RPLL Structured Analysis and Design Technique

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Structured Analysis and Design TechniqueFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"SADT" redirects here. For other uses, seeSADT (disambiguation).

SADT basis element.

Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT) is asoftware engineering methodologyfor

describingsystemsas a hierarchy of functions.

Contents

[hide]

1 Overview

2 History

3 SADT Topics

o 3.1 Top down approach

o 3.2 Diagrams

4 See also

5 References

6 Further reading

7 External links

Overview

Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT) is adiagrammaticnotation designed specifically to

help people describe and understandsystems.[1]

It offers building blocks to represent entities and

activities, and a variety of arrows to relate boxes. These boxes and arrows have an associated
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informalsemantics.[2]

SADT can be used as a functional analysis tool of a given process, using

successive levels of details. The SADT method allows to define user needs for IT developments, which is

very used in the industrial Information Systems, but also to explain and to present an activitysmanufacturing processes, procedures.

[3]

The SADT supplies a specific functional view of any enterprise by describing the functions and their

relationships in a company. These functions fulfill the objectives of a company, such as sales, order

planning, product design, part manufacturing, and human resource management. The SADT can depict

simple functional relationships here and can reflect data and control flow relationships between different

functions.

History

SADT has been developed and field-tested during the period of 1969 to 1973 byDouglas T.

RossandSofTech, Inc..[1][4]

The methodology was used in the MITAutomatic Programming Tool(APT)

project. It received extensive use starting in 1973 by the US Air ForceIntegrated Computer Aided

Manufacturingprogram.

According to Levitt (2000) "it is part of a series of structured methods, that represent a collection of

analysis, design, and programming techniques that were developed in response to the problems facing

the software world from the 1960s to the 1980s. In this timeframe most commercial programming was

done inCOBOLandFortran, thenCandBASIC. There was little guidance on good design and

programming techniques, and there were no standard techniques for documenting requirements and

designs. Systems where getting larger and more complex, and the information system development

became harder and harder to do so. As a way to help manage large and complex software. Since the

end 1960 multiple Structured Methods emerged".[5]

Structured programmingin circa 1967 withEdsger W. Dijkstra.

Structured Designaround 1975 withLarry ConstantineandEd Yourdon

Structured Analysisin circa 1978 withTom DeMarco, Yourdon, Gane & Sarson, McMenamin &

Palmer. Information Engineeringin circa 1990 withJames Martin.

In 1981 theIDEF0formalism was published, based on SADT.[6]

SADT Topics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-JM04-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-JM04-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-JM04-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-FL-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-FL-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-FL-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_T._Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_T._Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_T._Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_T._Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SofTech,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SofTech,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-sadt-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-sadt-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-sadt-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Computer_Aided_Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Computer_Aided_Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Computer_Aided_Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Computer_Aided_Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-DL00-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-DL00-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-DL00-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Yourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Yourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Yourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeMarcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeMarcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeMarcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Martin_(author)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Martin_(author)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Martin_(author)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEF0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEF0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEF0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEF0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Martin_(author)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeMarcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Yourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-DL00-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Computer_Aided_Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Computer_Aided_Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-sadt-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-sadt-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SofTech,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_T._Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_T._Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-FL-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique#cite_note-JM04-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics


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Top down decomposition structure.

An SADT example.

Top down approach

The structured analysis and design technique uses a decomposition with thetop-down approach. This

decomposition is conducted only in the physical domain from an axiomatic design viewpoint. Because of

this nonzigzagging process, there is no guarantee of functionality or productivity. Therefore, those

methods faded away as the requirements for software systems increased and the object-oriented

method was introduced.[7]

Diagrams
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SADT uses two types of diagrams:activity modelsanddata models. It uses arrows to build these

diagrams. The SADTs representation is the following:

A main box where the name of the process or the action is specified

On the left-hand side of this box, incoming arrows: inputs of the action.

On the upper part, the incoming arrows: data necessary for the action.

On the bottom of the box, incoming arrows: means used for the action.

