RTA Medical Emergencies and Infection Control
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Transcript of RTA Medical Emergencies and Infection Control
RTA Medical Emergenciesand Infection Control
Week 13
Caution – some images may be disturbing to the viewer
…but this is what we may see in the course of our work
TRAUMA- X-RAY READY
2 PROJECTIONS ARE BEST FOR THE PATIENT
SPINAL INJURY PT
X-TABLE LATERALSCERVICAL SPINE
Dislocation of the C3 and C4 articular processes
Note that C7 is not well demonstrated
Some studies of spinal trauma have recorded a missed injury rate as high as 33%.
C1 c2 sublux c4 wedge fx
GSW TO ABD
QSWMARKING ENTRANCE /EXIT WOUNDS
Fractured Forearm
Trauma and Surgical Radiography
Blast wave injury
NEAR DROWING
Compound Fx of Femur
Medical Emergencies
• Definitions
• What should the RT know?
• Common Radiology Emergencies
Medical Emergencies
• Definition: Sudden change in medical status requiring immediate action.
• For RT’s medical emergencies are rare, however as medical personnel we must be prepared to recognize emergencies.
What an RT should know…..
• How to…..
• Avoid additional harm to the patient
• Obtain appropriate medical assistance quickly
• Recognize emergency situations• Remain calm and confident
Anaphylactic ReactionAnaphylactic Reaction
An immune response to foreign materialAn immune response to foreign material Bronchospasm – wheezing and edema Bronchospasm – wheezing and edema
in the throat and lungsin the throat and lungs
Can lead to shockCan lead to shock
Requires prompt recognition and Requires prompt recognition and treatment from the technologisttreatment from the technologist
Water Soluble Water Soluble IodineIodineHigh atomic # 53High atomic # 53
RadiopaqueRadiopaque
Used to radiographUsed to radiograph– VesselsVessels– ArteriesArteries– VeinsVeins– Function of internal Function of internal
organsorgans
Radiology DepartmentRadiology Department
Patients are usually sent to the Patients are usually sent to the radiology department only after radiology department only after they have been stabilized, they have been stabilized, however, however, their status may their status may change!change!
General PrioritiesGeneral Priorities
Ensure an open Ensure an open airwayairwayControl BleedingControl BleedingTake Measures to Take Measures to Prevent shockPrevent shockAttend to wounds Attend to wounds or fractures or fractures appropriatelyappropriately
Provide emotional Provide emotional supportsupport
Continually Continually reevaluate and reevaluate and follow upfollow up
ABC• A = Air Way
• B = Breathing
• C = Circulation
Become familiar with………..
• In your work environment:– Emergency assistance protocol (how to
get help)– Emergency Cart/Crash Cart Location
Important Conditions to be Aware Important Conditions to be Aware of……of……
Level of Consciousness: ALOCLevel of Consciousness: ALOC Altered Level Of Consciousness Altered Level Of Consciousness
Anaphylactic Shock: vasogenic shockAnaphylactic Shock: vasogenic shock
Hypoglycemic/HyperglycemiaHypoglycemic/Hyperglycemia NPO – Nothing by MouthNPO – Nothing by Mouth
Important Conditions to be Important Conditions to be Aware of:Aware of:
NPO instructions can result in:NPO instructions can result in:
Hypoglycemia – excessive insulin, can result Hypoglycemia – excessive insulin, can result from normal dose of insulin & no food.from normal dose of insulin & no food.
Hyperglycemia – excessive sugar, usually seen Hyperglycemia – excessive sugar, usually seen in diabetics, pt. needs insulinin diabetics, pt. needs insulin
Medical Terms to Know…..Medical Terms to Know…..
Pallor = paleness; absence of skin Pallor = paleness; absence of skin colorationcoloration
Shock = failure of the circulatory systemShock = failure of the circulatory system
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitationCPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation For program must be for For program must be for Health Care ProviderHealth Care Provider
More Medical Conditions:More Medical Conditions:
Stroke = Cerebrovascular Accident (brain)Stroke = Cerebrovascular Accident (brain)
Heart Attack = Myocardial Infarct (heart)Heart Attack = Myocardial Infarct (heart)
N/V = Nausea & VomitingN/V = Nausea & Vomiting
Epistaxis = nosebleedEpistaxis = nosebleed
Vertigo = dizzinessVertigo = dizziness
Syncope = faintingSyncope = fainting
Hemorrhage = bleeding outside the blood Hemorrhage = bleeding outside the blood vessels.vessels.
• Zoomed lower pelvis demonstrating multiple fractures (arrows).
Zoomed bony thorax shows rib fractures
Radiologic Technology
• You never know when a medical emergency may occur.
• Helping your patients depends on your abilities to stay calm and perform you duties!
FX RADIAL HEAD
greenstick
comminutedOpen fracture
Rt leg torn off after patient hit by a car
Third Degree Burn
INFECTION CONTROL
Infection Control
• Microorganisms
• Infectious Disease
• Chain of Infection
• Nosocomial Infection
• Disease Control
• Environment
Microorganisms that cause Microorganisms that cause disease:disease:
BacteriaBacteria
VirusesViruses
FungiFungi
ProtozoaProtozoa
MicroorganismsMicroorganismsCan grow in or on an animal or plant and Can grow in or on an animal or plant and cause diseases.cause diseases.
HostHost: animal or plant that provides life support : animal or plant that provides life support to another organism.to another organism.
Disease:Disease: Any change from the normal structure Any change from the normal structure or function in the human body.or function in the human body.
