Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs....
-
Upload
britney-atkinson -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs....
![Page 1: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Introduction to Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics
Introduction to Introduction to Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics
Rowan UniversitySpring Semester
Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky2008
Rowan UniversitySpring Semester
Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky2008
![Page 2: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Regulatory RNAsRegulatory RNAs
![Page 3: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
http://www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/dna_today/episodes/5/episode5.html
![Page 4: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics
Molecular genetics and molecular biology are almost synonomous terms
A “ hybrid” science The change in the understanding
of life has led to a revolution in the field of Biology
Molecular genetics and molecular biology are almost synonomous terms
A “ hybrid” science The change in the understanding
of life has led to a revolution in the field of Biology
![Page 10: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics
The result of an amalgam of a variety of physical and biological sciences
Genetics, microbiology, biochemistry, physical chemistry, and physics
Driven by the need to understand the underlying principles of life and the reactions of life
The result of an amalgam of a variety of physical and biological sciences
Genetics, microbiology, biochemistry, physical chemistry, and physics
Driven by the need to understand the underlying principles of life and the reactions of life
![Page 11: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Max DelbruckIlustrates the blend in scientific
disciplines
Max DelbruckIlustrates the blend in scientific
disciplines German immigrant Originally trained in physical
chemistry and theoretical physics Converted to molecular genetics Collaborated with Salvador Luria
on the characterization and genetics of bacteriophages
German immigrant Originally trained in physical
chemistry and theoretical physics Converted to molecular genetics Collaborated with Salvador Luria
on the characterization and genetics of bacteriophages
![Page 12: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Molecular Genetics - Origins
Molecular Genetics - Origins
Thomas Hunt Morgan- Columbia University
The physical nature of the gene A discovery in 1910 changed the course of
genetics Developed experimental model for the
study of modern genetics- the fruit fly – Drosophila melanogaster
The white eyed male mutant appeared in a culture of flies in the fly room and this was the beginning of a search for mutants
Thomas Hunt Morgan- Columbia University
The physical nature of the gene A discovery in 1910 changed the course of
genetics Developed experimental model for the
study of modern genetics- the fruit fly – Drosophila melanogaster
The white eyed male mutant appeared in a culture of flies in the fly room and this was the beginning of a search for mutants
![Page 14: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
White and Wild typeWhite and Wild type
![Page 15: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Easy to cultivate Prolific progeny Small and
inexpensive Large polytene
chromosomes Diploid number 8 Many mutations
Easy to cultivate Prolific progeny Small and
inexpensive Large polytene
chromosomes Diploid number 8 Many mutations
![Page 16: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hermann Joseph MullerHermann Joseph Muller
X rays cause mutations
Produced a variety of flies with phenotypes such asvestigial
X rays cause mutations
Produced a variety of flies with phenotypes such asvestigial
![Page 17: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Alfred Sturdevant produced the first genetic map from linkage
experiments
Alfred Sturdevant produced the first genetic map from linkage
experiments Genes were
related to position on the chromosome map
Mutants were related to differences in the appearance of the polytene chromosomes due to staining
Genes were related to position on the chromosome map
Mutants were related to differences in the appearance of the polytene chromosomes due to staining
![Page 18: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DNA as Genetic MaterialTransformation
DNA as Genetic MaterialTransformation
Griffith in 1928 observed the change of non-virulent organisms into virulent ones as a result of “transformation” MacLeod and McCarty in 1944
showed that the transforming principle was DNA
Griffith in 1928 observed the change of non-virulent organisms into virulent ones as a result of “transformation” MacLeod and McCarty in 1944
showed that the transforming principle was DNA
![Page 21: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Figure 11.1
![Page 22: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Transforming principleTransforming principle
![Page 24: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Avery, McLeod, and McCartyAvery, McLeod, and McCarty
![Page 25: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Proof of the Transforming Principle
Proof of the Transforming Principle
Chemical analysis of sample containing the transforming principle showed that the major component was a deoxyribose -containing nucleic acid
Physical measurements show that the sample contained a highly viscous substance having the properties of DNA