On the right-hand side of the box, outgoing arrows: outputs of the action.

The semantics of arrows for activities:[2]

Inputs enter from the left and represent data or consumables that are needed by the activity.

Outputs exit from the right and represent data or products that are produced by the activity.

Controls enter from the top and represent commands which influence the execution of an activity but

are not consumed.

Mechanisms identify the means, components or tools used to accomplish the activity. Represents

allocation of activities.

The semantics of arrows for data:[2]

Inputs are activities that produce the data.

Outputs consume the data.

Controls influence the internal state of the data.

SUMBER:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique

Structured analysis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Example of a Structured Analysis approach.[1]

Structured Analysis (SA) insoftware engineeringand its allied technique,Structured Design(SD), are methods for

analyzing and converting businessrequirementsintospecificationsand ultimately,computer programs, hardware

configurations and related manual procedures.

Structured analysis and design techniques are fundamental tools ofsystems analysis, and developed from classical systems

analysis of the 1960s and 1970s.[2]

Contents

[hide]

1 Objectives of Structured Analysis

2 History

3 Structured analysis topics

o 3.1 Single abstraction mechanism

o 3.2 Approach

o 3.3 Context diagram

o 3.4 Data dictionary

o 3.5 Data Flow Diagrams

o 3.6 Structure Chart

o 3.7 Structured Design

o 3.8 Structured query language

4 Criticisms

5 See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Objectives_of_Structured_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Objectives_of_Structured_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structured_analysis_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structured_analysis_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Single_abstraction_mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Single_abstraction_mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Context_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Context_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Data_dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Data_dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Data_Flow_Diagramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Data_Flow_Diagramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structure_Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structure_Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structured_query_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structured_query_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Criticismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Criticismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Context_diagram_and_Technical_Criteria_Derivation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Context_diagram_and_Technical_Criteria_Derivation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Context_diagram_and_Technical_Criteria_Derivation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Context_diagram_and_Technical_Criteria_Derivation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Criticismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structured_query_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structure_Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Data_Flow_Diagramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Data_dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Context_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Single_abstraction_mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Structured_analysis_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Objectives_of_Structured_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-0


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6 References

7 Further reading

8 External links

[edit]Objectives of Structured Analysis

Structured Analysis became popular in the 1980s and is still used by many. The analysis consists of interpreting

thesystemconcept (or real world) into data and control terminology, that is intodata flow diagrams. The flow of data and

control from bubble to data store to bubble can be very hard to track and the number of bubbles can get to be extremely

large. One approach is to first define events from the outside world that require the system to react, then assign a bubble to

that event, bubbles that need to interact are then connected until the system is defined. This can be rather overwhelming and

so the bubbles are usually grouped into higher level bubbles.Data Dictionariesare needed to describe the data and

command flows and a process specification is needed to capture the transaction/transformation information.[3]

SA and SD were accompanied by notational methods includingstructure charts,data flow diagramsanddata model

diagrams, of which there were many variations, including those developed byTom DeMarco, Ken Orr,Larry

Constantine,Vaughn Frick,Ed Yourdon, Steven Ward,Peter Chen, and others.

These techniques were combined in various publishedSystem Development Methodologies, includingStructured Systems

Analysis and Design Method, Profitable Information by Design (PRIDE), Nastec Structured Analysis & Design, SDM/70 and

the Spectrum Structured system development methodology.

[edit]History

Structured analysis is part of a series of structured methods, that "represent a collection of analysis, design, and

programming techniques that were developed in response to the problems facing the software world from the 1960s to the

1980s. In this timeframe most commercial programming was done inCobolandFortran, thenCandBASIC. There was little

guidance on good design and programming techniques, and there were no standard techniques for documenting

requirements and designs. Systems where getting larger and more complex, and the information system development

became harder and harder to do so".[4]

As a way to help manage large and complex software.

