, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981,

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, Environmental Impact

Assessment Act of 1994, Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 as well as various earlier

acts all provide for some level of regulation and control. In addition to legal acts,

relevant policy statements include the National Water Policy, 1987; National

Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development,

1992; and Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992.

In short, various laws have been formulated, in order to protect our environment.

Discussed below are some of the laws in context of urban infrastructure projects

as to how are they applicable while implementing urban infrastructure projects.

The primary objective of any legislation is to ensure social justice and well being

through enforcement of certain codes of conduct. Legislation for environmental

protection is also based on the recognition of the fact, it is necessary to abide by

the requirements to prevent damage to the environment which is a common

property. Traditionally, codes of conduct were framed with some stipulations of

do's and don'ts, the non-compliance of which was dealt by the society through

various forms of corrective measures. Most of the environment related laws

enacted by the Parliament have been based on the Articles 252 and 253 of the

Constitution. For instance, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1974 was promulgated as a Central Legislation under Article 252 of the

Constitution. Since water belongs to the State list, a Resolution from two or more

State Legislatures empowering the Parliament to enact the legislation on the

subject was required. Laws and regulations are a major tool in protecting the

environment. To put those laws into effect, government agencies create and

enforce regulations. In this section, one finds a basic description of how laws and

regulations come to be, what they are, and where to find them, with an emphasis

on environmental laws and regulations. The Indian constitution is amongst the

few in the world that contains specific provisions on environment protection.



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The table 4.1 below gives a comprehensive list of national policies, guidelines and

legislations that has some relevance to urban infrastructure projects. Table 4.1 Comprehensive list of national policies, guidelines and legislations Safeguard Status Policies/ Acts / Rules / Guidelines

National

Legislations

Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 1991

The Forest Conservation Act, 1980

Municipal Solid waste (Management and Handling) rules,

2000

The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,

2000

Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000

The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002

The Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites & Remains

Act, 1958

Environmental

Safeguard

National

Policies and

Guidelines

National Environmental Policy

National Water Policy

Urban Development Plans Formulation and

Implementation Guidelines, 1996

National

Legislations

The Land Acquisition Act (LA) of 1894

Interstate Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment

& Condition of Service) Act, 1979

The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of

Employment & Condition of Service) Act, 1979

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and

Rules

Right to Information Act, 2005

Social Safeguard

National

Policies and

Guidelines

National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for

Project Affected Families, 2003



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4.1 Environmental Legislations at the National Level The major legislations pertaining to environmental issues at the national level are

discussed below.

4.1.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - As Amended In 1978 & 1988

The Act vests regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and

empowers them to establish and enforce effluent standards for industries and

local authorities discharging effluents

This act gives certain powers and assigns responsibilities to the State Pollution

Control Boards which include: prevention, control or abatement of pollution of

streams and wells in the State; to organise mass education programmes relating

thereto; lay down, modify annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade

effluents and for the quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter-State

stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters of the

State; to evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and

trade effluents, etc.

Section 24 of the Act prohibits the use of stream or well on land for disposal of

polluting materials in accordance with the disposal standards laid down by the

State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).

It further states that no person shall cause or permit to enter into any stream any

other matter which may directly or indirectly impede the proper flow of water of

the stream in a manner leading or likely leading to pollution. But the section

permits the following Acts: Constructing, improving or maintaining in or across on

the bank or bed of any stream any building, bridge, weir, dam, sluice, dock, pier,

drain or sewer.

Section 25, restricts the operation or process, or any treatment and disposal

system or an extension or additions thereto, which is likely to discharge sewage

or trade effluent. It also restricts, bring into use of any new or altered outlets.

The section further makes the consent necessary establishment of any operation

or process or any treatment and disposal system or any extension or additions

thereto.

According to Section 32 of the Act, in case of any poisonous, noxious or polluting

matter is present in any stream or well or on land due to discharge of such

matter due to any accident or any other unforeseen act, the state board shall

take emergency measures such as prohibiting the discharge of any such matter.

Section 55 asserts that all local authorities shall render help and assistance and

furnish information to the board as it may require for discharge of its functions,



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and shall make available to the board for inspection and examination such

records, maps, plans and other documents as may be necessary

4.1.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, provides for the

prevention, control and abatement of air pollution. The Air (Prevention and

Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 including Rules 1982 and 1983 was enacted to

prevent, control and reduce air and noise pollution. According to Section 21 of the

Act, no person shall establish or operate any activity, which can cause air

pollution. Urban infrastructure projects during its construction phase tend to lead

to huge quantity of dust production which leads to massive air pollution and

inconvenience to surrounding area dwellers. Thus special care should be taken

during construction phase of the project as of in excavation, or other stages

wherein loose dust is allowed to spread in air in general practice. Barriers should

be sued to protect the surroundings. Equipments used during construction phase

also produce some amount of air pollution. Hence well maintained equipments in

closed barriers and away from residential areas should be encouraged.

4.1.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted by the parliament in the

year 1986, in the wake of the Bhopal Gas tragedy which took place in year 1984.

The Act was made under Article 253 of the constitution to implement the decision

of United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972.

The main objective of the Act enumerated under the Preamble of the Act is to

implement decisions taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human

environment held at Stockholm in June 1972, to take necessary steps for

protection and improvement of environment and to prevent hazards to human

beings other living creature, plants and property

The Environment (Protection) Act was conceived as an "umbrella legislation"

seeking to supplement the existing laws on the control of pollution (the water Act

and the Air Act) by enacting a general legislation for environment protection and

to fill the gaps in regulation of major environmental hazards. Section 6 empowers

Central government to make rules to regulate environmental pollution by

prescribing standards for the quality of air, water, soil for various areas and

purposes The urban local body has to ensure to cause no hazard to the

environment by any of its action under this Act, during the infrastructure project

implementation.



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4.1.4 EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006

As per section 3 of this notification, the Central Government forms a State Level

Environment Impact Assessment Authority.

Sec. 4 Categorization of the projects and activities: All projects and activities are

broadly categorized into two categories as Category A and B. The projects which

have been classified as Category ‘A’ project are those having potential impacts on

human health and natural and man made resources. Those projects require prior

environmental clearance from the central government in the Ministry of

Environment and Forests (MoEF).

The projects categorized as Category ‘B’ projects require prior environmental

clearance from the State/Union territory Environment Impact Assessment

Authority (SEIAA). The SEIAA’s decisions are based on the recommendations of a

State or Union territory level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) as to be

constituted for in this notification. In the absence of a duly constituted SEIAA or

SEAC, a Category ‘B’ project is treated as a Category ‘A’ project.

As per Section 7, following stages presented in table 4.2 are followed while

issuing Environmental Clearance.

Table 4.2: Stages in the Prior Environmental Clearance (EC) Process for New Projects

Sr.

NoStage

Project

Category

Authority

responsible

for EC

Purpose of the Stage Forms used

1 Screening Category B To check whether the

project requires

environmental impact

assessment or not

If EIA required :

Category B1

If EIA not required:

Category B2

1

2 Scoping Category A Expert

Appraisal

Committee

Scoping Category B1 State level

Expert

Appraisal

Committee

To decide the Terms of

Reference (TOR)

addressing all relevant

environmental

concerns for EIA.

3 Public

Consultation

Category A

and

Category B1

State

Pollution

Control

Board

Public hearing at the

site or in its close

proximity- district

wise, to be carried out



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Sr.

NoStage

Project

Category

Authority

responsible

for EC

Purpose of the Stage Forms used

(SPCB) or

the Union

territory

Pollution

Control

Committee

(UTPCC)

as prescribed in the

notification.

obtain responses in

writing from other

concerned persons

4 Appraisal Category A

and

Category B1

Expert

Appraisal

Committee

or State

Level Expert

Appraisal

Committee

Final EIA

report,

outcome of

the public

consultations

including

public hearing

proceedings

Appraisal Projects not

requiring

Public

Consultation

(excluding

Item 8 of the

schedule)

Expert

Appraisal

Committee

or State

Level Expert

Appraisal

Committee

Form 1/ and

Pre-feasibility

Report

Appraisal Item 8 of the

schedule:

Building and

Construction

projects,

Townships

and Area

Development

projects

Expert

Appraisal

Committee

or State

Level Expert

Appraisal

Committee

Detailed scrutiny of the

documents submitted

by the applicant for

grant of environmental

clearance.

Form 1, Form

1A and the

conceptual

plan

• Scoping is not required for Projects Construction/Township/Commercial

Complexes /Housing only (Category B). They are appraised by the State

level Expert Appraisal Committee based on the Form 1/ Form 1A &

conceptual plan.

• Public Consultation is not required for following projects:

1. Modernization of irrigation projects (item 1(c) (ii) of the Schedule).

2. All projects or activities located within industrial estates or parks (item

7(c) of the Schedule) approved by the concerned authorities, and which

are not disallowed in such approvals.

3. Expansion of Roads and Highways (item 7 (f) of the Schedule) which do

not involve any further acquisition of land.



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4. All Building /Construction projects/Area Development projects and

Townships (item 8). 5. All Category ‘B2’ projects and activities.

6. All projects or activities concerning national defence and security or

involving other strategic considerations as determined by the Central

Government.

The infrastructure projects which require prior environmental clearance as per the

Schedule under section 2 of this notification are as below in table 4.3.

Table 4.3 : Activities requiring prior environmental clearance

Category with threshold limit Project or Activity A B Conditions if any

7 Physical Infrastructure including Environmental Services

7(a) Air ports All projects - -

If at least one industry in the proposed industrial estate falls under the Category A, entire industrial area shall be treated as Category A, irrespective of the area.

Industrial estates housing at least one Category B industry and area <500 ha.

Special condition shall apply

Industrial estates with area greater than 500 ha. And housing at least one Category B industry.

-Industrial estates of area> 500 ha. and not housing any industry belonging to Category A or B.

Special condition shall apply Note: Industrial Estate of area below 500 ha. and not housing any industry of category A or B does not require clearance.

7(c) Industrial estates/ parks/ complexes/ areas, export processing Zones (EPZs), Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Biotech Parks, Leather Complexes.

Industrial Estate of area below 500 ha. and not housing any industry of category A or B does not require clearance.

7(d) Common hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs)

All integrated facilities having incineration &landfill or incineration alone

All facilities having land fill only

General Condition shall apply



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Category with threshold limit Project or Activity A B Conditions if any 7(e) Ports, Harbours ≥ 5 million TPA of

cargo handling capacity (excluding fishing harbours)

< 5 million TPA of cargo handling capacity and/or ports/ harbours ≥10,000 TPA of fish handling capacity


i) New National High ways; and

i) New State High ways; and

7(f) Highways

ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than 30 KM, involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition and passing through more than one State.

ii) Expansion of National / State Highways greater than 30 km involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition.


7(h) Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs)

All projects General Condition shall apply

7(i) Common Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility (CMSWMF)

All projects General Condition shall apply

8 Building /Construction projects/Area Development projects and Townships

≥20000 sq.mtrs and

8(a) Building and Construction projects

<1,50,000 sq.mtrs. of built-up area#

#(built up area for covered construction; in the case of facilities open to the sky, it will be the activity area )

8(b) Townships and Area Development projects.

Covering an area ≥ 50 ha and or built up area ≥1,50,000 sq .mtrs ++

++All projects under Item 8(b) shall be appraised as Category B1

Source: EIA Notification 2006



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General conditions will be applicable if any project or activity specified in Category

‘B’ will be treated as Category A, is located in whole or in part within 10 km from

the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act,

1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control

Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State

boundaries and international boundaries.

4.1.5 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification:

A crucial element of the regulatory framework that holds significant implications

for project implementation is the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of

1991. The CRZ Notification is the principle legislation governing development

activities and land use along India’s coasts in the area falling within 500 meters of

the high tide line and in the inter-tidal zone. Under the notification, all areas

within this zone are to be classified as CRZ I (i), I (ii), II, III or IV based on

geomorphology and various other criteria, including ecological significance,

existing developments and other features. The nature and kinds of land uses

permitted vary according to the specific zone within which an area falls, with

greater restrictions on CRZ-I areas, fewer on CRZ-II areas and variable

restrictions in CRZ-III areas, where there is considerable scope for varied

interpretation as well. Generally, the Notification is complex (this is compounded

by 17 amendments since 1991) and has been interpreted and applied in different

ways by both Centre and states.

The notification is applicable only to those urban local bodies that are located or

are planning for any infrastructure projects like installation of a seawater

desalination plant for water supply. In that case the considerations regarding the

type of activity permitted shall have to be taken into consideration and presented

in table 4.4

Table 4.4 : Activities permitted in CRZ requiring Environmental Clearance as per Section 2 of the S.O. 114 (E) under Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Sr. No.

Activities Requiring Environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest

1. Construction activities related to projects of Department of Atomic Energy or Defence

requirements for which foreshore facilities are essential

2. Operational constructions for ports and harbours and light houses and constructions

for activities such as jetties, wharf, quays and slipways, pipelines, conveying systems

including transmission lines;

3. Exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas and all associated activities and

facilities thereto;

4. Thermal Power Plants – activities requiring foreshore facilities



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Activities prohibited in CRZ as per Annexure to the notification S.O. 114 (E) under Environmental Protection Act, 1986:

1. Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries, except (a) those directly

related to water front or directly needing foreshore facilities and (b) Projects of Department

of Atomic Energy;

2. Manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of hazardous substances except transfer of

hazardous substances from ships to ports, terminals and refineries and vice versa in the port

areas

3. Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing (excluding hatchery

and natural fish drying in permitted areas);

4. Setting up and expansion of units/mechanism for disposal of waste and effluents, except

facilities required for discharging treated effluents into the water course with approval under

the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; and except for storm water drains;

5. Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other

human settlements.

6. Dumping of city or town waste for the purposes of landfilling or otherwise

7. Dumping of ash or any wastes from thermal power stations

8. Land reclamation, for all facilities that are essential for activities permissible under the

notification or for control of coastal erosion and maintenance or clearing of water ways,

channels and ports or for prevention of sandbars or for tidal regulator, storm water drains

or for structures for prevention of salinity ingress and sweet water recharge. Reclamation

for commercial purposes such as shopping and housing complexes, hotels and

entertainment activities shall not be permissible;

9. Mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials, except (a) those rare minerals not

available outside the CRZ areas and (b) exploration and extraction of Oil and Natural Gas

10. Harvesting or withdrawal of ground water and construction of mechanisms therefore within

200 m of HTL; in the 200m to 500m zone it shall be permitted only when done manually

through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries;

11. Any construction activity between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line except facilities for

carrying treated effluents and waste water discharges into the sea, facilities for carrying

sea water for cooling purposes, oil, gas and similar pipelines and facilities essential for

activities permitted under this Notification;

12. Dressing or altering of sand dunes, hills, natural features including landscape changes for

beautification, recreational and other such purpose, except as permissible under this

Notification.