Incubatyion with trypsin or chymotrypsin, enzymes that catalzye protein hydrolysis or with ribonuclease( RNase), an enzyme that catalyzes RNA hydrolysis did not affect the transforming principle
Incubation with DNase, an enzyme that catalyzes DNA hydrolysis inactivates the transforming principle
Chemical analysis of sample containing the transforming principle showed that the major component was a deoxyribose -containing nucleic acid
Physical measurements show that the sample contained a highly viscous substance having the properties of DNA
Incubatyion with trypsin or chymotrypsin, enzymes that catalzye protein hydrolysis or with ribonuclease( RNase), an enzyme that catalyzes RNA hydrolysis did not affect the transforming principle
Incubation with DNase, an enzyme that catalyzes DNA hydrolysis inactivates the transforming principle
![Page 26: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
TransfectionTransfection
![Page 27: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
DNA as Genetic Material( of viruses)DNA as Genetic Material( of viruses) Hershey and Chase, 1952
used bacteriophage T2 infection as model DNA labeled with 32P;protein coat labeled
with 35S Only DNA entered cell but both new DNA
and protein coats synthesized and incorporated into new viruses indicating that DNA had the genetic information for synthesis of both of these viral components
Hershey and Chase, 1952 used bacteriophage T2 infection as model DNA labeled with 32P;protein coat labeled
with 35S Only DNA entered cell but both new DNA
and protein coats synthesized and incorporated into new viruses indicating that DNA had the genetic information for synthesis of both of these viral components
![Page 28: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
T2 phageT2 phage
![Page 29: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Chargaff’s RuleChargaff’s Rule
Analyzed DNA from a variety of sources and improved both the separation and quantitation of the DNA bases
[C] = [G] and [A] = [T] Today this is applied to the G=C or
G.C pairs. Scientists describe the G+C content in organisms
Analyzed DNA from a variety of sources and improved both the separation and quantitation of the DNA bases
[C] = [G] and [A] = [T] Today this is applied to the G=C or
G.C pairs. Scientists describe the G+C content in organisms
![Page 31: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
G+CG+C
Now used as a means of classifying bacteria
G+C content varies in Gram Positive Bacteria
G+C content ranges from .27 in Clostridium to .76 for Sarcina
Most Eukaryotes have a value close to 50%
Now used as a means of classifying bacteria
G+C content varies in Gram Positive Bacteria
G+C content ranges from .27 in Clostridium to .76 for Sarcina
Most Eukaryotes have a value close to 50%
![Page 32: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
G+C contentG+C content
G+C content = [G] +[C] / all bases in DNA
G+C content = [G] +[C] / all bases in DNA
![Page 33: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Race for the Double Helix
The Race for the Double Helix
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins at Kings College
Studied the A and B forms of DNA
Rosalind’s famous x-ray crystallography picture of the B form held the secret, but she didn’t realize its significance
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins at Kings College
Studied the A and B forms of DNA
Rosalind’s famous x-ray crystallography picture of the B form held the secret, but she didn’t realize its significance
![Page 34: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Rosalind FranklinRosalind Franklin
Technically and scientifically a gifted scientist
Focused on the A form of DNA and missed the double helix
Technically and scientifically a gifted scientist
Focused on the A form of DNA and missed the double helix
![Page 35: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Race for the Double Helix
The Race for the Double Helix
Watson and Crick formed an unlikely partnership
A 22 year old PhD and a thirty + PhD “want to be” embarked on a model making venture at Cambridge
Used the research of other scientists to determine the nature of the double helix
Watson and Crick formed an unlikely partnership
A 22 year old PhD and a thirty + PhD “want to be” embarked on a model making venture at Cambridge
Used the research of other scientists to determine the nature of the double helix
![Page 36: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Nucleic Acid CompositionDNA and RNA
Nucleic Acid CompositionDNA and RNA
DNA – Basic Moleculesa. Purines – adenine and guanineb. Pyrmidines – cytosine and thyminec. Sugar – Deoxyribosed. Phosphate phosphate group
http://www.dnai.org/index.htm - DNA background
DNA – Basic Moleculesa. Purines – adenine and guanineb. Pyrmidines – cytosine and thyminec. Sugar – Deoxyribosed. Phosphate phosphate group
http://www.dnai.org/index.htm - DNA background
![Page 37: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
NucleotidesNucleotides
Sugar Phosphate Base
Adenine and guanine are purines
Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines
Sugar Phosphate Base
Adenine and guanine are purines
Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines
![Page 38: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Deoxyribose in DNADeoxyribose in DNA
![Page 39: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Double HelixDouble Helix Two polynucleotide strands joined by
phosphodiester bonds( backbone) Complementary base pairing in the center of the
moleculeA= T and C G – base pairing. Two hydrogen
bonds between A and T and three hydrogen bonds between C and G.
