Row Covers & Pest Control for Vegetable Gardens; Gardening Guidebook for Ohio
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Transcript of Row Covers & Pest Control for Vegetable Gardens; Gardening Guidebook for Ohio
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Insect Pests in Home Vegetable Gardens: Basic Training for Master Gardeners
Celeste Welty Ohio State University
2009
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Overview of common pests • Cucurbit family: 4 pests • Cole crop family: 2 pests • Tomato family: 3 pests • Beans: 2 pests • Spinach: 1 pest • Asparagus: 2 pests • Corn: 2 pests • Multi-crop: aphids, mites, slugs
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Cucumber beetles Striped cucumber beetle Spotted cucumber beetle
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Cucumberbeetles
Important damage by adults: • Chew seedlings • Transmit bacterial wilt • Chew on fruit surface
Less critical damage: • Larvae chew on roots • Adults chew on flowers
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Bacterial wilt of cucurbits • Vectored by cucumber beetles
– Transmitted in feces – Enters via wound in plant (such as feeding
wound)
• Hosts: – Well-known killer of cukes & melons – Recently adapted to kill squash &
pumpkins (but slower)
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Cucumber beetle management • Mechanical control
– Screen or row cover (seedlings) • Cultural control
– Early trap crop (Turks Turban or Blue Hubbard squash)
• Chemical control – Spray with pyrethrins, rotenone,
carbaryl, or permethrin • Biological control
– Conserve parasitoids (by no spray) • Behavioral control
– Kairomone trap (under development)
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Pupa of Celatoria setosa (Tachinid
fly) emerging from dead beetle’s
abdomen
Adult of Celatoria setosa
Biocontrol of cucumber beetle by parasitoid
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Striped cucumber beetletested on pumpkin leaves, 7/5/05;
4 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate
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Striped Cucumber Beetletested on pumpkin leaves, 9/25/2006
3 replicates/treatment, 3 beetles/replicate
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Spotted Cucumber Beetletested on pumpkin leaves, 9/21/2006
3 replicates/treatment, 3 beetles/replicate
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Squash vine borer
• Larva bores into stem at base • Infest squash, gourd, pumpkins • Plants often die • Moths lay eggs in late June &
early July
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larva is a caterpillar adult is a day-flying moth
wilting leaves are symptom of infestation
cocoon in soil overwinter
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Squash vine borer • Cultural control:
– Till soil to destroy pupae – Plant 2nd crop in late June (sacrifice the 1st
crop to borer) – Exclusion by screen or row covers
• Chemical control: – During egg hatch period, early July – Direct at base of stems – Minimum 2 sprays 1 week apart – Maximum 4 sprays 1 week apart, late June
to late July – permethrin or esfenvalerate or endosulfan
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Squash bug
• Damage: – Suck sap from stems, leaves, fruit – Can kill plants – Nymphs can feed in large groups
• Natural enemies: – 1 fly species attacks adult – 2 wasp species attack eggs
• Control: – Hand pick adults – Board traps – Destroy vines after harvest
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Squash bug
adult
nymph
*Not registered for use on squash
*
*
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Caterpillars (3 species) on cole crops
Imported cabbageworm
Cabbage looper
Diamondback moth
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Row covers
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Caterpillars on cole crops & their parasitoids
Imported cabbageworm
Cabbage looper
Diamondback moth
Diadegma insulare oviposits on larvae
Cotesia larvae spinning cocoons
Cotesia adult wasp
Copidosoma floridanum wasps emerging from one cocoon
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Integration of Chemical Control & Biological Control
• Use microbial insecticide, BT, as a selective insecticide – Kills caterpillars – Does not kill parasitoids – ‘DiPel’, ‘Thuricide’ etc.