15


4.1.6 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 was passed on 14th February

2000 by Ministry of Environment and Forests with the aim of maintaining ambient

quality.

Under this rule care has to be taken while implementing urban infrastructure

project which produce noise. Certain standards are specified within which noise

emission should take place. The rule defines 100 meters surrounding hospitals,

educational institutions and courts as a silence area, and imposes penalty of

doing any of the acts which cause noise exceeding 50 dB (A) noise at day time

and 40 dB (A) night time. Care also has to be taken by the urban local bodies so

as to ensure that minimum amount of noise is produced while running

equipments.

Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees life and personal liberty to all persons. It

is well settled by repeated pronouncements of the Supreme Court that right to life

enshrined in Article 21 is not of mere survival or existence. It guarantees a right

of persons to life with human dignity. Any one who wishes to live in peace,

comfort and quiet within his house has a right to prevent the noise as pollutant

reaching him.

4.1.7 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - As Amended In 1988

The Central Government enacted The Forest (Conservation) Act in 1980 to stop

large-scale diversion of forestland for non-forest use. As amended in 1988, as per

the Act, No State Government or any authority shall make, except with the prior

approval of the Central Government any order directing:

• Reserved forest or any portion there of shall cease to be reserved;

• Any forest land or any portion there of may be used for any non-forest

purpose;

• Any forest land or any portion there of may be assigned by way of lease or

otherwise to any private person to any authority corporation, agency or any

other organization not owned, managed by Government; and

• Any forest land or any portion there of may be cleared of trees, which have

grown naturally in that land or portion for the purpose of using it for re-

forestation.

Section 2 of the Act is important as it lays restriction on the de-reservation of

forests or use of forestland for non-forest purpose. It implies that no State

Government or other authority shall make use of the forestland for non-forest

purpose, except with the prior approval and order of the Central Government.



16


Section 3 empowers Central Government to appoint an Advisory Committee, in

order to get permission to use the forestland for non-forest purposes and matters

connected therewith. This section also lays down penalty provisions in case of

contravention of the provisions of the Act.

The Act shall be applicable in all kind of urban infrastructure projects, which fall

within or near a forest area. The Act may be applicable in cases where any pocket

of reserved or declared forest falls within the ULB limits and may get affected due

to any infrastructure project.

4.1.8 Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000

These rules apply to the collection, segregation, storage, transportation and

disposal of solid waste management. As per rule 7, of the rules, the municipal

authority is responsible for managing the solid waste generated within the city or

town and to set up a waste processing and disposal facility.

As per the Schedule II under rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1), the solid waste

management consists of following steps: collection, segregation, storage,

transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid waste.

Schedule III under rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2), gives details about the designing and

management of landfill sites. This schedule gives specifications for selection of

landfill site, facilities to be provided at landfill site, process of land filling,

measures to be adopted for pollution prevention, water, air quality monitoring,

plantation at the site, closure of the site and post-care.

Municipal authorities under the Act are responsible for implementation of the Act.

As such the Act imposes various responsibilities relating to proper handling of the

municipal waste which are as stated below:

• The authority shall be responsible for implementation of the provisions of

the rules and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage,

segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid

waste.

• The authority is required to apply for grant of authorization for setting up

waste processing disposal facility including landfills from state pollution

board.

• The authority shall comply with the provision of the rules by implementing

them according to the schedule given under the rules.

• The authority shall furnish its annual report in the form given for the

purpose under the rules.

• In case of any accident at any municipal solid wastes collection, segregation,

storage, processing, treatment and disposal facility or landfill site or during

the transportation of such wastes the municipal authority shall give report of

the same to the Secretary in-charge of the urban development department



17


in metropolitan cities and to District collector or Deputy Commissioner in all

other cases.

Under Municipal Solid waste management rules, 2000, the urban local bodies

have to ensure that no hazardous waste is mixed or collected along with

municipal solid waste. Hazardous waste has to be segregated from municipal

solid waste and treated separately in accordance with Hazardous waste

management rules. With increase in the global population and the rising demand

for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being

generated daily by each household. This waste is ultimately thrown into municipal

waste collection centres from where it is collected by the area municipalities to be

further thrown into the landfills and dumps. However, either due to resource

crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all of this waste gets collected and

transported to the final dumpsites. If at this stage the management and disposal

is improperly done, it can cause serious impacts on health and problems to the

surrounding environment.

Responsibly of Collection, storage, transportation and disposal of Hazardous

waste and biomedical waste generated in the city lies with the generator of these

wastes however; the urban local bodies are responsible for implementation of

these rules.

4.1.9 Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998

Bio-medical waste is the waste generated during diagnosis, treatment and

immunization of human beings or animals and in research activities. As per

section 6, this waste should not be mixed with municipal solid waste and hence a

separate system for its management has been specified. It consists of

specifications for segregation, packaging, transportation and storage. The bio-

medical waste has been classified into 10 different categories under rule 5 and

the different categories have different colour codes / specifications for their

storage, packaging, transportation and disposal.(Schedule II under rule 6)

The State Government and Union Territories prescribe an authority for

implementing these rules in their respective jurisdictions who also grants

authorization to the occupiers for handling of the hazardous wastes.

Different Forms have been specified in the rules as: Application for Authorization

(Form I under rule 8), Annual report to be filed by the occupier / operator (Form

II under rule 10) and Accident reporting (Form III under rule 12)

4.1.10 The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

This Rule talks about requirements of facilities to classify wastes into categories,

manage them as per the prescribed guidelines and obtain prior authorization from

the SPCB for handling, treatment, storage and disposal of Hazardous Wastes.



18


Urban infrastructure projects have the potential to generate hazardous waste

during its construction and operational phases and such waste generation should

be properly monitored and managed. The following kinds of hazardous waste may

be generated from the construction phase of the project:

• Spent oil and lubricants from construction equipments;

• Spent oil and lubricants from DG sets;

• Paint residues during the painting of the buildings;

• Asbestos Contaminated Material (ACM) generated from dismantling of

temporary housing for construction workers.

Under the HW Rules, 1989, State Governments were entrusted with certain

responsibilities in relation to management of hazardous wastes. These were:

1. Identification of sites for the disposal of hazardous wastes in their States,

after ascertaining the suitability of the sites through Environment Impact

Assessment studies (Rule 8).

2. Preparation and maintenance of an inventory of such sites (Rule 8).

3. Preparation and notification of hazardous wastes dump sites (Rule 8).

4.1.11 The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002

Main objective of the Act is to protect wild animals, birds and plants. All the

matters connected in lines with this or ancillary or incidental thereto, are also

included as part of this Act, with a view of ensuring ecological and environmental

security of the country.

The Act lays overall guidelines for establishing authorities to be appointed or

constituted, prohibition or permission of hunting of wild animals, protection of

specified plants, Declaration of Sanctuary, National parks or closed area, Zoos

and Zoo authorities etc. Some of the chapters may be useful in the IVTI project:

Chapter 3: restricts certain activities like hunting of wildlife. However, it also

mentions about the permission of hunting of wildlife in certain cases, as well as

granting the permission for hunting for special purposes. Clauses related to the

protection of specified plants are specified in Chapter 3-A.

Chapter 4: classifies protected areas into three categories - Sanctuaries,

National Parks and Closed area. Aspects like declaration of a sanctuary, its

protection, authorizing powers to the Collector, restriction of entry in the

sanctuary, prohibition of destructive matters causing fire, ban on use of injurious

substances etc. are discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 5: the important declaration in this chapter is that the wild animals are

Government property. Regulation of transfer of animals, dealings in trophy and



19


animal articles without license is also prohibited under this Act. The power to

suspend of cancel licenses is also given in this Act.

Chapter 6: formulates clauses with respect to prevention and detection of

offences are described in of the Act. It assigns power of entry, search, arrest and

detention to the Authority.

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 may be an important reference if any of the

infrastructure project sites fall within a Protected Area, partly or fully. This Act is

also relevant if a part of any protected area falls within the area under any urban

local body, and subjected to any change due to infrastructure project. In either of

the above mentioned cases, the Act may be applicable in site planning, designing,

construction and post-construction management.

4.1.12 The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958

This is an Act to provide preservation of ancient and historical monuments and

archaeological sites and remains of national importance, for the regulation of

archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings and

other like objects.

The Act classifies ancient monuments and archaeological sites into several

categories. Each category is described under various sections of the Act. The

responsibility of protection, conservation and maintenance of these important

sites are assigned w.r.t the particular category as described in the Act.

Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites & Remains of National

Importance: Section 3 and 4 of the Act discuss that certain monuments declared

as ancient monuments, etc. shall deemed to be of national importance. It also

assigns power to the Central Government to declare ancient monuments etc. to

be of national importance.

Protected Monuments: Section 5 of the Act describes acquisition of rights in a

protected monument. Section 6 discuss about the preservation of protected

monuments by agreement.

Protected Areas: Section 19 lays restrictions on enjoyment of property rights in

public areas and Section 20 imparts power to the Central Government to acquire

protected area.

Archaeological Excavation: Section 21 gives right to archaeological officer to

excavate in protected areas; Section 22 explains the method to be followed for

doing excavation in areas other than protected areas.



20


Protection of Antiquities: Central Government is given power to control moving

of antiquities as per Section 25.

The Act may be applicable to Urban local bodies, which encompass within its

boundary any ancient monument, archaeological site or remains of national

importance

4.2 Environmental Policy and Guidelines at the National Level

4.2.1 National Environmental Policy

The National Environment Policy (NEP, 2006) is a response to our national

commitment to a clean environment, mandated in the Constitution in Articles 48

A and 51 A (g), strengthened by judicial interpretation of Article 21. It is

recognized that maintaining a healthy environment is not the state’s responsibility

alone, but also that of every citizen. A spirit of partnership should thus be realized

throughout the spectrum of environmental management in the country. While the

state must galvanize its efforts, there should also be recognition by each

individual – natural or institutional, of its responsibility towards maintaining and

enhancing the quality of the environment. The NEP, 2006 is also intended to be a

statement of India’s commitment to making a positive contribution to

international efforts.

National Environmental policy – 2006 briefly discusses the key environmental

challenges currently and prospectively facing the country, the objectives of the

policy, normative principles underlying policy action, strategic themes for

intervention, broad indications of the legislative and institutional development

needed to accomplish the strategic themes, and mechanisms for implementation

and review. The policy identifies following environmental challenges, which the

country is facing.

1. Poverty

2. Economic growth

3. Population growth

4. Inappropriate technology and consumption rate

5. Unplanned urbanization

6. Institutional failures

7. Climate change

8. Ozone depletion

9. Bio diversity loss



21


Main objectives, which the Policy seeks to achieve include

1. Conservation of critical environmental resources

2. Intra generation equity and inter generational equity

3. Livelihood security for the poor

4. Integration of environmental concern in economic and social development

5. Efficiency in environmental resource use

6. Environmental governance

7. Enhancement of resources for environmental conservation

Under this policy it is essential to create awareness regarding environment

through education. Enhancing environmental awareness is essential to harmonize

patterns of individual behaviour with the requirements of environmental

conservation. This would minimize the demands placed on the monitoring and

enforcement regimes; in fact, large-scale non-compliance would simply

overwhelm any feasible regulatory machinery. Awareness relates to the general

public, as well as specific sections, e.g. the youth, urban dwellers, industrial and

construction workers, municipal and other public employees, etc. Awareness

involves not only internalization of environmentally responsible behaviour, but

also enhanced understanding of the impacts of irresponsible actions, including to

public health, living conditions, and livelihood prospects. Environmental education

is Environmental education is the principal means of enhancing such awareness,

both among the public at large, and among focused groups. Such education may

be formal, or informal, or a combination of both. It may rely on educational

institutions at different levels; the print, electronic, or live media; and various

other formal and informal settings.

4.2.2 The National Water Policy, 2002

The National Water Policy adopted by the National Water Resource Council on

2002, mainly focuses on the planning, development and management of water

resources. This requires consideration of socio-economic aspects and issues such

as environmental sustainability, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation of

project affected people and livestock.

The policy aims at bringing in the maximum water resources available under the

‘utilizable’ resources category to the maximum possible extent.

The water allocation priorities are decided in the sequence as: Drinking water,

Irrigation, Hydropower, Ecology, Agro-industries & non-agriculture industries and

Navigation and other uses.

The policy suggests that there should be water zoning of the country and the

economic activities should be guided and regulated in accordance with such

zoning. The policy requires the states to come up with a state water policy backed

by an operational action plan



22


4.2.3 Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines

UDPFI Guidelines was the outcome of a research study conducted by Centre for

Research Documentation and Training, Institute of Town Planners, India, which is

the apex professional body in the country, as a result of the national workshop on

Master plan approach: Its Efficacy and Alternatives, held at Delhi in February

1996.

Keeping the recommendations of the workshop, the objectives of this research

study included

• 1.Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation guidelines

applicable to small and medium size towns and large cities incorporating

efficient implementation mechanism and innovative techniques for

promotion of planned socio-economic and spatial development of urban

centres;

• 2. Simplification of development promotion regulations and 3. Amending /

restructuring of town planning laws.

• The relevance of these guidelines in the context of urban infrastructure

projects lies more in the part of physical environment, which deals with the

siting and construction related norms and standards.

4.3 Social Legislations at the National Level 4.3.1 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894

The private land acquisition will be guided by the provisions and procedures

outlined in this act. As per the LA act, the District Collector will function as the

Land Acquisition Officer on behalf of the Government. Usually, the land

acquisition is time consuming and takes about 2-3 years to complete the process.

A major cause of the delays in the land acquisition is regarding the amount of

compensation for the land and assets lost leading to legal proceedings. There is

also provision under section 17 of the act to acquire lands under emergency or

urgency clause by paying 80% of the initial estimated amount and take the

possession of the land and later complete the process to pay the balance amount

in case of emergency development activities. There is also provision for consent

award to reduce the time for processing if the land owners are willing to agree for

price fixed by the District collector. The option of acquiring lands through private

negotiations is also available.

Urban infrastructure projects like levelling of new roads, widening of existing

roads, water supply network and drainage network projects require land, while

other projects like solid waste management requires land for landfill site,



23


composting, construction of transfer station etc. Thus this act plays a vital role in

all such cases where land needs to be acquired.

4.3.2 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986

The Child labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Rules is a Social and

beneficial legislation. It is designed to protect the interest of children (below 14

years of age), who are deprived of protection due to their economic conditions.

The Act is divided into IV parts. Some important features of the Act are briefly

discussed below:

Part II of the Act imposes prohibition on employment of children in occupation

and processes specified in the Part A or Part B of the Schedule viz. ‘Prohibition of

employment of children in certain occupations and process.’