A purine is bonded to a complementary pyrimidine Bases are attached to the 1’ C in the sugar by a
glycosidic linkage At opposite ends of the strand – one strand has the
3’hydroxyl, the other the 5’ hydroxyl of the sugar molecule
Two polynucleotide strands joined by phosphodiester bonds( backbone)
Complementary base pairing in the center of the molecule
A= T and C G – base pairing. Two hydrogen bonds between A and T and three hydrogen bonds between C and G.
A purine is bonded to a complementary pyrimidine Bases are attached to the 1’ C in the sugar by a
glycosidic linkage At opposite ends of the strand – one strand has the
3’hydroxyl, the other the 5’ hydroxyl of the sugar molecule
![Page 40: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
DNA StructureDNA Structurehttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html - DNA structure
![Page 41: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Double helix( continued)Double helix( continued)
The double helix is right handed – the chains turn counter-clockwise.
As the strand turn around each other they form a major and minor groove.
The is a distance of .34nm between each base
The distance between two major grooves is 3.4nm or 10 bases
The diameter of the strand is 2nm
The double helix is right handed – the chains turn counter-clockwise.
As the strand turn around each other they form a major and minor groove.
The is a distance of .34nm between each base
The distance between two major grooves is 3.4nm or 10 bases
The diameter of the strand is 2nm
![Page 42: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Complementary Base Pairing
Complementary Base Pairing
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
![Page 43: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The end view of DNAThe end view of DNA
This view shows the double helix and the outer backbone with the bases in the center.
An AT base pair is highlighted in white
This view shows the double helix and the outer backbone with the bases in the center.
An AT base pair is highlighted in white
![Page 44: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Double helix and anti-parallel
Double helix and anti-parallel
DNA is a directional molecule The complementary strands run in
opposite directions One strand runs 3’-5’ The other strand runs 5’ to 3’( the end of the 5’ has the
phosphates attached, while the 3’ end has a hydroxyl exposed)
DNA is a directional molecule The complementary strands run in
opposite directions One strand runs 3’-5’ The other strand runs 5’ to 3’( the end of the 5’ has the
phosphates attached, while the 3’ end has a hydroxyl exposed)
![Page 46: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Prokaryote DNAProkaryote DNA
Tightly coiled Coiling maintained by molecules similar to
the coiling in eukaryotes Circular ds molecule Borrelia burgdoferi ( Lyme Disease )has a
linear chromosome Other bacteria have multiple chromosomes Agrobacterium tumefaciens ( Produces
Crown Gall disease in plants) has both circular and linear
Tightly coiled Coiling maintained by molecules similar to
the coiling in eukaryotes Circular ds molecule Borrelia burgdoferi ( Lyme Disease )has a
linear chromosome Other bacteria have multiple chromosomes Agrobacterium tumefaciens ( Produces
Crown Gall disease in plants) has both circular and linear
![Page 47: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Prokaryote chromosomes
Prokaryote chromosomes
Circular DNACircular DNA
![Page 48: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
MitochondriaMitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA( mt DNA)
16,500 base pairs 37 genes 24 encode RNA Defects lead to
diseases that are related to energy
Mitochondrial DNA( mt DNA)
16,500 base pairs 37 genes 24 encode RNA Defects lead to
diseases that are related to energy
![Page 49: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Chloroplast DNAChloroplast DNA
Chloroplast DNA( cp DNA) is larger than mitochondrial DNA
195,000 bp Genes for photosynthesis Cp ribosomal RNAs
Chloroplast DNA( cp DNA) is larger than mitochondrial DNA
195,000 bp Genes for photosynthesis Cp ribosomal RNAs
![Page 50: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Heavy and Light NMeselson and Stahl experiment
Heavy and Light NMeselson and Stahl experiment
![Page 51: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
In the first generation of E. coli, all the DNA was heavy
After one generation, the DNA was half heavy and half light
In the first generation of E. coli, all the DNA was heavy
After one generation, the DNA was half heavy and half light
![Page 52: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
DNA Replication –Semi Conservative