InfectionInfection: Growth of a microorganism on or in : Growth of a microorganism on or in a host.a host.
Varicella Zoster (Shingles)Varicella Zoster (Shingles)
DiseaseDisease
Disease Disease occurs only occurs only when the when the microorganismicroorganism causes m causes injury to the injury to the hosthost
PathogenPathogen
A disease producing microorganism.A disease producing microorganism.
– Multiply in large numbers and cause an Multiply in large numbers and cause an obstructionobstruction
– Cause tissue damageCause tissue damage– Secrete substance that produce effects in Secrete substance that produce effects in
the body the body Exotoxins ( high body temp, nausea, vomiting)Exotoxins ( high body temp, nausea, vomiting)
BacteriaBacteria
Strep ThroatStrep Throat
Bacterial Bacterial PneumoniaPneumonia
Food PoisoningFood Poisoning
VirusesViruses
Common coldCommon cold
MononucleosisMononucleosis
WartsWarts
Oral WartsOral Warts
SmallpoxSmallpox
FungiFungi
Athlete’s FootAthlete’s Foot Tinea pedisTinea pedis
RingwormRingworm
ProtozoanProtozoan
• Trichomonas Trichomonas VaginalisVaginalis– STDSTD
• Plasmodium Plasmodium VivaxVivax– MalariaMalaria
6 Steps of Infection6 Steps of Infection
EncounterEncounter
EntryEntry
SpreadSpread
MultiplicationMultiplication
DamageDamage
OutcomeOutcome
Chain of InfectionChain of Infection
HostHost
Infectious Infectious MicroorganismMicroorganism
Mode of Mode of TransmissionTransmission– Vector/ FomiteVector/ Fomite
ReservoirReservoir
Chain of InfectionChain of Infection
Nosocomial InfectionsNosocomial Infections Iatrogenic InfectionIatrogenic Infection
Compromised Compromised PatientsPatients
Patient FloraPatient Flora
Hospital Hospital EnvironmentEnvironment
Blood borne Blood borne PathogensPathogens
Types of Nosocomial InfectionsTypes of Nosocomial Infections Iatrogenic Infection – related to Iatrogenic Infection – related to
physician activitiesphysician activities
Compromised Patients - weakened Compromised Patients - weakened resistance; resistance; immunosuppressedimmunosuppressed
Patient Flora - microbes in healthy Patient Flora - microbes in healthy peoplepeople
Contaminated Hospital EnvironmentContaminated Hospital Environment
Blood borne Pathogens – Hepatitis B Blood borne Pathogens – Hepatitis B and HIVand HIV
Blood borne PathogensBlood borne Pathogens
Disease-causing microorganisms that Disease-causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood. Ex: may be present in human blood. Ex: Hepatitis, Syphilis, Malaria, HIV.Hepatitis, Syphilis, Malaria, HIV.
Two most significant blood borne Two most significant blood borne pathogens: Hepatitis B and HIVpathogens: Hepatitis B and HIV
Syphilis
Syphilis in the eye
How Blood borne Pathogens are Transmitted:
• You must make contact with contaminated fluids and permit them a way to enter your body.
• Contaminated body fluids can be saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, or other fluids containing blood (urine).
Controlling the spread of Disease
• Chemotherapy
• Immunization
• Asepsis– Medical– Surgical
• Disinfectants
Physical Methods of Controlling Diseases
• Handwashing• Standard
Precautions– Gloving– Gowns– Face masks– Eyewear
HandwashingHandwashing
Single most important means of Single most important means of preventing the spread of infection.preventing the spread of infection.
7 to 8 minutes of washing to remove the 7 to 8 minutes of washing to remove the microbes present, depending on the microbes present, depending on the number present.number present.
Most effective portion of hand washing is Most effective portion of hand washing is the mechanical action of rubbing the the mechanical action of rubbing the hands together.hands together.
Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)(PPE)
GlovesGloves
MasksMasks
GownsGowns
Protective EyewearProtective Eyewear
CapsCaps
Universal PrecautionsUniversal Precautions
Since there is no way you can know if a person Since there is no way you can know if a person is infected, you should ALWAYS use universal is infected, you should ALWAYS use universal precautions:precautions:
Wash your handsWash your handsWear glovesWear glovesHandle sharp objects carefullyHandle sharp objects carefullyProperly clean all spillsProperly clean all spillsWear mask, eye protection, and apron if Wear mask, eye protection, and apron if splashing is a possibility.splashing is a possibility.
Airborne Precautions
• Patients infected with pathogens that remain suspended in air for long periods on aerosol droplets or dust.
• TB, Chickenpox, Measles
• Respiratory protection must be worn when entering pt room.
• Pt should wear mask.
Droplet Precautions• Patients infected with pathogens that
disseminate through large particulate droplets expelled from coughing, sneezing, or even talking.
• Rubella, Mumps, Influenza
• Surgical mask must be worn when within 3 feet of the pt.
• Pt should wear a mask.
Contact Precautions
• Patients infected with pathogens that spread by direct contact with the pt or by indirect contact with a contaminated object (bedrail, pt dressing).
• Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Hepatitis A, Varicella, Flesh-eating Virus
• All PPE should be used and equipment must be disinfected after use.
So What, and Who Cares?
• Students and Techs are challenged both physically and mentally by the microbial world.
• In this world of newly found, life-threatening diseases, education has become the key to survival.
• Health care providers must be committed to infection control so that diseases can be conquered!