Rouzer, Paul - A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese

7/22/2019 Rouzer, Paul - A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese

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26/1/11

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Vietnamese - Sino - English dictionary @ here. Please select

"Hán-Nôm" and then input Chinese character.

http://www.nomfoundation.org/vnpf_new/index.php?IDcat=51

http://www.nomfoundation.org/vnpf_new/index.php?IDcat=51



, and Cantonese. [Yale (orthodox) romanization is used in here]

More about Cantonese

Romanisation @ here, here and here

More about Cantonese

tone @ here

http://bit.ly/hQfHG1

http://bit.ly/hQfHG1

http://arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/tones.php

http://arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/finals.php

http://arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/initials.php



Cantonese pronunciation dict @ here

Hakka pronunciation dict @ here (1st audio: Cantonese; 2nd: a

Cantonese dialect; 3rd : Hakka )

Teochew pronunciation dict @ here

http://arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/

http://www.hkilang.org/NEW_WEB/page/dictionary

http://www.mogher.com/dictionnaire/parcaractere.aspx?langue=en

http://www.mogher.com/dictionnaire/parcaractere.aspx?langue=en

http://www.hkilang.org/NEW_WEB/page/dictionary

http://arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/



Unit 1

Lessons 1-10

Proverbs and Anecdotes from the Garden of Stories

The Garden of Stories 說苑 was compiled by Liu Xiang 劉向 (79—8 B..!."# a schola$who wo$%ed in &he impe$ial lib$a$y. 'ne o his &as%s was &o compile and edi& &e)&s o*a$ious %inds and ma%e copies o &hem o$ s&o$age. +n &he cou$se o his wo$%# hep$oduced a se$ies o an&hologies o useul and in&e$es&ing anecdo&es# and &his is oneo &hem.

The pu$pose o &his &e)& is &o p$o*ide illus&$a&i*e s&o$ies abou& poli&ics andadminis&$a&ion# and in pa$&icula$ &he $ela&ionship be&ween &he $ule$ and hisminis&e$s. ,any o &he s&o$ies a$e ound in ea$lie$ philosophical wo$%s# whe$easo&he$s come $om boo%s &ha& ha*e since disappea$ed. +n mos& cases# Liu Xiangseems &o ha*e s&$eamlined &he s&yle o &he &e)&s# o&en simpliying o$ co$$ec&ingpassages &ha& he ound diicul& &o unde$s&and. o$ &ha& $eason# &his seems an idealplace &o begin ou$ s&udy o li&e$a$y hinese.

Lesson 1

A Few Proverbs Te)& /1

知命者不怨天，知己者不怨人。

Te)& /

禍生於欲得，福生於自禁。聖人以心導耳目，小人以耳目導心。

Te)& /

爲善者天以!。爲不善者天以禍。

Vocabulary (1-!"1. 知 ,2 3h4 52 chi"# shiru#$ 62 i% 2 4 (&o %now" i (%nowledge"

To %now# &o unde$s&and &o %now how &o %nowledge.



adical 111 (&# a$$ow".

. 命 ,2 m:ng 52 my;'()# mei*+# inochi,-. 62 myeong/ 2 mihng

1. To command a command.

. a&e lie span. <

=o&e2 >ha& ?ea*en o$ &he gods command o$ you is you$ a&e. They also commandyou$ lie span. adical 0 (0# mou&h".

. 者 ,2 3h@ 52 sha12# mono3- 62 a4 2 A

C g$amma&ical pa$&icle see 1. and 7.D o$ e)plana&ions.Eadical 1F (5# GoldH".

D. 不 ,2 bI# bJ 52 u6# -nai-7,# -zu-8 62 bu9 2 bK&

=o&.

不 always nega&es *e$bs o$ adec&i*es# so always e)pec& a *e$b o$ adec&i*eollowing i& (al&hough see also 1.1 below". adical 1 (:# one".

F. 怨 ,2 yun 52 en;<# on=<# uramu>?@# urameshii>?A#, 62 wonB 2 yun

To $esen& $esen&men&# g$ie*ance.

ha$ac&e$s wi&h &he hea$& $adical a$e o&en *e$bs o emo&ion o$ &hin%ing.怨 usuallydesc$ibes &he bi&&e$ness# sadness# and ange$ &ha& $esul& $om being &$ea&ed unai$ly.adical M1 (心# hea$&".

M. 天 ,2 &iKn 52 &enC<# ameDA 62 cheonE 2 &4n

N%y# hea*ens G?ea*en.H

This cha$ac&e$ is o&en used in a gene$ali3ed sense o$ &he Oowe$s Tha& Be. adical7 (F# GbigH".



7. 己 ,2 P 52 %oG# %iH# onoI-# onoreI-J 62 giK 2 gAi

'nesel sel# ego

This cha$ac&e$ usually appea$s as &he di$ec& obec& o a *e$b (as in &he &e)& o &hislesson" o$ as a possessi*e adec&i*e (i.e.# 不怨己命# G&o no& $esen& oneQs own a&e".Ro no& conuse i& wi&h LMD7# Gal$eadyH G&o end". adical D9 (己".

8. 人 ,2 $An 52 inN<# ninO<# hitoPQ 62 inR 2 yhn

1.Oe$son# people# human beings. <

.'&he$s# o&he$ people. <

Cn&onym (meaning /"2 己(7". adical 9 (人".

9. 禍 ,2 huS 52 %aS# wazawaiTUT, 62 hwaV 2 woh

Risas&e$# miso$&une# bad luc%

=o&e &he comp$essed *e$sion o &he $adical on &he le& side. ha$ac&e$s wi&h &his$adical $euen&ly ha*e some&hing &o do wi&h $eligious ce$emonies o$ phenomenawi&h a supe$na&u$al agency. adical 11 (W# G&o show".

10. 生 ,2 shUng 52 sh;1()# seiX+# ikiru,Y$# umu>@# e&c. 62 saengZ 2 sKng (1"# sKang ("

1.To be bo$n# &o a$ise $om &o gi*e bi$&h &o &o be ali*e &o $aise &o g$ow ali*e lie.<

.,as&e$# ,is&e$# poli&e sui)E

=o&e &ha& &he subec& o &he *e$b can be &he &hing &ha& p$oduces o$ &he &hing &ha& isp$oduced. o$ e)ample2 人生# GC pe$son is bo$n (o$ Ga pe$son li*esVis ali*eH" 怨生禍#Gesen&men& gi*es bi$&h &o disas&e$.H adical 100 (生".

11. 於 ,2 yW 52 oI# ni[# oiteI,\ 62 eo] 2 yW

C mul&ipu$pose p$eposi&ion.E



This is one o &he mos& common cha$ac&e$s in li&e$a$y hinese ano&he$ cha$ac&e$#^(DD"# is o&en used in&e$changeably wi&h i&. T$ansla&e based on &he con&e)& (see1.D". adical 70 (_# Gsua$eH".

1. 欲 ,2 yI 52 yo%u`a# hossurubcd$# hoshiib#, 62 yo%e 2 yuh%

To desi$e# &o wan&# &o wan& &o desi$es# wan&s.

+n la&e$ li&e$a$y hinese# &his cha$ac&e$ could also ma$% a u&u$e ac&ion (Gabou& &o".o$ &ha& $eason# 欲生 would come &o mean (o$ e)ample" Gwish &o gi*e bi$&h o$ Gwasabou& &o gi*e bi$&h. adical 7M (f# G&o owe".

1. 得 ,2 dA 52 &o%uga# e$uh$ 62 deu%i 2 dK%

1.To ge&# &o ob&ain gain# p$oi&. <

.To succeed in# &o be able &o (accompanies o&he$ *e$b".

!)ample o meaning /2 得生# &o succeed in being ali*e# &o succeed in being bo$n.(ompa$e &his &o &he *e$nacula$ !nglish. GRid you ge& &o go &o &he s&o$eyes&e$dayjadical M0 (k# &o s&ep wi&h &he le& oo&".

1D. 福 ,2 J 52 u%u6a 62 bo%l 2 W%

Yood o$&une# p$ospe$i&y.

Cn&onym2禍 (9". adical 11 (W"

1F. 自 ,2 3: 52 shi1# iN# mizukaram8n? 62 a4 2 ih

1. 'nesel pe$sonally# na&u$ally# spon&aneously. <

. $om (used &o indica&e mo*emen& away $om".

+n meaning /1# 自 is some&imes used &o pu& special emphasis on &he subec&. o$e)ample#自知 usually means G&o %now some&hingE onesel.H on&$as& &his wi&h 知己# &o %now oneselQ (al&hough see also ia# Lesson 1D". >$i&e$s a$e some&imes $a&he$*ague abou& using 自 and 己 con&e)& should be you$ guide. ,eaning / (usually&$ansla&ed in&o !nglish as &he p$eposi&ion G$omH" is ac&ually a %ind o co*e$b (see1.F o$ an e)plana&ion o &his &e$m". adical 1 (自".



1M. 禁 ,2 :n 52 %inH< 62 geumo 2 gKm

To con&$ol# &o p$ohibi&# &o $es&$ain.

adical 11 (W".

17. 聖 ,2 shZng 52 sh;1()# seiX+# hijiriPpq 62 seongr 2 sing

Nage# wise pe$son# sain& sagely wise.

+n onucianism# &he wo$d is applied &o &he g$ea&es& men# onucius especially. +nBuddhism# i& can $ee$ &o &he Buddha o$ &o Bodhisa&&*as. adical 18 (耳# ea$".

18. 以 ,2 yP 52 i+# motte3c\ 62 is 2 y[h

1. >i&h# by means o. co*e$bE

. +n o$de$ &o. conunc&ionE

o$ mo$e on &his *e$y common and &$oublesome cha$ac&e$# see 1.F and 1.M below.adical 9(C".

19. 心 ,2 )4n 52 shin1<# kokorottu 62 simv 2 sKm

?ea$&# mind# s&a&e o mind# a&&i&ude.

+n hinese cul&u$e# &he hea$& is &he sou$ce o bo&h emo&ions and &hin%ing. adical M1(心".

0.導 ,2 d\o 52 d;w)# michibikum.xy 62 doz 2 douh

To lead.

This cha$ac&e$ could be in&e$p$e&ed as &he *e$bal eui*alen& o {# G$oadH# Gpa&hH—in o&he$ wo$ds# G&o show someoneE &he $oad.H adical D1 (|# &humb".

1. 耳 ,2 @$ 52 iN# mimimm 62 is 2 y[h



This cha$ac&e$ $ee$s ei&he$ &o *i$&uous# mo$al beha*io$ o$ &o &alen& and s%ill. RonQ&conuse i& wi&h ‰(DM". adical 0 (0".

M. ,2 bo 52 h;Š)# mu%ui$u@y,$ 62 bo‹ 2 bou

1.To $epay# &o $ewa$d $epaymen&. <

.To a*enge $e*enge.

.epo$& &o $epo$&.

>he$eas gene$ally $ee$$ing &o &he idea o $epaymen&# &his cha$ac&e$ can implyei&he$ $ewa$d o$ good &hings o$ o$ms o $e*enge o$ *engeance. +& o&en $ee$s &ohea*enly us&ice. adical (Œ# Gea$&hH".

7. ! ,2 dA 52 &o%uga 62 deo% 2 dK%

1.^i$&ue# powe$. <

.Yood deed &o do a good deed.

Cl&hough in mos& li&e$a$y hinese &e)&s &his cha$ac&e$ $ee$s &o &he mode$n sense o*i$&ue# in ea$ly &e)&s i& some&imes implies inne$ (almos& magical" powe$ o$cha$isma. Nome schola$s ha*e a$gued &ha& i& is &he powe$ one possesses &o ma%eano&he$ obliged o$ g$a&eul &o onesel (and &his in &u$n led &o meaning /". 'ne o

&he names o &he Lao3i5Ž is Raodeing {!# Hlassic o &he >ay and +&s Oowe$.Hadical M0 (k".

#$%%&'A)* 1.1. Oa$&s o speech2 +n &he commen&a$y# + will occasionally be using &e$ms such asnoun# adec&i*e# p$onoun# *e$b# o$ ad*e$b &o e)plain how wo$ds a$e unc&ioning in asen&ence. ?owe*e$# w$i&e$s some&imes employ a single wo$d in a *a$ie&y og$amma&ical unc&ions i i& sounds $igh& &o &hem. This canno& be done a$bi&$a$ily wi&hany wo$d# bu& i& is ai$ly common. o$ e)ample2

欲 can mean G&o wan&H (*e$b"2

人欲耳2 Oeople wan& ea$s#

o$ i& can mean G&o wan& &oH. (au)ilia$y *e$b"2

天欲聖人2 ?ea*en wan&s &o $ewa$d &he wise pe$son.



爲禍者2 one who c$ea&es disas&e$

命者2 one who does no& command

OCT+!2 Ou& &he ollowing in&o li&e$a$y hinese2

1. one who desi$es

. one who %nows &he hea$&

. one who wan&s eyes

D. one who $ewa$ds &he pe$son

F. one who leads ?ea*en

1.D.於2 This is a *ague# mul&ipu$pose p$eposi&ion usually placed be&ween a *e$b anda noun. The noun &ha& ollows i& is o&en &he loca&ion o &he ac&ion# bu& &he$ela&ionship can also be mo$e abs&$ac&. 於 can only be &$ansla&ed by seeing &hecon&e)& o &he sen&ence and unde$s&anding how i&s accompanying *e$b is beingused. ,os& $euen&ly i& means Gin#H G$om#H o$ Gby.H

聖人得目於天。 The wise pe$son ob&ains eyes $om ?ea*en.

聖人導小人於禍。 The wise pe$son leads &he pe&&y pe$son $om disas&e$.

=o&e2 + you &hin% &ha& &he wise pe$son is no& *e$y compassiona&e# you can &$ansla&ei& as GThe wise pe$son leads &he pe&&y pe$son in&o disas&e$. on&e)& andin&e$p$e&a&ion a$e e*e$y&hing]

小人生於禍。 The pe&&y pe$son a$ises $om disas&e$.

知己者得於天。 The pe$son who %nows himsel ob&ains $ewa$d $om ?ea*en.OCT+!2 Ou& &he ollowing in&o li&e$a$y hinese2


1. 'ne who does good leads &he hea$& (away" $om disas&e$.

. The hea$& is bo$n $om &he good.

. The pe$son go& ea$s $om ?ea*en.

1.F 以2 This is one o &he mos& $euen&ly used cha$ac&e$s in li&e$a$y hinese# and i&has a *e$y wide applica&ion. +& was o$iginally a *e$b meaning G&o &a%e#H G&o use.H



!*en&ually# i& s&a$&ed &o be used in combina&ion wi&h o&he$ *e$bs (wha& !nglishlanguage schola$s o&en call a co*e$b". +& se$*es &he same pu$pose as !nglishp$eposi&ions li%e Gwi&h#H Gby means o#H and G&h$ough.H +& usually comes beo$e &hemain *e$b# and i& is ollowed by i&s own special obec&2

天以禍爲不善者。 ?ea*en $epays wi&h disas&e$ &he pe$son who does e*il.

+n &his e)ample# is &he main *e$b# and 爲不善者 is i&s obec&.以 is &he co*e$b# and禍 is &he obec& o &he co*e$b.

'&he$ e)amples2 +den&iy &he obec& o &he co*e$b in each case2

聖人以!導小人。 The wise pe$son leads &he pe&&y pe$son wi&h *i$&ue.

自禁者以!導欲。 The pe$son who $es&$ains he$sel leads he$ desi$es wi&h *i$&ue.

1.M Nhi&ing &he co*e$b posi&ion2 ?owe*e$# i a w$i&e$ wan&s &o pu& special emphasison &he &hing &ha& ge&s used (as in &e)& /"# he o$ she will place &he co*e$b and i&sobec& a&e$ &he main *e$b2

小人導心以耳目2 The pe&&y pe$son leads his hea$& wi&h his ea$s and eyes.

Cno&he$# mo$e aw%wa$d way o e)p$essing &he same sense2 G+& is wi&h his ea$s andeyes &ha& &he pe&&y pe$son leads his hea$&.

知己者人以善2 +& is wi&h good &ha& &he one who %nows he$sel $ewa$ds o&he$s.

小人天以怨2 +& is wi&h $esen&men& &ha& &he pe&&y pe$son $ewa$ds ?ea*en.OCT+!2 Ou& &he ollowing in&o li&e$a$y hinese2

1. +& is wi&h disas&e$ &ha& ou$E eyes and ea$s $epay igno$ance.

. ^i$&ue a$ises $om &he good pe$son &h$ough his hea$&.

. +& is &h$ough sel-con&$ol &ha& &he one who %nows he$sel commands ?ea*en.

1.7. Ou&&ing &he obec& i$s&2 Nome&imes a w$i&e$ will place a di$ec& obec& a& &he

beginning o a sen&ence in o$de$ &o con&$as& how i& $ecei*es &he ac&ion incompa$ison &o o&he$ &hings. Loo% a& &he ollowing !nglish sen&ences2

As for those books, put them in the chest. As for the magazines, throw them out.

Nomebody has as%ed us# >ha& do you wan& me &o do wi&h &hese boo%s andmaga3ines >e $eply# con&$as&ing &he &wo g$oups o i&ems and saying wha& we



8a. Ž ,2 Wn 3P 52 %unshiy·# 62 gun a¶4 2 gwKn [

Non o a lo$d a gen&leman# a supe$io$ man.

$om &he &ime o &he Analects—a &e)& pu$po$&ing &o $eco$d &he sayings o onucius—&his &e$m inc$easingly came &o $ee$ &o men o supe$io$ mo$al s&anda$ds andin&ellec&. '&en used as an an&onym &o 小人.

0. ‘ ,2 yu 52 yW¸)# aruD$ 62 yu¹ 2 yuh

1. To possess# &o own# &o ha*e possession. <

. Being# e)is&ence &o e)is&# &o be in a place o$ among a g$oupE.

The second g$oup o meanings $ep$esen&s &he e)is&ence o some&hing wi&hin ag$oup o$ a& a loca&ion. o$ e)ample2 ‘ could be &$ansla&ed simply as G&he$e iswo$$y Ž‘ 善人 could be &$ansla&ed as Gamong gen&lemen &he$e a$e *i$&uousmen.H adical 7D (º# Gmoon".

1 .’ ,2 3h;ng 52 shW1»)# owaruIT$# oeruIh$# owariITq# tsuini¼,½

62 ong¾ 2 Wng

To end# &o die ending inally.

>hen meaning G&o die# &his wo$d usually implies by na&u$al causes# a&e$ a ull lie(e.g.#得’# &he $ule$ succeeded in li*ing ou& his na&u$al lie span". adical 10(¿#Hsil% loss".

. “ ,2 shUn 52 shin1<# mim# karadan?À 62 sinÁ 2 sKn

Body# &he sel# onesel pe$sonally# on one s own.

Nome&imes i& is diicul& &o &ell wi&h &his cha$ac&e$ whe&he$ &he au&ho$ in&ends anemphasis on &he physical body one possesses o$ whe&he$ heVshe in&ends anabs&$ac& sense. Nynonym (oneselH"2自(Â".adical 1F8 (“".

1a. ’“ ,2 3h;ng shUn 52 shWshin#Ã>#· 62 ong sin¾Á 2 Wng sKn

Cll one s lie# &o &he end o one s lie.



F0. ¡ ,2 nn (1" nn (" 52 nanå<# katainƒ,# muzukashii@8n#, 62 nan æ 2 nahn (1-" naahn (disas&e$"

1. Riicul&# ha$d &o deal wi&h. <

. Riicul&y# p$oblem.

,eaning /1 is o&en used wi&h a *e$b &o e)p$ess &he idea Gdiicul& &oH o$e)ample2 ¡導# Gdiicul& &o leadH ¡š# Gdiicul& &o ca$$y ou&H (compa$eŸ D8E seealso 7.". adical 17 (ç# sho$&-&ailed bi$d".

F1. ¢ ,2 )i 52 %aS# geÏ# shita#ƒ# e&c. 62 haè 2 hah

fnde$# below &o go down# &o descend# &o pu& down social ine$io$s &o gi*e &o asocial ine$io$.

This cha$ac&e$ can $ee$ &o any&hing GbelowH some&hing else# o$ any mo*emen&$om abo*e &o below. adical 1 (:".

Ma.天¢ ,2 &iKn )i 52 &en%a\·n 62 cheon haEè 2 &4n hah

Gfnde$ ?ea*enH (i.e.# &he wo$ld".

hinese w$i&e$s &ended &o use &his &e$m &o $ep$esen& all &e$$i&o$y unde$ hinesecon&$ol# no& necessa$ily e*e$y place in e)is&ence. The schola$ C. . Y$aham has$ende$ed i& as G&he empi$e. ons&$as& i& wi&h ¨(F7".

F. £ ,2 sh4 52 shi&su1é# ushinau>#7> 62 silê 2 sK&

To lose# &o be $emiss# &o neglec& loss# ailu$e.

adical 7 (F"

F.¤ ,2 hSu 52 goÚ# %;G)# ushiro>#u# ato niDQ½# e&c. 62 huë 2hauh

1. Behind# la&e$# subseuen&ly# a&e$wa$d &o ollow behind &o conside$ o lesse$impo$&ance.



+n meaning /1 (by a$ &he mo$e common"# &his wo$d gene$ally $ep$esen&s acombina&ion o 於 _ obec& p$onoun (e.g.# G$om him#H G&o he$#H G&owa$d i&#H e&c.".Nome&imes i&Qs bes& &o &$ansla&e i& as a loca&ion p$onoun2 he$e o$ &he$e. +n &his &e)&#he$e o$ $om &his would be mos& app$op$ia&e. ,eaning / will no& occu$ un&il

Lesson 7. adical 8M (Ë".

F7. ¨ ,2 gu 52 %o%uGa# kuniy½ 62 gu%ï 2 gwo%

oun&$y# s&a&e# capi&al ci&y.

+n ancien& hina# &his cha$ac&e$ could apply &o die$en& concep&s. Beo$e &heuniica&ion o hina unde$ &he in ð empi$e (1-07 B..!."# independen& s&a&eswe$e called ¨. ?owe*e$# a& &he ea$lies& s&age# &he &e$m could be applied &o &heGcapi&al ci&yH o a s&a&e (and# in ac&# s&a&es in &he ea$ly pe$iod we$e mo$e li%e Y$ee%

ci&y-s&a&es—me&$opolises wi&h *aguely deined &e$$i&o$y a$ound &hem". +n &heimpe$ial pe$iod，¨ could apply &o &e$$i&o$y con&$olled by a membe$ o &he $oyalhouse o$ a loyal $e&aine$ (GiedomH". Basically# all ¨ &a%en &oge&he$ cons&i&u&e 天¢ (Ma". adical 1 (`# enclosu$e".

F8. © ,2 iK 52 %aS# %eñ# ie,h 62 gaß 2 gK

1. ?ouse# household# amily. <

. Nchool o &hough&.

+n &he ea$ly pe$iod# &he &e$m ¨© as a combina&ion wo$d meaning coun&$y had no&ui&e e*ol*ed ye&. a&he$#© is con&$as&ed wi&h ¨ &o $ep$esen& ei&he$ &he p$i*a&e$ealm (amily# as opposed &o coun&$y"# o$ &he noble amilies and clans &ha& $uled &he¨. The cha$ac&e$ i&sel $ep$esen&s a domes&ic animal unde$ a $oo. adical D0$ooH".