DNA Replication –Semi Conservative
![Page 53: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
DNA ReplicationDNA Replication
DNA opens at an Ori ( origin of replication)
Combination of many enzymes coordinate the replicative process
Template strand used to make the copy
DNA polymerases read the template and match the complementary base
DNA opens at an Ori ( origin of replication)
Combination of many enzymes coordinate the replicative process
Template strand used to make the copy
DNA polymerases read the template and match the complementary base
![Page 54: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Degradation of DNADegradation of DNA
Endonucleases cleave DNA and RNA, by cutting between individual bonds
Some endonucleases cleave one strand some cleave both strands at a specific point or sequence( restriction nucleasess)
Endonucleases cleave DNA and RNA, by cutting between individual bonds
Some endonucleases cleave one strand some cleave both strands at a specific point or sequence( restriction nucleasess)
![Page 55: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The Flow of Genetic Information
The Flow of Genetic Information
from one generation to the next DNA stores genetic information Information is duplicated by
replication and is passed on to next generation
from one generation to the next DNA stores genetic information Information is duplicated by
replication and is passed on to next generation
![Page 56: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The Flow of Genetic Information within a single
cell
The Flow of Genetic Information within a single
cell
Process called gene expression DNA divided into genes
transcription yields a ribonucleic acid (RNA) copy of specific genes
translation uses information in messenger RNA (mRNA) to synthesize a polypeptide Also involves activities of transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Process called gene expression DNA divided into genes
transcription yields a ribonucleic acid (RNA) copy of specific genes
translation uses information in messenger RNA (mRNA) to synthesize a polypeptide Also involves activities of transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
![Page 57: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Flow of Genetic Information in Cells
Flow of Genetic Information in Cells
![Page 58: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Nucleic Acid StructureRibonucleic Acid (RNA)Nucleic Acid StructureRibonucleic Acid (RNA)
Polymer of nucleotidesContains the bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
Sugar is riboseMost RNA molecules are
single stranded
Polymer of nucleotidesContains the bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
Sugar is riboseMost RNA molecules are
single stranded
![Page 60: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
RNARNA
Types of RNAa. Messengerb. Transferc. Ribosomald. micro RNAs ( regulatory RNAs)
Types of RNAa. Messengerb. Transferc. Ribosomald. micro RNAs ( regulatory RNAs)
![Page 61: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Messenger RNAMessenger RNA
![Page 62: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
16s rRNA16s rRNA
![Page 63: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Ribosomal RNARibosomal RNA
![Page 64: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
tRNAtRNA
![Page 66: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
RNA virusesRNA viruses
Reoviruses Retroviruses Enteroviruses
Reoviruses Retroviruses Enteroviruses
![Page 67: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Genomics of RNA virusesGenomics of RNA viruses
Genomes - + RNA - RNA segmented RNA Ds RNA
Genomes - + RNA - RNA segmented RNA Ds RNA
![Page 68: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Polio virusPolio virus
![Page 69: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Polio Virus- + ss RNA virus Polio Virus- + ss RNA virus
![Page 70: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ViroidsViroids Infectious agents that causes
disease in higher plants Small circular loops of RNA The viroid RNA is infectious and
its is not surrounded by a capsid Viroids RNA replicates
autonomously
Infectious agents that causes disease in higher plants
Small circular loops of RNA The viroid RNA is infectious and
its is not surrounded by a capsid Viroids RNA replicates
autonomously
![Page 71: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
ViroidsViroids
PSTV Potato SpindleTuber Viroid
PSTV Potato SpindleTuber Viroid
![Page 72: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Proteins are polymersProteins are polymers
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. They are molecules with diverse structures and functions.