Regulation and conditions of work of children is mentioned in Part III of the Act.

It lays restrictions in terms of hours and period of work, working hours, one

weekly holiday to the child labour employed in an establishment. It also mentions

about provision for furnishing of information regarding employment of a child

labour to inspector.

Section 13 is important as it tells that the Government is required to make rules

for the health and safety of the child labour.

In many urban infrastructure project sites it is commonly found that child labour

are employed. The act may be helpful in framing guidelines for the urban local

bodies, which can help them in preventing exploitation of children working in such

projects.

4.3.3 Interstate Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment & Condition of Service) Act, 1979

This Act is formulated to regulate the employment of inter-state migrant

workmen and to provide for their conditions of service and for matters connected

therewith.

Chapter II and chapter III of the Act, is important as they lay guideline with

respect to registration of establishments that employ inter-state migrant workers

and licensing of contractors.

Chapter IV mentions about duties and obligations to be performed by the

contractors.



24


Chapter V is formulated to regulate the wage rates and other conditions of

service, welfare and other facilities to be provided to inter-state migrant

workman.

It is an interesting observation that in every state, most of the labour force

comes from other states of the country or neighbouring countries. Awareness

about this Act would be useful for the urban local body for controlling several

activities which is directly or indirectly linked to these labourers.

4.3.4 The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment & Condition of Service) Act, 1979

This Act is devised in order to regulate the employment and conditions of service

of building and other construction workers. It is also formulated in order to

provide for their safety, health and welfare measures and for other matters

connected therewith or incidental thereto.

Section 3, 4 and 5 talks about formation of certain committees like Central

Advisory Committee, State Advisory Committee and Expert Committees

respectively. However, some relevant sections applicable for this project are as

mentioned below:

• Section 24 of the Act mentions about constitution of a fund called ‘the

Building & Other Construction Workers’ Welfare Fund’.

• Section 28 and 29 of the Act formulates rules for fixing the number of

working hours for workers, and provision of over-time remuneration.

• Section 31 restricts the employer to employ worker whom he knows or has

reason to believe that he is a deaf or he has a defective vision or he has a

tendency to giddiness shall be required or allowed to work in any operation

of building or other construction work which is likely to involve a risk of any

accident either to the building worker himself or to any other person.

• Section 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37 directs the employer in terms of provision

of services like Drinking water, latrines / urinals, accommodation, crèches,

first aid and canteen.

• As per the Section 38 of the Act, every establishment employing more than

500 building workers, it is mandatory to constitute Safety Committee

The Act provides instructions for the construction contractors and labour agencies

in terms of providing services to its workers, some of which are mentioned above.

Engineers and supervisors of urban local bodies may use knowledge of this Act in

making tender documents for the construction work for different urban

infrastructure projects.



25


4.3.5 Right to Information Act, 2005

Public disclosure has become a mandatory activity under The Right To

Information Act, 2005, which is an act to provide for setting out the practical

regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under

the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and

accountability in the working of every public authority. This act is extends to the

whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. "Information" according

to this act means any material in any form, including records, documents,

memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks,

contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic

form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a

public authority under any other law for the time being in force.

The information accessible under this Act, which is held by or under the control of

any public authority includes the right to (i) inspection of work, documents,

records; (ii) taking notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records;

(iii) taking certified samples of material; (iv) obtaining information in the form of

diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or

through printouts where such information is stored in a computer or in any other

device

As per the act all information shall be disseminated widely and in such form and

manner which is easily accessible to the public. All materials shall be

disseminated taking into consideration the cost effectiveness, local language and

the most effective method of communication in that local area and the

information should be easily accessible, to the extent possible in electronic format

with the Public Information Officer available free or at such cost of the medium or

the print cost price as may be prescribed.

As a responsible agency, urban local bodies need to initiate actions at the local

level to keep people informed about the project with all available information. The

concerned local body, who will be in intimate relation with the local people, need

to be transparent about the proposed project and its activities. Every local body

may designate a PIO, who will be held responsible for any information, which

need to be proactively disseminated. For example he/she need to take necessary

steps to disseminate the following information by displaying in notice boards at

project sites, brochures or any other means with one copy, strictly in local

languages.

• Siting Details along with site map

• Project objectives, activities, outputs & benefits

• Project Cost, Funding etc.

• Likely Impacts and Entitlements



26


• Contact Person and Address (PIO)

4.4 Social Policy and Guidelines at the National Level

4.4.1 National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation

The Government of India recently issued a “National Policy on Resettlement and

Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families, 2003” through a Gazette notification

on February 17, 2004. The policy applies to all projects where more than 500

families are displaced in plain areas and more than 250 families in hilly and

scheduled areas. The policy mentions that proposed benefits and monetary grants

are minimum and state governments and project proponents are free to adopt

higher provisions than provided in the policy. However, the state Government and

other agencies are yet to come out with their own policies in line with the national

policy. Therefore, the principles and objectives laid down in this framework will be

the basis for mitigating any resettlement impacts. The rehabilitation grants and

other monetary benefits proposed in the Policy would be minimum and applicable

to all project affected families whether belonging to BPL or non-BPL families.

States where R&R packages are higher than proposed in the Policy are free to

adopt their own packages.

Any urban local body involved in any land acquisition process due to some

infrastructure project should be aware of this policy and act accordingly.

5.0 Environmental Policies of International Funding Agencies

Environmental and natural resource management activities are increasingly being

integrated into sectoral (agriculture, water sanitation, urban, etc.) projects over

the world. Presently most of the international funding agencies have made their

environmental policy more stringent. The objective of the World Bank's

environmental and social safeguard policies is to prevent and mitigate undue

harm to people and their environment in the development process. A List of

relevant, World Bank operational Policies to safeguard environmental and social

issues, have been given in the table 5.1 below.



27


Table 5.1 Relevant World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies

Objectives Operational Principles

A. Environmental Assessment (WB OP 4.01)

To help ensure the

environmental and

social soundness and

sustainability of

investment projects.

To support

integration of

environmental and

social aspects of

projects into the

decision making

process.

1. Use a screening process for each proposed project, as early

as possible, to determine the appropriate extent and type of

environmental assessment (EA) so that appropriate studies

are undertaken proportional to potential risks and to direct,

and, as relevant, indirect, cumulative, and associated

impacts. Use sectoral or regional environmental assessment

when appropriate.

2. Assess potential impacts of the proposed project on physical,

biological, socio-economic and physical cultural resources,

including trans-boundary and global concerns, and potential

impacts on human health and safety.

3. Assess the adequacy of the applicable legal and institutional

framework, including applicable international environmental

agreements, and confirm that they provide that the

cooperating government does not finance project activities

that would contravene such international obligations.

4. Provide for assessment of feasible investment, technical, and

siting alternatives, including the “no action” alternative,

potential impacts, feasibility of mitigating these impacts,

their capital and recurrent costs, their suitability under local

conditions, and their institutional, training and monitoring

requirements associated with them.

5. Where applicable to the type of project being supported,

normally apply the Pollution Prevention and Abatement

Handbook (PPAH). Justify deviations when alternatives to

measures set forth in the PPAH are selected.

6. Prevent and, where not possible to prevent, at least

minimize, or compensate for adverse project impacts and

enhance positive impacts through environmental

management and planning that includes the proposed

mitigation measures, monitoring, institutional capacity

development and training measures, an implementation

schedule, and cost estimates.

7. Involve stakeholders, including project-affected groups and

local nongovernmental organizations, as early as possible, in

the preparation process and ensure that their views and

concerns are made known to decision makers and taken into

account. Continue consultations throughout project

implementation as necessary to address EA-related issues

that affect them.

8. Use independent expertise in the preparation of EA where

appropriate. Use independent advisory panels during

preparation and implementation of projects that are highly



28



risky or contentious or that involve serious and multi-

dimensional environmental and/or social concerns.

9. Provide measures to link the environmental assessment

process and findings with studies of economic, financial,

institutional, social and technical analyses of a proposed

project.

10. Provide for application of the principles in this Table to

subprojects under investment and financial intermediary

activities.

11. Disclose draft EA in a timely manner, before appraisal

formally begins, in an accessible place and in a form and

language understandable to key stakeholders.

B. Natural Habitats (WB OP 4.04)

To promote

environmentally

sustainable

development by

supporting the

protection,

conservation,

maintenance, and

rehabilitation of

natural habitats and

their functions.

1. Use a precautionary approach to natural resources

management to ensure opportunities for environmentally

sustainable development. Determine if project benefits

substantially outweigh potential environmental costs.

2. Avoid significant conversion or degradation of critical natural

habitats, including those habitats that are (a) legally

protected, (b) officially proposed for protection, (c) identified

by authoritative sources for their high conservation value, or

(d) recognized as protected by traditional local communities.

3. Where projects adversely affect non-critical natural habitats,

proceed only if viable alternatives are not available, and if

appropriate conservation and mitigation measures, including

those required to maintain ecological services they provide,

are in place. Include also mitigation measures that minimize

habitat loss and establish and maintain an ecologically similar

protected area.

4. Whenever feasible, give preference to siting projects on

lands already converted.

5. Consult key stakeholders, including local nongovernmental

organizations and local communities, and involve such people

in design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of

projects, including mitigation planning.

6. Provide for the use of appropriate expertise for the design

and implementation of mitigation and monitoring plans.

7. Disclose draft mitigation plan in a timely manner, before

appraisal formally begins, in an accessible place and in a

form and language understandable to key stakeholders.

C. Involuntary Resettlement (WB OP 4.12)

To avoid or minimize

involuntary

resettlement and,

where this is not

feasible, to assist

displaced persons in

1. Assess all viable alternative project designs to avoid, where

feasible, or minimize involuntary resettlement.

2. Through census and socio-economic surveys of the affected

population, identify, assess, and address the potential

economic and social impacts of the project that are caused

by involuntary taking of land (e.g., relocation or loss of



29



improving or at least

restoring their

livelihoods and

standards of living in

real terms relative to

pre-displacement

levels or to levels

prevailing prior to the

beginning of project

implementation,

whichever is higher.

shelter, loss of assets or access to assets, loss of income

sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected

person must move to another location) or involuntary

restriction of access to legally designated parks and

protected areas.

3. Identify and address impacts also if they result from other

activities that are (a) directly and significantly related to the

proposed project, (b) necessary to achieve its objectives, and

(c) carried out or planned to be carried out

contemporaneously with the project.

4. Consult project-affected persons, host communities and local

nongovernmental organizations, as appropriate. Provide

them opportunities to participate in the planning,

implementation, and monitoring of the resettlement

program, especially in the process of developing and

implementing the procedures for determining eligibility for

compensation benefits and development assistance (as

documented in a resettlement plan), and for establishing

appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms. Pay

particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups among

those displaced, especially those below the poverty line, the

landless, the elderly, women and children, Indigenous

Peoples, ethnic minorities, or other displaced persons who

may not be protected through national land compensation

legislation.

5. Inform displaced persons of their rights, consult them on

options, and provide them with technically and economically

feasible resettlement alternatives and needed assistance,

including (a) prompt compensation at full replacement cost

for loss of assets attributable to the project; (b) if there is

relocation, assistance during relocation, and residential

housing, or housing sites, or agricultural sites of equivalent

productive potential, as required; (c) transitional support and

development assistance, such as land preparation, credit

facilities, training or job opportunities as required, in addition

to compensation measures; (d) cash compensation for land

when the impact of land acquisition on livelihoods is minor;

and (e) provision of civic infrastructure and community

services as required.

6. Give preference to land-based resettlement strategies for

displaced persons whose livelihoods are land-based.

7. For those without formal legal rights to lands or claims to

such land that could be recognized under the laws of the

country, provide resettlement assistance in lieu of

compensation for land to help improve or at least restore

their livelihoods.

8. Disclose draft resettlement plans, including documentation of



30



the consultation process, in a timely manner, before

appraisal formally begins, in an accessible place and in a

form and language that are understandable to key

stakeholders.

9. Apply the principles described in the involuntary resettlement

section of this Table, as applicable and relevant, to

subprojects requiring land acquisition.1.

10. Design, document, and disclose before appraisal of projects

involving involuntary restriction of access to legally

designated parks and protected areas, a participatory

process for: (a) preparing and implementing project

components; (b) establishing eligibility criteria; (c) agreeing

on mitigation measures that help improve or restore

livelihoods in a manner that maintains the sustainability of

the park or protected area; (d) resolving conflicts; and (e)

monitoring implementation.

11. Implement all relevant resettlement plans before project

completion and provide resettlement entitlements before

displacement or restriction of access. For projects involving

restrictions of access, impose the restrictions in accordance

with the timetable in the plan of actions.

12. Assess whether the objectives of the resettlement instrument

have been achieved, upon completion of the project, taking

account of the baseline conditions and the results of

resettlement monitoring.

D. Indigenous People (WB OP 4.10)

To design and

implement projects in

a way that fosters full

respect for

Indigenous Peoples’

dignity, human

rights, and cultural

uniqueness and so

that they: (a) receive

culturally compatible

social and economic

benefits; and (b) do

not suffer adverse

effects during the

development process.

1. Screen early to determine whether Indigenous Peoples are

present in, or have collective attachment to, the project area.

Indigenous Peoples are identified as possessing the following

characteristics in varying degrees: self-identification and

recognition of this identity by others; collective attachment

to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories and

to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;

presence of distinct customary cultural, economic, social or

political institutions; and indigenous language.

2. Undertake free, prior and informed consultation with affected

Indigenous Peoples to ascertain their broad community

support for projects affecting them and to solicit their

participation: (a) in designing, implementing, and monitoring

measures to avoid adverse impacts, or, when avoidance is

not feasible, to minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such

effects; and (b) in tailoring benefits in a culturally

appropriate manner.

3. Undertake social assessment or use similar methods to

assess potential project impacts, both positive and adverse,

on Indigenous Peoples. Give full consideration to options

preferred by the affected Indigenous Peoples in the provision



31



of benefits and design of mitigation measures. Identify social

and economic benefits for Indigenous Peoples that are

culturally appropriate, and gender and inter-generationally

inclusive and develop measures to avoid, minimize and/or

mitigate adverse impacts on Indigenous Peoples.

4. Where restriction of access of Indigenous Peoples to parks

and protected areas is not avoidable, ensure that the

affected Indigenous Peoples’ communities participate in the

design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of

management plans for such parks and protected areas and

share equitably in benefits from the parks and protected

areas.

5. Put in place an action plan for the legal recognition of

customary rights to lands and territories, when the project

involves: (a) activities that are contingent on establishing

legally recognized rights to lands and territories that

Indigenous Peoples traditionally owned, or customarily used

or occupied; or (b) the acquisition of such lands.