F9 ª ,2 ch[ (1" 3h: (" 52 chi"# iN# osameruIA$ 62 chiò 2 ch:h(1"# ih("

1. To go*e$n well# &o pu& in o$de$. <

. Yo*e$nmen&# adminis&$a&ion.

o$ a discussion o &he li&e$a$y hinese p$onuncia&ion o &his cha$ac&e$# see .7below. adical 8F (ó# Gwa&e$H".



M0.« ,2 )io 52 %;G) 62 hyoô 2 haau

ilial iliali&y# ilial pie&y.

Cno&he$ one o &he mos& impo$&an& onucian *i$&ues.不« means unilial o$Guniliali&y.H adical 9 (Ž"

M1. ¬ ,2 m[n 52 min'<# tamiƒm 62 minõ 2 mhn

The common people.

This cha$ac&e$ usually desc$ibes &he people as a g$oup i& is $a$e &o see an indi*idualcalled a ¬# unless his commone$ s&a&us is being s&$essed. adical 8 (ö# clan#amily".

M. ,2 3hUng 52 s;÷)# arasouD?Ç> 62 aengø 2 Kng

1. To *ie# &o compe&e# &o s&$uggle# &o igh&. <

. To &$y oneQs ha$des&# &o be eage$ &o# &o *ie wi&h o&he$s &o accomplish some&hingE.

The second use accompanies ano&he$ *e$b and $ep$esen&s &he eage$ness o people&o do some&hing. o$ e)ample2 ¬爲善# GThe people s&$uggle &oVcompe&e &o dogoodH (i.e.# &hey a$e all e)&$emely eage$ &o do good". adical 87 (…".

M. ® ,2 Un (1" Zn (" 52 bunù<# un6<# buù# wakeruTú$ 62 bunû 2Kn(1"# ahn("

1. To di*ide up# &o appo$&ion，&o sha$e. <

. Nha$e# lo&# a&e.

=o&e &ha& &he %nie $adical sugges&s &he cha$ac&e$Qs o$iginal meaning2 cu&&ingsome&hing in&o pieces and di*iding i&. adical 18 (ü# G%nieH".

MD. ¯ ,2 c[ 52 iN# itsukushimu,¼y#@ 62 a4 2 ch:h

ompassion# sympa&hy compassiona&e.

adical M1 (心".



. +nluence# au&ho$i&y# powe$.

adical 7F (木# G&$eeH".

70. µ ,2 mu 52 b;ボ)# muÈ# hakaruはn$ 62 mo모 2 muh

Olans# schemes# s&$a&egy &o plo&# &o plan $esou$ceul.

This wo$d can ha*e ei&he$ a posi&i*e conno&a&ion (&o ma%e s&$a&egies# &o consul&# &oplan" o$ a nega&i*e one (&o scheme# &o plo&". Cs a *e$b# i& &a%es as i&s obec& ei&he$&he &hing &ha& is being planned (聖人µ善# GThe wise pe$son plans a good &hingH" o$&he &hing &ha& is being plo&&ed agains& (小人µ¨# GThe pe&&y pe$son plo&&ed agains&&he s&a&e". adical 1D9 (".

M9a.´µ ,2 un mu 52 %enb;ú·ぼ> 62 gwon mo권모 2 %yIhn muh

Y$and s&$a&egies# p$o*isional plans $esou$ceulness.

This compound ob*iously de$i*es $om &he idea o &he plansµ one de*elops ince$&ain ci$cums&ances ´.

#$%%&'A)* .1. The pa$&icle ”2 'u$ &e)& gi*es us &he i$s&# and p$obably &he mos& common# o

se*e$al uses o$ &his cha$ac&e$. +& connec&s &wo nouns o$ noun ph$ases i&s use iso&en op&ional and i& &ends &o occu$ when cla$iica&ion is needed. +& can $ep$esen&ei&he$ possession o$ desc$ip&ion2

”µ2&he $ule$Qs schemes

天¢”¨：&he s&a&es o &he wo$ld

聖人”²2&he e$a o a wise pe$son

小人”©2&he pe&&y pe$sonQs house

Ž”¤2behind &he gen&leman

.. Longe$ desc$ip&i*e ph$ases2 ou will p$obably ha*e mos& diicul&y wi&h ” wheni& connec&s a whole sen&ence &o a noun. +n li&e$a$y hinese# one does no& say &he$ule$ who plo&s agains& &he s&a&e.H 'ne says G&he plo&-agains&-s&a&e $ule$ µ¨”.'&he$ e)amples ollow2



D. Cn ang$y son who loses bene*olence

F. C good man who go*e$ns wi&h compassion

M. The people spea% abou& a $ule$ who go*e$ns his coun&$y.

7. ilial sons ob&ain $ewa$d $om a ?ea*en &ha& ollows &he >ay.

8. fnilial $ule$s go agains& wise men who possess $igh&eousness.

.. The conunc&ion }2 This is an e)&$emely *ague wo$d &ha& usually connec&s &wo*e$bs. ?ow i& should be in&e$p$e&ed depends on &he con&e)&. Nome e)amples2

小人±{}³!。

+n &his case# &he &wo ac&ions o &he 小人 a$e bo&h bad and do no& seem &o becon&$as&ing o$ con&$adic&o$y. onseuen&ly# we &$ansla&e wi&h a simple and2 Thepe&&y pe$son goes agains& &he >ay and opposes *i$&ue.

聖人自禁}不禁人。

This case is open &o deba&e# bu& &he w$i&e$Qs poin& he$e seems &o be &ha& a wisepe$son# al&hough ca$eul o hisVhe$ own beha*io$# will no& &$y &o o$ce &ha& beha*io$on o&he$s. onjseuen&ly# we migh& &$ansla&e wi&h bu&2 GThe wise pe$son con&$olshimVhe$sel bu& does no& con&$ol o&he$s.

š¥¦}ª¨。

Nome&imes } seems &o emphasi3e &empo$al seuence o$ &he p$econdi&ions &ha& a$enecessa$y o$ some second ac&ion &o occu$. C cha$ac&e$-by-cha$ac&e$ &$ansla&ionwould be GThe $ule$ p$ac&ices %indness and us&ice and go*e$ns &he s&a&e. ,os&would $ead he$e &he implica&ion &ha& p$ac&icing %indness and us&ice b$ings abou&&he go*e$ning. GThe $ule$ p$ac&ices %indness and us&ice and so go*e$ns &he s&a&e.

The impo$&an& poin& he$e is &ha& you should loo% ca$eully a& &he o*e$all &endencieso &he sen&ence beo$e you in&e$p$e& }.

.D. N&a&i*e *e$b2 This is a &e$m used by !nglish-spea%ing schola$s o hinese &odesc$ibe an adec&i*e unc&ioning as a *e$b. +n !nglish# a s&a&i*e *e$b &ypicallyconsis&s o &he *e$b G&o be ollowed by wha& is &e$med a p$edica&e adec&i*e2 She

is angry # it is small# they are kind. +n li&e$a$y hinese# you donQ& need &he *e$b to be2# G&he $ule$ is ang$yH Ž小# G&he son is smallH聖人¯# G&he wise pe$son is %ind.H=o&ice &ha& when you $e*e$se &he cha$ac&e$s# you ha*e an adec&i*e-noun ph$ase$a&he$ &han a comple&e sen&ence2# Gang$y $ule$ 小Ž# Gsmall son ¯聖人# G%ind



wise pe$son.H Clways be ca$eul &o obse$*e wo$d o$de$ when in&e$p$e&ing asen&ence]

.F. Oassi*e s&$uc&u$es2 The$e is a simple way &o dis&inguish &he Gac&i*e *oice and&he passi*e *oice in sen&ences. + &he subec& o &he sen&ence ca$$ies ou& &heac&ion o &he *e$b# i&Qs &he ac&i*e *oice i i& $ecei*es &he eec&s o &he *e$b# i&Qs &hepassi*e *oice. o$ e)ample2

The ilial son %illed &he $a&. "his is acti#e #oice.

The $a& was %illed by &he ilial son. "his is passi#e #oice.

The$e a$e a numbe$ o special ways &o indica&e &he passi*e *oice in li&e$a$y hinese#and weQll e)amine &hem as we encoun&e$ &hem (7.# 9.# 9.# and 1.11". ?owe*e$#i&Qs no& unusual o$ a w$i&e$ &o use &he passi*e *oice wi&hou& any special indica&ion osuch when &he meaning o &he sen&ence would ma%e i& clea$. +n &he second p$o*e$babo*e#¨©不ª should be $ead passi*ely al&hough in !nglish we could say &ha& as&a&e o$ a amily go*e$ns# usually in hinese &hese a$e $ecipien&s o go*e$ning. No#G&he s&a&e and amily a$e no& wellE go*e$ned would be co$$ec&.

.M. +mplied compound sen&ences2 Cs we shall see# li&e$a$y hinese does ha*ewo$ds o$ cons&$uc&ing mul&iclause sen&ences# li%e Gi#H Gwhen#H G&hen#H Gal&hough#Hand so o$&h. ?owe*e$# i& is us& as li%ely &ha& a w$i&e$ will lea*e &hese ou& i &hemeaning is clea$ wi&hou& &hem. o$ e)ample# in &he sen&ence 天¢£{，}¤¥¦生§#

&he e)p$ession }¤ means Gonly &hen#H which sugges&s &ha& &he i$s& ph$ase has animplied GiH o$ Gwhen.H

,o$e diicul& a$e &hese &wo ph$ases $om p$o*e$b /12

‰不žŸ，不ž¡。

hinese w$i&e$s &end &o ha*e a ondness o$ ou$-cha$ac&e$ ph$ases and &ha& may bewhy &his is pu& &he way i& is. +& would ha*e been somewha& easie$ i we had2

‰}不žŸ，}不ž¡。

Nee i you can now &$ansla&e &hese diicul& sen&ences.


1. The common people s&$uggle &o ob&ain lie and do no& ollow &he $ule$.

. The pe&&y man &al%s abou& %indness and us&ice bu& he does no& p$ac&ice *i$&ue.



#haracter Listi. ¢”¥®ž³‰¨£Ž«©¤˜°Ÿ²‘—´¬ª§–œ’¦}šµ“{¡™(D0"

ii. ›±("

iii.¯(1"

Lesson /

*et $ne %ore Proverb萬物得!者生，百"得{者#。{”$%，天¢&”。!”$%，天¢'”。¥”$%，天¢(”。¦”$%，天¢)”。*+者，¬去”。ó,者，-.”。/0者，12”。!3者，45”。‘6者，¬)”。78者，49”。

V$#A+ULA)* (!1-1.1"71. 萬 ,2 wn 52 man:<# ban;< 62 man< 2 maahn

Ten &housand.

adical 1D0 (=".

7. 物 ,2 wI 52 bu&suùé# mo&su~é# mono3- 62 mul> 2 mah&

Thing physical obec&.

萬物# &he &en &housand &hings#H is a common e)p$ession o$ all &he &hings in &hewo$ld. adical 9 (?# GcowH".

7. ,2 [ 52 %iH# soreÇJ# sonoÇ- 62 giK 2 %Zih

1. This &ha& &hese &hose i&s his he$ &hei$# possessi*e and demons&$a&i*eadec&i*eE<

. Oe$haps# p$obably# should# *ague modal ad*e$bE This cha$ac&e$ is e)&$emely common in li&e$a$y hinese cons&$uc&ions. o$ de&ails o&he i$s& meaning# see .1. The second meaning will be encoun&e$ed and e)plainedla&e$ (11.M". adical 1 (@# Geigh&H".



7D. ! ,2 b@n 52 honŠ<# moto3Q 62 bonA 2 bJn

T$eeE $oo& undamen&al basics.

+n hinese philosophy# ! is o&en used &o e)p$ess impo$&an& &hings# i$s& &hings# o$&he essen&ial na&u$e o &hings. adical 7F (木".

7F. 百 ,2 b\i 52 bya%uB2a# hya%uPゃy# momo33 62 bae%C 2 baa%

'ne hund$ed.

adical 10M (白# Gwhi&eH".

7M. " ,2 sh: 52 iN# kototQ# tsukaeru¼nh$ 62 saD 2 sih1. Thing# ma&&e$# aai$# occupa&ion# ob. <

. To se$*e# &o wo$% o$ &o employ# &o ha*e as a se$*an&.

+n mode$n hinese# 物(7" &ends &o apply &o physical obec&s# whe$eas " applies &oma&&e$s# aai$s# and abs&$ac& &hings. This holds &$ue &o a ce$&ain e)&en& in li&e$a$yhinese# bu& &he$e is some conusion o &he &e$ms. adical M (E".

77. # ,2 chAng 52 seiX+. ;N()# naru7$# nasu7d 62 seongr 2 s:hng

To comple&e &o accomplish &o pe$ec& &o become.

This cha$ac&e$ is ui&e common in bo&h &$ansi&i*e use (#!# GThe $ule$ pe$ec&s his*i$j&ue" and in&$ansi&i*e use (!## ^i$&ue comes &o pe$ec&ion". adical M (F#spea$".

78. $ ,2 su 52 so÷# sho1(# tokoroQtu 62 so‚ 2 s

1. Olace# loca&ion.

. Y$amma&ical pa$&icle2 &u$ns a *e$b in&o a di$ec& obec&.E<

The second use o &his cha$ac&e$ is ai$ly complica&ed and will p$obably cause yousome diicul&y. o$ de&ails# see . below. adical M (G# Gdoo$H".



79. % ,2 3i 52 3aiH+# aruD$ 62 aeI 2 oih

To be loca&ed in a placeE &o be a& a placeE &o e)is&# &o be li*ing.

adical (Œ".

80. & ,2 gu4 52 %iH# kaerunh$# kaesunhd 62 gwiJ 2 gwKi

To go home &o gi*e allegiance &o &o ind $euge wi&h.

This cha$ac&e$ e)p$esses &he ac&ion o going &o whe$e one GbelongsH (in &$adi&ionalconcep&ion". i*e$s & &o &he sea. ^assals & &o &hei$ lo$d. >omen & &o &hei$husbandsQ homes when &hey ge& ma$$ied. adical 77 (K# G&o s&op".

81. ' ,2 gu: 52 %iH# t!tobuQ>QÝ# t!toiQ>Q, 62 gwiJ 2 gwai

^aluable# e)pensi*e &o *alue &o &$easu$e.

+n o&he$# la&e$ &e)&s# &his cha$ac&e$ indica&es membe$s o &he nobili&y anda$is&oc$acy. adical 1FD (L# cow$ie shell—once used o$ cu$$ency".

8. ( ,2 i 52 aiD,# aisuruD,d$# oshimuI#@ 62 aeM 2 ngoi

To lo*e &o che$ish &o beg$udge.

This cha$ac&e$ usually does no& imply G$oman&ic lo*e in li&e$a$y hinese# as i& doesin &he mode$n !as& Csian languages. adical M1 (心".

8.) ,2 wZi 52 i+# osoreruIÇJ$# kashikomun#t@ 62 oeN 2 wai

To ea$ &o be in awe o &o $espec&.

adical 10 (O# GieldH".

8D.* ,2 wW 52 o%u=a 62 o%P 2 ngW%

?ouse# $oom.

adical DD (Q# Gco$pseH# GbodyH".



8F. + ,2 lSu 52 $;# moru3$# moreru3J$# morasu3?d 62 luR# nuS 2lauh

To lea%.

adical 8F (ó".

8M.去 ,2 I 52 %yoH(# %oG# saru$ 62 geoT 2 heui

1. To lea*e# &o abandon# &$ansi&i*eE

. To lea*e# &o depa$&# in&$ansi&i*eE

adical 8 (U".

87. ó ,2 shuP 52 suiV+# mizum8 62 suW 2 sAui

>a&e$.

Nome&imes &his cha$ac&e$ is used poe&ically o$ $i*e$ (li%e G&he wa&e$s o &he =ileHin !nglish". adical 8F (ó".

88. , ,2 i\n 52 senX<# asaiD, 62 cheonE 2 ch[n

Nhallow.

Cs can &he !nglish wo$d o$ &his meaning# &his cha$ac&e$ can be used li&e$ally(Gshallow wa&e$H" o$ me&apho$ically (Gshallow eelingsH". adical 8F (ó".

89. - ,2 yJ 2 gyoÕ(# uo>I# sakanan7 62 eo] 2 yIh

ish.

adical 19F (-".

90. . ,2 &o 52 &;g)# nigeru½X$ 62 doz 2 &Suh

To lee# &o escape.



adical 1M (Ô".

91. / ,2 shI 52 uN»# kiY 62 suW 2 syuh

1. T$ee<

. To plan& a &$eeE# &o es&ablish.

adical 7F (木".

9. 0 ,2 gKo 52 %;G)# takaiƒn, 62 goY 2 g;u

?igh# lo&y.

adical 189 (0".

9. 1 ,2 ni\o 52 ch;"()# toriQq 62 oÍ 2 n[uh

Bi$d.

adical 19M (1".

9D. 2 ,2 sI 52 shu%u1»a# yadoruáZ$# yadosuáZd# yadoáZ 62 su%[ 2 sW%

1. To $oos& &o lodge# &o spend &he nigh& lodging# inn. <

. O$e*ious# o$me$.

Cs one migh& conclude $om &he usages abo*e# &he cha$ac&e$ can $ee$ bo&h &oanimals $oos&ing o$ &he nigh& and &o humans spending &he nigh& somewhe$e (o&en&empo$a$ily". $om &he$e# &he meaning o inn o$ GlodgingH de*eloped. adical D0(\".

9F. 3 ,2 hSu 52 %;G)# atsuiD¼, 62 huë 2 huh

Thic% gene$ous.

adical 7 (]# GcliH".



101.9 ,2 sP 52 shi1# shinu#d 62 saD 2 sAi

Rea&h &o die.

o$ &his cha$ac&e$Qs special use in &his lessonQs &e)& see .D below. adical 78 (e#bad# *icious".

#$%%&'A)* .1. The possessi*eVdemons&$a&i*e adec&i*e —and p$onouns in gene$al2 Cl&hough will ha*e some o&he$ impo$&an& unc&ions &ha& we will no&e la&e$# i&s mos&common is &o signiy demons&$a&i*e unc&ions kthis, that, the" o$ possession. Thus#depending on &he con&e)&# - could mean G&his ish#H G&ha& ish#H G&he ish weha*e been &al%ing abou&E# Ghe$ ish#H Ghis ish#H Gi&s ish#H o$ G&hei$ ishH Ro no&conuse i& wi&h ”2

(”"心2 &he $ule$Qs mind 心2 his mind

+ you wish &o say Gyou$ mind o$ Gmy mind# you use an op&ional ” pa$&icle wi&h ai$s& o$ second pe$son p$onoun2f(”"心# Ž(”"心.

Yene$ally spea%ing# hinese w$i&e$s $a$ely used subec& p$onouns in &he &hi$dpe$son. No ins&ead o e)p$essing she# he# Gi&#H o$ G&hey#H &he &e)& will simplyha*e no&hing a& all2

得¬心}¤得8。 The $ule$ ob&ains &he peopleQs hea$&s# and only &hen will he

ob&ain &hei$ &$us&.

.. Oa$&i&i*e s&$uc&u$e2 This is an in&e$es&ing and common pa&&e$n &ha& o&enconuses s&uden&s. Oay ca$eul a&&en&ion &o &he ollowing discussion.

>e ha*e al$eady seen in . how a long *e$bal ph$ase can modiy a noun2

不8”¬2 a people who do no& &$us& &hei$ $ule$.

?owe*e$# i you wan& &o pu& pa$&icula$ emphasis on such people—&o see &hem as aspecial subg$oup o peoples in gene$al (&he subg$oup o &hose who donQ& &$us& &hei$$ule$"# &hen you use a new pa&&e$n# cha$ac&e$i3ed by 2

='f= _ ” _ ^!BCL O?CN! _ 者 No# ou$ ea$lie$ sen&ence could be $ew$i&&en as2

¬”不8者



. -$怨

. 1$2

D. 4不(¬”$(。

F. ”$去，小人5”。

>e will see o&he$ ways o using &he# $ pa$&icle in &he lessons ahead.

.D. +dioma&ic usages o some *ocabula$y i&ems2 =o ma&&e$ how &ho$oughly youlea$n &he g$amma$ o li&e$a$y hinese# o$ how $euen&ly you p$ac&ice cha$ac&e$s#&he$e will always be some ways o using speciic cha$ac&e$s &ha& you wonQ& be able&o an&icipa&e. Nome&imes &hese usages a$enQ& e*en men&ioned in dic&iona$ies. oumus& be pa&ien& and pic% up &his ino$ma&ion as you go along# and you mus& no& ge&

$us&$a&ed.

ase in poin&2 The *e$b H9M &o die" is no$mally in&$ansi&i*e (i.e.# i& doesnQ& &a%e adi$ec& obec&—you canQ& Gdie someone". Bu& in &his lesson# i& is ollowed by &hedi$ec& obec& p$onoun ”. Oe$haps you migh& guess &ha& 9 should be in&e$p$e&ed asG&o %ill in &his case—bu& you would be w$ong. +n ac&#9 can &a%e as i&s obec& &hepe$son o$ whom one dies (in an ac& o loyal&y" &his is usually oneQs $ule$ o$ lo$d.

#haracter Listi. "83去%42*7(#$!/&9ó,物)百6萬'0-1 (8"

ii. +5.("

Lesson 0

Guan hon2 Shows U3 Lateghi爲Fjkl，m以ân。op¤q。hirs以t”。opuvl。hiw：xm}¤q，t}vl。於6yz{|op}w：xj~：l入•€。•€者£，£者“v。jv“不‚vl。hiƒw：xp„…†‡ˆ|

V$#A+ULA)* (1.-1/0"10.g ,2 [ 52 seiX+ 62 e‰ 2 chih

1. The s&a&e o i.



. To be eual# &o be &he same.

ega$ding meaning /12g was a s&a&e in p$e-impe$ial hina# occupying pa$& o &hea$ea o Nhandong Š‹ p$o*ince. This is &he i$s& o a numbe$ o s&a&e names you will

lea$n. Because so much o &$adi&ional hinese cul&u$e $ee$s bac% &o &he ea$lype$iod# you should become amilia$ wi&h &hem. adical 10 (g".

10.h ,2 hun 52 %anS< 62 hwanÐ 2 wIhn

,a$&ial# mili&a$y.

This is a $ela&i*ely uncommon cha$ac&e$# used mos& o&en in p$ope$ names and &i&les(as &his case".

adical 7F (木".

10D.i ,2 g;ng 52 %;G)# kimiYm 62 gongŒ 2 gWng

1. GRu%eH (a eudal &i&le". <

. Yong# a su$name see Lesson M o$ an e)ampleE

. ,as&e$. poli&e sui)# simila$ &o 生(10-" and Ž(9-"E

D. ou# Ni$. poli&e second pe$son p$onoun# simila$ &o Ž(9-"E

o$ de&ails on eudal &i&les# see D.1. ,eanings / and /D# &hough ui&e common# dono& occu$ in ou$ lesson &e)&s. adical 1 (@".

10a.ghi ,2 [ hun g;ng 52 sei %an %;,n·t> 62 e hwan gong‰ÐŒ 2 chih wIhn gWng

Ru%e ?uan o i.

?e $eigned $om M8F &o MD B..!. Cs wi&h &he names o &he s&a&es# you shouldamilia$i3e you$sel wi&h some o &he mo$e amous $ule$s and his&o$ical igu$es o &he

p$e-impe$i pe$iod. o$ mo$e on &he impo$&ance o Ru%e ?uan# see F.1.

10F.F ,2 d 52 &aiŽ+# dai+# ;kiiIIY,# e&c. 62 dae 2 daaih

Y$ea&# la$ge# impo$&an&.



110.â ,2 $: 52 i&suNé# nichiO"# ni&su[é# hiP 62 ilÌ 2 yah&

Nun day# daily.

adical 7(â".