Polymers are made up of units called monomers
The monomers in proteins are the 20 amino acids
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. They are molecules with diverse structures and functions.
Polymers are made up of units called monomers
The monomers in proteins are the 20 amino acids
![Page 73: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Protein FactsProtein Facts
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
They are molecules with diverse structures and functions.
Each different type of protein has a characteristic amino acid composition and order.
Proteins range in size from a few amino acids to thousands of them.
Folding is crucial to the function of a protein and is influenced largely by the sequence of amino acids.
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
They are molecules with diverse structures and functions.
Each different type of protein has a characteristic amino acid composition and order.
Proteins range in size from a few amino acids to thousands of them.
Folding is crucial to the function of a protein and is influenced largely by the sequence of amino acids.
![Page 74: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
Each different type of protein has a characteristic amino acid composition and order.
Proteins range in size from a few amino acids to thousands of them.
Folding is crucial to the function of a protein and is influenced largely by the sequence of amino acids.
Each different type of protein has a characteristic amino acid composition and order.
Proteins range in size from a few amino acids to thousands of them.
Folding is crucial to the function of a protein and is influenced largely by the sequence of amino acids.
![Page 75: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Proteins are complex molecules
Proteins are complex molecules
They have levels of structure Structure based upon the
sequence of the amino acids
They have levels of structure Structure based upon the
sequence of the amino acids
![Page 76: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Polar side chainsPolar side chains
![Page 77: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Non Polar Hydrophobic side chains
Non Polar Hydrophobic side chains
![Page 78: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Electrical charged hydrophilic
Electrical charged hydrophilic
![Page 79: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Function of Proteins - continued
Function of Proteins - continued
Enzymes – Biological catalysts Transport of small molecules – Albumin
and haptoglobin Transport of oxygen – hemoglobin and
myoglobin Membrane proteins – to assist in support Channels in membranes – to allow the
passage of molecules or ions Electron carriers in electron transport in
the production of ATP
Enzymes – Biological catalysts Transport of small molecules – Albumin
and haptoglobin Transport of oxygen – hemoglobin and
myoglobin Membrane proteins – to assist in support Channels in membranes – to allow the
passage of molecules or ions Electron carriers in electron transport in
the production of ATP
![Page 80: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Functions( continued)iFunctions( continued)i
Clotting proteins Immune proteins to fight infectious
agents Histones – DNA binding proteins Toxins to repel or kill other organisms Bacteriocins – molecules produced by
bacteria against bacteria
Clotting proteins Immune proteins to fight infectious
agents Histones – DNA binding proteins Toxins to repel or kill other organisms Bacteriocins – molecules produced by
bacteria against bacteria
![Page 81: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Functions of proteinsFunctions of proteins
Hormones – Growth hormone Receptors – to Receive information so that
cell can communicate with other cells Neurotransmitters – messenger molecules
– to send information between neurons Cytoskeleton – actin, myosin, and
collagen – the structure of connective tissue and muscles
Antibodies – Immunoglobulins to fight disease
Hormones – Growth hormone Receptors – to Receive information so that
cell can communicate with other cells Neurotransmitters – messenger molecules
– to send information between neurons Cytoskeleton – actin, myosin, and
collagen – the structure of connective tissue and muscles
Antibodies – Immunoglobulins to fight disease
![Page 82: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Four levels of Protein Structure
Four levels of Protein Structure
There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
The precise sequence of amino acids is called its primary structure.
The peptide backbone consists of repeating units of atoms: N—C—C—N—C—C.
Enormous numbers of different proteins are possible.
There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
The precise sequence of amino acids is called its primary structure.
The peptide backbone consists of repeating units of atoms: N—C—C—N—C—C.
Enormous numbers of different proteins are possible.
![Page 83: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The causes of Tertiary structure
The causes of Tertiary structure
![Page 87: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
![Page 89: Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008 Rowan University Spring Semester Mrs. Patricia Sidelsky 2008.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649e015503460f94aeb21d/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)