6. Do not undertake commercial development of cultural

resources or knowledge of Indigenous Peoples without

obtaining their prior agreement to such development.

7. Prepare an Indigenous Peoples Plan that is based on the

social assessment and draws on indigenous knowledge, in

consultation with the affected Indigenous Peoples’

communities and using qualified professionals. Normally, this

plan would include a framework for continued consultation

with the affected communities during project

implementation; specify measures to ensure that Indigenous

Peoples receive culturally appropriate benefits, and identify

measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for any

adverse effects; and include grievance procedures,

monitoring and evaluation arrangements, and the budget for

implementing the planned measures.

8. Disclose the draft Indigenous Peoples Plan, including

documentation of the consultation process, in a timely

manner before appraisal formally begins, in an accessible

place and in a form and language that are understandable to

key stakeholders.

9. Monitor implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Plan,

using experienced social scientists.

E. Forests (WB OP 4.36)

To realize the

potential of forests to

reduce poverty in a

sustainable manner,

integrate forests

effectively into

1. Screen as early as possible for potential impacts on forest

health and quality and on the rights and welfare of the

people who depend on them. As appropriate, evaluate the

prospects for new markets and marketing arrangements.

2. Do not finance projects that would involve significant

conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related



32



sustainable economic

development, and

protect the vital local

and global

environmental

services and values

of forests.

critical natural habitats, or that would contravene applicable

international environmental agreements.

3. Do not finance natural forest harvesting or plantation

development that would involve any conversion or

degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural

habitats.

4. Support projects that adversely impact non-critical natural

forests or related natural habitats only if viable alternatives

to the project are not available and only if appropriate

conservation and mitigation measures are in place.

5. Support commercial, industrial-scale forest harvesting only

when the operation is certified, under an independent forest

certification system, as meeting, or having a time-bound

action plan to meet, internationally recognized standards of

responsible forest management and use.

6. Ensure that forest restoration projects maintain or enhance

biodiversity and ecosystem functionality and that all

plantation projects are environmentally appropriate, socially

beneficial and economically viable.

7. Give preference to small-scale community-level management

approaches where they best reduce poverty in a sustainable

manner.

8. Support commercial harvesting by small-scale landholders,

local communities or entities under joint forest management

where monitoring with the meaningful participation of local

communities demonstrates that these operations achieve a

standard of forest management consistent with

internationally recognized standards of responsible forest use

or that they are adhering to an approved time-bound plan to

meet these standards.

9. Use forest certification systems that require:

(a) compliance with relevant laws; (b) recognition of, and

respect for, legal or customary land tenure and use rights as

well as the rights of Indigenous Peoples and workers; (c)

measures to enhance sound community relations; (d)

conservation of biological diversity and ecological functions;

(e) measures to maintain or enhance environmentally sound

multiple benefits from the forest; (f) prevention or

minimization of environmental impacts; (g) effective forest

management planning; (h) active monitoring and

assessment of relevant forest management areas; and (i)

independent, cost effective, third-party assessment of forest

management performance against measurable performance

standards defined at the national level and compatible with

internationally accepted principles and criteria of sustainable

forest management through decision making procedures that

are fair, transparent, independent, designed to avoid conflict



33



of interest and involve the meaningful participation of key

stakeholders, including the private sector, Indigenous

Peoples, and local communities.

10. Disclose any time-bound action plans in a timely manner,

11. before appraisal formally begins, in an accessible place and

12. in a form and language that are understandable to key

13. stakeholders.

F. Physical Cultural Resources (WB OP 4.11)

To assist in

preserving physical

cultural resources

and avoiding their

destruction or

damage. PCR

includes resources of

archaeological, pale

ontological, historical,

architectural,

religious (including

graveyards and burial

sites), aesthetic, or

other cultural

significance.

1. Use an environmental assessment (EA) or equivalent process

to identify PCR and prevent or minimize or compensate for

adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts on PCR

through site selection and design.

2. As part of the EA, as appropriate, conduct field based

surveys, using qualified specialists.

3. Consult concerned government authorities, relevant non-

governmental organizations, relevant experts and local

people in documenting the presence and significance of PCR,

assessing the nature and extent of potential impacts on

these resources, and designing and implementing mitigation

plans.

4. For materials that may be discovered during project

implementation, provide for the use of “chance find”

procedures in the context of the PCR management plan or

PCR component of the environmental management plan.

5. Disclose draft mitigation plans as part of the EA or equivalent

process, in a timely manner, before appraisal formally

begins, in an accessible place and in a form and language

that are understandable to key stakeholders.

Source: www.worldbank.org

6.0 Generic Environmental Impacts due to Urban Infrastructure Projects

The generic possible impacts on the sub-components of the environment are

identified in this section. The component of the environment is divided into land

and land use, air environment, noise environment, water environment, aesthetic

environment, and flora and fauna. The impacts due to generic urban

infrastructure projects are detailed in the subsequent sections.

6.1 Land and Land Use Implementation of the urban infrastructure projects may cause impacts such as

Change in land use pattern, soil erosion, land pollution and changes in natural

drainage pattern.



34


Erosion of soil can occur by activities like land clearing for construction, with

removal of vegetative cover. Road construction and other cut and fill activities

would clear off the previously vegetated land cover, alters natural drainage

pattern, changes the natural gradient, and create unconsolidated fill areas. The

projects like integrated area development and transportation systems will induce

changes in the pattern of land use and create compatibility problems with

adjacent areas. The disposal of solid and hazardous waste and polluted water are

likely to contribute to the process of land degradation in specific areas.

6.2 Flora and Fauna Every developmental activity will have its impact on ecological system and there

by alters the ecological balance. The impact may vary from place to place

depending on the sensitivity of the area and the project scale. Loss and changes

in the natural habitat is a primary impact due to any action. Extensive activities

and vehicular movement for extended period will cause deserting of their nests.

Certain species of fish are affected by small amounts of solid material, or

discharge of untreated / under treated sewage may introduce nutrients, which

accelerate unhygienic condition in water body.

6.3 Air Environment The impacts on air environment are basically depending on two factors, the

natural environment conditions and the emissions from the proposed activity. The

release of oxidants and particulate matter to air environment will have impact on

flora and fauna, and on human health. The adverse impacts on environment may

finally lead to major changes in existing land use pattern. Particulate emitted

during these activities like site preparation, demolition, removal and disposal,

excavation, operation and maintenance of equipment and vehicular movement

will cause primary and secondary impacts.

6.4 Noise Environment Every activity creates some noise in the surrounding environment and the

severity of impacts mainly depend the noise level. The increase in noise levels will

lead to heath related problems and disturbances in the natural ecosystem. High

noise levels would be generated during construction activities due to usage of

heavy equipment. The impacts can be clubbed into;

• Impacts due to change noise levels during construction stage

• Impacts due to change in noise levels during operation stage

6.5 Water Environment Water is essential for life systems and the impact on water will have multiple

impacts on any ecosystem. The impact on water environment essentially depends



35


on the existing condition of water resources i.e existing quality and quantity of

water resource. The effluent disposal during construction and operation stage, run

off and the water extractions are the typical activities, which lead to degradation

of water environment. The generic impacts on water environment are as follows.

• Decrease in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels

• Impact on Aquatic life

• Impacts related to ground water over exploitation

• Salinity ingress due to dewatering at construction and operation stage

• Impacts due to utilization of river water with changes in river water quality

7.0 Project Specific Environmental and Social Issues

7.1 Sewerage and Sanitation Projects

7.1.1 Environmental Issues

A. Land and land use • Changes in hydrology and drainage patterns due to the construction

• Water logging during operation and maintenance

• Disposal of excavated soil during construction

• Disposal of STP sludge and sewer silt during operation and maintenance

• Environmental issues associated with disposal of sewage

• Soil pollution due to seepage of sewerage from drains and sanitation

facilities

• Change in land use due to odour nuisance arising from disposed sludge from

treatment plants

B. Air environment • Pollution from construction equipments

• Air pollution due to sewerage treatment plants

C. Water environment • Surface and groundwater contamination due to leakages and leaching from

treatment plant

• Water logging due to improper location of sanitation facilities

• Contamination of groundwater and flooding due to improper location of

sanitation facilities/ leaching from toilets and septic tanks

• Impact on surface and ground water quality due to disposal of effluent

• Possible water source contamination due to location of disposal point

• Decrease in DO levels of water bodies and eutrophication

• due to disposal of treated waste/ sludge

• Salinity ingress due to dewatering during construction phase



36


• Contamination of water bodies due to the runoff from agricultural fields

irrigated with sewerage

D. Noise environment • Noise during construction

• Noise pollution due to operation and maintenance of the STPs

E. Flora and fauna

• Loss of flora and fauna at the project site

• Loss of aquatic life due to disposal of treated sludge into water bodies

• Disturbance to natural habitat during construction period

• Changes in species diversity

F. Aesthetic environment • Reduction in recreational value of the receiving body

• Odour nuisance due to poor sanitation

G. Other impacts • Performance of existing and proposed treatment schemes

• Disruption to local traffic during construction

• Increase in the energy loads due to running of the treatment plant

machinery

• Impacts due to usage of UV radiation for sewage treatment

7.1.2 Social Issues

A. Assets/ livelihood • Impact on public/private properties and other sensitive receptors along the

sewer lines during construction

• Loss of private property due to land acquisition

• Loss of prime agricultural and other important land uses due to treatment

plant construction

B. Communities • Impact on vulnerable communities due to displacement

• Impact on encroachers and squatters in case of acquisition of public land

• Conflict between construction workers from other areas and the local

community workers

C. Access • Equity issues in case of access to public/ common sanitation facilities

D. Health & safety • Health and safety concerns while working in closed drains/pipes



37


• Health and safety issues associated with storage and handling of chemicals

for STP operation

• Nuisance due to insects and flies at the location of STPs

• Health hazards due to vector formation

• Health hazards due to usage of sewage with high chlorine content

7.2 Urban Roads and Transport Projects

7.2.1 Environmental Issues

A. Land and land use

• Flooding/ water logging due to change in drainage pattern

• Land pollution due to spillage of asphalt, tar and other hazardous materials

• Change in surrounding landuse due to improved accessibility

• Water logging due to improper cross drainage structures along roads

• Slope stability and erosion control

• Disposal of excavated soil

• Loss of topsoil in borrow areas

• Induced development and change in landuse along road

B. Air environment

• Air pollution due to increase in traffic

• Air pollution due to construction activity

C. Water environment

• Water pollution due to spillage of asphalt, tar and other hazardous materials

• Decrease in ground water recharge due to surfacing

• Siltation of water bodies due to disposal of the excavated soil

D. Noise environment

• Noise pollution due to increase in traffic

• Noise level increase due to heavy machinery during construction period

E. Flora and fauna

• Disturbance to natural habitat/ aquatic ecosystem during construction period

• Destruction of roadside microhabitat/vegetation due to widening and

construction

• Cutting of trees for road widening or new alignments



38



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 39

• Disturbance to forest and protected areas along with the risk of poaching

and logging

F. Aesthetic environment

• Disturbance in the aesthetics of the residential areas adjoining the road

• Other impacts Traffic congestion due to incorrect traffic projections

• Traffic disturbance caused due to construction activity

• Impacts due to mining of road construction materials

• Protection of the service/ gas lines during road construction

7.2.2 Social Issues

A. Assets/ livelihood

• Impact on public/private properties and other sensitive receptors along the

sewer lines during construction

• Loss of private property due to land acquisition

• Loss of prime agricultural and other important land uses due to widening

and new roads

• Loss of livelihood of roadside informal vendors due to road widening

• Loss of cultural/ religious property during widening

• Loss of customary rights over land in case of tribal communities

B. Communities

• Disturbance to roadside residential areas due to widening

• Displacement of communities

• Impact on vulnerable groups due to displacement

• Community consultation before finalization of alignment/ widening

C. Access

• Loss of connectivity and access during construction

• Urban congestion due to increased access

• Loss of access to forest resources for tribal communities

• Loss of access to common property areas/ grazing lands

D. Health & safety

• Increase in road accidents risk

• Health and safety concerns of workers

• Pedestrian safety issues


7.3 Sub-Project Wise Issues-Water Supply The sub-project wise potential environmental and social issues to be safeguarded in water supply sector have been covered in a

matrix form below.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES SOCIAL ISSUES

SUB_PROJECT COMPONENTSLAND USE LAND/SOIL WATER AIR NOISE

FLORA AND FAUNA

AESTHETICS

ASSETS/ LIVELIHOOD

COMMUNITIES

HEALTH & SAFETY

1 Source development/ augmentation(i) Selection of source

Surface Water

River/ stream • • • • • Lakes and ponds • • • Reservoir/ tank • •

Irrigation or other

canals • •

Ground water

Natural springs • • Ground water • • •

Rain water • •

Recycled waste water • •

(ii) Diversion structure

Dam • • • • • • • • • •

Check dam

Weir

Jack well

(iii) Intake structure

Surface water



40




FLORA AND FAUNA

AESTHETICS

ASSETS/ LIVELIHOOD

COMMUNITIES

HEALTH & SAFETY

Impounding reservoirs • • • • • • • • •

Intake well • • • • • •

Ground water

Dug wells • • • •

Infiltration or sunk

wells • Driven wells •

Bore wells

Infiltration galleries

Radial collector wells

Filter basins

Siphon wells

(iv) Plant and Machinery • • • • • • •

(v) Other Structures • • • • •

2 Transmission and treatment of raw water

(i)

Raw Water

Transmission main

(Pumping/ Gravity) • • • • • • • •

Civil works, Plant and

Machinery • • • • • • • • (ii) Inlet Works

Primary Treatment

(Aeration,

Clarification) • • • • • • • • • •



41




FLORA AND FAUNA

AESTHETICS

ASSETS/ LIVELIHOOD

COMMUNITIES

HEALTH & SAFETY

Chemical House and

Dosing systems • • • • • • Rapid Mixing

Filter House, and

associated plant and

equipments • •

Clear Water Reservoir

and Pumping Station • • • •

Chlorine House and

chlorination systems • •

Control Room and

Laboratory

• 3 Transmission and storage of clear water

(i)

Transmission Main

(Pumping/Gravity) •

(ii)

Master balancing

reservoir/ Ground

Level Service

Reservoirs/ Overhead

Service Reservoirs • • • • • •



42



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 43



FLORA AND FAUNA

AESTHETICS

ASSETS/ LIVELIHOOD

COMMUNITIES

HEALTH & SAFETY

(iii)

Booster Stations /

Control Rooms (Civil,

Plant, Equipment) • 4 Distribution system

(i) Distribution pipeline • • • • • • • • •


Environmental and social impacts specific to a water supply distribution network

sub-project have been detailed below. The potential environmental and social

issues can be covered under three sub-heads; impact on the physical

environment, impact on the natural environment and social & cultural impacts.