111.n ,2 3h;ng (1" 3hSng (" 52 chW"»)# naka7n# uchi>. 62 ung 2 Wng(1"# ung("

1. ,iddle# mids&. <

. To hi& on &a$ge&# &o s&$i%e &he middle o.

=o&e &he change o &one in &he second# *e$bal meaning (which is o&en used indiscussions o a$che$y". adical (–".

110a. â n ,2 $: 3h;ng 52 ni&chW½c.Ã> 62 il ungÌ 2 yah& Wng

=oon (Gmiddle o &he day G".

11.o ,2 gu\n 52 %anS<# kudayÀ 62 gwan— 2 gJn

Tube pipe# lu&e.

+n &his anecdo&e &he cha$ac&e$ is being used as a pe$sonQs su$name. +n &he cou$se o

&his &e)&boo% youQll ind &ha& youQll ha*e &o lea$n many cha$ac&e$s e*en &hough &heymay only occu$ as names in &he lesson &e)&s. adical 118 (˜# GbambooH".

11.p ,2 3hSng 52 chW"») 62 ung 2 uhng

The second in o$de$ o bi$&h.

This cha$ac&e$ is used mos& o&en &o die$en&ia&e &he middle o &h$ee siblings# o$ &oindica&e an uncleQs age in $ela&ion &o o&he$ uncles. Nee p„k11a". ?owe*e$# in &hisanecdo&e i& is a pe$sonal name. adical 9 (人".

11a.op ,2 gu\n 3hSng 52 %an chWn·.Ã> 62 gwan ung— 2 gJn uhng

Yuan hong.



C p$ominen& minis&e$ o ghi# he became amous as a model ad*ise$ ands&$a&egis&# and many anecdo&es a$e &old abou& him. C boo% o poli&ical ad*ice# &heYuan3ioŽ# is a&&$ibu&ed &o him# bu& i& was p$obably composed a&e$ his dea&h.

11D.q ,2 3h: 52 shi1# itaru,ƒ$ 62 i% 2 i

1. To a$$i*e. <

. To go so a$ as &o $each &he poin& o.

. >hen# when &he &ime came &ha&.

D. The ul&ima&e# &he mos&# &he pe$ec&.

This is an especially common cha$ac&e$. +n addi&ion &o i&s s&$aigh&o$wa$d *e$bal

usage# i& has a numbe$ o mo$e abs&$ac& uses. The second meaning can be used ine)p$essions $ep$esen&ing &he e)&en& &o which an ac&ion may be ca$$ied ou&. o$e)ample2 q9# Ghe &oo% $e*enge &o &he e)&en& o dea&h—he &oo% $e*enge e*en &o&he e)&en& &ha& he $is%ed dea&h o$ %illed his enemy. The &hi$d meaning can be usedas a simple &ime ma$%e$. o$ e)ample2 qšg# Gwhen he wen& &o i....H The las&meaning is used as an ad*e$b &o $ep$esen& &he supe$la&i*e deg$ee o some uali&y.o$ e)ample2 q善# G&he mos& pe$ec& good# G&he highjes& deg$ee o good. adical1 (q".

11F.r ,2 52 %yoH(# ageruDX$# agaruDÑ$ 62 geoT 2 gAui

1. To $aise# &o li& &o mobili3e &$oopsE &o ligh& a i$eE.<

. Cll# en&i$e# e*e$y.

adical 1D (™".

11M.s ,2 shKng 52 sh;1() 62 sangš 2 sUung

up# goble&# d$in%ing cup &o oe$ a &oas&.

The $adical sugges&s &ha& &his cha$ac&e$ o$iginally indica&ed a d$in%ing *essel ca$*ed$om &he ho$n o an animal. adical 1D8 (›# Ganimal ho$nsH".

117.t ,2 yPn 52 in+<# nomu-@ 62 eumœ 2 ym



. C dialec& subs&i&u&ion o$ &he mul&ipu$pose p$eposi&ion 於.E

o$ &he i$s& (and mos& &ypical" meaning# see D.F below. The o&he$ usages a$e ai$lycommon as well (/ is i$s& encoun&e$ed in Lesson 7# / in Lesson 1"# ma%ing &his

a somewha& conusing cha$ac&e$ o$ beginning s&uden&s. adical D (Å".

1.} ,2 du: 52 &aiŽ+ 62 dae 2 dAui

To $eply# &o answe$.

adical D1 (|".

1D.~ ,2 wAn 52 bunù<# mon~<# kikuYy 62 mun¢ 2 mhn

1. To hea$.<

. To smell

. Lea$ning# ame# $epu&a&ion (i.e.# wha& is hea$dH".

This is by a$ &he mos& common *e$b o$ hea$ing. +& is also commonly used (as in &hiscase" &o in&$oduce a p$o*e$b o$ a common saying2 G+ ha*e hea$d.H adical 18 (耳".

1F.入 ,2 $I 52 nyWO»)# uN»# iru,$# hairuは,$ 62 ip£ 2 yahp

To en&e$.

Ro no& conuse &his cha$ac&e$ wi&h 人(8". adical 11 (入".

1M.• ,2 shA 52 3e&su†é# shita#ƒ 62 seol¤ 2 sih&

Tongue.

adical 1F (•".

17.€ ,2 chW 52 suiV+# shu&su1»é# deru¥$# dasuÀd 62 chul¦ 2chUu&

To go ou&# &o come ou&# &o eme$ge &o p$oduce，&o ma%e come ou&.



independen&. C& i$s& &he$e we$e o*e$ a hund$ed such &e$$i&o$ies# bu& &he s&$onge$conue$ed &he wea%e$# and by &he i&h cen&u$y B..!. &he$e we$e only se*en mao$s&a&es and a ew $emaining mino$ ones.

The ² $ule$s g$an&ed &hei$ subo$dina&es eudal &i&les &ha& ha*e been &$ansla&ed in&o!nglish using ce$&ain &$adi&ional >es&e$n &e$ms2 idu%e ´ma$uis 白ea$l Ž*iscoun& and ba$on. ?owe*e$# by &he i&h cen&u$y B..!. mos& o &he $ule$s hadapp$op$ia&ed o$ &hemsel*es &he &i&le o G%ingH µ# which supposedly should ha*ebeen used only by &he ² $ule$s.

>hile a $ule$ was li*ing he did no& ha*e any speciic $eigning &i&le—he was simply$ee$$ed &o by $espec&ul &e$ms# such as ou$ ,aes&y and so o$&h. 'nce he died#he $ecei*ed an hono$a$y pos&humous &i&le and was subseuen&ly iden&iied by &ha&name (as in &his case GRu%e ?uanH hi". +n addi&ion# as a ma&&e$ o $espec&# manyeudal $ule$s# no ma&&e$ wha& &hei$ le*el (ba$on o$ ma$uis o$ *iscoun& o$ wha&e*e$"we$e usually called Gdu%eH a&e$ &hei$ dea&h. Tha& means &ha& youQll ind i in &e)&sa$ mo$e o&en &han any o &he o&he$ &i&les. >hen gi*ing &he ull name o a $ule$# i$s&&he s&a&e name is gi*en# &hen &he pos&humous name# &hen &he eudal &i&le. ?ence# g

hi is Ru%e ?uan o i.

D.. The co*e$b 爲2 >e ha*e seen one co*e$b so a$# 以(1.F".爲 is &he second mos&common co*e$b no&ice &ha& i& is $ead in &he ou$&h &one in ,anda$in. +& means Gonbehal oH (usually" o$ Gbecause oH (some&imes"# and i& occu$s in &he openingsen&ence o ou$ lesson &e)&. Nome o&he$ e)amples2

爲¬š!。 The $ule$ p$ac&ices *i$&ue on behal o &he people.

Ž爲„vl。 The son ga*e up ale o$ &he sa%e o his a&he$.

j爲i†‡。 The minis&e$ p$oceeded &o his sea& o$ &he sa%e o &he du%e.

D.. ausa&i*e *e$b use2 Nome&imes *e$bs will ha*e a speciic Gcausa&i*eH use—&ha&is# &hey $ep$esen& le&&ing o$ ma%ing someone else ca$$y ou& &he ac&ion o &he *e$b. These uses a$e no& a$bi&$a$y and only occu$ wi&h ce$&ain cha$ac&e$s in ce$&ainci$cums&ances# so you ha*e &o %now when &o e)pec& i& o$ no&. Nome&imes i& isob*ious# because no o&he$ $eading would ma%e any sense. +n ou$ lesson &e)&# we

ha*e hirs以t”.>he$eas &his could mean Ru%e ?uan $aised his cup in o$de$ &od$in% $om i& (i.e.# &he cup"# o$ GRu%e ?uan $aised his cup in o$de$ &o d$in% i& (i.e.#&he ale"# &he ne)& sen&ence umps &o ops ac& o pou$ing ou& hal o &he ale. Tha&would sugges& &ha& &he bes& $eading o &he line is GRu%e ?uan $aised &he cup ino$de$ &o ha*e him opE d$in% $om i&. ?e$e a$e some simila$ e)amples2

j‡p„。+ p$o*ided a sea& o$ my uncle li&.# caused my uncle &o si&E.



爲己得天¢不‚爲¬ª¨。 To ob&ain &he wo$ld o$ onesel is no& as good as go*e$ning&he s&a&e o$ &he sa%e o &he people.

D.7. le)ibili&y in using 者2 The ph$ases •€者£，£者“v may cause you somediicul&y# because &hey donQ& s&$ic&ly ollow &he use o 者 we ha*e seen so a$. Thegene$al meaning is clea$2 'ne who le&s his &ongue ou& i.e.# spea%s $ashlyE will be$emiss in wo$ds# and one who is $emiss in wo$ds &h$ows away his sel. By ou$ $uleso g$amma$ so a$# &he ph$ase would ha*e been mo$e H$egula$H i i& had $ead2 €•者£，£者v“. ?owe*e$# o$ &he sa%e o emphasis &he au&ho$ has decided &o place•# # and “ beo$e &he *e$bs o$ which &hey se$*e as obec&s (see 1.7". This &ype osen&ence is usually easie$ &o unde$s&and in&ui&i*ely &han &o analy3e g$amma&ically.

D.8. ul&u$al no&e2 &he banue&. Cl&hough mean& &o en&e$&ain# s&a&e banue&s we$ean impo$&an& pa$& o cou$& ce$emony as well# wi&h $igidly obse$*ed $i&uals and a se&d$in%ing e&iue&&e. This means &ha& o p s beha*io$ would ha*e seemed pa$&icula$ly$ude.

The du%eQs las& wo$ds may also seem a li&&le ha$d &o in&e$p$e& unless you imagine&he ci$cums&ances. >hen op a$$i*es# he goes di$ec&ly &o $ecei*e a cup $om his$ule$# p$obably on his %nees. The du%e &hen dismisses him# &elling him &o $ise andgo &o you$ sea&.

OCT+!2 T$ansla&e &he ollowing2

1. j欲v不善以ª¬。yz{

. i’“š不«以±天¢。

. 善4以6kl。

D. opw：xi不知v不善”jz{|

F. i}w：xv不善”j不‚(¨¬。|

M. ”,者不‚/”0者。

7. 4”¤q者不)”。

8. i‡j}šl。

9. tl}£不‚vl}禁。

10. 1爲己20/，}-爲Ž去,ó。




adical 7 (w".

1Fa.¸Ž ,2 3Ung 3i 52 s;shiÇ># 62 eung aÚ 2 Kng [

,as&e$ eng (one o onucius disciples".

=o&e &he meaning o Ž (9-" when used as a sui) in poli&e designa&ions.

1M.¹ ,2 y4 (1" y: (" 52 e;# i+# koromotu3 62 uiì 2 y4 (1" yi ("

1. lo&hes# $obe. <

. To pu& on clo&hes# &o wea$ clo&hes. <

=o&e &ha& each pa$& o speech has a die$en& &one. adical 1DF (¹".

17.º ,2 b: 52 heiÛ+ 62 pyeÜ 2 baih

>o$n ou&# &a&&e$ed.

adical FF (Ý# Goined handsH".

18.» ,2 geng 52 %;G)# tagayasuƒÑád 62 gyeongÞ 2 gKang To plow.

adical 17 (ß# plow".

19.¼ ,2 l 52 $oà 62 noä 2 luh

The s&a&e o Lu.

Loca&ed sou&hwes& o i g(10"# i& was mos& amous as &he home s&a&e o onucius

and o onucian s&udies in gene$al. adical 19F (-".

1D0.½ ,2 shP 52 shi1# tsukau¼n># tsukai¼n,# -shimu-#@# e&c. 62 saD 2 s[ (1# " si("



1. To send# &o ma%e# &o cause. <

. To go on a mission emissa$y# ambassado$.

. +# supposing.

o$ signiican& g$amma&ical s&$uc&u$es using &his cha$ac&e$# see F.1 below. adical 9(人".

1D1.¾ ,2 w\ng 52 ;=)# yukuÄy 62 wangá 2 whng

To go.

adical M0 (k".

1D.¿ ,2 3h: 52 chi"# itasu,ƒd 62 chiò 2 i

To p$esen& &o elici& &o ma%e come &o b$ing abou& &o con*ey.

This cha$ac&e$ has a wide $ange o meanings and may cause you some conusion.'ne way &o in&e$p$e& i& is &o see i& as &he Gcausa&i*eH eui*alen& o q# G&o a$$i*e(11D". Thus# G&o p$esen&H a gi& is &o ma%e i& a$$i*e a& i&s des&ina&ion &o elici& anemo&ion is &o ma%e i& come and so o$&h. adical 1 (q".

1D.À ,2 y: 52 yW¸) 62 eupâ 2 yKp

Ris&$ic& ci&y coun&y $egion.

Towns we$e o&en gi*en as &empo$a$y iedoms &o p$ominen& minis&e$s o$ e*ensimply &o men o *i$&ue &he $ecipien&s could d$aw income $om i&s &a) $e*enues.adical 1M (À".

1DD.Á ,2 Png 52 shin1<# sh;1()# ;N()# seiX+# kout> 62 cheongã 2 ch[ng

1. To $eues&. <

. To pay a poli&e *isi& &o.

This cha$ac&e$ p$oduces some conusion because i& can imply bo&h a $eues& o$pe$mission &o do some&hing and a $eues& &ha& someone else do some&hing. o$



e)ample2jÁ¾¼#G+ you$ humble minis&e$E $eues& &o go &o Lu Á¾¼# G+ $eues&&ha& you# ,y Lo$d# go &o Lu.H Nome&imes only con&e)& will ma%e clea$ how &oin&e$p$e& i&s use. adical 1D9 (".

1DF.Â ,2 cP 52 shi1# konot-# koretJ 62 chaä 2 ch[

?e$e &his# &hese.

This cha$ac&e$ is *e$y common and $ee$s mos& o&en &o a place# &hough some&imes&o people o$ &hings. adical 77 (K".

1DM.Ã ,2 )iW 52 shW1»)# shu1»# osamaruI•$# osameruoIAu 62 su W 2 sKu

To $epai$# &o mend &o $egula&e &o cul&i*a&e.

Nome&imes &his cha$ac&e$ can ha*e a *e$y conc$e&e# ma&&e$-o-ac& usage# as in &hislessonQs &e)&. ?owe*e$# in e)p$essions such as Ã“# G&o cul&i*a&e &he bodyVsel#H i&can $ee$ &o philosophical cul&i*a&ion o$ yogicVasce&ic p$ac&ice. +& &u$ns up o&en inBuddhis& w$i&ing. adical 9 (人".

1D7.Ä ,2 shSu 52 uN»# ukeru>ú$ 62 suW 2 sauh

To $ecei*e.adical 9 (又".

1D8.Å ,2 I 52 u%u6a# mata•ƒ 62 bo%l 2 uh% auh(&o $e&u$n"

1. Cgain mo$eo*e$. <

. To $e&u$n &o $epay &o $epo$&.

This cha$ac&e$ occu$s in a wide *a$ie&y o con&e)&s# and i& usually implies $epe&i&ion

o some so$&. Cs a *e$b# i& $ep$esen&s $ecip$oca&ion (&o $e&u$n some&hing o$ &o $epaysome&hing# o$ &o $epo$& on a si&ua&ion# usually a&e$ $e&u$ning $om a mission—compa$e ME". Cs an ad*e$b#Å can be e)ceedingly *ague# implying &he $epe&i&iono &he same ac&ion o$ me$ely &he occu$$ence o a die$en& ac&ion $ela&ed &o &he i$s&(in which case i& is o&en le& un&$ansla&ed". +& also occu$s $euen&ly wi&h &henega&i*e



# when i& can cause some p$oblems o in&e$p$e&a&ion2 Å不¾ would mean Gagaindoes no& goH (i.e.# someone has no& come in &wo ins&ances"#whe$eas不Å¾(which ismuch mo$e common" means Gdoes no& again go (i.e.# does no& go any mo$e".adical M0 (Ô".

1D9.又 ,2 ySu 52 yW¸)# mata•ƒ# mata shitemo•ƒ#\3 62 uÆ 2 yuah

Cgain mo$eo*e$.

This cha$ac&e$ is $euen&ly used as a synonym o$ Å(1D8". ?owe*e$# 又 o&enemphasi3es i$$i&a&ion# disgus&# o$ une)pec&ed $epe&i&ion. o$ e)ample# wi&hnega&i*es#又不¾ means Gagain heE didnQ& come]H (?e s&ood us up again]" Oe$hapsbecause o &he special emphasi3ing unc&ion o 又# 不又¾ does no& occu$ a& all.adical 9 (又".

1F0.Æ ,2 )iKn 52 senX<# sakiY# mazu•8 62 seonˆ 2 s4n

i$s&# ea$lie$ i$s& in $on& &o be i$s& &o go i$s& &o pu& i$s&.

This cha$ac&e$ has much &he same $ange o use as i&s opposi&e#¤(F". adical 10 (å# GmanH".

1F0a.Æ生 ,2 )iKn shUng 52 sensei·, 62 seon saengˆZ 2 s4n sKang

,as&e$ (li&.# i$s& bo$nH"

C poli&e o$m o add$ess# somewha& mo$e poli&e &han 生 by i&sel# which can also be

1F1.Ç ,2 Ui 52 hiæ# arazuD?8 62 biç 2 Ui

1. +s no&# G i& is no& &he case &ha&.H nega&i*e pa$&icleE<

. >$ong.

o$ &his cha$ac&e$Qs use# see F. below. adical 17F (Ç".

1F.È ,2 iJ 52 %yWH»)# gu‘# motomeru3QA$ 62 gu’ 2 %uh

To see%# &o $eues&# &o loo% o$.



adical 8F (ó".

1F.É ,2 3A 52 so%u÷a# sunawachid7T. 62 chi%è 2 K%

Then

This cha$ac&e$ is o&en op&ional and is used &o cla$iy wha& migh& o&he$wise be anunclea$ $ela&ionship be&ween clauses i& is &ypically ound in bo&h GNince &henHand G+... &henH sen&ences. +n ou$ lesson &e)&# i& is used &o emphasi3e &ha& since ¸

Ž did no& ask o$ any&hing# &hen &he messenge$ can conclude &ha& &he &own was$eely gi*en as a p$esen&. adical 18 (ü".

1FD.Ê ,2 )in 52 %enñ<# %onG<# kenzuruú·8$# sasageruX$#tatematsuruƒ\•¼$ 62 heoné 2 hin

To p$esen&# &o gi*e# &o oe$ (o&en &o a supe$io$".

adical 9D (ê# GdogH".

1FF.Ë ,2 )4 52 %eiñ+# nani7½ 62 haeë 2 hih

?ow# wha&# ues&ion wo$dE

o$ a b$ie discussion o ues&ion o$ms# see F.F below. adical 7 (F".

1FFa.Ëì ,2 )4 wei 52 nan no tame7·IƒA 62 hae wië„ 2 hih waih

>hy. ues&ion wo$dE

This &e$m can be in&e$p$e&ed as an in*e$sion o爲Ë# Gon behal o wha& wi&h 爲 unc&ioning as a co*e$b (D.". o$ in*e$sions# see F.M below.

1FM.Í ,2 y (1" yJ (" 5 1. yo` (1" ataeruDƒh$ (" 62 yeoª 2 yJh (1"yIh ("

1. To gi*e<

. +# me i$s& pe$son p$onoun íE

adical M (E"



1F7.Î ,2 iKo 52 %y;H()# ogoruI©$ 62 gyog4u 2 g4u

C$$ogan&# p$oud# high-spi$i&ed &o &$ea& someone a$$ogan&ly.

adical 187 (î# Gho$seH".

1F8.Ð ,2 3Sng 52 sh;1()# WN»)# tatoeƒQh 62 ong¾ 2 ung

!*en i.

adical 10 (¿".

1F9.Ñ ,2 c: 52 shi1# tamawaruƒ•T$# tamauƒ•> 62 saD 2 chi

To gi*e as a p$esen&E gi&.

This cha$ac&e$ is a close synonym &oÊ(1FD" howe*e$#Ê o&en $ep$esen&s a socialine$io$ gi*ing a p$esen& &o a supe$io$# while Ñ $ep$esen&s a supe$io$ g$an&ingsome&hing &o an ine$io$. =o&e &ha& ¼ usesÊ poli&ely &o desc$ibe his gi& &o ¸Ž#whe$eas ¸Ž poli&ely uses Ñ o$ &he same gi&.Í(1FM"# howe*e$# is $ela&i*elyindie$en& &o social class. adical 1FD (L".

1M0.f ,2 w 52 gaï# wagaTÑ 62 að 2 ngh

+# me. i$s& pe$son p$onounE

adical M (F".

1M1.Ò ,2 y@ 52 yaá 62 yañ 2 yah

Oa$&icle.E

This cha$ac&e$ can place a special emphasis on a ph$ase. The pa$&icle has a numbe$o o&he$ unc&ions# which we will e)plo$e la&e$. o$ &he &ime being# us& &hin% o i& asindica&ing an emphasis. adical F (ò".

1M.Ó ,2 nAng 52 n;ó)# atouDQ> 62 neungô 2 nhng



To be able &o# can &o be capable# &o be able abili&y# &alen&.

adical 10 (õ# º# GleshH".

1M.Ô ,2 wI 52 mochi~"# bu&suùé# nakare7nJ 62 mul> 2 mah%

Ro no&. impe$a&i*eE

o$ de&ails on &he use o &his cha$ac&e$# see F.7 below. adical 0 (ö# Gpac%ageH".

1MD.Õ ,2 %ng 52 %;G)# %ua# anaD7 62 gongŒ 2 hJng

1. ?ole nos&$il.

. 6ong# a su$nameE<

adical 9 (Ž".

1MDa.ÕŽ ,2 %ng 3P 52 %;shit># 62 gong aŒ4 2 hJng [

,as&e$ 6ong (onucius".

The >es&e$n *e$sion o &he name ac&ually de$i*es $om a la&ini3a&ion o 6ongu3i Õ÷Ž# an e*en mo$e hono$iic &i&le o$ &he philosophe$.

1MF.Ö ,2 cKn (1" shUn (" 52 shin1<# sanø< 62 samù 2 chKam(1"#sKm("

1. To counsel &o consul& &o pa$&icipa&e.

. Nhen. a pe$sonal nameE

This cha$ac&e$ is a ai$ly common *e$b# and you should lea$n i&s meanings.?owe*e$# in &his case# &he wo$d (in i&s second p$onuncia&ion# shen" is simply &hepe$sonal name o ¸Ž. 'b*iously onucius would $ee$ &o his own s&uden& by hispe$sonal name# no& by an hono$iic &i&le. adical 8 (U".