Since the end 1960 multiple Structured Methods emerged:[4]

Structured programmingin circa 1967 withEdsger Dijkstra- "Go To Statement Considered Harmful"

Niklaus WirthStepwise design in 1971

NassiShneiderman diagramin 1972

Warnier/Orr diagramin 1974 - "Logical Construction of Programs"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structured_analysis&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structured_analysis&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structured_analysis&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Dictionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Dictionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Dictionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-FAA00-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-FAA00-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-FAA00-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeMarcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeMarcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeMarcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaughn_Frick&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaughn_Frick&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaughn_Frick&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Yourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Yourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Yourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Development_Methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Development_Methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Development_Methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Systems_Analysis_and_Design_Methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Systems_Analysis_and_Design_Methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Systems_Analysis_and_Design_Methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Systems_Analysis_and_Design_Methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structured_analysis&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structured_analysis&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structured_analysis&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-DL00-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-DL00-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-DL00-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-DL00-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-DL00-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-DL00-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklaus_Wirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklaus_Wirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassi%E2%80%93Shneiderman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassi%E2%80%93Shneiderman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassi%E2%80%93Shneiderman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassi%E2%80%93Shneiderman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnier/Orr_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnier/Orr_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnier/Orr_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassi%E2%80%93Shneiderman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklaus_Wirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-DL00-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-DL00-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structured_analysis&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Systems_Analysis_and_Design_Methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Systems_Analysis_and_Design_Methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Development_Methodologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Yourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaughn_Frick&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeMarcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-FAA00-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Dictionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structured_analysis&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#References


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HIPOin 1974 - IBM Hierarchy input-process-output (though this should really be output-input-process)

Structured Designaround 1975 withLarry Constantine,Ed YourdonandWayne Stevens.

Jackson Structured Programmingin circa 1975 developed byMichael A. Jackson

Structured Analysis in circa 1978 withTom DeMarco, Yourdon, Gane & Sarson, McMenamin & Palmer.

Structured Analysis and Design Technique(SADT) developed byDouglas T. Ross

Yourdon Structured Methoddeveloped byEdward Yourdon.

Structured Analysis and System Specification published in 1979 byTom DeMarco.

Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method(SSADM) first presented in 1983 developed by theUKOffice of

Government Commerce.

IDEF0based on SADT, developed byDouglas T. Rossin 1985.[5]

Information Engineeringin circa 1990 with Finkelstein and popularised byJames Martin.

According to Hay (1999) "information engineeringwas a logical extension of the structured techniques that were developed

during the 1970s. Structured programming led to structured design, which in turn led to structured systems analysis. These

techniques were characterized by their use ofdiagrams: structure charts for structured design, and data flow diagrams for

structured analysis, both to aid in communication between users and developers, and to improve the analysts and the

designers discipline. During the 1980s, tools began to appear which both automated the drawing of the diagrams, and kept

track of the things drawn in adata dictionary".[6]

After the example of computer-aided designandcomputer-aided

manufacturing(CAD/CAM), the use of these tools was namedComputer-aided software engineering(CASE).

[edit]Structured analysis topics

[edit]Single abstraction mechanism

Image:Structured Analysis example.[7]
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Structured analysis typically creates a hierarchy employing a single abstraction mechanism. The structured analysis method

can employIDEF(see figure), is process driven, and starts with a purpose and a viewpoint. This method identifies the overall

function and iteratively divides functions into smaller functions, preserving inputs, outputs, controls, and mechanisms

necessary to optimize processes. Also known as afunctional decompositionapproach, it focuses on cohesion within

functions and coupling between functions leading to structured data.[7]

The functional decomposition of the structured method describes the process without delineating system behavior and

dictates system structure in the form of required functions. The method identifies inputs and outputs as related to the

activities. One reason for the popularity of structured analysis is its intuitive ability to communicate high-level processes and

concepts, whether single system or enterprise levels. Discovering how objects might support functions for commercially

prevalentobject-orienteddevelopment is unclear. In contrast to IDEF, theUMLis interface driven with multiple abstraction

mechanisms useful in describingservice-orientedarchitectures (SOAs).[7]