Impact on the physical environment 1. Land use

• Change in land use due to construction of storage reservoirs and pump

houses

2. Land/ soil environment

• Impact due to excavation/ disposal of soil during laying of pipeline

3. Air environment

• Impact on air quality due to dust and particulate matter during excavation.

(See Plate 3.2a)

• Change in air quality due to increase in traffic of trucks and heavy

machinery

4. Water environment

• Impact due to unsustainable source

of water

• Contamination of treated water

supplies with sewage water due to

leakage

• Contamination of water in

distribution network due to

intermittent supply and installation of online pumps

• Contamination of supplied water due to improper design of junctions to have

minimum residual pressure

• Impact due to increased waste water load.

5. Noise environment

• Increase in noise levels due to construction and operation

• Noise pollution due to heavy machinery for excavation work

6. Other impacts

• Impact on other services due to overlap/ clash with distribution network

• Traffic congestion during construction

• Exploitation of resources due to improper resource accounting



44


Impact on the natural environment 1. Flora and fauna

• Impact on ecosystem (flora and fauna) due to construction activities

• Impact on trees due to excavation and laying of pipeline (See Plate 3.2b)

Social impacts 1. Impacts on assets/

livelihood

• Impact on public property/

assets during construction

and laying of pipeline

• Impact on cultural/ religious

property during construction

2. Impact on communities

Impact on trees due to excavation Source: Times of India, Ahmedabad, 6 • Disputes due to improper

consultation/ participation of

• stakeholders

3. Impact on access

• Loss of (or loss of access to) public utility services, civic services, common

property resources

• Temporary disruption of existing access/ services

• Disturbance to traffic and activities due to laying of pipeline

• Impact on the community due to unavailability of alternate water source

during construction period

• Hindrance to traffic and

access to communities due to

improper handling of

excavated earth

• Access hindered because of

flooding due to leakages

during augmentation projects

4. Health & safety impacts

Impact on consumer’s hea• lth Inconvenience and hazard to people Source: Author (Ahmedabad, 10.3.07)

and hygiene due to limited

supply and poor quality of

water

• Contamination and wastage of stored water in households when 24 hours

supply is not given



45



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 46

• Inconvenience and hazard caused to the people due to improper stacking

and storing of the construction materials

• Impact on the construction workers due to improper living conditions and

sanitation

• Safety concerns on the streets due to piling of construction materials on the

roads

These impacts listed above arise during all the stages in the project cycle. The

matrix below shows the stages where the impacts are potentially caused and

hence need to be safeguarded in that stage.


7.4 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs. Environmental Policy, Legislation and Guidelines

Environmental Policy / Legislations / Guidelines

National Legislation

National Policy and

Guidelines

Prcts and

Subprojects

Water

Act

Air

Act

EP

Act

Noise

Act

Forest

Act

MSW

Rules

HW

Rules

Wild

Life Act

Monuments

Act

RTI

Act NEP EIA CRZ UDPFI

Water Supply

Projects • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Sewerage

Projects • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Storm water

Drainage • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Urban Road

Projects • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Solid Waste

Management • • • • • • • • • • • •

Notation: Water Act Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Air Act The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 EP Act The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Noise Act Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 Forest Act The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 MSW Rules Municipal Solid waste (Management and Handling) rules, 2000 HW Rules The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 Wild Life Act The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002 Monuments Act The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958 RTI Act Right to Information Act, 2005 NEP National Environmental Policy EIA Environmental Impact AssessmentCRZ Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 1991 UDPFI Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines, 1996

Note : Applicability of

the legislation , Policy

and guidelines is

subjected to the size,

scale and location of

these projects



47



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 48

Note : Applicability of

the legislation , Policy

and guidelines is

subjected to the size,

scale and location of

these projects

7.5 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs. Environmental Policy, Legislation and Guidelines

Policy / Legislations / Guidelines

National Legislation

National Policy

and Guidelines Projects

and Subprojects

LA

Act

IMW

Act

BOCW

Act

CL

Act RTI Act NPRRPAF

Water Supply Projects • • • • • • Sewerage Projects • • • • • • Storm water Drainage • • • • • • Urban Road Projects • • • • • • Solid Waste Management • • • • •

LA Act The Land Acquisition Act (LA) of 1894

IMW Act Interstate Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment & Condition of Service) Act, 1979

BOCW Act The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment & Condition of Service) Act, 1979

CL Act Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Rules

RTI Act Right to Information Act, 2005

NPRRPAF National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families, 2003

Notation:


8.0 Checklist for Urban Infrastructure Projects

Component Criteria

Overall

selection

criteria

(applicable

to all

components)

• Will avoid resettlement/relocation. If unavoidable the extent of

resettlement will be minimized.

• Will not result in destruction of or encroachment onto protected areas,

including reserved forests or biodiversity conservation hotspots (identified

in the State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans).

• Will not result in destruction/disturbance to historical and cultural

places/values.

• Will avoid conversion of prime agriculture areas for component

establishment.

• Will not involve social conflicts.

• Will reflect inputs from public consultation and disclosure for site selection.

Water

supply

• Will not result in excessive abstraction of water affecting down stream

water users or impairing environmental flow of watercourses.

• Will not result in excessive groundwater pumping leading to ground water

depletion and land subsidence or landslides.

• Will ensure that no conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply

with other beneficial water uses for surface and ground water.

• Will ensure adequate protection from pollution of intake works or wells.

• Will ensure adequate buffer around treatment plants and pumping stations

to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances.

• Will not result in unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. supply with

excessive pathogens or mineral constituents).

• Will ensure safe handling of chlorine and not result in inadequate/poor

treatment and chlorination.

• Will ensure proper and adequate treatment and disposal facilitates for

increased volumes of wastewater generation.

• Will ensure networks and distribution systems are designed considering

vulnerability to landslides and earthquakes.

Sewerage

and

sanitation

• Will ensure sewage treatment plant (STP) site selection is not in (i) close

proximity to inhabited areas; (ii) flood and landslide prone areas; and (iii)

effluent disposal points close to water intake or water usage points.

• Will ensure sewage pumping station locations avoids sensitive receptors

(e.g. proximity of high density residential, schools, hospitals, etc.)

• Will ensure adequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to

alleviate noise and odour nuisances, and protect facilities.

• Will ensure networks and distribution systems are designed considering

vulnerability to landslides and earthquakes.

• Will ensure alignment of sewer networks avoid impacts/structural damages

to properties.

• Will ensure low cost sanitation measures proposed do not increase

vulnerability to landslides or result in pollution of groundwater.

1. Will not interfere with other utilities and block access to buildings, cause

nuisance to neighbouring areas due to noise, smell, and influx of insects,



49


Component Criteria

rodents, etc.

• Will not impair downstream water quality due to inadequate sewage

treatment or release of untreated sewage.

2. Will not cause overflows and flooding of neighbouring properties with raw

sewage.

• Will ensure no environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge disposal or

industrial waste discharges illegally disposed in sewer.

Solid waste

management

• Will ensure landfill sites are located away from populated areas and areas

with high development potential (based on the city growth assessments).

• Will ensure landfill sites will not results in degradation of aesthetics and

property value loss.

• Will ensure buffer of greenbelt and earth works around the land fill site to

avoid nuisance to neighbouring areas due to foul odor and influx of insects,

rodents, etc.

• Will ensure proper treatment of leachate and regular cleaning of leachate

pits and pipes to avoid contamination of surface and groundwater.

• Will ensure no land use conflicts.

• Will ensure no hazards to public health due to inadequate management of

landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial capabilities for

the management of the landfill operation.

• Will ensure no health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and

hazardous materials in the site.

• Will ensure transfer stations are provided adequate protection measures to

minimize impacts on surrounding population.

Urban roads

and street

lighting

• Will ensure minimal clearing of vegetation and disfiguring of slopes.

• Will ensure sites for terminals and parking lots are not on low lying areas or

areas vulnerable to landslip.

• Will ensure no dislocation and involuntary resettlement of people living in

right of way.

• Will not lead to alteration of surface water hydrology of streams/waterways

that may result in increased sediment load due to erosion from construction

sites.

• Will ensure no hazardous driving conditions result where construction

interferes with pre-existing roads.



50


9.0 Project Specific Environmental management Plan It is therefore important to internalize the mitigation measures at different stages

of a project, namely pre construction phase, construction phase and operation

phase. Project specific brief mitigation measures have been given in the table 8.2

below :

9.1 Project: Water Supply Mitigation measures

Environmental

Impact

Pre

construction

phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Reference

documents

Change in

ground water

quality and

salinity

intrusion in

coastal aquifers

due to over

exploitation

Study ground

water balance

details

Ensure

extraction to

be with in

permissible

limits, so that

the ground

water budget

is maintained

Ground water

with drawl

should be

restricted,

controlled

and regulated

ULB CGWB

guidelines

on

groundwater

extraction

Non-availability

of water from

source

Care shall be

taken while

selecting the

source

depending

upon the

availability of

water

Detailed study

of the

availability of

water from

the source

shall be done

before opting

for the source

ULB --

Contamination

of water source

Proper safety

measures

shall be taken

during

construction

phase so that

the water

bodies are

not polluted

Ensure

testing of

water

samples

ULB & State

Pollution

Control

Board

Water Act,

1974

SPCB Norms

for waste

disposal into

streams



51


Mitigation measures

Environmental

Impact

Pre

construction

phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Reference

documents

Water logging

due to leakages

and overflows

All pipe

appurtenances

should be

tested before

laying

Ensure proper

design

network

Ensure

improved

leakage

detection and

repair

techniques

Ensure proper

maintenance

of network

ULB Conform to

IS 11906:

1986

CPHEEO

Manual

Increase in

Noise levels due

to running of

treatment plant

Proper

measures

should be

taken to

arrest the

noise(Noise

Barriers)

Check for

noise levels

during

operation

ULB in co-

ordination

with State

Pollution

Control

Board

Noise

pollution

rules

Standard

noise levels

for specific

land use

Land Pollution

due disposal of

waste

Ensure

disposal site

away from

treatment

plant

State

Pollution

Control

Board

Water Act,

1974

SPCB Norms

for waste

disposal

onto land

Impacts during

operation and

maintenance

Avoid

stagnant

water pools

and water

logging

Check for

water

contamination

during

transmission

State

Pollution

Control

Board

CPHEEO

manual on

water

supply

Increase in

energy loads

Ensure less

number of

pumping

stations in

network

through

proper design

Ensure low

energy

consumption

pumps to

installed

Integrate

with the

local

topography

of the city

Cumulative

records on

energy

consumption



52


9.2 Project: Sewerage Mitigation measures

Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Contamination

of

groundwater

and surface

water sources

and creation

of stagnant

pools of

wastewater

due to

overflows and

leakages

Proper

construction

shall be done

for the system

and all the

appurtenances

should comply

with

standards.

Minimize

detection and

repair timing

through

efficient

methods

Ensure proper

operation and

maintenance

shall be done

for the system

and all the

appurtenances

should comply

with

standards

ULB SPCB norms

of waste

disposal

IS: 458-

1988

(sewers)

IS 2064:

1993

(installation

and

maintenance

of sanitary

appliances)

IS 11272:

1985 for

basic

requirements

of drainage

system

Impacts due

to Overflow of

Sewers

Ensure proper

designing of

sewer lines

Ensure power

supply during

sewage

pumping so

that sewers

do not

overflow.

Ensure the

self-cleaning

velocity of the

sewerage

network.

ULB IS: 458-

1988

(sewers)

CPHEEO

Manual on

sewerage

Change in

ground water

quality due to

leaching from

treatment

plant

Proper study

shall be made

regarding the

groundwater

table and soil

characteristics

Control of

nitrate and

microbial

pollution of

ground water.

ULB

IS

11906:1986

for

guidelines of

lining

Solid waste

management

rules



53


Mitigation measures

Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Decrease in

DO Levels of

the water

bodies and

Eutrophication

due to

disposal of

treated waste

/ sludge

Proper design

of outfall

sewers

Proper

selection of

water intake

point

Select

disposal site

according to

the water

body

characteristics

confirm

detailed study

of receiving

water body

characteristics

and aquatic

life

Ensure proper

treatment

efficiency as

per design

standards

Ensure

effluent

characteristics

as per

standards

State

Pollution

Control

Board

SPCB norms

of waste

disposal into

water bodies

and onto

land

Loss of

Aquatic Life

Proper

location of

disposal point

Protection of

aquatic

ecosystem

near outfall

location

State

Pollution

Control

Board

Same as

above

Increase in

Noise levels

due to

running of

treatment

plant

proper

selection of

treatment

plant site

Ensure

proper

designing,

maintenance

and provision

of adequate

buffer areas

Noise

generating

equipments

should

conform to

the standards

Adhere to

the

standards

to the

GPCB

CPHEEO

manual for

design and

maintenance

CPCB

standard

noise levels

for specific

land use



54


Mitigation measures

Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Nuisance due

to Insecticides

and flies

Cleanliness

near the

pumping

stations,

septic tank,

and toilets

should be

maintained

Periodic

checks for

overflows and

leakages

should be

conducted,

stagnation of

water and

sewage should

not be there

ULB --

Change in

ground water

quality due to

leaching from

toilets and

septic tanks

etc.

Proper

surfacing shall

be done to

avoid leaching

, in case

shallow depth

ground water

it is advisable

to make

proper

arrangements

Conform to IS

12314:1987

for safety

distance from

other services

Ensure proper

maintenance

of toilets and

constant

water for

flushing

ULB & State

Pollution

Control

Board

IS

2064:1993

for

construction

CPHEEO

manual



55


Mitigation measures

Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Health

Hazards due

to vector

formation

Avoid leaks

and overflows

from main

trunk lines

Stagnation of

water or

sewage should

be completely

avoided.

Spraying of

insecticides to

avoid spread

of vectors is

advisable

--

9.3 Project: Solid Waste Management Mitigation measures Environmental

Impact Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Reference

Documents

Nuisance due to

odour also due

to flies and

insects from

dump sites

Wind direction

shall be taken

into

consideration

while

selecting the

site

Avoid locating

dumping sites

near the

water bodies,

residential

areas,

schools,

colleges and

hospitals

Ensure

proper

frequency

of collection

and regular

disposal of

waste

Ensure that

no residue

is left after

collection

Bins of

sufficient

capacity

should be

provided for

collection of

waste to

avoid

overflow

Ensure

proper

ULB Municipal Solid

Waste Rules,

2000

(Refer to

Annex -III)



56


Mitigation measures Environmental

Impact Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Reference

Documents

safety

measures

like

spraying of

insecticides

etc at the

collection

centers to

avoid

spread of

epidemics.