1MM.× ,2 3J 52 so%u÷a# ashiD## taruƒ$# tariruƒq$ 62 o%ú 2 W%

1. To be suicien&# &o be enough &o be compe&en& a&.




1. i½op¬以-。

.. ¸Ž爲½Ž¾於¼。

. ¥¦½fØ¬}得福。

D. ÕŽ½fkl。

F. ÕŽ”½fv“以ª¨。

F.. +mplici& subec&s2 + men&ioned in .1 &ha& &hi$d pe$son subec& p$onouns a$e$ela&i*ely $a$e in li&e$a$y hinese. +ns&ead# w$i&e$s will simply no& gi*e any subec& a&all and le& &he con&e)& e)plain. +n line o &he &e)& abo*e we ha*e &h$ee

independen& ph$ases2 ³，Å¾，又不Ä. + you &hin% abou& &he s&o$y ca$eully#&hough# you should be able &o igu$e ou& who is &he subec& in each case. + you ha*ediicul&y# &$y die$en& possibili&ies un&il you a$e ce$&ain you ha*e i& $igh&.

F.. fse o &he nega&i*e Ç ou migh& ind &his cha$ac&e$ &$oublesome# because i&o&en $elec&s a mood o$ &one o speech $a&he$ &han a simple nega&ion. =o&e &hese&wo sen&ences2

f不去f„。+ am no& abandoning my a&he$.

fÇ去f„。+&s no& &ha& +Qm abandoning my a&he$.'ne migh& say &ha& Ç does no& nega&e &he *e$b 去# bu& nega&es &he whole sen&enceconcep&# &he ac& o me abandoning my a&he$. This means &ha& Ç &ends &o be usedwhen one wishes &o deny a p$oposi&ion made by someone else and &hen go on &ogi*e &he right p$oposi&ion. =o&e &he ollowing e)change &o ge& a be&&e$ idea2

ŽË爲vl{於6yz{ >hy a$e you &h$owing away &he ale +s &ha& in %eeping wi&hcou$&esy

fÇ不6，f不欲€•。+&Qs no& &ha& +Qm discou$&eous# bu&E + donQ& wan& &o spea%$ashly.


1 .iw：xŽÎÕŽz{|op}w：xfÇÎÕŽ，f不(”。|

. fÇ不(f¨，}f不ýþ'”µ。MBe ca$eul wi&h &he double nega&i*e he$e]"

. fÇÈ不善”š，f不×以ØfÙ。



D. fÇv”Ñ，f不Ótl。

F. fÇ不(¥¦，}不Ÿš。

F.D. Rouble obec& cons&$uc&ions2 !nglish g$amma$ some&imes spea%s o sen&enceswi&h &wo obec&s—a di$ec& obec& and an indi$ec& obec&2

?e ga*e me a ua$&e$.

+n &his case# ua$&e$ is &he di$ec& obec&# whe$eas me is &he indi$ec& obec&. oucould also e)p$ess &his idea wi&h a p$eposi&ion2

?e ga*e a ua$&e$ &o me.

+n li&e$a$y hinese# &he$e a$e &wo &ypes o sen&ences &ha& &end &o use double

obec&s2 sen&ences o Ggi*ingH and sen&ences o Ge)plaining.H The simples&cons&$uc&ion o$ such sen&ences is simply wi&h bo&h obec&s a&e$ &he *e$b. fsually&he wo$d o$de$ is indi$ec& obec& i$s&# &hen di$ec& obec& (us& as in !nglish"2

iÑÕŽÀ。 The du%e ga*e onucius a &own.

ÕŽi!。onucius spo%e &o &he du%e o *i$&ue.

?owe*e$# i &he di$ec& obec& (&he &hing gi*en" is a p$onoun (e.g.# ” o$ Â"# &hen aw$i&e$ $a$ely uses &his pa&&e$n. +n o&he$ wo$ds# you should ne*e$ say iÑÕŽ”.

The indi$ec& obec& can also be e)p$essed wi&h &he mul&ipu$pose p$eposi&ion 於—

*e$y much as in !nglish. o$ e)ample# iÑÀ於f。

+ no&ed in discussing §(M" &ha& i& could be in&e$p$e&ed as 於 _ obec& p$onoun(which we now %now is ” see Lesson ". onseuen&ly# you should always $ead § as 於” when you ind i& a& &he end o a sen&ence2

iÑÀ§。 The du%e ga*e a &own &o himVhe$V&hem.

=o&e &he use o &his § in line 1 o &his lessonQs &e)&.

The$e is ano&he$ mao$ way o e)p$essing &he double obec& sen&ence— &u$ning &hedi$ec& obec& in&o &he co*e$b-obec& o 以：

i以ÀÑf。 The du%e ga*e me a &own li&.# GThe du%e by means o a &own ga*e +meE.

ÕŽ以!f。onfcius spo%e &o me o *i$&ue li&.# onucius by means o *i$&uespo%e &o meHE.



The second e)ample may cause some conusion# since i& could be in&e$p$e&ed asonucius spo%e &o me in a *i$&uous manne$.


1. ÕŽÑfF-。

. opÊi善。

. ¸Ž以«7f。

D. „Í©於Ž。

F. 以sÑop。

F.F. =ew ino$ma&ion ues&ions2 >e saw in D.F &ha& all ues&ions in li&e$a$y hinesecould be di*ided in&o ei&he$ Gyes-no2 ues&ions (ending usually wi&h &he pa$&iclezjo$ Gnew ino$ma&ion ues&ions (which would $eui$e a special Gues&ion wo$d". The g$amma$ and syn&a) o ues&ion wo$ds a$e pa$&icula$ly complica&ed (a good bi&mo$e complica&ed &han ac&ually interpreting ues&ion wo$ds in a sen&ence" &hosewho a$e in&e$es&ed in &he de&ails a$e u$ged &o loo% a& !dwin Y. Oulleyblan%Qs 'u&lineo lassical hinese Y$amma$# pp. 91-97. C ew basic ideas can be %ep& in mind#howe*e$2

1. Nome&imes ues&ion wo$ds unc&ion as ad*e$bs (>hy a$e you goingH". +n suchcases# &hey &end &o p$ecede &he *e$b.

. Nome&imes ues&ion wo$ds unc&ion as di$ec& obec& p$onouns (>hom a$e you%illing >ha& a$e you doingH". +n &hese cases# &he ues&ion wo$ds also &end &op$ecede &he *e$b (&his may be ano&he$ e)ample o Gidioma&ic in*e$sion see F.M".

. ues&ion wo$ds o&en combine wi&h co*e$bs (especially 以 and 爲j&o o$m &wo-cha$ac&e$ ues&ion wo$ds. These ph$ases a$e usually Gin*e$&edH (see issa and F.M".+n &his lesson# we ha*e &he s&anda$d ues&ion wo$d Ë# as well as i&s combined o$mwi&h爲 Ë爲.The ues&ion ph$ase comes beo$e &he *e$b2 Ë爲不Ä# >hy donQ& youaccep&

F.M. +dioma&ic in*e$sions2 The$e a$e &wo si&ua&ions whe$e li&e$a$y hinese—o$ some$eason &ha& no one unde$s&ands—decides &o $e*e$se &wo cha$ac&e$s2

1. "wo-character $uestion e%pressions2 + no&ed abo*e &ha& &he ues&ion wo$d Ë爲 isbes& in&e$p$e&ed as 爲Ë# a co*e$b and i&s obec&# Go$ &he sa%e o wha&# &ha& is#why. + will poin& ou& o&he$ e)amples o &his &ype o in*e$sion when &hey occu$. +& islimi&ed &o only a handul o &e$ms and should cause no p$oblems.



. &n#ersions with negati#es and pronoun objects2 This one is a bi& mo$e conusing.+ a sen&ence has a nega&i*e ad*e$b (such as 不jand a di$ec& obec& $eplaced by ap$onoun (usually ”# bu& f and Ž and any o&he$ p$onoun wo$%s as well"# &hen &hep$onoun is mo*ed &o a place be&ween &he nega&i*e and &he *e$b. +n o&he$ wo$ds# Õ

Ž不È” (onucius is no& loo%ing o$ him" becomes ÕŽ不”È. +n &he lesson &e)&#we ha*e Ð‘Ñ，不fÎÒ2 !*en i &he $ule$ has a gi& and does no& &$ea& mea$$ogan&ly.H


1. f不”得。

. f不”q

. 不f(。

D. ÕŽ不ŽØz{

F. i不”r。

F.7. usion pa$&icles2 Ô.This g$amma&ical o$m may also cause you some diicul&ies.Nome&imes when &wo wo$ds &ha& o&en occu$$ed &oge&he$ we$e said uic%ly# &heyused in&o one syllable and we$e $ep$esen&ed by a die$en& cha$ac&e$. The$e a$eabou& hal a do3en o &hese al&oge&he$# and weQll discuss &hem as we encoun&e$&hem.

Ô is &he i$s& o &hese. +& is a usion o Ê(,2 wu 2 mSuh# a cha$ac&e$ used o$nega&i*e commands2 GRo no&]H"# wi&h &he di$ec& obec& p$onoun ”. +n ou$ lesson&e)&# we ha*e fÓÔ)z. + Ô is $eplaced wi&h i&s used cha$ac&e$s# we ha*e fÓÊ”)z. + we &hen $ea$$ange &he sen&ence# using &he $ules o idioma&ic in*e$sion in F.M#we ha*e fÓÊ)”z. The ne)& ues&ion is2 >hy an impe$a&i*e—since &his sen&enceis no& a command +& is also an idioma&ic habi& o$ w$i&e$s &o nega&e sen&ences &ha&con&ain *e$bs o desi$e o$ abili&yrespecially ýþ and ÿfrrwi&h an impe$a&i*eins&ead o &he simple. + we change &he sen&ence once mo$e# we ha*e fÓ不)”z2Cm + able &o no& be a$aid o himH (o$# in &he con&e)& o good !nglish and &he senseo &he passage# Gould + a*oid ea$ing himH".

Ô禁Ê”禁。Ro no& p$ohibi&Vcon&$ol i&]

Ô³Ê”³。Ro no& go agains& him]

Ô€Ê”€。Ro no& b$ing i& ou&Vdo no& le& him go ou&]

欲ÔÈ 欲不”È。 The lo$d did no& wan& &o loo% o$ him.

4ÓÔ·4Ó不”t。 The %nigh& was able &o no& d$in% i& (a*oid d$in%ing i&".



Cll o &his sounds $a&he$ complica&ed# and you shouldnQ& wo$$y &oo much abou& i&#unless &he sen&ence is incomp$ehensible o$ you wi&hou& &his &ype o analysis. La&e$hinese $eade$s (a&e$ &he &hi$d cen&u$y .!." seemed &o o$ge& &ha& Ô was a usionwo$d and us& &$ea&ed i& as a simple nega&i*e impe$a&i*e &his is &he way &he

cha$ac&e$ is &$ea&ed now. Oeople who $ead hinese uic%ly also &end &o igno$e &hedie$ences be&ween &he die$en& nega&i*es# and &hey p$obably would no& bebo&he$ed by &he ac& &ha& &his sen&ence uses Ô# no&不. The con&e)& would ma%e &hemeaning clea$ anyway.

OCT+!2 Ou& &he ollowing in&o li&e$a$y hinese# using &he g$amma&ical poin&sdiscussed2

1. To loo% o$ Yuan hong in Lu is no& as good as sending onucius &o go &o i. (F.1"

. +&Qs no& &ha& +Qm sending onucius &o go &o i. +Qm going &he$e mysel. (F.1# F.o$ G&he$e#H see FM"

. >hy is &he du%e gi*ing him a &own (F.D &$y doing i& &h$ee ways"

D. +&Qs no& &ha& + donQ& lo*e you. (F.# F.M"

F. Olease gi*e &his &o &he %nigh&. (F.D &$y doing &his &wo ways&he &hi$d way is w$ong"

M. Bene*olence and $igh&eousness a$e suicien& &o p$ese$*e my people.

7. C$e you ma%ing Yuan hong p$oceed &o his sea& (F.1"

8. Ro no& ea$ i&] (F.M# F.7"

9. Cbandoning &he &own is no& as good as gi*ing i& &o his lo$d. (F.D"

10. +&Qs no& &ha& + can cul&i*a&e *i$&ue# bu& + $espec& &he >ay o ilial pie&y and loyal&y.

#haracter Listi. ÒÍ½ÃÆÉÔÖ又ÄÕ¾Åf¸ÂÈÊÙÐ»Ó¿¹ÁÑ×ÀÇ¼(0"

ii. ØËÎ("

iii.º(+"

)eview6 Lesson 1-4+mpo$&an& g$amma$ pa&&e$ns2

1..者2



1. 知Ø生者得福於天。

. ™!者不怨命。

. 以78#Ù者不欲v。

1.D.於2

1. opÄÀ於i。

. ÕŽÍ1於¼。

. p„€於©。

1.F-1.M. o*e$b 以2

1. 1以/爲*。-以ó爲©。

. 善人以¯°ª¨。

. 天!以福。

1.7. Risplaced obec&s2

1.‘!”，天以福。. ¦¬)”，¥¬(”。

”µf自知。

D. Oa$&i&i*e s&$uc&u$es2

1. ”ª¨者‘Ø¬”Ù。

. 4”不欲9者不×以9。

. ¬”物者不8i。

..$2

Lf不8ÕŽ”$8。



-f„欲得p„$去”©。

.f自v人$t”l。

D.. o*e$b 爲2

1. 小人爲己®，Ž爲人ÃÙ。

. f不Ó爲©¹º¹。

.爲¬v不善”š}³!。

F.1. Oi*o&s2

1. ,ó½-.。

. g½½者¾¼。

. Ž欲½f59z{

F.D. Rouble obec&s2

1. 4得À於i。

. ÊÕŽ1。. ¬以-op。

T$ansla&e &he ollowing in&o li&e$a$y hinese2

The Ru%e o i a$$anged a banue& and se& &he &ime a& dawn. C bi$d wen& bu& didno& $ecei*e a cup $om &he minis&e$s. The bi$d said# >hy do + no& ge& &o d$in%Yuan hong $eplied# G+&Qs no& &ha& &he minis&e$s donQ& li%e bi$ds# bu& &he du%e doesno& wan& &o hea$ &hem. The bi$d said# ?e &$ea&s &hem a$$ogan&ly. + ha*e hea$d2GThe people plow# &he $ule$ go*e$ns# bi$ds &al%.H O$ohibi&ing (禁" bi$ds is no& as goodas ob&aining &hei$ plans. Olease le& me go &o my sea&.

The $oo was lea%ing. The bi$d wo$$ied abou& i&. The du%e en&e$ed and said# Olease$ecei*e a gi& $om me] ?e ga*e &he bi$d some ale. The bi$d &h$ew i& aside and said#ang$ily# Gou a$e wi&hou& cou$&esy. The du%e# wo$$ied# said# G+ wan& &o ma%e youlo*e my coun&$y. Bi$ds do no& see% ou& my house. The bi$d $eplied# G!*en i you



ha*e cou$&esy# + will no& see% you$ house any mo$e. (clue2 1D8". C minis&e$ said#Ro no& le& him go ou&]H(clue2 F.M# F.7" bu& &he bi$d had le& &hem.

Lesson 5

7ere 8e Go )ound the %ulberry +ush趙簡Žr兵}攻g，¶軍n‘敢諫者罪q9。披甲”4名wi盧，望見簡ŽFƒ。簡Žw：xŽ何ƒ{|}w：xj乃‘2ƒ。|簡Žw：x‘以解”Éy。–以解”É9。|}w：x當桑”²，j鄰©÷與妻俱”O。見桑n«，因¾追”，不Ó得。還³，妻}去”。jƒ曠Ò。|簡Žw：x今吾伐¨£¨，是吾曠Ò。|於是!}&。

V$#A+ULA)* (159-.4"

1M9.趙 ,2 3ho 52 ch;"() 62 oÍ 2 iuh

The s&a&e (and amily" o hao.

C& i$s&# one o &he mao$ a$is&oc$a&ic clans o &he s&a&e o 5in " la&e$# a eudal s&a&ein p$e- impe$ial hina# loca&ed mos&ly in mode$n Nhan)i Š#.Nee 1M9a below o$de&ails. adical 1FM (_".

170.簡 ,2 i\n 52 %enñ<# %anS<# fuda¬À 62 gan$ 2 gan

1. Bamboo slip# documen&.

. To ab$idge &o be simple &o e)amine.

?e$e# &he cha$ac&e$ is used in a pe$sonQs &i&le. Though &his is a ai$ly commoncha$ac&e$# i& does no& appea$ in ou$ &e)&s ou&side o names. adical 118 (˜".

1M9a.趙簡Ž ,2 3ho i\n 3P 52 ch; %anshi.Î>n·# 62 o gan aÍ$4 2 iuh gan [

^iscoun& 5ian o hao.

C& &his &ime# &he eudal s&a&e o 趙 (con&$olled by &he 趙 clan" was pa$& o &he la$ge$s&a&e o 5in ". 趙簡Ž was one o &he g$ea&es& mili&a$y leade$s o his clan. +n &he &imeo his son# " ell apa$& in&o &h$ee independen& s&a&es# 趙 being one o &hem (seeLesson 1D o$ mo$e de&ails".



171.兵 ,2 b4ng 52 heiÛ+# hy;æ()# tsuwamono¼T3- 62 byeong% 2b4ng

>eapon &$oops.

The cha$ac&e$ o$iginally mean& GweaponH bu& soon came &o $ee$ &o soldie$s as well.adical 1 (C".

17.攻 ,2 g;ng 52 %;G)# semu@# semeruA$ 62 gongŒ 2 gWng

To a&&ac%.

adical MM (&# H&o $apH".

17.¶ ,2 l:ng 52 $y;×()# $eia+# -shimu-#@ 62 lyeong' (yeong(" 2l:hng

1. To command# &o ma%e# &o allow an o$de$# a command. <

. Local magis&$a&e.

Nynonyms (meaning /1"2 ½(1D0# *e$b only" 命(". The$e a$e some die$encesbe&ween½ and ¶. ½ is o&en used speciically &o apply &o ac&s o sending (e.g.# &osend diploma&ic missions o$ emissa$ies"# whe$eas ¶ o&en $ee$s &o commands ($omcommande$s o$ $ule$s". adical 9 (人".

17D .軍 ,2 Wn 52 gun‘< 62 gun¶ 2 gwKn

C$my.

adical 1F9 (軍#ca$$iage# ca$&".

17F.敢 ,2 g\n 52 %anS<# aeteDh\ 62 gam) 2 gam

To da$e &o# &o ha*e &he audaci&y &o da$ing# audacious audaci&y. This cha$ac&e$ no$mally unc&ions in conunc&ion wi&h ano&he$ *e$b. ou will o&enind i& when a social ine$io$ wishes &o so&en a s&a&emen& he is ma%ing &o a supe$io$(G+ da$e &o &ell ou$ ,aes&yH". adical MM (*".



17M.諫 ,2 in 52 %anS<# isameru,A$ 62 gan$ 2 gaan

To $emons&$a&e wi&h.

This wo$d has s&$ong poli&ical (and la&e$# onucian" conno&a&ions speciically# i& isused in si&ua&ions whe$e a minis&e$ o$ se$*an& eels i& his du&y &o c$i&ici3e hissupe$io$Qs ac&ions. adical 1D9 (".

177.罪 ,2 3u: 52 3aiH+# tsumi¼m 62 oe+ 2 euih

Nin# c$ime# punishmen&# blame &o commi& a c$ime &o punish# &o blame.

=o&ice &he seemingly con&$adic&o$y meanings—&ha& bo&h &he c$iminal ac& and &hepunishmen& o$ i& can be $ep$esen&ed by &he same cha$ac&e$. on&e)& will usuallyma%e &he meaning clea$. adical 1 (,# Gne&H".

178.披 ,2 p4 52 hiæ# kaburunÝ$ 62 pi- 2 pUi

To d$ape o*e$ &he shoulde$s# &o wea$ on &he bac%.

adical MD (.# GhandH".

179.甲 ,2 i\ 52 %anS<# yo$oi‡u, 62 gap/ 2 gaap

Cmo$# sui& o a$mo$# coa& o a$mo$.

adical 10 (O# GieldH".

180.名 ,2 m[ng 52 my;'()# mei*+# na7# nazukeru78ú$ 62 myeong/ 2 m:hng

=ame# $epu&a&ion# ame &o be named# &o be called.

adical 0 (0".

181.盧 ,2 lJ 52 $oà 62 noä 2 lSuh

Lu. a pe$sonal nameE



ou may o&en encoun&e$ &his cha$ac&e$ as a su$name. adical 108 (0# G*essel#HHu&ensilH".

10Da.i盧 ,2 g;ng lJ 52 %; $ot>u 62 gong noŒä 2 gWng lSuh

Yong Lu. a p$ope$ nameE

=o&e &ha& i is a su$name he$e (10D-"# no& a eudal &i&le.

18.望 ,2 wng 52 m;~)# b;ボ)# nozomu-1@ 62 mang2 2 mohng

To ga3e a& $om a dis&ance &o hope# &o aspi$e &o# &o e)pec& hopes# aspi$a&ions.

The cha$ac&e$ mo*ed $om i&s conc$e&e meaning o Gga3e a& $om a dis&anceH &oinclude a mo$e abs&$ac& Gga3ingH &ha& is# loo%ing o in&o &he u&u$e o$ wha& onedesi$es. ?e$e# &he conc$e&e meaning is used. adical 7D (º".

18.見 ,2 in (1-" )ian (D" 52 %enñ<# genÏ<# mirum$ 62 gyeon3 2 gin(1-" yihn (D"

1. To see<

. ,a$%e$ o &he passi*e *oice see 9. .7E

. To ha*e an audience wi&h &he $ule$E# &o g$an& an audience &o.

D. To appea$# &o be made manies&# &o seem (used o$ 4".

adical 1D7 (見".

18D.y ,2 %@ 52 %aS# nani7½# doreZJ# e&c. 62 ha 2 h

>ha&# how# why. ues&ion wo$dE

This cha$ac&e$ is &he mos& common o all ues&ion wo$ds. Synonym2 Ë(7FF". =o&e&ha& in ou$ lesson &e)&# i& is se$*ing ei&he$ as &he ad*e$b why (>hy a$e youlaughing" o$ as &he di$ec& obec& o ƒ# placed idioma&ically beo$e &he *e$b (>ha&a$e you laughing a&H".

Nee F.F. adical 9 (人"



18F.乃 ,2 n\i 52 dai+# naiå+# sunawachid7T. 62 nae5 2 naih

Bu&# &hen# us&# only &hen.

This cha$ac&e$ is *e$y diicul& &o pin down# because i&s use is hea*ily modal (i.e.# i&o&en illus&$a&es a eeling o$ a mood and does no& con*ey a p$ecise meaning". +n &hiscase#i盧 means &o denig$a&e his own laugh&e$# so us& is p$obably &he bes&&$ansla&ion. adical D (Å".

0a.‘以 ,2 yu yP 52 motte'araba3c\...D?Û 62 yu i¹s 2 yuh y[h

To ha*e &he means &o# &o ha*e &he whe$ewi&hal &o.

These cha$ac&e$s a$e ollowed by a *e$b. The ph$aseQs an&onym# ob*iously# is–以.Oulleyblan% poin&s ou& &ha& ‘以 is a con&$ac&ion o ‘$以# G&o ha*e &ha& by which

('u&line o lassical hinese Y$amma$# p. D9". + &ha& is &oo complica&ed o$ you &og$asp easily a& &his poin&# i& is p$obably bes& us& &o &a%e &he &e$m as + deine i& he$e.

