RT15 Berkeley | Turning Power Distribution Feeders into Microgrids: challenges and opportunities...
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Transcript of RT15 Berkeley | Turning Power Distribution Feeders into Microgrids: challenges and opportunities...
Turning power distribution feeders into microgrids: challenges & opportunities Andrea Mammoli Mechanical Engineering University of New Mexico !
a"prototype"of"a"future"distribu/on"feeder
NEDO microgrid
450 kW total
islanding switch
Commercial facility
300 kW PV 4MWh thermal store
ABQ studios 4MWh ice storage
Educational facility
2MWh thermal solar HVAC
Prosperity 500 kW PV
1MWh / 250 kW E 0.25 MWh / 500 kW P
Cogenra 1 MW CPV
2.5MWh kW ORC
Piller 21 MJ flywheel
1 MW C/T
Residential 300 houses
1 MW peak load DR / scheduling
Studio14 @ Mesa del Sol
our goal: to turn the entire feeder into a microgrid
what"the"u/lity"sees
Studio14
Tramway11
Sewer14
quack!
Problems"and"possible"(microgrid)"solu/ons
• Naturally!increasing!PV!penetra2on!at!the!distribu2on!level!
• EVs!and!residen2al!ba9eries!• Higher!cooling!loads!• Need!for!higher!resilience!in!the!face!of!extreme!events!
• Mismatch!between!regulatory!framework!and!technology!
• Lots!of!poten2al!for!control!at!the!commercial!and!residen2al!level!from!pervasive!IT!
• Decreasing!cost!of!ba9ery!storage!
• Growth!of!aggrega2on!service!providers!
• Exis2ng!infrastructure!can!be!modified!at!moderate!cost!
A"tradi/onal"microgrid
• 240!kW!recip!genset!• 80!kW!phosphoric!acid!fuel!cell!• 50!kW!PV!array!• 160!kWh!ba9ery!storage!• Heat!recovery!• Cold!thermal!storage!• Electric!&!absorp2on!chillers!• MicroQEMS!for!districtQlevel!energy!management!
• BEMS!to!manage!systems!inside!microgrid!in!response!to!EMS!
U/lity=scale"distributed"PV"with"ba?ery
PV field (500 kW)power and energybatteries(1 MWh total)
PV inverterDAS
battery inverter
PNM-DOE PV + battery project• Ba9eries!with!ultracapacitors!smooth!PV!intermi9ency!by!injec2ng!kW!
• Storage!ba9eries!used!for!mul2ple!purposes!including!peak!shaving,!arbitrage!and!firming,!via!MPC!control!
!!
Less"conven/onal"resources:"HVAC"fans
PV!power!
bandpass!filter!of!PV!
fan!speed!
fan!current!net!power!
HVAC!fans!can!be!used!to!absorb!the!intermi9ent!part!of!nearby!PV!genera2on!with!li9le!if!any!effect!on!thermal!comfort!or!energy!consump2on!
More"op/ons"for"load"control
1000 residential units - afternoon peak dominated by cooling - can we put TCLs to good use?
20 large commercial units - based on UNM building data - cooling load could be shifted by active thermal storage
hidden"treasure:"TCLs"as"storage
! In!New!Mexico,!A/C!loads!are!responsible!for!47%!of!peak!load!(Itron!Q!2006)!
! Lots!of!other!TCLs!–!refrigerators,!water!heaters,!clothes!dryers!
! increasingly,!these!devices!can!talk!to!the!world!–!think!Google!!
! Can!these!do!more!that!“conven2onal”!DR?!
Two"hours"in"the"life"of"a"thermostat
TCLs"in"undisturbed"state
How"an"aggregate"of"TCLs"can"track"a"signal
Opera/onal"desirables
• DayQahead!scheduling!• ReQscheduling!when!be9er!informa2on!is!available!• maintaining!power!balance!in!real!2me!• avoiding!voltage!fluctua2ons!• automated!islanding!based!on!voltage!or!frequency!• maintain!power!quality!in!islanded!mode!• synchroniza2on!and!reconnec2on!• protec2on!/!safety!• ancillary!services:!frequency!regula2on,!volt/VAR!support,!spinning!reserve,!demand!response,!black!start!support!
• economic!benefits!to!service!area!
Scheduling"via"SoJware=as=a=Service
Example"of"an"op/mized"schedule
solar!chiller!operates!at!night!when!possible!cold!storage!charging!from!electric!chiller!always!offQpeak!no!storage!on!weekends!
Reac/ng"to"changing"circumstances
! DayQahead!schedules!are!based!on!forecasts.!
! When!reality!deviates!from!the!forecast,!adjustments!must!be!made.!
! At!any!given!2me,!the!op2mal!use!of!resources!should!s2ll!be!sought.!
! Model!Predic2ve!Control!is!applied!here!to!op2mize!based!on!current!condi2ons,!with!forecasts!made!on!a!shorter!2me!horizon.!
Minimize"cost"˄"func/on Subject"to"constraints" ˅
First"we"decompose"frequency"bands
We!can!associate!resources!with!slow!response!to!low!frequency!band,!ones!with!moderately!fast!response!to!medium!frequencies,!and!so!on,!cascading.!
Then"we"solve"the"MPC"for"each"band
As!expected,!cheap!resources!make!up!the!bulk!of!the!service,!while!the!others!come!on!line!as!needed.!!Individual!resources!can!consist!of!selfQcontained!physical!systems,!or!aggrega2ons!of!many,!and!can!be!more!or!less!localized.!!!
What"we"have"learned
! Distribu2on!feeders!are!excellent!candidates!for!microgrifica)on+! Some!DERs!are!s2ll!quite!expensive!–!a!0.5MW!microgrid!can!cost!several!$M!
–!on!the!order!of!approximately!$10/W.!O&M!can!also!be!problema2c!! There!are!many!challenges!that!need!to!be!met!–!especially!in!islanded!mode,!
due!to!the!smaller!number!of!dispatchable!resources!–!so!control!is!key!! There!are!opportuni2es!hiding!in!plain!sight!–!for!example,!control!of!TCLs!
provides!us!with!an!inexpensive!“ba9ery”!! A!framework!to!integrate!the!design!and!control!of!the!feeder!microgrid!is!
star2ng!to!materialize!
Credits ! Ma9!Robinson!–!MS!UNM!ME!! Leila!Ghanbari!–!MS!UNM!ECE!! Feng!Cheng!–!PhD!UNM!ECE!! Nicholas!Heine!–!PhD!UNM!ME!! Yasser!Yasaei!–!PhD!UNM!ECE!
! Birk!Jones!–!PhD!UNM!ME!
! Alessandro!Pensini!–!PhD!DTU!