Spillage of solid

waste from

trucks during

transportation

Avoid open

trucks for

transporting

waste, if in

case,

ensure that

the top is

covered

and there is

no

overloading

Identify

shortest

route from

collection

point to

disposal

point to

minimize

the travel

distance

and thereby

increasing

the

frequency

of trips

IS 12402:

1988

Municipal Solid

Waste Rules,

2000

Health risk of

sanitation

workers

Ensure

safety

measures

for workers

Provide

training to

the workers

ULB --



57



Impact Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Reference

Documents

with respect

to health

risk, and

safety in

handling

solid waste

Air pollution

due to burning

of waste

Avoid

burning of

wastes

which are

hazardous

in nature

e.g.,

plastics,

biomedical

wastes

Awareness

to workers

of effects of

air pollution

ULB & State

Pollution

Control

Board

Municipal Solid

Waste Rules,

2000

Location of

landfill sites

Land acquired

for land fill

sites shall not

be

agriculture,

cultivable

waste or

grazing Land

During

construction

of landfill site

ensure 3m

above the

ground water

table

ULB & State

Pollution

Control

Board

Municipal Solid

Waste Rules,

2000

Contamination

of groundwater

resources due

to leaching

from solid

waste

Conduct

detailed

survey

regarding

ground water

table and soil

characteristics

before

selection of

dumping site

to prevent

leachate

percolating to

ground water

Ensure

proper

surfacing of

dumping site.

Municipal

solid waste

managing

authority

should

ensure that

waste from

non-

residential

areas for

disposal are

approved

only after

certification

from SPCB

that the

State

Pollution

Control

Board

Municipal Solid

Waste Rules,

2000

Hazardous

waste

management

rules



58



Impact Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

Institution

Reference

Documents

waste is

non-

hazardous

Others Ensure

Biomedical

waste is not

mixed with

the

municipal

solid waste.

Ensure

proper

safety

measures

during

epidemics

ULB Bio-medical

waste

management

rules

9.4 Project: Road and Transportation

Mitigation measures

Environmental

Impact Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase Operation Phase

Monit

oring

institu

tion

Reference

documents

Flooding due to

change in

drainage

pattern

Careful

planning and

designing of

road network

considering

the natural

drainage

pattern

Ensure alternative

drainage facilities

ULB IRC:15 -

1981:

IRC:19-

1977:

IRC:86-

1983:

SP:20-1979

for design

consideratio

ns

Land and water

pollution due

to spillage of

asphalt, tar

and hazardous

materials

Ensure proper

storage and

working

conditions for

materials

Ensure skilled

workers to

handle

hazardous

substances

Careful operation

and maintenance,

and emergency

clean up of

hazardous

materials

State

Polluti

on

Contr

ol

Board

& ULB

Hazardous

Waste

handling

and

managemen

t rules

IRC

guidelines



59


Mitigation measures

Environmental

Impact Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction


Monit

oring

institu

tion

Reference

documents

Decrease in

ground water

recharge due

to surfacing

Ensure

alternative

arrangement

s for

groundwater

recharge

Ensure

alternative

arrangements

for groundwater

recharge

Ensure alternative

arrangements for

groundwater

recharge

-- --

Traffic

congestion

Check V/C

ratio through

proper

projections

ULB IRC

guidelines

Air pollution

and noise due

to increase in

traffic

Ensure proper

arrangements to

control dust

pollution.

Provide green

belt along the

roads

Ensure standard

emissions from

vehicles

Regular

monitoring of the

noise levels on the

roads during

operational phase

will help in

keeping track of

the noise levels

over a period of

time

Ensure proper

maintenance of

the roads during

operational phase,

especially during

monsoons. One of

the main reason

for the high SPM

levels in the

ambient air is

poor condition of

road network

State

Polluti

on

Contr

ol

Board

CPCB

ambient air

quality

standards



60


Mitigation measures

Environmental

Impact Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction


Monit

oring

institu

tion

Reference

documents

Impacts due to

mining of road

construction

materials

Avoid mining

in

ecologically

sensitive and

protected

areas

Minimize usage

of construction

materials

through proper

planning and

designing

Ensur

e that

the

minin

g

areas

are

not

notifie

d by

the

Depar

tment

of

Enviro

nment

as

sensiti

ve

areas

Forest Act

Wild Act

Bio-

diversity

conservatio

n rules

Road accidents All

street/road

appurtenanc

es like street

lightning, etc

should be

properly

planned,

designed and

maintained

Check the speed

of the moving

vehicles

Avoid stagnant

water pools on the

network by care

full design of road

drainage facilities

ULB,

Traffic

Police

IS 12314:

1987

(safety

distance )

Safety

guidelines

of IRC

For traffic

signals and

road signs

compliance

to IRC:93-

1985;

IRC:67-

1977



61


Mitigation measures

Environmental

Impact Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction


Monit

oring

institu

tion

Reference

documents

Change in land

use due

construction

and Change in

surrounding

land use due to

increased

accessibility

Ensure

proper land

use planning

before

implementati

on of the

road projects

Proposed

land use

plan, if any

Conform to

IRC 5-

1985, IRC6-

1966, IRC

11-1962,

IRC 22-

1986, IRC

21-1987,

IRC 40-

1970, IRC

54-1987,

IRC 103-

1988 for

implementa

tion



62


9.5 Project: Storm water drainage


Impact Pre

Construction

Phase

Construction

Phase

Operation

Phase

Monitoring

institution

Reference

documents

Change in

water quality of

receiving body

Avoid mixing

up of

domestic and

industrial

effluent with

storm water

through

proper

checking and

maintenance

Check for

uncontrolled

run off from

contaminated

areas

State

Pollution

Control

Board

GPCB

norms for

disposal

Flooding of

down stream

areas in case of

improper

drainage

facilities

Ensure proper

selection of

outfall point

with respect

to down

stream areas

ULB IS 11272:

1985 for

drainage

system

Increase in

sediment load

of the water

body

Proper design

of slope to

avoid

scouring and

overflow due

choking

Ensure

regular

operation

and

maintenance

of the

system

ULB Design as

per

CPHEEO

Manual



63

References: GoI, (1980): The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Ministry of Environment and Forest,

Government of India

GoI, (2002): The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002, Ministry of Environment and Forest,

Government of India

GoI, (2002): CRZ Notification, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India

GoI, (2006): EIA Notification, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India

GoI, (1974):Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Ministry of Environment

and Forest, Government of India

GoI, (1981): Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Ministry of Environment and

Forest, Government of India

GoI, (1986): Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Ministry of Environment and Forest,

Government of India

GoI, (1986): The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, Ministry of Environment and

Forest, Government of India

GoI, (2000):The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, Ministry of

Environment and Forest, Government of India

GoI, (2000):The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000, Ministry of


GoI, (1989):Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989, Ministry of


GoI, (1986):Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Rules, Government of

India

GoI, (1979):Interstate Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment & Condition of

Service) Act, 1979, Government of India

GoI, (1958):The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958,

Government of India

GoI, (1979):The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment &

Condition of Service) Act, 1979, Government of India

GoI, (1948):The Factories Act, 1948, Government of India

GoI, (2005): National Building Code of India, Bureau of Indian Standards, Government of

India

USAID, (2006): Eco-Housing Assessment Criteria, International Institute For Energy

Conservation, Mumbai, India

ITPI, (1996): Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines,

Institute of Town Planners India, Ministry of Urban Affairs an Employment,

Government of India

BIS : IS Codes for Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings

Code of Practice, Government of India

MNES, (2003): Solar Architecture: Sustainable Design for Comfortable Space, Urja Bharati,

Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources

GoI, (1998): Guidelines & Space Standards For Barrier- Free Built Environment For

Disabled & Elderly Persons, CPWD, Ministry of Urban Affairs &

Employment, and Government of India

GoI, (2001): Planning and Barrier Free Environment, Office of the Chief Commissioner for

the Persons with Disabilities, Govt. of India

GoI, (1995): The PWD Act, 1995


Golhar, Maithely, (2007), “Safeguarding environmental and social issues in Municipal

services projects: Case of UIDSSMT in Gujarat state”, Unpublished Thesis,

M. Tech Planning, School of Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad

Asian Development Bank, “Environment Policy Of The Asian Development Bank,” [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/policies/ environment/environment_policy.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007] Asian Development Bank, “Operations manual: Bank Policies,” [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/Documents/Manuals/Operations/OMF0125Sep 06.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007] Asian Development Bank, “The Bank's policy on Indigenous peoples,” [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/Policies/Involuntary_ Resettlement/involuntaryresettlement.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007] Asian Development Bank, “Involuntary resettlement,” [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/Policies/Indigenous_Peoples/ADB-1998-Policy-on-IP.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007] Asian Development Bank, “Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist - Urban development,” [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/ Guidelines/Environmental_Assessment/REA_Urban_Development.doc), [27 Jan, 2007] Asian Development Bank, “Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist - solid waste management,” [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/ documents/Guidelines/Environmental_Assessment/REA_Solid_Waste_Management.doc), [27 Jan, 2007] World Bank, “The World Bank Operational Manual – Operational Policies,” [Online], Avaliable: URL (http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/), [10 August, 2006]. World Bank, “Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project”, Social and Environmental Assessment Management Framework – Volume 1 (SEAMF), [Online], Available: URL (http://www-ds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContent Server/WDSP/IB/2004/11/29/000160016_20041129115834/Rendered/PDF/e10380vol.01.pdf), [21 Jan, 2007] World Bank, “Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project”, Social and Environmental Assessment Management Framework – Volume 2 (SEAMF), [Online], Available: URL (http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDS ContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/29/000160016_20041129142312/Rendered/PDF/E10380vol.02.pdf), [21 Jan, 2007] World Bank, “Project Information Document”, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal services project, [Online], Available: URL (www.wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/02/02/000104615_20050202145427/Rendered/PDF/APURMSP1PID0for0Appraisal.pdf), [21 April 2007]. World Bank (2005), “Project Appraisal Document Vol.1”, Third Tamil Nadu Urban Development Project, [Online], Available: (http://wwwwds.worldbank.org /external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/06/16/000090341_20050616084634/), [12 July 2007].

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad


Annex-I APPLICATION FOR OBTAINING AUTHORIZATION FOR SOLID WASTE

PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL SITE FROM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

(FORM 1 OF MSW RULES, 2000)

FORM I [See rules 4(2) & 6(2)]

Application for obtaining authorization To The Member Secretary

1. Name of the municipal authority/Name of the agency Appointed by the

municipal authority

2. Correspondence addresses Telephone No. Fax No.

3. Nodal Officer & designation (Officer authorized by the Municipal authority or

agency responsible for operation of processing or disposal facility)

4. Authorization applied for (Please tick mark)

a) Setting up & operation of waste processing facility

b) Setting up & operation of disposal facility

5. Detailed proposal of waste processing/disposal facility (to be attached) to

include

5.1 Processing of waste

i. Location of site

ii. Name of waste processing technology

iii. Details of processing technology

iv. Quantity of waste to be processed per day

v. Site clearance (from local authority)

vi. Details of agreement between municipal authority and operating

agency

vii. Utilization programme for waste processed (Product utilisation)

viii. Methodology for disposal of waste processing rejects (quantity and

quality)

ix. Measures to be taken for prevention and control of environmental

pollution

x. Investment on Project and expected returns

xi. Measures to be taken for safety of workers working in the plant


CEPT, Ahmedabad


5.2 Disposal of waste

i. Number of sites identified

ii. Layout maps of site

iii. Quantity of waste to be disposed per day

iv. Nature and composition of waste

v. Details of methodology or criteria followed for site selection

vi. Details of existing site under operation

vii. Methodology and operational details of landfilling

viii. Measures taken to check environmental pollution

Date Signature of Nodal Officer


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Annex-II

FORMAT OF ANNUAL REPORT TO BE SUBMITTED BY MUNICIPAL

AUTHORITY (FORM I1 OF MSW RULES, 2000)

FORM II

[See rule 4(4) ]

Format of Annual Report to be submitted by Municipal Authority

(i) Name of City/Town:

(ii) Population

(iii) Name of Municipal body and Address

Telephone No: …………………

Fax: ………………

(iv) Name of incharge dealing with municipal solid waste with designation:

1. QUANTITY AND COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE (i) Total quantity of waste generated per day

(ii) Total quantity of waste collected per day

(iii) Total quantity processed for:

(a) Composting

(b) Vermiculture

(c) Pellets

(d) Others, if any please specify

(iv) Total quantity of waste disposed by land filling

(a) No. of landfill sites used

(b) Area Used

(c) Whether weigh bridge facilities available : Yes/No

(d) Whether area is fenced : Yes/No

(e) Lighting facility on site: Yes/No

(f) Whether equipment like Bulldozer., Compactors etc. available. Please

specify:

(g) Total Manpower available on site: ………………………

(h) Whether covering is done on daily basis: Yes/No

(i) Whether covering material is used and whether it is adequately available:

(j) Provisions for gas venting provided: Available & provided / Not available

(k) Provision for leachate collection: Provisions made/provisions not made

2. STORAGE FACILITIES (i) Area covered for collection of waste: …………………..

(ii) No. of houses covered …………………

(iii) Whether house to house collection is practiced (if yes, whether done by Municipality

or through Private Agency or NGO)

(iv) Bins: Specifications existing proposed (Shape & Size) Numbers for future

(a) RCC bins (Capacity);


CEPT, Ahmedabad


(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Trolleys (Capacity);

Containers (Capacity);

Dumper Placers

Others, please specify

(v) Whether all bins/collection spots are attended for daily lifting of garbage:

Yes/No

(vi) Whether lifting of garbage from dustbins etc. is manual or mechanical i.e.

for example by using of front end loaders (Please tick mark):

Manual/Loader/Others, please specify

3. TRANSPORTATION Existing Actually Required/Proposed Number

1) Truck

2) Truck-Tipper

3) Tractor-Trailer

4) Refuse-collector

5) Dumper-places

6) Animal cart

7) Tricycle

8) Others (please specify)

4. WHETHER ANY PROPOSAL HAS BEEN MADE TO IMPROVE SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

5. ARE ANY EFFORTS MADE TO CALL FOR PRIVATE FIRMS ETC. TO

ATTEMPT FOR PROCESSING OF WASTE UTILISING TECHNOLOGIES LIKE:

Waste Utilization Proposals Steps taken Technology (Quantity to be processed)

1. Composting

2. Vermiculture

3. Pelletisation

4. Others if any, please specify

6. WHAT PROVISIONS ARE AVAILABLE AND HOW THESE ARE

IMPLEMENTED TO CHECK UNHYGIENIC OPEATIONS OF:

(i) Dairy related activities (ii) Slaughter houses and unauthorised slaughtering (iii) Malba (Construction debris) lifting (iv) Encroachment in Parks, Footpaths etc. (v) HOW MANY ARE IDENTIFIED AND WHETHER THESE ARE

PROVIDED WITH SANITATION FACILITIES 7. ARE MUNICIPAL MAGISTRATES APPOINTED FOR TAKING PENAL

ACTION: Yes/No If yes, how many cases registered & settled during last

three years (give year-wise details)


CEPT, Ahmedabad


8. HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. How many Hospitals/Clinics under the control of Corporation

2. What methods are followed for disposal of medical waste?

3. Do you have any proposal for setting up of common treatment facility for

disposal of biomedical wastes.