18M.解 ,2 i@ 52 geÏ# %aiS+# tokuQy# hodokubZy 62 haeë 2 gai

To un&ie# &o loosen# &o ge& $id o &o sol*e a p$oblemE &o b$ea% a siegeE &o e)plain.

The wide $ange o meanings o$ &his cha$ac&e$ all de$i*e $om i&s meaning G&o un&ieH(and hence# &o alle*ia&e some diicul& si&ua&ion". adical 1D8 (›".

187.當 ,2 dKng (1-" dng (" 52 &;g)# ataruDƒ$# atariDƒq 62 dang6 2 d;ng (1-" dong ("

1. 'ccupying a place o$ &imeE acing.<

. To be abou& &o. u&u$e ma$%e$E

. 'ugh&# should# mus& &o accep& as sui&able.

This cha$ac&e$ has a wide *a$ie&y o meanings. >e can di*ide &hese in&o &h$eeca&ego$ies2 a *e$bal meaning emphasi3ing &ime# occupa&ion# o$ posi&ion anad*e$bial meaning emphasi3ing u&u$i&y and an ad*e$bial meaning emphasi3ingsui&abili&y. +n &his lessonQs &e)&# &he cha$ac&e$ is used idioma&ically wi&h &he *e$ycommon e)p$ession 當X”²# occupying &he &ime o XH (i.e.# GwhenH". +&s use he$e iss&$ic&ly unnecessa$y# howe*e$2 X”² appea$s e*en mo$e o&en. adical 10 (O".



188.桑 ,2 sKng 52 s;÷)# kuwayT 62 sangš 2 s;ng

,ulbe$$y &$ee# mulbe$$y-lea ha$*es&.

o$ &he cul&u$al signiicance o &he ha$*es&# see M. below. adical 7F (木".

189.鄰 ,2 l[n 52 $in×<# tonariQ7q# tonaruQ7$ 62 lin7# inR 2 lZuhn

=eighbo$ neighbo$ing# ne)& &o be a neighbo$ &o# &o be ne)& &o.

This cha$ac&e$ also appea$s as 8# in which case i& would be classiied unde$ $adical170 (9# which has condensed o$m appea$ing on &he left side". adical 1M (À".

190.÷ ,2 W (1" J (-" 52 u6# tsuma¼•# ottoIcQ(1" KpゃD# sKD ("%onot- (" 62 bu9 2 W(1"# Ih(-"

1. ,an# pe$son# husband. <

. G=ow &hen. H pa$&icle in&$oducing opinionE

. This# &hese# &ha&# &hose# demons&$a&i*ep$onounE

adical 7 (F".

191.與 ,2 y (1-D" yJ (F" 52 yo` 62 yeoª 2 yJh (1-D" yIh (F"

1. Cnd<

. >i&h# co*e$bE

. To gi*e.

D. To belong &o# &o be a pa$& o (see Lesson 1".

F. ues&ion pa$&icle.E

This e)&$emely common cha$ac&e$ has a wide *a$ie&y o uses. Cs a conunc&ion# i&

only connec&s nouns# and &hus i& is ui&e die$en& $om }. Cs a co*e$b# i& is used &oindica&e pa$&icipa&ion o some o&he$ pe$son o$ &hing wi&h &he subec& o &hesen&ence o&en i& is impossible &o dis&inguish whe&he$ &he cha$ac&e$ is bes&in&e$p$e&ed in such cases &o mean GandH o$ wi&h (in &his lessonQs &e)& sen&ence# i&could be ei&he$". The ues&ion pa$&icle unc&ion is used &o abb$e*ia&e &he cha$ac&e$:.adical 1D (™".



19.妻 ,2 4 52 saiø+# tsuma¼• 62 cheo; 2 chKi

>ie.

adical 8 («".

19.俱 ,2 W 52 gu‘# %ua# tomo niQ3½ 62 gu’ 2 %Uui

Cll# &oge&he$.

RonQ& conuse &his cha$ac&e$ wi&h kk107" (&hough hinese w$i&e$s &hemsel*essome&imes used &he &wo cha$ac&e$s in&e$changeably". adical 9 (人".

19D.O ,2 &in 52 den<<# taƒ 62 eonû 2 &:hn

ield.

adical 10 (O".

19F.« ,2 n 52 oN(# nyoO(# ny;O()# onnaI·7# ominaIm7 62 nyeo = (yeoª" 2 nAuih

1. >oman# gi$l# emale# daugh&e$. <

. +no$mal second pe$son p$onoun used o$ >(FF".E

The second meaning is ound mos&ly in ea$ly &e)&s. adical 8 («".

19M.因 ,2 y4n 52 in+<# yotte‡c\# yorite‡q\ (1" chinami ni.7m½ (" 62inR 2 yKn

1. The$eupon# &he$eo$e. <

. To go &h$ough# &o ma%e use o &o &a%e ad*an&age o.

The o$iginal meaning o &his cha$ac&e$ seems &o be $ela&ed &o &he wo$d o$ cushiono$ GpillowH which was w$i&&en la&e$ wi&h &he g$ass $adical (?". ,eaning / $esul&ed$om an abs&$ac& de$i*a&ion o &his meaning2 someone may lean on a p$e*iouse*en& o$ pe$son in o$de$ &o p$oceed &o &he ne)& e*en&# us& as one GleansH on apillow (hence# &he co*e$balV*e$bal meaning o 因— G&o go &h$ough#H H&o ma%e use



oH". u$&he$mo$e# &he mos& common and e*en mo$e abs&$ac& meaning G&he$euponHo$ G&he$eo$eH came abou& $om &his (an e*en& GleansH upon a p$e*ious e*en& ino$de$ &o occu$". fnli%e in ,anda$in# whe$e &his cha$ac&e$ almos& always implies adi$ec& causal connec&ion be&ween &wo ac&ions (G&he$eo$eH"# in li&e$a$y hinese &his

cha$ac&e$ is mo$e o&en a simple ma$%e$ o wha& happens ne)& (&he$eupon".adical 1 (`".

197.追 ,2 3hu4 52 &suié+# ouI> 62 chu^ 2 Uui

To pu$sue# &o chase# &o ollow.

adical 1M (定".

198.還 ,2 hun 52 %anS<# genÏ<# kaerunh$# kaesunhd 62 hwanÐ 2wahn

To go bac% &o# &o $e&u$n# &o gi*e some&hing bac%.

Synonyms2 ³(M8"# &(8o". adical 1M Ô".

199.曠 ,2 %ung 52 %;G) 62 gwang@ 2 %wong

!mp&y# dis&an& &o be alone &o be wi&hou& a spouse.

=o&e &ha& 曠 sugges&s &ha& &he au&ho$ is &hin%ing o 曠 as a noun2 Ghis singles&a&us#H Ghis loneliness.H adical 7 (â".

00.今 ,2 4n 52 %inH<# %onG< ima,• 62 geumo 2 gKm

=ow# a& p$esen&.

adical 9 (人".

01.吾 ,2 wJ 52 goÚ# wagaTÑ 62 oA 2 gh

+# me. i$s& pe$son p$onounE



Cl&hough &he$e may ha*e been some die$ence be&ween f and 吾 in *e$y ea$lyhina# you will ind essen&ially no die$ence in &hei$ use in any &e)& you $ead.adical 0 (`".

0.伐 ,2 52 ba&su;é# utsu>¼# kiruY$ 62 beolB 2 ah&

To a&&ac%# &o do *iolence &o &o cu& down a &$eeE.

Synonym2 攻(17". adical 9 (人".

0.是 ,2 sh: 52 3e†# koretJ 62 si시 2 sih

This# &hese.

=o&e &he g$ea& die$ence in meaning $om mode$n ,anda$in] o$ mo$e on &hischa$ac&e$Qs use in li&e$a$y hinese# see M.F below. adical 7 (â".

11a. 於是 ,2 yJ sh: 52 yotte‡c\# koko ni oitett½I,\ 62 eo si]시 2 yWsih

The$eupon (li&.# G$om &his G".

This ph$ase is used &o indica&e &he ne)& e*en& in a &empo$al seuence. Nynonym2 因(19M".

0D. ,2 b 52 hiæ# yameruáA$# yamuá@# makaru•n$ 62 pa 2 baah

To end# &o close# &o demobili3e an a$myE# &o dismiss.

adical 1 (,"

0F.! ,2 sh4 52 shi1 62 saD 2 s4

1. C$my<

. Teache$ &o &a%e as ones &eache$.

+n meaning /1# &his cha$ac&e$ is a sligh&ly old-ashioned wo$d o$ Ga$my.H +n la&e$&imes#軍(17D" is used much mo$e $euen&ly o$ &his meaning. Clso# no&e &ha&whe$eas ! and 軍 can bo&h be &$ansla&ed as Ga$my#H 兵(171" $ee$s mo$e &o &he



soldie$s &hemsel*es and is bes& &$ansla&ed as G&$oops.H +n meaning / (i$s&encoun&e$ed in Lesson 0"# &he cha$ac&e$ is usually a noun—bu& as a *e$b i& implies&he ac& o &a%ing on o$ choosing a &eache$ o$ onesel. o$ e)ample2吾!ÕŽ# G+ &a%eonucius as my &eache$.H adical F0 (C# Gnap%in#H G%e$chieH".

#$%%&'A)* M.1. onseuence sen&ences2 The sen&ence¶軍n‘敢諫者罪q9 may cause yousome p$oblems.

i$s&# no&e &ha& 軍n could be &he obec& o ¶# wi&h &he $es& o &he sen&ence gi*ing&he con&en& o &he command2 ?e commanded &he a$my &ha&.H ?owe*e$# i& couldalso be &he place-subec& o ‘# loca&ing whe$e possible $emons&$a&o$s migh& e)is&2G?e commanded &ha&# iE &he$e we$e anyone in &he a$my who.H >hichin&e$p$e&a&ion you choose is up &o you.

Necond#‘敢諫者罪q9 ollows a ce$&ain &ypical pa&&e$n o$ commands# gi*ing &heconseuence i some p$econdi&ion e)is&s2 G+E &he$e is anyone in &he a$myE whoda$es &o $emons&$a&e# +E will punish himE as a$ as dea&h.H

ou migh& also compa$e &he g$amma$ o &wo simila$ sen&ences2

‘敢諫者罪q9。+ &he$e is anyone who da$es $emons&$a&e# +E will punish himE as a$as dea&h.

敢諫者罪q9。?e who da$es $emons&$a&e +E will punish as a$ as dea&h.

+n meaning# &he sen&ences a$e essen&ially &he same. Bu& in &he i$s& case# &he$e a$e&wo clauses2 an implied GiH clause wi&h ‘ as &he *e$b# and a second clause wi&h 罪 as &he *e$b. +n &he second case# &he &wo clauses ha*e been &elescoped in&o onesen&ence2敢諫者 is &he displaced obec& (see 1.7" o &he *e$b 罪.

OCT+!2 T$ansla&e &he ollowing# seeing i you can e)p$ess &he g$amma&icaldie$ence in you$ &$ansla&ion2

1. ‘善人天以福。善人天以福。

. ‘tl者fÑ”s。tl者fÑ”s。

. ‘敢諫者D”¾¼q

敢諫者E”¾¼。

D. ©‘不«者„€”。©”不«者„€”。

F. ‘追桑n«者罪q9。追桑n«者罪q9。



M.. ul&u$al no&e2 se$icul&u$e. Cs you may %now# &he &h$ead o$ sil% comes $om &hecocoons o a ca&e$pilla$ commonly called &he sil%wo$m. These ca&e$pilla$s we$e edwi&h &he lea*es o &he mulbe$$y &$ee un&il &hey en&e$ed &hei$ cocoon s&age—and so acommon sigh& in sp$ing was &he ha$*es& o &he mulbe$$y lea*es. This ha$*es&ing was

conside$ed womenQs wo$% in ancien& hina# and so (since i& was o&en &hough& &ooo$wa$d o$ a woman &o spend &oo much &ime in ull *iew o men" &his was one o &heew &imes when men could go Ggi$l wa&ching.H Cs a $esul&# mulbe$$y-lea pic%ingbecame a &as% hea*ily laden wi&h e$o&ic conno&a&ions in hinese li&e$a&u$e. The$ea$e ui&e a ew anecdo&es desc$ibing $oman&ic &$ys&s o$ cou$&ships &ha& occu$ du$ing&his &ime o yea$# as well as a&&emp&ed seduc&ions.

M.. X Ò sen&ences2 Li&e$a$y hinese—a& leas& du$ing &he ea$ly pe$iod o i&sde*elopmen&—a*oided using any clea$-cu& *e$b o$ G&o beH (wha& g$amma$ians callG&he copulaH because i& connec&s &wo &hings &oge&he$2 G,a$y is a *illage gi$l#H G5ohnis a a$me$#H GTha& is a sil%wo$m#H e&c.". Nome&imes a w$i&e$ will use 爲(D"# bu& &hisusually occu$s in cases whe$e a pe$son is being iden&iied by a temporary s&a&e obeing o$ an occupa&ion2 G5ohn is a mulbe$$y pic%e$#H G,a$y is s&uden& councilp$esiden&.H

o$ mos& copula$ sen&ences# w$i&e$s c$ea&ed a die$en& g$amma&ical pa&&e$n#which we will call &he GnominalH sen&ence# o$# mo$e amilia$ly# &he GX HÒ sen&ence.?e$e# you simply pu& &he &wo elemen&s side by side# and &hen end &he sen&ence wi&h&he Ò pa$&icle2

,a$y V *illage gi$l Ò

5ohn V a$me$Ò

Tha& V sil%wo$mÒ

+ &he &wo pa$&s o such a sen&ence (&he GXH and &he GHja$e pa$&icula$ly long# amode$n punc&ua&o$ will sepa$a&e &he &wo wi&h a comma (，"—bu& no& always],o$eo*e$# %eep in mind &ha& some&imes a w$i&e$ will dispense wi&h &he Ò al&oge&he$#lea*ing i& up &o you &o in&e$p$e& &he sen&ence.

Nome e)amples2

¼i¥人Ò。 The Ru%e o Lu is a %ind man. (=o&e &he die$ence g$amma&ically $om

saying¼i¥# The Ru%e o Lu is %ind."

Âg¨。 This is &he s&a&e o i. (=o&e &he missing Ò]j

op，知Ãš}諫者Ò。Yuan hong is one who %nows how &o cul&i*a&e hisconduc& and $emons&$a&e wi&h his lo$d.



M.D. XÒ sen&ences wi&h $2 'ne *e$y &ypical o$m o &he X Ò sen&ence in*ol*es&he $ pa$&icle al$eady discussed in .. ou migh& call i& a so$& o Gdeini&ionH o$m.

Ž”$¾，趙Ò。 The place you a$e going &o is hao.

i盧”$諫，趙簡ŽÒ。 The one whom Yong Lu $emons&$a&ed wi&h is iscoun& 5ian ohao.

-$.，,óÒ。>ha& ish lee is shallow wa&e$.

f$不·，lÒ。>ha& + donQ& d$in% is ale. ' cou$se# &he $ clause can be on ei&he$side2

l，f$不·Ò。Cle is wha& + donQ& d$in%.

-，f$欲Ò。 ish is wha& + li%e.

M.F. The e*olu&ion o 是 as copula2 + you %now ,anda$in hinese# you %now *e$ywell &ha& 是 is used as a copula bu&# s&$ic&ly spea%ing# li&e$a$y hinese a*oided &hismeaning. ?owe*e$# by &he &hi$d cen&u$y .!. (and e*en beo$e# some&imes" peoplewe$e al$eady using i& in &he mode$n sense# al&hough mo$e o&en in &he spo%enlanguage &han in &he w$i&&en. This de*elopmen& is easy &o unde$s&and i you loo%closely a& &his lessonQs &e)&.趙簡Ž says2

今吾伐¨£¨，是吾曠Ò。=ow + am a&&ac%ing a s&a&e and losing a s&a&e—&his is my

loneliness.

The spea%e$ has gi*en one sen&ence and &hen subs&i&u&ed 是 o$ i& when he goes on&o cons&$uc& an X Ò sen&ence. ?e could ha*e simply said2

今吾伐¨£¨，吾曠Ò。=ow my a&&ac%ing a s&a&e and losing a s&a&e is myloneliness.

Bu&# he p$obably &hough& i& would be &oo clumsy. +& is in ac& *e$y common in li&e$a$yhinese &o ma%e a s&a&emen& and &hen ma%e a poin& abou& i& in X Ò o$m#subs&i&u&ing是 o$Â o$ i&. Bu& a&e$ se*e$al cen&u$ies# $eade$s began &o in&e$p$e& 是 no& as &his bu& as a *e$b# G&o be.H

OCT+!2 Ou& &he ollowing in&o li&e$a$y hinese# using Ò in all nominal sen&ences2

1. ,y home is you$ home.

. Ru%e ?uan is one who lo*es his people and does no& a&&ac% coun&$ies.

. T$ees a$e wha& bi$ds $oos& in.



D. The pe$son in &he mulbe$$ies is whom +Qm laughing a&.

F. To do good and &o die o$ my lo$d—&his is my *i$&ue.

M. Tha& a husband and wie &oge&he$ wea$ a$mo$&his is wha& onucius &al%ed abou&.

7. >ha& + da$e $emons&$a&e abou& is &he du%eQs ields.

8. The lo$d is he who go*e$ns &he people# and &he people a$e &hey who a$e go*e$nedby &he lo$d.

9. Tha& + did no& gi*e eng3i a &own&his is my igno$ance.

10. >ha& + hope o$ is wha& you lee.

11. + you ha*e &he means &o disband &he a$my# &hen &ha&Qs '6. i.1 do no& ha*e &hemeans &o p$esen& you wi&h a ci&y.

Vocabulary 7ints$om &his lesson on# you may ind i& diicul& &o $emembe$ &he meanings ocha$ac&e$s you p$e*iously encoun&e$ed. This sec&ion will $emind you o some o &hemeanings# as well as poin& ou& new ones. + you s&ill canno& iden&iy &he meaning o&he cha$ac&e$# consul& &he comp$ehensi*e glossa$y.

Ž(9-D"

(11F-1"‘(0-"q(11D-"w(10-"

F(10F"ƒ(10"

(1"2(9D-"É(1F"

²(M7"”(-"¾(1D1"Ó(1M"(D9"

去(8M"£(F"&(80"

#haracter Listi. 乃今¶伐何俱兵名吾因÷«妻!敢是望桑O甲當罪與見解軍趙追還鄰(1"

ii. 披攻曠盧簡諫(M"



Lesson !

7e #alls the uneFGŽHI，JŽm聽”。_H}K%LŠ。JŽmw：x善MzHIˆNNzOLŠ。|PQ

”R，}K%Só。JŽmÅw：x善MzHIˆTTzOSó。|JŽm9，FGUIVW，’“不ÅHI，以爲X–×爲HI者。ÇYHIOÂÒ，Z者[\。]‘Z者，}–以^”，Z者Ë_`7M{a不自qbc者，dFe}¤qÒ。

V$#A+ULA)* (.5-0."0M.F ,2 b 52 ha%uハa 62 bae%C 2 baa%

1. Nenio$ o$ elde$ o a g$oup o b$o&he$s (as opposed &o f 11E &he middle b$o&he$".

. G!a$lH (a eudal &i&le see D.1 abo*e".

=o&e &ha& F„# li%e p„# can $ee$ &o an uncle. ?e$e# F is pa$& o a name. adical 9(人".

07.G ,2 y 52 gaï# geÏ# kibaYÛ 62 að 2 ngah

Too&h# &us%.

?e$e# &he cha$ac&e$ is used as a pe$sonal name. adical 9 (G".

oMa.FGŽ ,2 b y 3P 52 ha%u ga shiはyÑ# 62 bae% a aCð4 2 baa%ngah [

,as&e$ Bo a (name o a amous musician".

08.H ,2 g 52 %oG# tsuzumi¼gm# kosutd 62 goY 2 gJ

1. R$am &o d$um &o s&$um a s&$inged musical ins&$umen&E. <

. To wield# &o b$andish usually a swo$d o$ a %nieE.

>he$eas &his cha$ac&e$ usually $ee$s &o d$ums and &he playing o d$ums# i& alsocame &o be used o$ &he idea o s&$umming wi&h &he hand# o$ swinging a weapon.adical 07 (H".



09.I ,2 [n 52 gonÚ<# %inH<# %o&otQ 62 geumo 2 %hm

i&he$# ha$p.

This cha$ac&e$ ac&ually $ee$s &o a se*en-s&$inged o$ nine-s&$inged ins&$umen&# longand boa$d-li%e# &ha& is s&$ummed wi&h &he hands while $es&ing in &he lap o$ whenplaced in $on& o one on &he g$ound. +& is associa&ed in hinese cul&u$e wi&h &he highclassical a$&s o &he well-educa&ed gen&leman. adical 9M (Ù".

10.J ,2 3h;ng 52 sh;1() 62 ong¾ 2 Wng

1. To ga&he$# &o concen&$a&e.

. Bushel o g$ainE (used &o measu$e &he sala$y o an oicial".

?e$e# J is pa$& o a &wo-cha$ac&e$ su$name. adical 1M7 (h# Ggold#H Gme&alH".

10a.JŽm ,2 3h;ng 3P 4 52 sh;shi %i#Î>#Y 62 ong a gi¾4K 2 Wng [%Zih

hong3i i (a close $iend o FGŽ"

11.聽 ,2 &4ng (1" &:ng (" 52 ch;"()# kikuYy 62 cheongã 2 &ing

1. To lis&en &o# &o heed. <

. To allow# &o pe$mi&# &o gi*e pe$mission &o.

Yene$ally spea%ing# ~ can $ee$ &o any unin&en&ional ac& o hea$ing# whe$eas 聽 &ends &o $ee$ &o delibe$a&e ac&s o lis&ening. adical 18 (耳".

1._ ,2 Kng 52 h;Š)# katanƒ 62 bangi 2 ;ng

1. 5us& &hen# us& a& &ha& momen&. <

. Nua$e.

. Ncope# me&hod# &echniue.

D. Ri$ec&ion.



This cha$ac&e$ has a wide $ange o meanings &he ad*e$bial use# meaning /1# isp$obably &he mos& common. adical 70 (_".

1.K ,2 3h: 52 shi1# kokorozashittuU# 62 i% 2 i

Cmbi&ion# will# in&en&ion# inclina&ion.

This wo$d has impo$&an& conno&a&ions in philosophy. +& o&en $ee$s &o wha& oneQsmind is p$eoccupied wi&h# some&imes e*en subconsciously. ?e$e# i& $ee$s &o wha& F

G was &hin%ing o e*en unconsciously—while playing. adical M1 (心".

1D.L ,2 &i 52 &aiŽ+# &aŽ 62 &aej 2 &aai

Y$ea&# eno$mous# signiican&.

adical 7 (F".

1F.Š ,2 shKn 52 sanø<# yamaá• 62 sank 2 sKan

,oun&ain# hill.

adical DM (Š".

1Da.LŠ ,2 &i shKn 52 &ai3anƒ,U· 62 &ae sanjk 2 &aai sKan

,&. Tai.

C common ea$ly *a$ian& o$ lŠ# &he g$ea& sac$ed moun&ain loca&ed in Nhandong.

1M.M ,2 3Ki 52 saiø+# yaá# ka nan7 62 aeI 2 ;i

inalpa$&icle2 e)p$esses e)clama&ion o$ su$p$ise.E

adical 0 (0".

Fa. 善M ,2 shn 3Ki 52 3en3aim·U, 62 seon aeˆI 2 sihn

Y$ea&] ?ow wonde$ul] >ell done] +m imp$essed]



17.N ,2 wUi 52 giÕ 62 wiN 2 ngih

Lo&y# eminen&# imposing.