• Allows natural enemies to help kill pests • Spinosad also easy on parasitoids
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Cabbage maggot • Turnip, radish, other cole crops • Symptoms:
– Seedlings wilted, stunted – Holes or tunnels in roots
• Life cycle: – Adult fly lays egg at stem base – Larvae feed for 3 weeks – 3-4 generations per year
• Control: – Choose planting date to avoid egg peak – Cardboard collars on stem
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Colorado potato beetle • Damage: Adults & larvae
eat leaves of potato, eggplant, tomato
• 2 generations/year • Pupal stage in soil • Control:
– Hand pick – Plant potato early or late
but not both – Spray larvae with spinosad larva
adult
eggs
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Eggplant flea beetle
• Chew many small holes in leaves • Damage critical to seedlings • Management:
– Hand-pick (or aspirate) daily – Insecticides or repellents
• Similar species on: – Cabbage (2 species) – Potato
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Removal by aspirator:
Eggplant flea beetle
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Whiteflies • Suck sap • Infest tomato • Life stages:
– Adult – Egg – Crawler (1st instar) – Sessile nymphs – Pupa
• Damage done by nymphs from leaf undersides
• Control by soap sprays adult
pupa
nymphs
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Bean beetles • Bean leaf beetle:
– Adults chew holes through leaves, pods
• Mexican bean beetle: – A true lady beetle – Larvae skeletonize leaves
• Cultural control: – Exclusion (row covers) – Plow after harvest
• Chemical control: – Sevin or pyrethrins
Bean leaf beetle
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Field trial on snap beans(bean leaf beetle + spotted cucumber beetle)
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Spinach leafminer • Adult fly lays eggs
– On leaf underside – in early spring
• Maggots feed inside leaf, 1-2 weeks – Narrow mine when young – Large blister-like mines when older
• Pupate in soil • Several generations per year • Hand pick infested leaves, early
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Common asparagus beetle Spotted asparagus beetle
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Asparagus beetles • Common asparagus beetle
– Adults feed on spears – Adults lay eggs on spears – Larvae feed on leaves
• Spotted asparagus beetle – Adults feed on spears – Larvae feed in berries
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Asparagus beetles
• Management – Hand picking – Insecticides or repellents
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Corn worms
1. European corn borer – Damage at tip or shank or side – Two generations per year – Damage in June & August – Worm appearance:
• dark brown head • body with rows of flat spots • body without microspines
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Corn worms
2. Corn earworm – Damage at ear tip only – Damage usually mid-August & later – Worm appearance:
• light brown head • body with long stripes • body covered with short microspines
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Trap to Monitor Corn Earworm • Pheromone lure • Attracts male moths • Highly effective lure
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Organic Alternative for Earworm & Borer on Sweet corn: B.t. + Oil
(Ruth Hazzard, Univ. Mass.)
• ‘Zea-later II’ applicator – Hand-held – $100 (Johnny’s Selected Seeds)
• Mix: – 900 ml food-grade corn oil – Lecithin 5% (emulsifier) – 28.6 grams DiPel DF (a B.t.) – 100 ml water
• Treat: – Once, 5 days after silking begins – Squirt 0.5 ml of oil mix into each ear tip
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Corn Worm Management • Planting date:
– Early & late plantings difficult – Middle plantings easiest
• Traps for monitoring – Excellent for corn earworm – Good for European corn borer
• Chemical control: – BT for 1st generation borer – Oil + BT in ear tip for earworm – Spinosad for both pests
• Biocontrol: – Encourage generalist predators – New Trichogramma egg parasitoid
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Aphids
• Appearance: – Small, soft, 2 ‘tailpipes’ – Every species with winged & wingless forms
• Damage: – Suck sap, cause leaf puckers – Deposit honeydew – Transmit viruses
• Common species: – Potato aphid (tomato) – Green peach aphid (lettuce, pepper) – Melon aphid (cucurbits)
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How aphids colonize plants
Winged female adult
Nymphs (wingless)
Wingless female adults
Nymphs (wingless)
Winged female adult
Wingless female adult
Wingless nymphs
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Aphid control • Encourage natural enemies by
avoiding use of broad-spectrum insecticides
• Suffocate with spray of insecticidal soap
• Reflective mulch to prevent colonization by winged aphids
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Melon Aphidtested on pumpkin leaves, 10/5/05;
3 replicates/treatment, 10 aphids/replicate
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Potato Aphidtested on tomato leaves, 10/3/2006
3 replicates/treatment, 10 aphids/replicate
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Two-spotted spider mite
• Tiny, white with 2 black spots, 8 legs • Suck sap from leaves • Webbing usually present • Most common on beans, melons • Thrive in hot dry weather • Many natural predators • Control: soap or oil sprays
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Two-spotted spider mite tested on snap bean leaves, 10/26/05;
3 replicates/treatment, 30 mites/replicate
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Slugs • Not insects! • Chew leaves, stems • Leave slime trails • Hide during the daytime • Cultural control:
– Delay mulching until soil warm – Border garden with dry scratchy material
• Chemical Control : – Baits on soil around plants – Iron phosphate or metaldehyde
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