4. How many private Nursing Homes, Clinics etc. are operating in the

city/town and what steps have been taken to check disposal of their waste

Dated: Signature of Municipal Commissioner


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Annex-III SCHEDULE II OF MSW RULES, 2000

(See Rules 6(I) and (3), 7(1))

Management of Municipal Solid Wastes

Sr.

No Parameters Compliance Criteria

1 COLLECTION OF

MUNICIPAL

SOLID WASTES

1. Littering of municipal solid waste shall be prohibited in cities,

towns and in urban areas notified by the State Government, To

prohibit littering, and facilitate compliance, the following steps

shall be taken by the municipal authority, namely

(i) Organising house to house collection of municipal solid

wastes through any of the methods, like containerised collection,

community bin collection (central bin), house to house

collection, collection on regular pre-informed timings and

scheduling by using ringing of musical vehicle (without

exceeding permissible noise levels).

(ii) Collection of waste from slums and squatter areas of

localities including hotels/restaurants/office complexes and

commercial areas

(iii) Wastes from slaughter houses, fruits and vegetable

markets, which are biodegradable in nature, shall be managed

to make use of such wastes

(iv) Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes shall not be mixed

with municipal solid wastes and such wastes shall follow the

rules separately specified for the purpose

(v) Collected waste from residential and other areas shall be

transferred to community bin by hand-driven containerised

Carts.

(vi) Horticulture and construction/demolition wastes/debris shall

be separately collected and disposed off following proper norms.

Similarly wastes generated at dairies shall be regulated in

accordance with State laws.

(vii) Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt

(viii) Stray animals shall not be allowed to move around waste

storage facilities or at any other place in city/town and shall be

managed as per State Laws.

2. Municipal authority shall notify waste collection schedule and

the likely method to be adopted for public benefit in a city/town.

3. It shall be the responsibility of generator of wastes to avoid

littering and ensure delivery of wastes in accordance with the

collection and segregation system to be notified by the municipal

authority as per para 1 (2) of this schedule


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Sr.


2 Segregation Of

Municipal Solid

Wastes

In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall

organise awareness programmes for segregation of wastes and

shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. The

Municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to

ensure community participation in waste segregation. For this

purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be

arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of

local resident welfare associations and non-governmental

organizations.

3 Storage Of

Municipal Solid

Wastes

Municipal authorities shall establish and maintain storage

facilities in such a manner as they do not create

unhygienic/unsanitary conditions around it. Following criteria

shall be taken into account while establishing and maintaining

storage facilities, namely

(i) storage facilities shall be created/established by taking into

account quantities of waste generation in a given area and the

pollution densities. A storage facility shall be so placed that it is

accessible to users.

(ii) Storage facilities to be set up the Municipality authorities or

any other agency shall be so designed that waste stored shall

not be exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically

acceptable and user-friendly

(iii) Storage facilities or ‘bins’ shall have ‘easy to operate’ design

for handling, transfer and transportation of waste. Bins for

storage of biodegradable wastes shall be painted green, those of

storage of recyclable wastes shall be painted white and those for

storage of other wastes shall be painted black

(iv) Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable

due to constraints, manual handling shall be carried out under

proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.

4 Transportation

Of Municipal

Solid Wastes

Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall be covered.

Waste should not be visible to public, nor exposed to open

environment preventing their scattering. The following criteria

shall be met namely,

(i)The storage facilities set up by Municipal authorities shall be

daily attended for clearing of wastes. The bins or containers

wherever placed shall be cleaned before they start overflowing

(ii) Transportation vehicles shall be so designed that multiple

handling of wastes, prior to final disposal, is avoided

5 Processing Of

Municipal Solid

Wastes

Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology or

combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so as to

minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria shall be adopted,

namely


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Sr.


(i) The biodegradable wastes, shall be processed by composting,

vermin-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other

appropriate biological processing for stabilization of waste. It

shall be ensured that compost or any other end product shall

comply with standards as specified in Schedule IV

(ii) Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow

the route of recycling. Incineration with or without energy

recovery including pelletisation can also be used for processing

wastes in specific cases. Municipal authority or the operator of a

facility wishing to use other state-of-the-art technologies shall

approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get the

standards laid down before applying for grant of authorization.

6 Disposal Of

Municipal Solid

Wastes

Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable i.e., insert

waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling

or for biological processing. Land filling shall also be carried out

for residues of waste processing facilities as well as pre-

processing rejects from waste, processing facilities. Land filling

of mixed waste shall be avoided unless same is found unsuitable

for waste processing. Under unavoidable circumstances or till

installation of alternative facilities land-filling shall be done

following proper norms. Land filling shall meet the specifications

as given in Schedule III.


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Annex IV: SCHEDULE III OF MSW RULES, 2000

[See rule 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]

SPECIFICATIONS FOR LANDFILL SITES

Site Selection 1. In areas falling under the jurisdiction of “Development Authorities”; it shall

be the responsibility of such Development Authorities to identity the

landfill sites and hand over the sites to the concerned municipal authority

for development, operation and maintenance. Elsewhere, this

responsibility shall lie with the concerned municipal authority.

2. Selection of landfill sites shall be based on examination of environmental

issues. The Department of Urban Development of the State or the Union

territory shall co-ordinate with the concerned organisations for obtaining

the necessary approvals and clearances.

3. The landfill site shall be planned and designed with proper documentation

of a phased construction plan as well as a closure plan.

4. The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes

processing facility. Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned

as an integral part of the landfill site.

5. The existing landfill sites which continue to be used for more than five

years, shall be improved in accordance of the specifications given in this

Schedule.

6. Biomedical wastes shall be disposed off as per the bio-medical wastes

(management and handling) rules, 1998. Hazardous wastes shall be

managed as per the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules

1989 as amended from time to time.

7. The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years

8. The landsite shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas,

monuments, National parks, wetlands and places of important cultural,

historical or religious interest.

9. A buffer zone of no-development be maintained around landfill site and

shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Department’s land-use plans.

10. Landfill site shall be away from airport including airbase. Necessary

approval of airport or airbase authorities prior to the setting up of the

landfill site shall be obtained in cases where the site is to be located within

20 km of an airport or airbase.

Facilities at the Site

1. Landfill site shall be fenced/hedged and provided with proper gate to

monitor incoming vehicles/ or other modes of transportation.


CEPT, Ahmedabad


2. The landfill site shall be well protected to prevent entry of unauthorized

persons and stray animals.

3. Approach and other internal roads for free flow of vehicles and other

machinery shall exist at the landfill site.

4. The landfill site have wastes inspection facility to monitor wastes brought

in for landfill, office facility for record keeping and shelter for keeping

equipment and machinery including pollution monitoring equipment.

5. Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at

landfill site, fire protection equipments and other facilities as may be

required, shall be provided

6. Utilities such as drinking water (preferably bathing facilities to workers)

and lighting arrangements for easy landfill operations when carried out in

night hours shall be provided.

7. Safety provisions including health inspections of workers at landfill site

shall be periodically made.

Specifications for Land filling

1. Wastes subjected to land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using

landfill compactors to achieve high density of the wastes. In high rainfall

areas where heavy compactors cannot be used alternative measures shall

be adopted.

2. Wastes shall be covered immediately or at the end of each working day

with minimum 10 cm of soil inert debris in construction materials till such

time waste processing facilities for composting or recycling or energy

recovery are set up as per Schedule I.

3. Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of

4-65 cm thickness of soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper

compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper

drainage berms shall be constructed to divert run-off away from the active

cell of the landfill.

4. After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize

infiltration and erosion. The final cover shall meet the following

specifications, namely;

(i) The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60

cms of clay/amended soil with permeability coefficient less that

1 x 10 –7

cm/sec.

(ii) On top of the barrier soil layer, there shall be a drainage layer

of 15 cm.

(iii) On top of the drainage layer, there shall be a vegetative layer

of 45 cm to support natural plant growth and to minimize

erosion.


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Pollution prevention

1. In order to prevent pollution problems from landfill operations, the

following provisions shall be made, namely;

(i) Diversion of storm water drains to minimize leachate generation

and prevent pollution of surface water and also for avoiding

flooding and creation of marshy conditions:

(ii) Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and

wall of waste disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of

waste processing facilities or mixed waste or waste having

contamination of hazardous materials (such as aerosols,

bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and

pesticides) minimum liner specifications shall be a composite

barrier having 1.5 min high density polyethylene (HDPE) geo-

membrane or equivalent overlying 90 cm of soil (clay/amended

soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10 –7

cm/sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least 2

meter below the base of clay/amended soil barrier layer.

(iii) Provision for management of leachates collection and treatment

shall be made. The treated leachates shall meet the standards

specified in Schedule IV.

(iv) Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream,

river lake or pond.

Water Quality Monitoring

1. Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality

in the area shall be collected and kept in record for future reference. The

ground water quality within 50 metres of the periphery of landfill site shall

be periodically monitored to ensure that the ground water is not

contaminated beyond acceptable limit as decided by the Ground Water

Board or the State Board or the Committee. Such monitoring shall be

carried out to cover different seasons in a year that is, summer monsoon

and post-monsoon period.

2. Usage of groundwater in and around landfill sites for any purposes

(including drinking and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its

quality. The following specifications for drinking water quality shall apply

for monitoring purpose, namely;

Sr. No. Parameters IS 10500: 1991 Desirable limit (mg/1

except for pH)

1 Arsenic 0.05 2 Cadmium 0.01 3 Chromium 0.05 4 Copper 0.05


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Sr. No. Parameters IS 10500: 1991 Desirable limit (mg/1 except for pH)

5 Cyanide 0.05 6 Lead 0.05 7 Mercury 0.001 8 Nickel - 9 Nitrate as NO 45.0 10 PH 6.5-8.5 11 Iron 0.3 12 Total hardness (as CaCO3) 300.0 13 Chlorides 250 14 Dissolved solids 500 15 Phenolic compounds (C6 H5 OH) 0.001 16 Zinc 5.0 17 Sulphate (as SO4) 200

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 1. Installation of landfill gas control system including gas collection system

shall be made at landfill site to minimize odour generation, prevent off-site

migration of gases and to protect vegetation planted on the rehabilitated

landfill surface

2. The concentration of methane gas generated at landfill site shall not

exceed 25 per cent of the lower explosive limit (LEL).

3. The landfill gas from the collection facility at a landfill site shall be utilized

for either direct thermal applications or power generation, as per viability.

Otherwise, landfill gas shall be burnt (flared) and shall not be allowed to

directly escape to the atmosphere or for illegal tapping. Passive venting

shall be allowed if its utilisation or flaring is not possible.

4. Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the vicinity shall be monitored

to meet the following prescribed standards, namely;

5. The ambient air quality monitoring shall be carried out by the concerned

authority as per the following schedule, namely;

(i) Six times in a year for cities having population of more than fifty

lakhs,

(ii) Four times in a year for cities having population between ten and

fifty lakhs.


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Sr.

No

Parameters Acceptable Levels

(i) Sulphur dioxide 120 µg/m 3 (24 hours)

(ii) Suspended particulate matter 500 µg/m 3 (24 hours)

(iii) Methane Not to exceed 25 per cent of the lower

explosive limit (equivalent to 650 mg/m3)

(iv) Ammonia Daily average

(Sample duration 24 hrs)

0.4 mg/m3 (400 µg/m 3)

(v) Carbon Monoxide 1 hour average: 2 mg/m3 8 hour average: 1

mg/m3

(iii) Two times in a year for town or cities having population between

one and ten lakhs

Plantation at Landfill site 1. A vegetative cover shall be provided over the completed site in accordance

with the following specifications, namely;

I. Selection of locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that are

resistant to drought and extreme temperatures shall be allowed to

grow

II. The plants grown be such that their roots do not penetrate more

than 30 cms. This condition shall apply till the landfill is stabilised.

III. Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low-nutrient soil with

minimum nutrient addition

IV. Plantation to be made in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion

Closure of Landfill site and post-care 1. The post closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen

years and long term monitoring / care plan shall consist of the following,

namely;

I. Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of final cover, making

repairs and preventing run-on and run-off from eroding or otherwise

damaging the final cover.

II. Monitoring leachate collection system in accordance with the

requirement.

III. Monitoring of ground water in accordance with requirements and

maintaining ground water quality.

IV. Maintaining and operating the landfill gas collection system to meet

the standards.

2. Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring

can be considered for human settlement or otherwise. Only after

ensuring that gaseous and leachate analysis complied with the laid down

standards.


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Special provisions for hilly areas 1. Cities and towns located on hills, shall have location-specific methods

evolved for final disposal of solid wastes by the municipal authority with

the approval of the concerned State Board of the Committee. The

Municipal authority shall set up processing facilities for utilization of

biodegradable wastes. The inert and non-biodegradable waste shall be

used for building roads or filling up of appropriate areas on hills. Because

of constraints in finding adequate land in hilly areas, wastes not suitable

for road-laying or filling up shall be disposed of in specially designed

landfills.


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Annex V:

SCHEDULE IV OF MSW RULES, 2000 [See rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]

Standards for Composting, Treated Leachates and Incineration 1. The waste processing or disposal facilities shall include composting,

incineration, pelletisation, energy recovery or any other facility based on

state-of-the-art technology duly approved by the Central Pollution Control

Board.

2. In case of engagement of private agency by the municipal authority, a

specific agreement between the municipal authority and the private

agency shall be made particularly, for supply of solid waste and other

relevant terms and conditions.

3. In order to prevent pollution problems from compost plant and other

processing facilities, the following shall be complied with, namely;

I. The incoming wastes at site shall be maintained prior to further

processing. To the extent possible, the waste storage area should be

covered. If such storage is done in an open area, it shall be provided

with impermeable base with facility for collection of leachate and

surface water run-off into lined drains leading to a leachate

treatment and disposal facility;

II. Necessary precautions shall be taken to minimise nuisance of odour,

flies, rodents, bird menace and fire hazard;

III. In case of breakdown or maintenance of plant, waste intake shall be

stopped and arrangements be worked out for diversion of wastes to

the landfill site;

IV. Pre-process and post-process rejects shall be removed from the

processing facility on regular basis and shall not be allowed to pile at

the site. Recyclables shall be routed through appropriate vendors.