Cs &he $adical sugges&s# &his cha$ac&e$ was o$iginally mean& &o desc$ibe moun&ainso$ hills# bu& i& can desc$ibe o&he$ &hings as well. The $eduplica&ion o adec&i*es &oin&ensiy &he eec& is *e$y common in li&e$a$y hinese# especially in poe&$y. adicalDM (Š".

18.O ,2 $uS 52 a%uN2a# nyaO2# gotoku©Qy gotoshi©Q# (" moshi3# (" 62 ya%n 2 yeuh%

1. To $esemble# &o be li%e seemingly# as i# by appea$ance. <

. +

. +no$mal second pe$son p$onoun—used o$ > (FF"E

+n meaning /1# O is &hough& &o be a dialec& *a$ian& o ‚ (19" conseuen&ly# 不O has &he same idioma&ic meaning as 不‚(Da". adical 1D0 (=".

19.P ,2 sh\o (1-" sho (" 52 sh;1()# sukoshidt## sukunaidy7, 62so‚ 2 s[u (1-" siu ("

1. Nmall ew a li&&le sca$ce. <

. To beli&&le# &o conside$ small

. oung# you&h.

The second meaning is a good e)ample o &he pu&a&i*e use o an adec&i*e—&ha&is# i& $ep$esen&s &he men&al a&&i&ude o a pe$son who applies wha&e*e$ &he adec&i*eis &o a phejnomenon# &hing# o$ pe$son. adical D (小".

0.Q ,2 )u\n 52 senX<# yoru‡$# erabuh?Ý# sugurudý$ 62 seonˆ 2 syJn

1. To choose# &o selec&# &o elec&.

. C li&&le bi& o &ime. <



=o&e] ,eaning / (&he meaning in &his lessonQs &e)&" is *e$y $a$e# and you willha$dly e*e$ encoun&e$ i&. >hen you do# i& will p$obably be in &he compound PQ.>hen you memo$i3e &his cha$ac&e$# concen&$a&e on meaning /1. adical 1M (定".

1.R ,2 iKn 52 %enñ<# %anS<# aidaD,À# ma• 62 gan$ 2 gKan

Cmong# in# while.

This cha$ac&e$ is used in many ways i& is li%e n(111" bu& wi&h some sub&ledie$ences. R &ends &o emphasi3e &ha& some&hing is in between &wo o&he$ &hings. +n&ime desc$ip&ions# i& is used &o $ep$esen& an elapse o &ime—hence# GPQ”R a&e$Ea sho$& in&e$*al o &ime. adical 1M9 (o# Gga&eH".

.S ,2 liJ 52 $up# $yu×»)# $;à)# nagareru7ÑJ$# nagasu7Ñd 62 lyu q 2 luh

To low# &o cause &o low a cu$$en&.

adical 8F (ó".

.T ,2 &Kng (1-" shKng (" 52 &; (1-"g) sh;1() (" 62 &angr (1-"sangš (" 2 &;ng (1-" sUung("

1. ?o& wa&e$# boiling wa&e$# soup.. Tang (name o an ancien& sage %ing# ounde$ o &he Nhang ³ dynas&y".

. Nee&hing looding. <

=o&e] / is an uncommon meaning and p$onunca&ion /1 is much mo$e common.?e$e# &he cha$ac&e$ is mean& &o be poe&ically desc$ip&i*e o a $i*e$# &he way N desc$ibed hills. adical 8F (ó".

D.U ,2 pS 52 haハ# yaburuáÝ$ 62 pas 2 po

To smash# &o des&$oy# &o b$ea%# &o deea& an a$my o$ a s&a&eE &a&&e$ed# b$o%en-down. >hen used as an adec&i*e# &his cha$ac&e$ is synonymous wi&h º(17" and isin ac& much mo$e common &han &he la&&e$ cha$ac&e$. adical 11 (t#s&one".



F.V ,2 uA 52 3e&su†é# tatsuƒ¼# taeruƒh$ 62 eol 2 yuh&

To cu& sho$&# &o b$ea%# &o in&e$$up&# &o &a%e a di$ec& $ou&e o$ sho$&cu&.

adical 10 (¿".

M.W ,2 )in 52 genÏ<# tsuru¼$ 62 hyeonu 2 y:hn

N&$ing o a musical ins&$umen&E# bows&$ing.

=o&e &he $hy&hm and symme&$y o &he ou$-cha$ac&e$ ph$ase UIvW# wi&h i&s *e$b-obec&-*e$b-obec& pa&&e$n. This is a *e$y common way o o$de$ing languagepoe&ically in li&e$a$y hinese. adical F7 (w# GbowH".

18a. 以ì ,2 yP wAi 52 omoerakuI3h?y 62 i wis 2 y[h wih

To assume.

This &wo-cha$ac&e$ *e$b emphasi3es subec&i*e opinion. fnli%e in mode$n ,anda$in#howe*e$# in li&e$a$y hinese i& is no& necessarily an inco$$ec& assump&ion.

7.X ,2 sh: 52 seX# seiX+# yo‡ 62 sex 2 sai

?uman socie&y# &he wo$ld &he age# a gene$a&ion.

adical 1 (:".

8.Y ,2 dJ 52 do%uwa# hitoriPQq 62 &a%y 2 duh%

Clone# lonely# soli&a$y only.

ÇY# Gi& is no& only &he case &ha& #H is a common e)p$ession. adical 9D (ê".

9.Z ,2 )in 52 %enñ<# kashikoin#t, 62 hyeonu 2 y:hn

>o$&hy# s%illed# &alen&ed wo$&hy man# s%illed man# &alen&ed man.

This wo$d is o&en pai$ed wi&h 聖(17"# and i& $ep$esen&s people who a$e good and*i$&uous bu& no& ui&e up &o &he le*el o 聖.adical 1FD (L".



0.[ ,2 y: 52 e%i;H# ya%uza# mata•ƒ 62 yeo%역 2 yih%

1. Clso# again<

. +ndeed.

Ta%e no&e o &he &wo chie uses o &his *e$y common cha$ac&e$—i& ei&he$ implies$epe&i&ion (also# again" o$ simply is used o$ emphasis. on&e)& should ma%eclea$ which meaning is app$op$ia&e. adical 8 ({# Gabo*eH".

1.\ ,2 $n 52 3en†<# nen|<# shika#n shikaredomo#nJZ3# saredoJZ 62 yeon} 2 y:hn

1. To be so# &o be &hus# &o be $igh&# &o ac& &husly. <

. Bu&.

. 'p&ional ad*e$b ma$%e$2 Gin )-manne$. GE

adical 8M (Ë".

.] ,2 su4 52 suiV+# iedomo,hZ3 62 suW 2 sUui

!*en &hough# e*en i.

adical 17 (ç".

.^ ,2 iU 52 se&suXé# sessurucd$# tsugu¼ý 62 eop~ 2 ip

To oin# &o connec&# &o mee&# &o &$ea&.

adical MD (.".

D._ ,2 yu 52 yW¸)# yu¸# yoru‡$# yoshi‡# (1-" gotoshi©Q# (" 62yu¹ 2 yuh

1. eason# sou$ce# o$igin &o come $om# &o de$i*e $om.

. $om# co*e$bE<



. To $esemble# &o be li%e (used as a subs&i&u&e o$ &he cha$ac&e$ • FF-E".

adical 10 (O".

1FFb.Ë_ ,2 )4 yu 52 nani ni yorite7½½‡q\ 62 hae yuë¹ 2 hih yuh

?ow# why. ues&ion wo$dE

=o&e2 &his is ano&he$ in*e$&ed ues&ion e)p$ession (F.M" i& could be in&e$p$e&ed as _Ë# G$om wha&#H &ha& is# GhowH o$ Gwhy.H +n &his sense# i& is an almos& e)ac& synonymo$ Ëì (1FFa".

F.` ,2 :n 52 inN<# tsukusu¼yd# tsukiru¼Y$ 62 in€ 2 euhn

To e)haus&# &o use &o &he ulles& e)haus&i*ely# en&i$ely# comple&ely# &ho$oughly# all#e*e$yone.

=o&e &he &wo $ela&ed se$ies o meanings2 a *e$bal usage &ha& emphasi3ese)haus&ion and comple&ion (e.g.# using some&hing up"# and an ad*e$bial meaning&ha& emphasi3es &ha& an ac&ion is &ho$oughly ca$$ied ou& o$ &ha& e*e$yone is ca$$yingou& &he ac&ion. adical 108 (0".

M.a ,2 : 52 %iH 62 giK 2 %ei

a p$ope$ nameE

The name o a legenda$y ho$se &his cha$ac&e$ is &he$eo$e by e)&ension used as apoe&ic name o$ as& ho$ses. adical 187 (î".

7.b ,2 iKn 52 senX<# chi. 62 cheonE 2 ch4n

'ne &housand.

adical D (ž".

8.c ,2 lP 52 $i× 62 liØ 2 lAih

1. Li (measu$emen& o dis&ance2 abou& 1V mile".<

. ^illage# wa$d.



+n meaning /# &his cha$ac&e$ can be used &o desc$ibe bo&h au&onomous *illagesand wa$ds# neighbo$hoods# o$ subu$bs o la$ge$ &owns. +n some ancien& &e)&s#c a$edesc$ibed as o$gani3a&ional uni&s# consis&ing o F# F0# 7# o$ 100 households.adical 1MM (c".

9.d ,2 di 52 &aiŽ+# matsu•¼ 62 dae 2 doih

To awai&# &o depend on.

adical M0 (k".

D0.e ,2 lZ (1" yuZ (" 52 $a%u`a# tanoshimuƒ-#@ (1" ga%uïa (" 62la% (1" a%‚ (" 2 loh% (1" ngoh%("

1. To &a%e pleasu$e in# &o enoy.

. ,usic.

This cha$ac&e$ is common in bo&h meanings howe*e$# in &his lessonQs &e)& i& isme$ely a pe$sonal name. adical 7F (木".

0Mb.Fe ,2 b lZ 52 ha%u $a%uはy?y 62 bae% la%C 2 baa% loh%

BoLe. a pe$sonal nameE

C man amous o$ being able &o udge good ho$ses &his name is o&en usedsymbolically o$ a $ule$ who can $ecogni3e *i$&uous and capable men.

#$%%&'A)* 7.1. ul&u$al no&e2 G&hose who %now &he &one.H This s&o$y became especially amousin hinese li&e$a&u$e and cul&u$e. La&e$# &he &e$m 知音 (音&one# no&e one whoE%nows &he &one" de*eloped# &o desc$ibe a pa$&icula$ly close $iend o$ someone who%nows someone else almos& ins&inc&ually. ,usic in gene$al was &hough& &o ha*e a

pa$&icula$ly g$ea& powe$ in ancien& hina# as a way o con*eying oneQs emo&ions o$as a way o aec&ing o&he$s o$ good o$ o$ ill.

7.. ,o$e on &he pa$&icle z2 >hen JŽm $eac&s &o FG s music# he says 善MzHI. +ha*e al$eady poin&ed ou& abo*e in &he *ocabula$y &ha& z can be an e)clama&ion as



well as a ues&ion. This shouldnQ& cause you &oo much &$ouble# because con&e)&should ma%e i& clea$ whe&he$ a sen&ence is a ues&ion o$ an e)clama&ion. Clso no&e&ha& spea%e$s—when &hey wan& &o pu& a pa$&icula$ emphasis on &hei$ desc$ip&ion osome&hing—will in*e$& &he sen&ence# so &ha& &he e)clama&o$y ending pa$&icle

ac&ually &u$ns up in &he middle o &he sen&ence. Thus#HI善Mz (Gou$ playing o &heha$p is wonde$ul]H" becomes 善MzHI (>onde$ul]—you$ playing o &he ha$p#H o$in be&&e$ !nglish# pe$haps# ?ow wonde$ul is you$ ha$p playing]". '&he$ e)amples2

聖zÕŽˆ ?ow sagely is onucius]

曠z追«”÷ˆ ?ow lonely is &he husband pu$suing &he woman]

Fz簡Ž”!ˆ ?ow la$ge is &he a$my o ^iscoun& 5ian]

7.. e$&ain *e$b-co*e$b cons&$uc&ions and &he cons&$uc&ion o suppo$&ing *e$bs2 The$e a$e a numbe$ o suppo$&ing *e$bs &ha& o$dina$ily ma%e &he *e$bs &ha& ollow&hem passi*e (o$ &he passi*e *oice# see .F". The mos& common a$e Ÿ (G&o beeasyH D8E"# ¡ (G&o be diicul& F0E"#×(G&o be suicien& 1MME" and y (G&o beallowable#H G&o be pe$missibleH 11E". ?e$e a$e simple e)amples o &hei$ uses# wi&h&he *e$b ª# &o go*e$n wellH (F9"2

Ÿª2 easy &o be go*e$ned well (easily go*e$ned"

¡ª2 diicul& &o be go*e$ned well (go*e$ned wi&h diicul&y"

×ª2 suicien& &o be go*e$ned well (i.e.# ha*ing suicien& uali&ies &o allow i& &o be

go*e$ned"yª2 able &o be go*e$ned well pemissible &o be go*e$ned well

=o&ice &ha& !nglish o&en uses Ÿ and ¡ in e)ac&ly &he same way when we say G&hisci&y is easy &o go*e$n#H we mean &ha& &he ci&y is easily go#erned.

+n gene$al# be ca$eul &o obse$*e &his pa&&e$n and $ead passi*ely when &hese wo$dsa$e encoun&e$ed. emembe$# o$ e)ample# &ha& yH should mean Gable &o bes&$ummedH $a&he$ &han Gable &o s&$umH—&hus#IyH (G&he ha$p is able &o bes&$ummedH—i.e.# i& is in good shape# has all o i&s s&$ings# e&c." is mo$e li%ely &o beencoun&e$ed &han FGyH# which would li%ely mean &ha& Bo a is se$*ing as a d$um]

?ow does one use &hese wo$ds (Ÿ# ¡# ×# y" &o e)p$ess ac&i*e meanings +n o&he$wo$ds# how do we say G&he du%e is able &o go*e$nH o$ GBo a easily s&$umsH Tounde$s&and &his# we ha*e &o e)plo$e a new pa&&e$n—one &ha& is $a&he$ diicul& &ocomp$ehend $om an !nglish-language poin& o *iew.



+n ou$ lesson &e)&# we ha*e 以爲X–×爲HI者# Ghe assumed &ha& in &he wo$ldVgene$a&ion &he$e did no& e)is& one who was suicien& &o ha*e &he ha$p s&$ummed onbehal o. +& is *e$y diicul& &o pu& &his in&o $easonable !nglish. Oe$haps2 ?eassumed &ha& in &he wo$ld &he$e was no one wo$&hy o lis&ening &o his playing. +n

o&he$ wo$ds# &his pa&&e$n ma%es some commen& abou& &he subec&Qsabili&yVwo$&hiness &o $ecei*e &he benei& o some ac&ion.

Nome u$&he$ e)amples2

hiy爲µ q +&Qs easible &o ma%e plans o$ Ru%e ?uanQs sa%e.

Fe×爲qbc q +&Qs suicien& &o a$$i*e a &housand li o$ Bo LeQs sa%e.

Ž„¡爲š« 0 +&Qs diicul& &o p$ac&ice ilial pie&y o$ you$ a&he$Qs sa%e.

ƒ吾妻Ÿ爲È桑。+&Qs easy &o loo% o$ mulbe$$ies o$ my wieQs sa%e.

C&e$ ha*ing said all o &his# + mus& poin& ou& &ha& la&e$ w$i&e$s—pa$&icula$ly a&e$ &he>es&e$n ?an dynas&y (0M B..!-0 .!."—became inc$easingly sloppy wi&h &hisdis&inc&ion# so you may ind *iola&ions o i& $ela&i*ely $euen&ly. This is pa$&icula$ly&he case wi&h y# which $euen&ly has &he meaning o y以 in la&e$ &e)&s.

OCT+!2 T$ansla&e &he ollowing (y and y以"：

1. !y。趙簡Žy以!。

.ly去。ÕŽy以去l。ÕŽy以去。

.¬yª。¬y以ª。

D.善妻y得。善妻y以得-。

OCT+!2 T$ansla&e &he ollowing (co*e$bs wi&h suppo$&ing *e$bs"2

1. ¬×爲ª¨。

. 不善”×以'¬z{

.桑n–×爲v妻者。

D.‘!”÷y爲d。

F.FG¡爲QI。


1. +&Qs easible &o mobili3e an a$my o$ onucius.

. +&Qs ha$d &o lis&en &o &he bi$ds o$ ,as&e$ YuanQs sa%e.



. ,as&e$ eng inds i& ha$d &o $ecei*e a ci&y.

D. +&Qs suicien& &o p$ac&ice bene*olence o$ my sonQs sa%e.

F. +n Lu &he$e is no one o$ whose sa%e i& is easible &o e)plain *i$&ue.

7.D. =ominali3ing clauses wi&h 者2 +n 1.# we lea$ned &ha& &he mos& basic and easilyunde$s&andable use o 者 was &o indica&e &he pe$o$me$ o an ac&ion2

HI者2one who plays a ha$p

Q!者：one who chooses an a$my

以¥¦šª者：one who p$ac&ices go*e$nance wi&h bene*olence and *i$&ue

+ you only %now &his use o 者# howe*e$# youQll miss ou& on i&s signiicance.Nome&imes when a sen&ence is ollowed by 者# &he cha$ac&e$ nominali3es &hesen&ence o$ b$ac%e&s i& as a &opic o$ con*e$sa&ion and discussion. +n &his way &hewo$d is simila$ &o &he !nglish ph$ases G&he ac& &ha& o$ G&he ac& oH2

hi不聽op”者2 &he ac& &ha& Ru%e ?uan does no& lis&en &o Yuan hongQs wo$ds...

g人£妻者2 &he ac& &ha& &he man o i los& his wie...

入O}^Z者2 &he ac& &ha& someoneE en&e$ed &he ields and made con&ac& wi&hwo$&hy men...

The$e a$e &wo o&he$ common places whe$e 者 is used o$ emphasis and cla$iica&ion. The i$s& occu$s in deini&ion-s&yle sen&ences# whe$e a noun is ollowed by 者 ino$de$ &o single i& ou& as an i&em unde$ discussion. These usually occu$ in X Ò s&yle2

H1者，2木”物Ò。 Bi$dsH a$e &hings &ha& $oos& in &$ees.

者，ª¬”人Ò。C $ule$ is a pe$son who go*e$ns &he people.

Cno&he$ common use o 者 as a Gnominali3e$H is wi&h $ ph$ases. + we $e&u$n &o &hee)ample sen&ences o M.D# we ind &ha& i& is *e$y common &o pu& a 者 a&e$ a $ ph$ase in o$de$ &o Gb$ac%e&H i&. Thus2

Ž”$¾者E，趙Ò。 The place you a$e going &o is hao.

i盧”G„諫者E，趙簡ŽÒ。 The one whom Yong Lu $emons&$a&ed wi&h is iscoun& 5ian o hao.

-$.者E，,óÒ。>ha& ish lee is shallow wa&e$.



f$不t者E，lÒ。>ha& + donQ& d$in% is ale. RonQ& conuse such sen&ences wi&hsimple ac&o$ uses o 者： ¾趙者 ŽÒ。 The one going &o hao is you.

諫趙簡Ž者，i盧Ò。 The one $emons&$a&ing wi&h ^iscoun& 5ian o hao is Yong Lu.

.,ó者，-Ò。 The one leeing shallow wa&e$ is a ish.

不·l者，fÒ。 The one no& d$in%ing ale is +.

>eQll con&inue &o discuss e)amples whe$e nominali3a&ion is impo$&an&. The i$s&one is discussed below# in 7.F.

+mpo$&an& no&e] Cs you lea$n mo$e and mo$e abou& li&e$a$y hinese# you will ind&ha& sen&ences a$e o&en open &o mo$e &han one in&e$p$e&a&ion. Ta%e a loo% again a&&wo o &he e)amples abo*e2

g人£妻者

+n &his case# &he$e would be no&hing e)cep& con&e)& &o p$e*en& us $om in&e$p$e&ing&his sen&ence as a pa$&i&i*e (."&ha& is# a sligh&ly abb$e*ia&ed *e$sion o g人”£妻者# &hose people o i who abandoned &hei$ wi*es. This is because g人 could beplu$al o$ singula$# and so i& con&$ibu&es &o &he ambigui&y.

入O}^Z者

This is e*en wo$se] Because &he sen&ence has no e)plici& subec&# we could *e$yeasily come up wi&h &he ollowing &$ansla&ion2 tt'ne who en&e$s &he ield and ma%escon&ac& wi&h wo$&hy men. Cgain# only con&e)& indica&es which would be be&&e$.Nimila$ly# ou$ e)amples $om &he beginning o &his e)plana&ion could be $eaddie$en&ly# i &he con&e)& demanded2 HI者 &he ac& oV&he ac& o playing &heha$p Q!者&he ac& oV&he ac& o selec&ing an a$my and so o$&h.

The mos& impo$&an& &hing &o $emembe$# in any case# is &ha&者 can do mo$e &hansimply indica&e Gone who.H

7.F. !)plana&ion sen&ences wi&h 者 and Ò2 ?e$e is an impo$&an& pa&&e$n &ha& usessen&ence nominali3a&ion as desc$ibed in 7.D abo*e. >e no&ed in Lesson M &ha& Ò(1M1" could be used &o indica&e an emphasis sugges&ed by a spea%e$. >hen we ha*e&wo clausesone ending wi&h 者 and &he ne)& one ending wi&h Ò—&he$e is a goodchance &ha& &hey o$m an e)plana&ion sen&ence2

The ac& &ha&V&he $eason why X... is because o .

Ta%e a loo% a& &he las& &wo ph$ases o ou$ lesson &e)&. + 者 and Ò we$e missing# wewould simply ha*e2



a不自qbc，dFe}¤q。

This loo%s li%e &wo independen& sen&ences2 G5i does no& himsel a$$i*e a &housand li.?e is wai&ing o$Vdepending on Bo Le and only &hen a$$i*es. Tha& ma%es pe$ec&

sense# and i we %ep& i& li%e &his# we would be mo$e o$ less $igh&. Bu& when we add&he pa$&icles# &hings change a li&&le bi&2

a不自qbc者，dFe}¤qÒ。

=ow we ha*e a much mo$e &$anspa$en& sen&ence &ha& emphasi3es &he $ela&ionshipbe&ween &he &wo clauses2 ttThe ac& &ha&V&he $eason why 5i does no& himsel a$$i*e a&housand li is because he is wai&ing o$Vdepending on Bo Le and only &hen a$$i*es.


1. 趙簡Ž!者，聽i盧”Ò。

. j爲`7者，(”Ò。

. Gi盧得妻者，不知Q桑Ò

D. ÕŽ¹U¹}»者不ÄÀ於iÒ。

F. hir兵}伐¼者，¼不'”Ò。


1. The $eason why + donQ& lo*e ha$ps is because Bo a ma%es me lis&en &o him.

. The $eason why my en&i$e lie + cul&i*a&e my conduc& (Ãš" is because ,as&e$Yuan o$ my sa%e e)plained i&.

. The $eason why i& is diicul& &o go*e$n &he s&a&e o$ &he sa%e o &he people isbecause &he people do no& %now loyal&y o$ ilial pie&y.