[edit]Approach

Structured Analysis views a system from the perspective of the data flowing through it. The function of the system is

described by processes that transform the data flows. Structured analysis takes advantage of information hiding through

successive decomposition (or top down) analysis. This allows attention to be focused on pertinent details and avoids

confusion from looking at irrelevant details. As the level of detail increases, the breadth of information is reduced. The result

of structured analysis is a set of related graphical diagrams, process descriptions, and data definitions. They describe the

transformations that need to take place and the data required to meet a system'sfunctional requirements.[8]

The structured analyse approach develops perspectives on both process objects and data objects.[8]

De Marco's approach[9]

consists of the following objects (see figure)[8]

:

Context diagram

dataflow diagram,
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process specifications, and

adata dictionary,

Hereby theData flow diagrams(DFDs) are directed graphs. The arcs representdata, and the nodes (circles or bubbles)

represent processes that transform the data. A process can be further decomposed to a more detailed DFD which shows the

subprocesses and data flows within it. The subprocesses can in turn be decomposed further with another set of DFDs until

their functions can be easily understood. Functional primitives are processes which do not need to be decomposed further.

Functional primitives are described by a process specification (or mini-spec). The process specification can consist of

pseudo-code,flowcharts, or structured English. The DFDs model the structure of the system as a network of interconnected

processes composed of functional primitives. Thedata dictionaryis a set of entries (definitions) of data flows, data elements,

files. and data bases. The data dictionary enmes are partitioned in a topdown manner. They can be referenced in other data

dictionary entries and in data flow diagrams.[8]

[edit]Context diagram

Example of a System context diagram.[10]

Context diagramsare diagrams that represent the actors outside a system that could interact with that system.[11]

This

diagram is the highest level view of asystem, similar to Block Diagram, showing a, possiblysoftware-based, system as a

whole and its inputs and outputs from/to external factors.

This type of diagram according to Kossiakoff (2003) usually "pictures the system at the center, with no details of its interior

structure, surrounded by all its interacting systems, environment and activities. The objective of a system context diagram is

to focus attention on external factors and events that should be considered in developing a complete set of system

requirements and constraints".[11]

System context diagram are related toData Flow Diagram, and show the interactions
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between a system and other actors with which the system is designed to face. System context diagrams can be helpful in

understanding the context in which the system will be part ofsoftware engineering.

[edit]Data dictionary

Entity relationship diagram, essential for the design of database tables, extracts, and metadata.[12]

Adata dictionaryor database dictionaryis a file that defines the basic organization of adatabase.[12]

A database dictionary

contains a list of all files in the database, the number of records in each file, and the names and types of each data field.

Mostdatabase management systemskeep the data dictionary hidden from users to prevent them from accidentally

destroying its contents. Data dictionaries do not contain any actual data from the database, only bookkeeping information for

managing it. Without a data dictionary, however, a database management system cannot access data from the database.[12]

Database users andapplicationdevelopers can benefit from an authoritative data dictionary document that catalogs the

organization, contents, and conventions of one or more databases.[13]

This typically includes the names and descriptions of

varioustablesandfieldsin each database, plus additional details, like thetypeand length of eachdata element. There is no

universal standard as to the level of detail in such a document, but it is primarily a distillation ofmetadataaboutdatabase

structure, not the data itself. A data dictionary document also may include further information describing how data elements

are encoded. One of the advantages of well-designed data dictionary documentation is that it helps to establish consistency

throughout a complex database, or across a large collection offederated databases.[14]

[edit]Data Flow Diagrams
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Data Flow Diagram example.[15]

AData Flow Diagram(DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through aninformation system. It differs from

the systemflowchartas it shows the flow of data through processes instead ofhardware. Data flow diagrams were invented

byLarry Constantine, developer ofstructured design, based on Martin and Estrin's "data flow graph" model of computation.[16]

It is common practice to draw aSystem Context Diagramfirst which shows the interaction between the system and outside

entities. The DFD is designed to show how a system is divided into smaller portions and to highlight the flow of data between

those parts. This context-level Data flow diagram is then "exploded" to show more detail of the system being modeled.

Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are one of the three essential perspectives ofStructured Systems Analysis and Design

Method(SSADM). The sponsor of a project and the end users will need to be briefed and consulted throughout all stages of

a system's evolution. With a dataflow diagram, users are able to visualize how the system will operate, what the system will

accomplish, and how the system will be implemented. The old system's dataflow diagrams can be drawn up and compared

with the new system's dataflow diagrams to draw comparisons to implement a more efficient system. Dataflow diagrams can

be used to provide the end user with a physical idea of where the data they input ultimately has an effect upon the structure

of the whole system from order to dispatch to recook. How any system is developed can be determined through a dataflow

diagram.

[edit]Structure Chart
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A Configuration System Structure Chart.[17]

AStructure Chart(SC) is a chart, that shows the breakdown of theconfiguration systemto the lowest manageable

levels.[17]This chart is used instructured programmingto arrange the program modules in a tree structure. Each module is

represented by a box which contains the name of the modules. The tree structure visualizes the relationships between the

modules.[18]

In structured analysis structure charts are used to specify the high-level design, or architecture, of acomputer program. As a

design tool, they aid the programmer in dividing and conquering a large software problem, that is, recursively breaking a

problem down into parts that are small enough to be understood by a human brain. The process is calledtop-down design,

orfunctional decomposition. Programmers use a structure chart to build a program in a manner similar to how an architect

uses a blueprint to build a house. In the design stage, the chart is drawn and used as a way for the client and the various

software designers to communicate. During the actual building of the program (implementation), the chart is continually

referred to as the master-plan.[19]

[edit]Structured Design

Structured Design (SD) is concerned with the development of modules and the synthesis of these modules in a so called

"module hierarchy".[20]

In order to design optimal module structure and interfaces two principles are crucial:

Cohesionwhich is "concerned with the grouping of functionally related processes into a particular module",[8]and

Couplingrelates to "the flow of information, or parameters, passed between modules. Optimal coupling reduces the

interfaces of modules, and the resulting complexity of the software".[8]

Page-Jones (1980) has proposed his own approach, which consists of three main objects: structure charts, module

specifications and a data dictionary.[20]

Thestructure chartaims to show "the module hierarchy or calling sequence

relationship of modules. There is a module specification for each module shown on the structure chart. The module

specifications can be composed of pseudo-code or a program design language. Thedata dictionaryis like that of structured

analysis. At this stage in thesoftware development lifecycle, after analysis and design have been performed, it is possible to

automatically generate data type declarations",[21]

and procedure or subroutine templates.[8]

[edit]Structured query language

Thestructured query language(SQL) is a standardized language for querying information from adatabase. SQL was first

introduced as a commercial database system in 1979 and has since been the favorite query language for database

management systems running on minicomputers and mainframes. Increasingly, however, SQL is being supported by PC

database systems because it supports distributed databases (see definition of distributed database). This enables several
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signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-IRT-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis#cite_note-IRT-16


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users on a computer network to access the same database simultaneously. Although there are different dialects of SQL, it is

nevertheless the closest thing to a standard query language that currently exists.[12]

[edit]Criticisms

Problems with data flow diagrams have been:[3]

1. choosing bubbles appropriately,

2. partitioning those bubbles in a meaningful and mutually agreed upon manner,

3. the size of the documentation needed to understand the Data Flows,

4. still strongly functional in nature and thus subject to frequent change,

5. though data flow is emphasized, data modeling is not, so there is little understanding of just what the subject

matter of the system is about, and

6. not only is it hard for the customer to follow how the concept is mapped into these data flows and bubbles, it has

also been very hard for the designers who must shift the DFD organization into an implementable format

SUMBER:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis
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RPLL Structured Analysis and Design Technique

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