The non-recyclables shall be sent for well designed landfill site(s);

V. In case of compost plant, the windrow area shall be provided with

impermeable base. Such a base shall be made of concrete or

compacted clay, 50 cm thick, having permeability coefficient less

than 10 –7 cm/sec. The base shall be provided with 1 to 2 percent

slope and circled by lined drains for collection of leachate or surface

run-off.

VI. Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried out

particularly for checking odour nuisance at down-wind direction on

the boundary of processing plant.

VII. In order to ensure safe application of compost, the following

specifications for compost quality shall be met, namely;


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Parameters Concentration not to exceed (mg/kg dry basis, except pH value and C/N ratio) *

Arsenic 10.00 Cadmium 5.00 Chromium 50.00 Copper 300.00 Lead 100.00 Mercury 0.15 Nickel 50.00 Zinc 1000.00 C/N ratio 20-40 PH 5.5-8.5 * Compost (final product) exceeding the above stated concentration limits shall not be

used for food crops. However, it may be utilized for purposes other than growing food

crops.

4. The disposal of treated leachates shall follow the following standards, namely;

Sr. No.

Parameter Standards (Mode of Disposal)

Inland surface water

Public sewers

Land disposal

1 Suspended solids, mg/1, Max 100 600 200 2 Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/1, max 2100 2100 2100 3 PH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to

9.0 5.5 to 9.0

4 Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/1, max 50 50 - 5 Total Kjeldahl nitorgen (as N), mg/1, max 100 - - 6 Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days at

27° C) Max (mg/1) 30 350 100

7 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/1 max 250 - - 8 Arsenic (as As), mg/1 max 0.2 0.2 0.2 9 Mercury (as Hg) mg/1, max 0.01 0.01 10 Lead (as Pb), mg/1, max 0.1 1.0 11 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/1 max 2.0 1.0 12 Total chromium (as Cr), mg/1, max 2.0 2.0 13 Copper (as Cu) mg/1, max 3.0 3.0 14 Zinc A(as Zn) mg/1, max 5.0 15 15 Nickel (as Ni) mg/1, max 3.0 3.0 16 Cyanide (as CN) mg/1, max 0.2 2.0 0.2 17 Chloride (as CI) mg/1, max 1000 1000 600 18 Fluoride (as F), mg/1, max 2.0 1.5 - 19 Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/1,

max 1.0 5.0

-

Note: While discharging treated leachates into inland surface waters, quantity of leachates

being discharged and the quantity of leachates being discharged and the quantity of

dilution water available in the receiving water body shall be given due consideration.


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Annex VI: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST FOR

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT COMPONENT

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

A. PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA…

DENSELY POPULATED?

HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES?

ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY ENVIRONMENTALLY

SENSITIVE AREAS?

CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE

PROTECTED AREA

WETLAND

MANGROVE

ESTUARINE

BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA

SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE…

Impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and

loss/damage to these sites?

interference with other utilities and blocking of access to

buildings; nuisance to neighboring areas due to noise,

smell, and influx of insects, rodents, etc.?

dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

impairment of downstream water quality due to

inadequate sewage treatment or release of untreated

sewage?

overflows and flooding of neighboring properties with raw

sewage?

Environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge

disposal or industrial waste discharges illegally

disposed in sewers?

noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works?

Discharge of hazardous materials into sewers, resulting in

damage to sewer system and danger to workers?

Inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment

plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances, and

protect facilities?

social conflicts between construction workers from other


CEPT, Ahmedabad



areas and community workers?

road blocking and temporary flooding due to land

excavation during the rainy season?

noise and dust from construction activities?

traffic disturbances due to construction material transport

and wastes?

temporary silt runoff due to construction?

hazards to public health due to overflow flooding, and

groundwater pollution due to failure of sewerage system?

deterioration of water quality due to inadequate sludge

disposal or direct discharge of untreated sewage water?

contamination of surface and ground waters due to sludge

disposal on land?

health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and

hazardous

materials which maybe contained in sewage flow and

exposure to pathogens in sewage and sludge?


CEPT, Ahmedabad


Annex VII: CHECKLIST FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT


A. PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA…

• DENSELY POPULATED? □ □

• HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES? □ □

• ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY ENVIRONMENTALLY

SENSITIVE AREAS?

• CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE □ □

• PROTECTED AREA □ □

• WETLAND □ □

• MANGROVE □ □

• ESTUARINE □ □

• BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA □ □

• SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY □ □

• BAY □ □

B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE…

• impacts associated with transport of wastes to the

disposal site or treatment facility

□ □

• Impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas

and loss/damage to these sites?

□ □

• Degradation of aesthetic and property value loss? □ □

• Nuisance to neighboring areas due to foul odor and influx of

insects, rodents, etc.?

□ □

• dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people □ □

• Public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, and

diseases transmitted by flies, insects, birds and rats?

□ □

• Deterioration of water quality as a result of contamination of

receiving waters by leacheate from land disposal system?

□ □

• Contamination of ground and/or surface water by leach ate

from land disposal System?

□ □

• Land use conflicts? □ □

• Pollution of surface and ground water from leach ate coming

form sanitary landfill sites or methane gas produced from

decomposition of solid wastes in the absence of air, which

could enter the aquifer or escape through soil fissures at

places far from the landfill site?

□ □

• Inadequate buffer zone around landfill site to alleviate

nuisances?

□ □

• Social conflicts between construction workers from other

areas and community workers?

□ □


CEPT, Ahmedabad


• Road blocking and/or increased traffic during construction of

facilities?

□ □

• Noise and dust from construction activities? □ □

• Temporary silt runoff due to construction? □ □

• hazards to public health due to inadequate management of

landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial

capabilities for the management of the andfill operation?

□ □

• Hazards to public health due to inadequate management of

landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial

capabilities for the management of the landfill operation?

□ □

• Emission of potentially toxic volatile organics from land

disposal site?

□ □

• Surface and ground water pollution from leach ate and

methane gas migration?

□ □

• Loss of deep-rooted vegetation (e.g. tress) from landfill gas? □ □

• Explosion of toxic response from accumulated landfill gas in

buildings?

□ □

• Contamination of air quality from incineration? □ □

• Public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, and

diseases transmitted by flies, rodents, insects and birds, etc.?

□ □

• Health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and

hazardous materials in the site?

□ □


CEPT, Ahmedabad


ANNEX VIII: Best Practices in Construction Phase

In any of the urban infrastructure projects, construction phase is supposed to be

the most environmentally disturbing phase. Thus the concerned authority should

take immense precautions to mitigate the adverse impact.

Best practices in the construction activities are typically covered in four major

areas such as

a. Energy: Reducing energy consumption, being more energy efficient and using

renewable energy and alternative technology

b. Materials: Choosing, using, re-using and recycling materials during design,

manufacture, construction and maintenance to reduce resource requirements

c. Waste: Producing less waste and recycling more

d. Pollution: Producing less toxicity, noise, water and spatial pollution

The major environmental issues associated with the construction sector include

potential impacts to biodiversity due to land conversions, emissions to air of

gaseous pollutants and particulates, noise generation, vibrations and air blast,

water use, wastewater discharge and generation of hazardous and non-

hazardous waste materials. Each of these issues along with the good practices

generally followed are mentioned in the subsequent paragraphs.

Land Conversion

Excavation activities at construction sites as well as raw materials extraction sites

often involve major topographical and land-cover changes to allow extraction

activities, often including clearing of pre-existing vegetation. Techniques to

minimize the land conversion impacts include

1. Selection of appropriate low-impact extraction methods that result in final

site contours supportive of habitat restoration principles and final land use

2. Establishment of buffer zones from the edge of extraction areas

considering the characteristics of the natural habitats and the type of

extraction activities

3. Vegetation translocation and relocation techniques should be used as

necessary (e.g., vegetation cover such as native local plants, topsoil,

overburden, or spoils feasible for sustaining growth should be removed in

separate operations and segregated for later use during site reinstatement

and materials to be used for site reinstatement should be stockpiled and

protected from wind and water erosion as well as contamination)

4. Smaller, short-lived sites should be reclaimed immediately and lager sites

with a useful lifespan beyond 3-5 years should be subject to ongoing

rehabilitation


CEPT, Ahmedabad


5. To the extent possible the affected land should be rehabilitated to

acceptable uses as required by the permit

6. Test pits, interim roads, buildings, installations and structures of no

beneficial use should be removed and the land should be appropriately

rehabilitated

The general practices followed during demolition process are listed as follows. The

first phase of demolition is asbestos abatement and lead-based paint removal.

Depending on the extent of asbestos and lead-based paint, either the whole

building or portions of the building should be enclosed in plastic sheeting.

Specially trained workers with protective clothing and hand tools should be

entrusted with the work of removing the paints. The disposed material should be

sealed in bags and taken to licensed landfill sites. Dust emissions as well as noise

pollution are the major environmental issues associated with the demolition and

site clearance works

Dust

Dust is generated during all phases of exploitation and processing from fugitive

sources such as shovelling, ripping, drilling, blasting, transport, crushing,

grinding, screening and stockpiling. The main sources of dust emissions include

crushing-grinding, drilling, blasting and transport. For dust emissions, the

recommended pollution prevention and control techniques should take the

ecological and human toxicity of the dust into account and include the following:

1. Land clearing, removal of topsoil and excess materials, location of haul

roads, tips and stockpiles, and blasting should be planned with due

consideration to meteorological factors (precipitation, temperature, wind

direction and speed) and location of sensitive receptors

2. A simple, linear layout for materials-handling operations to reduce the

need for multiple transfer points should be designed and installed

(processing plants should be located within the quarry area where

practical

3. Dust emissions from drilling activities should be controlled at the source by

dust extractors, collectors and filters and wet drilling and processing

should be adopted whenever possible

4. Dust emissions from processing equipment (crushers, grinders, screens)

should be adequately controlled through dust collectors or wet processing

5. Dust control applications should consider the final use of extracted

material (e.g. wet processing stages are preferred when wet materials or

high water contents would not negatively affect their final use)

6. Procedures to limit the drop height of falling materials should be adopted

7. Use of mobile and fixed-belt transport and conveyors should be preferred

to hauling the material by trucks through internal roads(enclosed rubber-


CEPT, Ahmedabad


belt conveyors for dusty materials are recommended in conjunction with

cleaning devices)

8. Internal roads should be adequately compacted and periodically graded

and maintained

9. A speed limit for trucks should be considered ( generally not more than 10

miles per hour or 16 km per hour) on unpaved roads

10. Water spraying is the most effective method for reducing dust emissions.

Along with water spraying, surface treatment such as provision of

hygroscopic media, such as calcium chloride and soil natural or chemical

binders) of roadways and exposed stockpiles using a sprinkler system or a

water mist cannon should be implemented

11. Exposed surfaces of stockpiled material should be vegetated where

practical

Noise

Noise emissions are commonly associated with all the extraction activities

including construction material and stone quarrying. Noise is produced during all

phases of exploitation and processing (shovelling, ripping, drilling, blasting,

flame-jet cutting, piling, transport, crushing, grinding, sizing and stockpiling). The

main issues on site thus include noise during the night, noisy plants in sensitive

areas such as residences, schools or hospitals

For noise emissions the recommended minimization and control techniques

include the following:

1. Reduction of noise from drilling rigs by using down hole drilling or

hydraulic drilling

2. Implementation of enclosure and cladding of processing plants where

practical

3. Installation of proper sound barriers and (or) noise containments, with

enclosures and curtains at or near the source equipment (e.g. crushers,

grinders and screens)

4. Use of rubber-lined or soundproof surfaces on processing equipment such

as screens, chutes, transfer points and buckets

5. Use of rubber-belt transport and conveyors

6. Installation of natural barriers at facility boundaries such as vegetation

curtains or soil berms

7. Optimization of internal traffic routing particularly to minimize vehicle

reversing alarm and to maximize distances to the closest sensitive

receptors

8. Use of electrically driven machines

9. A speed limit for trucks should be considered

10. Avoidance of jet-flame cutting

11. Construction of berms for visual and noise screening wherever practical


CEPT, Ahmedabad


12. Use of mufflers or silencers to reduce noise transmitted along pipes and

ducts; minimizing the drop height by a factor of 10 reduces the noise by

about 10 dB

13. Use rubber lining on the tippers in sensitive areas

14. Wherever possible fabricate off-site

15. Shut down plant when not in use or adopt a “no idling policy”

16. Adopt working hours to restrict the noise activity.

Vibrations

The most significant vibration emissions are usually associated with blasting

activities, whereas minor emissions are commonly associated with the use of rock

hammers. For blasting related emissions (vibrations, overpressure, fly rock), the

following control and minimization techniques are recommended

1. Use of special blasting plans; correct charging procedures and blasting

ratios; delayed; micro-delayed or electronic detonators; and specific in

situ blasting tests i.e. the use of down hole initiation with short-delay

detonators improves fragmentation and reduces the ground vibrations

2. Development of blast design including a blasting surfaces survey to avoid

over-confined charges and a drill-hole survey to check for deviation and

consequent blasting recalculations

3. Implementation of ground vibration and overpressure control with

appropriate drilling grids (grid versus hole’s length and diameter,

orientation of blasting faces) and appropriate charging and stemming

process of bore holes to limit potential issues with fly rock and air blasts

4. Hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods should be preferred to

improve rock fragmentation and minimize fly-rock risks instead of using

secondary blast (plaster blasting)

5. Mechanical ripping should be used where possible to avoid or minimize the

use of explosives

Other sources of vibrations are primary crushers and plant screening equipment

where adequately designed foundations would sufficiently limit vibrations

Other Good Management Guidelines

Labour camps on site should be as per Indian norms. Clean and well-maintained

toilets should be made available at the construction site.

1. If there is any eco-sensitive habitat in the vicinity of the construction site,

care should be taken to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on the

habitat. Any existing streams and drains within, and adjacent to the site

should be kept safe and free from any debris and any excavated materials

arising from the works.


CEPT, Ahmedabad


2. Construction waste generated should be properly stored on site and

disposed by filling low-lying areas after obtaining the required local

permissions.

3. Liquid spills of lubricant, fuel and oil within the site should be attended at

the earliest in order to minimize land & groundwater contamination.

4. Temporary fencing around the project site should be provided to regulate

the entry and exit of material, personnel and equipment.

5. Construction workers, managers and visitors to the site should use

personnel protective equipment such as helmets, gloves, safety boots and

goggles.

6. Waste water generated from wash-pits, wheel washing, equipment

cleaning, etc can be a source of water pollution if the drainage system is

ineffective. Additionally sanitary waste generated by the temporary

construction workers can pollute the surface/under-ground water. There is

the added risk of mosquito breeding, if water around the construction site

is allowed to stagnate. Temporary drainage works should be constructed

and maintained.


CEPT, Ahmedabad

RTP_MOD-2.7

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