D. The $eason why you do no& you$sel wai& o$ &he du%e is because Bo Le ma%es youplay a ha$p.

F. The $eason why + assume &ha& &he$e a$e no& wo$&hy men in &he wo$ld is becauseonucius is dead.

Vocabulary 7ints%(79"Å(1D8-1"ó(87"’“(1a# L"Â(1DF"

–以opposi&e o ‘以(0a# LM"7(99"自(1F-1"



#haracter Listi. X[FbMLPŠdK^_eST\YI_`V聽OZQcJR]H(0"

ii. GU("

iii.Wa("

i*.N(1"

Lesson ,

:u;e %u For2ives the 7orse-&atersð…i†€}‡ˆî，自¾È”。見人L‰î，_Šõ。…i‹w：x是吾ˆîÒˆ|Œ人Ž}…。…iw：x吾~ˆîõ不tl者‰人。|以t”l。‰î者‘}去。’

“”，"攻ð …i”。¾²îõ者–‹w：xy以€9î得l”—˜ˆ|™š。…i›得以解¡œ"，°i以&。Â!€}福³Ò o

V$#A+ULA)* (01-!1"D1.ð ,2 [n 52 shin1< 62 in€ 2 chZuhn

The s&a&e o in.

C s&a&e o p$e-impe$ial hina# i& was loca&ed in p$esen&-day Nhaan)i ž# p$o*ince. ð e*en&ually conue$ed all o&he$ s&a&es and es&ablished &he i$s& hinese empi$e.

adical 11F (Ÿ# g$owing g$ain#H ha$*es&".

D.… ,2 mI 52 bo%uボa 62 mo%€ 2 muh%

,aes&ic# $e*e$en&.

This cha$ac&e$ is $ela&i*ely $a$e# bu& i& can be ound $euen&ly in pos&humous &i&les.adical 11F (Ÿ".

D1a.ð…i ,2 [n mI g;ng 52 shin bo%u %W#·ぼyy> 62 in mo% gong€€Œ 2 chZuhn muh% gWng

Ru%e ,u o in ($. MF9-M1 B..!.".



D.† ,2 chng 52 sh;1()# nameru7A$# katsuten¼\ 62 sangš 2sZuhng

1. To &as&e# &o p$o*e# &o e)pe$ience# &o &$y &es&.

. +n &he pas&<

This cha$ac&e$ is one o a numbe$ in li&e$a$y hinese indica&ing &he pas& &ense.Nome&imes i& is used &o $ep$esen& cons&an& o$ $euen& occu$$ence in &he pas&(o&en". adical 0 (0".

DD.‡ ,2 wng 52 buù# muÈ# b;ボ)# m;~)# nakunaru7y7$# horobosubuぼd# ushinau>#7> 62 mang2 2 mShng

To lose# &o des&$oy# &o die# &o be los&# &o escape.

This cha$ac&e$ is *e$y common# and i& has a wide $ange o meaningsbu& all a$e &ied&o loss o$ absence. adical 8 ({".

DF.ˆ ,2 In 52 shun1»< 62 un 2 eun

Nwi&.

Cs &he $adical sugges&s# &his cha$ac&e$ o&en desc$ibes as& ho$ses. adical 187 (î".

DM.î ,2 m\ 52 me*# ba;# ma:# uma>• 62 ma¡ 2 mah

?o$se.

adical 187 (î".

D7.¢ ,2 yP 52 i+# sude nid¥½# yamuá@# yameruáA$ 62 is 2 y[h

1. Cl$eady &o end# &o s&op. <

. Nen&ence-endingpa$&icle# used o$ ˜(MM".E

RonQ& conuse &his cha$ac&e$ wi&h 己(7"] adical D9 (己".



D8.‰ ,2 shK 52 sa&suøé# saiø+# se&suXé# korosutud 62 sal£# swae¤ 2 saa&

To %ill.

adical 79 (¥# Gspea$#H G&o %illH".

D9.Š ,2 gSng 52 %y;H()# &omoQ3 62 gongŒ 2 guhng

Toge&he$ bo&h.

Synonym2 俱(19". adical 1 (@".

F0. ,2 sh[ (1# " s: (" 52 sho%u1(a# i%iNH# taberuƒ$# kuuy># kurauy?># kurawasuy?Td 62 si%¦ 2 sih%

1. ood &o ea&.<

. To cause &o ea&# &o eed.

. ice# coo%ed g$ain.

ompa$e &his cha$ac&e$ wi&h t(117"# G&o d$in%. adical 18D (".

F1.õ ,2 $Su 52 ni%uOa 62 yu%§ 2 yuh%

,ea&# lesh.

adical 10 (õ".

F.‹ ,2 wZi 52 i+# iu,> 62 wi„ 2 waih

1. To name &o assume# &o &hin%.

. To say &o someoneE# co*e$bE<

,eaning / (as seen in &his lessonQs &e)&" indica&es &he pe$son &o whom one isspea%ing# wi&h &he pa&&e$n‹Xw. o$ e)ample2 ÕŽ‹iw# Gonucius add$essed&he du%e# saying#H >hen &he pe$son being add$essed is clea$ $om &he con&e)&#&hen &he w$i&e$ will simply gi*e ‹w# he add$essed himE# saying ....H ?e$e# when&he anecdo&e $eads …i‹w# in&e$p$e& i& &o mean GRu%e ,u said &o &he menE.Hadical 1D9 (‹".



F.Œ ,2 3hW 52 sho1(# moro3u 62 e‰ 2 yW

1. Oa$&icle2 plu$al ma$%e$.E<

. usion pa$&icle eui*alen& &o ” _ z(i$s& occu$s in Lesson F".E

>hen placed in $on& o a noun#Œ ma%es &he noun plu$al. adical 1D9 (".

FD. ,2 iU 52 %aiS+# minam7# minnam·7 62 gae¨ 2 gKai

Cll# e*e$y.

adical 81 (©# G&o compa$eH".

FF.Ž ,2 I 52 %ua# osoreruIÇJ$ 62 gu’ 2 geuih

To ea$# &o d$ead ea$# &imidi&y.

adical M1 (心".

FM. ,2 [ 52 so%u÷a# sunawachid7T. 62 eu%ª 2 4%

1. igh& &hen immedia&ely &hen. <. To go &o# &o p$oceed &o. adical M («# Goin&#H GsealH".

F7. ,2 c: 52 shi1# iN# tsugu¼ý# tsugi¼ÿ# tsuide¼,¥ 62 chaä 2 chi

Neuence# o$de$ ne)&.

=o&ice &ha& in &his lessonQs &e)&# 以 would mean Gby means o o$de$#H &ha& is# Gin&u$n# one by one. adical 7M (f# G&o lac%".

F8.‘ ,2 cn 52 3anH<# hajiruはp$ 62 cham¬ 2 chahm

To be ashamed.

adical M1 (心".



F9.’ ,2 W 52 %oG# %yoH(# iru,$# oruI$ 62 geoT 2 gUui

1. To occupy a placeE# &o li*e in a placeE.

. To pass by (o &ime". <

Nynonym (meaning /1"2 %(79". ,eaning / occu$s a& &he beginning o sen&ences&o indica&e a passage o &ime2 ’“”# Ga&e$ &h$ee yea$s wen& byH ’:º# a&e$ amon&h wen& by and so o$&h. adical DD (Q".

M0.“ ,2 sKn 52 sanø<# mitsum¼ 62 samù 2 sKam

Th$ee &hi$d &h$ee &imes.

adical 1 (:".

M1.” ,2 nin 52 nen|<# toshiQ# 62 nyeon 2 n:hn

ea$.

adical F1 (®# Gshield#H G&o opposeH".

M." ,2 :n 52 shin1< 62 in€ 2 eun

The s&a&e o 5in.

C la$ge# p$e-impe$ial s&a&e# 5in occupied &he mode$n p$o*inces o Nhan)i and ?enan¯°. +n &he i&h cen&u$y B..!.# 5in spli& apa$& in&o &h$ee s&a&es# one o which was 趙(1M9". adical 7(â".

M. ,2 wAi 52 i+# kakomunt@ 62 wi„ 2 wih

1. To su$$ound# &o besiege. <

. ?and-span (measu$emen& o ci$cume$ence".

,eaning / $ee$s &o &he habi& o udging &he ci$cume$ence o a $ound obec& byusing &he leng&h o an e)&ended hand# $om &ip o li&&le inge$ &o &ip o &humb# as auni& o measu$e. adical 1 (`".



1D1a.¾² ,2 w\ng sh[ 52 ;iI>p 62 wang siá시 2 whng s:h

The pas&# in &he pas&.

MD.– ,2 )iKng (1" )ing (-" 52 s;÷)# sh;1()# aiD, 62 sangš 2sUung(1"# seung(-"

1. ,u&ually# each o&he$. <

. Yo*e$nmen& minis&e$ &o se$*e a s&a&eE as a go*e$nmen& minis&e$.

. Ohysiognomy a&e# o$&une# good o$&une.

The ad*e$b (meaning /1" is mos& common# &hough meaning / is encoun&e$ed$euen&ly in his&o$ical w$i&ing. ombining &his cha$ac&e$ wi&h &he pa&&e$n discussedin F# &he e)p$ession –‹w means G&hey add$essed each o&he$# saying.H (seealso 1.". adical 109 (目".

M — ,2 Un 52 on=< 62 eun± 2 yKn

Y$ace# a*o$# %indness# me$cy.

This cha$ac&e$ is o&en used o$ &he a*o$s bes&owed by &he $ule$ on his people. — is commonly used &o $ee$ &o &he $epaymen& o$ such g$a&i&ude &ha& a subec&unde$&a%es. adical M1 (心".

MM.˜ ,2 yP 52 i+ 62 uiì 2 y[h

inal pa$&icle2 indica&es emphasis o$ comple&ion o an ac&ion.E

=o&e &ha& L(D7-" can se$*e &he same pu$pose. adical 111 (&".

M7.™ ,2 su: 52 suiV+# togeruQX$# tsui ni¼,½ 62 suW 2 seuih1. Then# &he$eupon. <

. To ollow# &o pu$sue.

>i&h 因 (19M-1" and 於是(11a Lesson M"# ™ is one o &he mos& common wo$dsindica&ing &he &empo$al seuence o e*en&s. adical 1M (Ô".



M8.š ,2 %u: 52 %aiS+# tsubusu¼Ýd# tsubureru¼ÝJ$# tsuiyasu¼,ád 62gwe² 2 %Ji

To sca&&e$# &o des&$oy &o be sca&&e$ed# &o be des&$oyed.

adical 8F (ó".

M9.› ,2 3J (1-" cI (D" cu: (F" 52 so&su÷é# sossuruÇcd$# tsui ni¼,½

62 ol³ 2 Uu& (1-" seuih(D-F"

1. inally# in &he end.<

. To die.

. oo& soldie$.

D. ?as&ily (used as a subs&i&u&e o$ ´ see Lesson D o$ an e)ample".

F. To c$owd# &o &h$ong (used as a subs&i&u&e o$ µ see Lesson o$ an e)ample".

,eanings / and / a$e ui&e common# &hough &hey a$e no& encoun&e$ed in ou$&e)&s. Synonym (meaning /1"2’(1". adical D (ž".

70.œ ,2 shZng 52 sh;1()# katsun¼# masaru•$# sugurerudýJ$ 62

seung¶ 2 sing

To &$iumph o*e$# &o deea& &o be supe$io$ &o *ic&o$y.

adical 19 (à".

71. ,2 huS 52 %a%uSa# eruh$# uru>$ 62 hoe%· 2 woh%

To ca&ch# &o ob&ain.

Synonym2 得(1". Clso# li%e 得# can be used wi&h ano&he$ *e$b# G&o be able &o.H

adical 9D (ê".

MFa. °i ,2 hu: g;ng 52 %ei %;ú,t> 62 hye gongþŒ 2 waih gWng



Ru%e ?ui (o 5in " $. MF0-M7 B..!.".

#$%%&'A)* 8.1. ausa&i*es wi&h double obec&s2 +n D.# we saw &ha& some&imes *e$bs can beused causa&i*ely—i·”# G&he du%e had him d$in%. +n F.1# we saw &ha& ½ could beused &o c$ea&e a Gpi*o&H s&$uc&u$e—i½”tl# G&he du%e caused him &oVmade himd$in% ale. +n line o &his lessonQs &e)&# we see —·”l which shows &ha& &hecausa&i*e use can &a%e a Gdouble obec&—had &hem d$in% ale.

8.. Nupp$essed co*e$b-obec&s2 +n 1.F# 1.M# and D.# we saw how co*e$bs (in &hosecases#以 and 爲" unc&ioned&hey usually come beo$e &he main *e$b (&houghsome&imes a&e$ see 1.M" and a$e ollowed by a co*e$b-obec&2

î以×‰i。 The ho$se %illed &he du%e wi&h i&s hoos (li&.# Gee&H".

簡Ž¼¨以!。+& is wi&h an a$my &ha& ^iscoun& 5ian besieges &he s&a&e o Lu.

…i爲兵‰î。Ru%e ,u %illed &he ho$ses o$ &he sa%e o his &$oops.

+n each o &hese sen&ences# &he co*e$b is ollowed by i&s obec&2 ×# !# 兵.

+ &he co*e$b-obec& is unde$s&ood# one migh& &hin% &ha& i& would be $eplaced by &heobec& p$onoun ”—and &ha& does happen2

兵不得，…i爲”‰#î。 The &$oops we$e unable &o ea&# so Ru%e ,u %illed &he ho$ses

o$ &hem.

?owe*e$# i& is much mo$e &ypical o$ &he co*e$b-obec& &o disappea$ al&oge&he$# &obe supp$essed2

î€×，以‰i。 The ho$se pu& ou& i&s hoos and %illed &he du%e wi&h &hem.

簡Žr兵，以¼¨。^iscoun& 5ian $aised &$oops and besieged &he s&a&e o Lu wi&h&hem.

'&he$ e)amples2

Ž(-，吾爲”。 ou lo*e &o ea& ish +Qll ca&ch &hem o$ you.iÃ¥¦，以ª¨¬。 The du%e cul&i*a&es %indness and us&ice and by means o &hemgo*e$ns &he people.

=ow loo% a& &wo sen&ences $om ou$ lesson &e)&2



…i›得以解¡œ"2 Ru%e ,u in &he end was able &o by means o i&(By means of

what( )igure it out from the conte%t."

°i以&2 ?e cap&u$ed Ru%e ?ui and by means o &ha& $e&u$ned. ?e$e# &he ac&ion o

cap&u$ing p$o*ides &he p$econdi&ion o$ his $e&u$n.

8.. Nupp$ession o co*e$b-obec&s and 以# Hin o$de$ &o2 +n Lesson D# we saw a newuse o 以# Gin o$de$ &oH2

hirs以t”。Ru%e ?uan $aised his cup in o$de$ &o ha*e him d$in%.

This usage may in ac& ha*e de*eloped ou& o &he supp$ession o &he co*e$b. +nac&# &hese &wo &ypes o sen&ences a$e *e$y close in meaning2

î€×，以‰i。 The ho$se pu& ou& i&s hoos and %illed &he du%e wi&h &hem.

î€×以‰i。 The ho$se pu& ou& i&s hoos in o$de$ &o %ill &he du%e.

簡Žr兵，以¼¨。,as&e$ 5ian $aised &$oops and wi&h &hem besieged Lu.

簡Žr兵以¼¨。,as&e$ 5ian $aised &$oops in o$de$ &o besiege Lu.

The sen&ences a$e almos& &he same# and in ac& i& may *e$y well be &ha& a hinese$eade$ in ea$ly &imes would no& ma%e a clea$ dis&inc&ion be&ween &he &wo. ?owe*e$#one migh& claim &ha& i 以 is in&e$p$e&ed as a co*e$b# &hen &he ac&ion e)p$essed in&he second pa$& o &he sen&ence has al$eady occu$$ed# o$ is al$eady occu$$ing—&heho$se has %illed &he du%e# and ,as&e$ 5ian has besieged Lu. >hen 以 is in&e$p$e&ed

as Gin o$de$ &o#H &hen &he second pa$& o &he sen&ence only e)p$esses in&en&ion. >edonQ& %now i &he ac&ions we$e ca$$ied ou&.

,ode$n punc&ua&ion o&en (bu& no& always" dis&inguishes be&ween &he &wo %inds osen&ences by pu&&ing a comma in co*e$b sen&ences. Bu&# &his $ule is no& alwaysollowed—in *e$y sho$& sen&ences# o$ e)ample. +n ou$ lesson &e)&# we ha*e °i以&. Because i& is clea$ &ha& &he du%e has indeed successully $e&u$ned# we ha*e aco*e$b wi&h supp$essed obec&# e*en &hough &he sen&ence is no& punc&ua&ed as °i，以&。

OCT+!2 T$ansla&e &he ollowing (do each sen&ence &wo waysrwi&h a co*e$bin&e$p$ej&a&ion and wi&h an Gin o$de$ &oH in&e$p$e&a&ion"2

1. f還îM，j以½¬(f。

. 爲善”)己jM，j以聽諫。

.Z4’“ÃÙM，j以d9。



D.12於0/M，j以$(”物。


1. onucius said &o &he du%e# G+ ho$ses ea$ each o&he$# &hen (É" &hey will lee.

. The soldie$s inally succeeded in a&&ac%ing Lu# and# by means o &ha&# &hey %illed&he + $ule$ who was s&$umming a ha$p.

. To deea& &he a$my and b$ea% &he siege—&his is wha& + hope o$.

D. Cl&hough &he men &oge&he$ a&e &he ho$se# + was us& &hen (_" ashamed o i&.

F. Ru%e ,u commanded &ha& i &he$e we$e people who a&e his escaped ho$ses# he $would %ill &hem one by one (li&.# Gin seuence".

M. >hy a$e &he people ashamed They a$e unable &o $epay my lo$dQs %indness o &he

pas&.

7. The minis&e$s &oge&he$ planned# and by means o &ha&# &hey sol*ed &he diicul&y.

8. C&e$ &h$ee yea$s wen& by# 5in immedia&ely sen& people &o p$esen& onucius wi&ha ho$se. onucius said &o &hem# G+ ha*e los& a ho$se beo$e + am unable &o *alue&hem. Olease $e&u$n i& &o &he du%e.

8.D. Oossible conusions in y and y以 sen&ences2 +n line D# we ha*e &he ph$ase y以€9î得l”—˜. +n 7.，we lea$ned abou& &he Gac&i*eH meaning o y以 &his use

is clea$ly implied he$e# wi&h &he &h$ee *e$bs G€9 go ou&# die# and $epay.Hemembe$ &ha& &he o$iginal sense o &his ph$ase is Gwe a$e usable &o go ou&# &o die#and &o $epay# wi&h &he sensible !nglish &$ansla&ion# we can go ou&# die# and $epay.Cnd ye&# in such a sen&ence i&Qs no& unli%ely &ha& 以 is se$*ing a double pu$pose#whe$eby i& indica&es an ac&i*e *e$b s&$uc&u$e on &he one hand# bu& a sepa$a&e obec&&ha& is Gsupp$essed，，on &he o&he$. +n &his case# &he obec& would be &he siege o&he du%e# which p$o*ides &he oppo$&uni&y o$ &he men &o ac&. The end $esul& would&hus be# in aw%wa$d bu& li&e$al !nglish2 G>e a$e usable by means o &hisoppo$&uni&yE &o go ou&# &o die# and &o $epayH—&ha& is# because o &his# we can goou&# die# and $epay.

eade$s in ea$ly hina &ended &o *iew g$amma&ical s&$uc&u$es ui&e le)ibly#especially when $eading uic%ly in such cases#以 may ha*e $egis&e$ed in &heconsciousness in any numbe$ o ways# p$o*iding in&e$p$e&a&ions whe$e*e$ $eui$edand allowing o$ *a$ious meanings.



Vocabulary 7ints€(17"¾(1DD"È(1F"是(0"吾(01"

…(1"t(117"l(108"去(8M"攻(80"

(M-1"得(1-"解(18M"¡(F0-"&(80"

Â(1DF"得(7-"福(1D"

ha$ac&e$ Lis&

i. “‡Šœ›†’L”Ž"‰–˜ð‹Œ™î(D"

ii. —‘…õˆ(M"

i*.š(1"

Lesson 9

%i<i =ia Loses Favor¸Ž¹(於º。º¨”»，¼½車罪¾。¸Ž¹”¿À，人~，Á¾Â”。¸Ž¹Ã½車}€。~”，Z”，w：x«Mˆ爲¿”Ä，Å¾罪Mˆ|ÆÇÈ。¸Ž¹É}Ê，不`

}Ë。w：x(f}Ì0Íˆ|Î¸Ž¹ÏÐ}(Ñ，得罪於。w：x是Ä†Ò½吾車，又†f以ÓÉˆ|ÄŽ¹”š，ÔÕÖ×Ò。Ø見Z，¤罪者，(Ù”生ÖÒ。

V$#A+ULA)* (!/.!"7.¸ ,2 m[ 52 biB# mi'# iya,á 62 miÚ 2 mZih

+nc$easingly.

Nynonym2ž(D7-". ?e$e# ¸ is pa$& o a &wo-cha$ac&e$ su$name. adical F7 (w".

7.¹ ,2 )i 52 %aS# kizuY8 62 haè 2 hh

law# blemish (usually applied &o laws in gems o$ ewels".

?e$e#¹ is a pe$sonal name. adical 9M (Ù".

7a.¸Ž¹ ,2 m[ 3P )i 52 bishi %ax#n 62 mi a haÚ4è 2 mZih [ hh



,i3i Xia (se)ual a*o$i&e o &he $ule$ o º".

7D.º ,2 wZi 52 ei;+ 62 wi„ 2 waih

1. >ei (a small s&a&e in p$e-impe$ial hina".<

. Yua$ds# gua$dsmen.

adical 1DD (š".

7F.» ,2 \ 52 h;Š)# nori-q 62 beopÛ 2 aa&

ule# law# cus&om.

+n Buddhis& &e)&s# &his cha$ac&e$ is used o$ dha$ma. adical 8F (ó".

7M.¼ ,2 iZ 52 se&suXé# nusumudd@# hisokaPÇn 62 eolü 2 si&

1. Nec$e&ly# wi&hou& au&ho$i3a&ion.<

. To s&eal

. +n my own humble way#H Gin my humble opinion.H ad*e$b ma%ing a modes&asse$&ion by &he spea%e$E

adical 11M (Ü# Gca*e#H GholeH".

77.½ ,2 i 52 %aS# gaï 62 gaß 2 ga

To d$i*e a ca$$iage ca$$iage.

adical 187 (î".

78.車 ,2 W 52 sha12# kurumay$• 62 chaä# geoT 2 gUui

a$&# ca$$iage# cha$io&.

=o&e &he classical G$eading p$onuncia&ionH in ,anda$in. adical 1F9 (車"



79.¾ ,2 yuZ 52 ge&suÏé 62 wolÝ 2 yuh&

u&&ing o &he ee& (a o$m opunishmen&".

This cha$ac&e$ is one o a se$ies o cha$ac&e$s &ha& indica&e *a$ious o$ms o penalampu&a&ion. ou wonQ& encoun&e$ i& *e$y o&en. adical 18 (ü".

80.¿ ,2 m 52 boボ# hahaはは 62 mo모 2 muh

,o&he$.

adical 80 (Ê".

81 À ,2 [ 52 shi&su1é# tokkuQcy# hayaiはá,# yamashiiá•#, 62 ilÞ 2 ah&

1. Nic% illness ache# aching# so$e. <

. Nwi& $apidly.

. To c$i&ici3e# &o ha&e.

,eaning / is ui&e common# bu& i& does no& appea$ in ou$ &e)&s. adical 10D (ß#illness".

8 Á ,2 yZ 52 yaz# yo‡# yoru‡$ 62 yañ 2 yeh

=igh& a& nigh& nigh&ly.

adical M (à# e*ening".

8.Â ,2 go 52 %o%uGa# tsugeru¼X$ 62 goY 2 gou

To announce# &o $eues& announcemen&. adical 0 (0".

8D.Ã ,2 shn 52 senX<# hoshiimamab#,•• 62 cheonE 2 sihn

To monopoli3e# &o usu$p o$ ones own use selishly.

adical MD (.".



8F.Ä ,2 gI 52 %oG# yueÄh 62 goY 2 gu

1. eason conseuen&ly# delibe$a&ely delibe$a&e ac&ion.<

. O$e*iously# beo$e# in &he pas& p$eceden&# consis&ency.

o$ a discussion o meaning /1# see 9.F below. Basically# &he cha$ac&e$Qs *a$ioususes all in&o &wo ca&ego$ies2 meanings $ela&ed &o $eason and delibe$a&ion (/1"# andmeanings $ela&ed &o pas& ac&ion and p$eceden& (/". adical MM (á".

8M.Å ,2 n 52 bonボ<# hanハ<# okasuInd 62 beomâ 2 aahn

To commi& a c$ime# &o *iola&e# &o sin agains& oense# c$ime.

Oa$&ial synonym2 罪 (177". adical 9D (ê".

87.Æ ,2 yu 52 yW¸)# yu¸# asobuDÇÝ# asobiDÇx 62 yu¹ 2 yuh

To &$a*el abou&# &o ha*e un# &o play# &o associa&e wi&h $iendsE.

This cha$ac&e$ can $ee$ &o child$en playing o$ &o adul&s ha*ing un o$ Ghanging ou&.HNome&imes i&Qs diicul& &o ind an app$op$ia&e !nglish eui*alen&. adical 1M (Ô".

88.Ç ,2 gu 52 %aS# hatasuはƒd# hateruは\$# hatashiteはƒ#\ 62 gwa ã 2 gw

$ui& &o pan ou&# &o $esul& as e)pec&ed.

$ui& was &he o$iginal meaning o &he cha$ac&e$ (G$ui&H is now usually w$i&&en ä". The mo$e abs&$ac& meanings de*eloped $om &he idea o some&hing coming &o$ui&ion. adical 7F (木".

89.È ,2 yun 52 en;<# sonoÇ- 62 wonB 2 yIhnYa$den.

>ha& would be &he bes& &$ansla&ion o ÇÈ in !nglish adical 1 (`".



90.É ,2 &o 52 &;g)# momo33 62 doz 2 &Suh

Oeach# peach &$ee# peach blossom.

adical 7F (木".

91.Ê ,2 gKn 52 %anS<# amaeruD•h$# amaiD•, 62 gam) 2 gKm

Nwee& &o be swee& &o ind swee& &o spoil a childE &o indulge.

adical 99 (Ê".

9.Ë ,2 Zng 52 h;Š)# buù# tatematsuruƒ\•¼$ 62 bongå 2 uhng

1. To oe$ &o a supe$io$E# &o accep& $om a supe$io$E. <

. Ne$*ice# a&&endance.

=o&e &ha& in meaning /1 &his cha$ac&e$ can $ep$esen& bo&h gi*ing and $ecei*ing &heimpo$j&an& issue is &he ine$io$ social s&a&us o &he subec&. adical 7 (F".

9.Ì ,2 wng 52 b;ボ)# wasureruTdJ$ 62 mang2 2 mShng

To o$ge&.

adical M1 (心".

9D.0 ,2 %u 52 %ua# %;G)# %uchiy. 62 gu’ 2 hu

,ou&h# opening.

This cha$ac&e$ can also be used as a measu$e wo$d o$ people (li%e Gmany mou&hs&o eed in !nglish". adical 0 (0".

9F.Í ,2 wZi 52 mi'# ajiwauDpT># ajiwaiDpT, 62 mi 2 mAi

Tas&e &o &as&e.

adical 0 (`".



9M.Î ,2 [ 52 %yWH»)# oyobosuI‡ぼd# oyobuI‡Ý# oyobiI‡x 62 geup æ 2 %ahp

1. To $each &o# &o e)&end &o &o come up &o in uali&y# abili&y# o$ *i$&ueE.

. >hen &he &ime came &ha&. . . .<

. Cnd (connec&s nouns only".

This is a *e$y common cha$ac&e$# wi&h a wide $ange o meanings. Cs a conunc&ion#i& can only connec& nouns (li%e

191-1E". *artial synonym2q (11D" adical 9 (又".

97.Ï ,2 sZ 52 sho%u1(a# shi%i1H# iro,u 62 sae%ç 2 s4%

olo$# a&&$ac&i*eness# su$ace appea$ance acial e)p$ession se)uali&y.

This cha$ac&e$ is signiican& in hinese &hough&—i& $ep$esen&s &he o&en epheme$alo$ decep&i*e e)&e$nal appea$ance o &hings. adical 19 (Ï".

98.Ð ,2 shuKi 52 suiV+# otoroeruIQuh$ 62 soeè 2 sUui

To wi&he$# &o decline# &o wane# &o wea%en.

adical 1DF (¹".

99.Ñ ,2 ch[ 52 chi"# shi1# &a$umuƒ$@# &ayumuƒÄ@ 62 is 2 ch:h

To g$ow slac%# &o g$ow wea%.

This cha$ac&e$ has &he GbowH componen& (w" i& o$iginally applied &o a bows&$inggoing slac%. adical F7 (w".

1a. 得罪於 ,2 dA 3u: yJ 52 tsumi wo + ni uru¼mé + ½>$ 62 deu% oe eoi+ ] 2 dK% euih yW

To oend (li&.# G&o ob&ain a c$ime in $ela&ion &oH".



The ph$ase as used in &his lessonQs &e)& does no& necessa$ily imply &ha& an ac&ualc$ime is commi&&ed in &his case# ,i3i Xia losing his loo%s was oensi*e enough &o&he %ing.

00.Ò ,2 io 52 %y;H() 62 gyoê 2 g[u

To alsiy# &o a%e# &o p$e&end# &o o$ge alsely# unde$ alse p$e&enses.

adical 111 (&".

01.Ó ,2 yJ 52 yo`# amariD•q# amaruD•$ 62 yeoª 2 yIh

Le&o*e$# $emaining# e)&$a. adical 18D (".

0.Ô ,2 wZi 52 mi'# imada,•À 62 miÚ 2 meih

=o& ye&# ne*e$.

This cha$ac&e$ is one o &he mos& common nega&i*e ad*e$bs# second only &o

in $euency. adical 7F (木".

0.Õ ,2 b: 52 hi&suæé# kanarazun7?8 62 pilë 2 b4&

To be necessa$y# &o ha*e &o necessa$ily.

5us& as in !nglish#Õ can $ee$ &o necessi&y (ou mus& do &his]" as well asp$edic&abili&y and specula&ion (?e mus& ha*e done &his yes&e$day". adical M1 (心".

0a.ÔÕ ,2 wZi b: 52 kanarazushimo -nain7?8#3-7, 62 mi pilÚë 2meih b4&

=o& necessa$ily# no& ine*i&ably# no& always.

不Õ is also common.

0D.Ö ,2 bin 52 henÛ<# kawarunT$# kaerunh$ 62 byeonì 2 bin



To change# &o al&e$ change# al&e$a&ion disas&e$.

adical 1D9 (".

0F.× ,2 chW 52 sho1(# hajimeはpA# hatsuは¼ 62 choí 2 ch;

Beginning ini&ially# $om &he beginning# a& i$s&# ea$lie$.

adical 18 (ü".

0M.Ø ,2 in 52 senX<# 3en†<# mae•h 62 eonû 2 ch:hn

$on&# o$me$ly# a& i$s& &o come o$wa$d# &o s&ep o$wa$d.

=o&e &his cha$ac&e$Qs *e$bal usage# which is also ui&e common. adical 18 (ü".

07.Ù ,2 3Ung 52 3;î)# nikumu½y@ 62 seungÚ 2 Kng

To ha&e# &o de&es&.

adical M1 (心".

#$%%&'A)* 9.1. ul&u$al no&e2 +& was common o$ $ule$s in ancien& hina &o %eep se)uala*o$i&es# and such a*o$i&es o&en acui$ed conside$able powe$ o*e$ poli&icalpolicies. +& was also $a&he$ &ypical o$ $ule$sQ &as&es &o $un &o &he bise)ual.?omose)ual ac&i*i&y was no& $owned on pe$ se $a&he$# philosophe$s and s&a&esmeno&en c$i&ici3ed $ule$sQ o*e$indulgence in se)ual ac&i*i&y in gene$al. This pa$&icula$anecdo&eQs pu$pose is $eally &o s&$ess &he un$eliabili&y o $oyal a*o$ bes&owed on &hebasis o physical a&&$ac&ion.

This s&o$y became one o &he mos& amous ea$ly s&o$ies o homose)uali&y in &hehinese &$adi&ion# and i& is o&en alluded &o in la&e$ li&e$a&u$e. GTo be ond o &hele&o*e$ peach became a %ind o euphemism &o sugges& a pe$sonQs p$edilec&ions.

9.. Oassi*e s&$uc&u$es wi&h 於2 +n .F# + discussed &he concep& o &he Gpassi*e*oice# and + said &ha& li&e$a$y hinese had ce$&ain deini&e ways o indica&ing i&.?e$e is &he i$s& one we ha*e ound in any o ou$ &e)&s2



Oassi*e subec& _ passi*e *e$b _ _¶ _ ac&o$.

+n o&he$ wo$ds#於 ollows &he *e$b# &u$ns i& in&o a Gpassi*eH *e$b# and is ollowed by&he pe$son o$ &hing &ha& is ca$$ying ou& &he ac&ion. This means &ha& 於 should be

&$ansla&ed as by in &hese ci$cums&ances2¸Ž¹(_¶º。,i3i Xia was lo*ed by &he Lo$d o >ei.

î_¶ð人。 The ho$se was ea&en by &he people o in.

iª¬}¬ª_¶i。 The du%e go*e$ns &he people and &he people a$e go*e$ned by&he du%e.

ÕŽ8_¶¸Ž。onfcius was &$us&ed by eng3i.

Be ca$eul# &hough—us& because a sen&ence has 於# i& doesnQ& mean &ha& &hesen&ence will be passi*e. 'nly $ead i& passi*ely i &ha& is &he in&e$p$e&a&ion &ha&

ma%es &he mos& sense.

9.. Oassi*e s&$uc&u$es wi&h 見2 This is ye& ano&he$ way o indica&ing &he passi*e*oice. Nchola$s specula&e &ha& &his *e$b (&o seeH 18E" came &o ha*e &his unc&ion$om &he idea &ha& ac&ions a$e seen &o &a%e place.

i見‰。 The du%e was %illed.

Oe$haps &his &ype o sen&ence s&a$&ed ou& wi&h s&$ess on &he obse$*a&ion o &heac&ion2 GThe du%e was seen &o be %illed.H Noon# howe*e$# i& simply became a

g$amma&ical ma$%e$ o$ &he passi*e *oice. ouQll p$obably ind &his pa&&e$n annoying#because youQll disco*e$ 見 mo$e o&en in i&s simple$ *e$bal sense o &o see. '&he$e)amples2

É見。1見。車見¼。—見Ì。見U。

The peach was ea&en &he bi$d was cap&u$ed &he ca$$iage was s&olen %indness waso$go&j&en &he siege was b$o%en.

=o&e &ha& &his pa&&e$n# unli%e &he one desc$ibed in 9.# does no& allow &he w$i&e$ &oe)p$ess who o$ wha& is ca$$ying ou& &he ac&ion. ?owe*e$# some&imes a w$i&e$ willuse bo&h pa&&e$ns i he wan&s &o place special emphasis2

ÕŽ”見'_¶天¢”4。onuciusQ wo$ds a$e hono$ed by &he %nigh&s o &he wo$ld.

OCT+!2 Ou& &he ollowing in&o li&e$a$y hinese# using whiche*e$ Gpassi*eH pa&&e$nwo$%s o$ &he sen&ence2

1. Bo aQs ha$p was hea$d by his mo&he$.



. The bi$d was %illed in &he ield.

. ilial pie&y is p$ac&iced in &he s&a&e o in. D.1 once was abandoned by my uncle.

F. >hen &he s&a&e was a&&ac%ed，&he $ule$Qs ca$$iage was s&olen by &he &$oops.

M. The lonely husband was laughed a& by &he people o hao.

9.D. Ou&a&i*e *e$b usages2 +n D.# + desc$ibed special causa&i*e *e$b uses2

itop。 The du%e hadVmade Yuan hong d$in%.

The$e is ano&he$ special usage o *e$bs# called &he pu&a&i*e usage. This is mos&common wi&h Gs&a&i*eH o$ adec&i*e *e$bs (.D". +n &his usage# &he subec& Gimpu&esH&he uali&ies o &he *e$b &o some pe$son o$ &hing.

Z¸Ž¹。 The lo$d &hough& ,i3i Xia wo$&hy.

ÕŽ¡¸Ž。onfcius ound eng3i diicul& (&$oublesome".

«ŽÆ„。C ilial son pu&s his a&he$ i$s&.

Ou&a&i*e uses a$e no& a$bi&$a$y# and &hey &end &o occu$ mo$e wi&h ce$&ain *e$bs &hanwi&h o&he$s. ouQll ge& mo$e and mo$e used &o &hem as you encoun&e$ &hem.Nome&imes pu&a&i*e usage becomes us& as common as &he Go$iginalH usage. o$e)ample#'(81" became so common in i&s pu&a&i*e sense (&o conside$ *aluable G&o *alue# &o es&eem" &ha& $eade$s p$obably no longe$ sense &ha& i& $ep$esen&s a

special usage.=o&e &he way &ha& &he pu&a&i*e use combines wi&h &he passi*e pa&&e$n o 9. in &heph$ases in line M o ou$ lesson &e)&2

GØ見Z，¤罪者 The ac& &ha& he was o$me$ly conside$ed &o be wo$&hy anda&e$wa$ds $ecei*ed punishmen&.H

9.F. ^a$ious usages o Ä2 This is p$obably &he mos& common cha$ac&e$ in li&e$a$yhinese &ha& indica&es $eason o$ mo&i*e. '&en i& can simply be used as an ad*e$b#

indica&ing Gdelibe$a&elyH o$ Gwi&h a pu$pose. +n line F o &his lessonQs &e)&# we ha*e&he ph$ase 是Ä†Ò½吾車# whe$e 是 is used as a $ude p$onoun2 GThis ellowEdelibe$a&ely once d$o*e my ca$$iage unde$ alse p$e&enses.

The$e a$e mo$e impo$&an& e)amples oÄ# howe*e$ &his lesson gi*es &wo o &hem2

H爲¿”Ä，Å¾罪M。 o$ &he $eason o his mo&he$# he commi&&ed a oo&- choppingc$ime.



+n &his pa$&icula$ use o &he pa&&e$n 爲X(”"Ä# 爲 is ope$a&ing in i&s co*e$b unc&ion#Go$ &he $eason oQ (bu& may also be implying &he sense Go$ &he sa%e oQ".ïð is &heobec& o &he co*e$b# modiied by Gmo&he$.，，!*en mo$e common is &he pa&&e$n 以 X G”ï*， by means o &he $eason o X. +& is mo$e o$ less iden&ical in meaning &o

&he o$me$ pa&&e$n2

以š¥”Ä，ÕŽÆ於g。o$ &he $eason o p$ac&icing bene*olence# onucius &$a*eled&o i.

以¸Ž¹ÏÐ”Ä，Ù”。o$ &he $eason &ha& ,i3i Xias beau&y aded# &he lo$d ha&edhim.

The second common use o Ä is &o indica&e conseuence o an ac&ion o$ e*en& i&occu$s a& &he beginning o a ph$ase and is &$ansla&ed as conseuen&ly o$&he$eo$e. Nome&imes Ä will occu$ as &he beginning o &he au&ho$Qs summa&ion o&he mo$al o$ conseuences o &he s&o$y when &he au&ho$ o &he lesson &e)& abo*e

w$i&esÄ in &he middle o line F# he means G&he$eo$e# we can say &ha&H o$&he$eo$e# &he mo$al is .H


1. 以ó,”Ä，-.”。

. ó,，Ä-.”。

. -.ó者，ó,Ò。

D. 以不欲€•”Ä，opuvl。

F. op不欲€•，Äuvl。

M. opuvl者，不欲€•Ò。

7. 以¿À”Ä，¸Ž¹ÏÐ。

8. ¸Ž¹¿À，ÄÏÐ。

9. ¸Ž¹ÏÐ者，¿ÀÒ o

10. 以JŽm不Å聽I”Ä，FGU”。

11.JŽm不Å聽I

，ÄFGU

”。1. FGUI者，JŽm不Å聽”Ò。

Vocabulary 7ints罪(177"¾(1D1"€(17"Z(9"«(M0"



M(1M"(F0-1 and F0-"`(F"是(9"吾(01"

又(1D9"†(D-"š(D-"(71"

#haracter Listi. ×ØÎ0ÂÁË¸ÕÌÄÔÇ¿»ÊÀÏºÐÖ車ÆÓ½(D"

ii. ÍÈÉÅÒ¼(M"

iii.ÑñÃ¹(D"

Lesson 1.

&nvironment6 'ot 7eredityòŽó½ô，ôµ~”，‹õöw：xò÷，g”øù者Ò，今_ú，吾欲û”，何以Ò{|õö}w：x爲úÒ，jÁü:人，ýµ}š，µw：Ì何爲者Ò{Ï}w：Ìg人Ò。Ïµw：Ì何‡{Ïw：Ì‡þ。Ï|òŽq，ôµÑòŽl，lÿ，吏[ü:人詣µ，µw：xü者曷爲者Ò|}w：xg人Ò，‡þ。|µ視òŽw：xg人固善þz

òŽ避席}w：x÷~”，橘生淮°É爲橘，生^淮北É爲枳，葉徒–似，實Í不同。$以\者何{óŒ異Ò。今¬生長^g不þ，入ôÉþ，得–ô”óŒ½¬善þ耶

=o&e2 Though &his s&o$y does occu$ in 劉向 s 說苑# + ha*e decided &o use an ea$lie$

*e$sion o &he na$$a&i*e he$e# ound in &he òŽ春秋# HThe Cnnals o ,as&e$ an.H

V$#A+ULA)* (/.,-/04"08.ò ,2 yn 52 anア< 62 an안 2 aan

1. lea$ peaceul# uie&.

. an. a su$nameE<

ou will ind &his cha$ac&e$ mos& o&en used as a su$name. adical 7 (â".

08aòŽ ,2 yn 3P 52 anshiD·# 62 an a안4 2 aan [

,as&e$ an.



C amous hinese s&a&esman. ?e was ac&i*e in &he la&e si)&h cen&u$y B..!. Cs weshall see la&e$ in &he lesson &e)&# his pe$sonal name was ÷.

09.ó ,2 iKng (1-" ing (" 52 sh;1()# masa ni•½ 62 ang장 2 Uung (1-" eung ("

1. Cbou& &o (ma$%s &he u&u$e &ense o$ in&en&ion". <

. To lead，&o b$ing# &o &a%e wi&h one# &o wea$.

. Yene$al# commande$ &o command# &o lead.

This is a *e$y common cha$ac&e$ in meaning /1# i& is used as an ad*e$b &o ma$% au&u$e &ense (and hence# can be synonymous wi&h 當187-E". adical D1 (|".

10.ô ,2 ch 52 so÷ 62 choí 2 ch

The s&a&e o hu.

hu was a pa$&icula$ly la$ge s&a&e# cen&e$ing a$ound &he mode$n p$o*ince o ?ubei湖北.

+& possessed a dis&inc&i*ely sou&he$n cul&u$e o&en a& odds wi&h &he cul&u$e o &he ellow i*e$ plain. adical 7F (木".

11.µ ,2 wng (1" wng (" 52 ;=)# kimiYm 62 wangá 2 wShng (1"wohng ("

1. 6ing# p$ince. <

. To &a%e &he &h$one# &o decla$e onesel %ing# &o $ule as a %ing.

=o&e &ha& &he $ule$s o ô had al$eady Gusu$ped &he &i&le o %ing (see D.1". They hadbeen calling &hemsel*es G%ingH since 70M B..!. +n impe$ial &imes# empe$o$sgene$ally g$an&ed &he males o &hei$ amily &he &i&le o µ in such cases# i& iscus&oma$y &o &$ansla&e &hei$ &i&les as p$ince $a&he$ &han G%ingH adical 9M (Ù".

1.õ ,2 3u 52 saø# hidariPÀq 62 wa° 2

Le&.



adical D8 (工# Ga$&isan#H manuac&u$e".

1.ö ,2 ySu 52 yW¸)# u)# migimÿ 62 uÆ 2 yauh

igh&.

adical 0 (0".

1a.õö ,2 3u ySu 52 sayWÄ> 62 wa u°Æ 2 yauh

e&aine$s# cou$&ie$s.

This common &e$m o$ &he $ule$Qs suppo$&e$s ob*iously de$i*es $om i&s loca&ional

meaning (li&.# GpeopleE &o &he le& and $igh&".

1D.÷ ,2 y4ng 52 ei;+ 62 yeong( 2 y4ng

1. Baby# inan&.

. To su$$ound# &o enclose.

This cha$ac&e$ is ai$ly obscu$e he$e# i& is used as a pe$sonal name. adical 8 («".

1F.ø ,2 )[ 52 shW1»)# narau7?># narai7?, 62 seup습 2 aahp

To p$ac&ice# &o s&udy &o be &ho$oughly amilia$ wi&h o$ p$ac&iced in habi&# $ou&ine.

adical 1D (羽# Gea&he$H".

1M.ù ,2 c[ 52 iN# jisurupd$# inamu,7@ 62 saD 2 ch:h

1. >o$ds# dic&ion# language $he&o$ic# o$a&o$y# speech ma%ing.<

. To &a%e lea*e o# &o say goodbye &o.

. To $euse# &o $eec&.

adical 1M0 (辛# Gbi&&e$H".



17.ú ,2 li 52 $ai`+# kuruy$ 62 lae5# nae래 2 lSih

To come.

adical 9 (人".

18.û ,2 $ 52 o%uN(a# hazukashimeruは8n#A$# hajiはp 62 yo%e 2yuh%

To humilia&e humilia&ion.

adical 1M1 (辰".

18Da.何以 ,2 hA yP 52 nani wo motte7½é3c\ 62 ha iès 2 hSh y[h>i&h wha&# how. ues&ion wo$dE

Cno&he$ in*e$&ed ues&ion ph$ase (F.M"2 Gby means o wha&H +& is p$obably &he mos&commonly used o such ph$ases.

19.ü ,2 I 52 ba%u;a# shiba$u#Û$ 62 ba%박 2 bo%

To &ie up# &o bind.

adical 10 (¿".

0.ý ,2 guS 52 %aS# sugirudÿ$# ayamatsuDá•¼# ayamachiDá•.#sugirudÿ$# e&c. 62 gwaã 2 gwo

1. To pass by# &o c$oss. <

. !$$o$# mis&a%e# indisc$e&ion &o ma%e a mis&a%e# &o be in e$$o$.

. To su$pass &o go &o e)cess# &o go &oo a$.

adical 1M (定".

1.þ ,2 do 52 &;g)# nusumudd@ 62 doz 2 douh

To $ob# &o s&eal $obbe$y.



adical 108 (0".

.ÿ ,2 hKn 52 %anS<# takenawaƒú7T 62 gam) 2 hhm

1. Oleasan&ly d$un%# &ipsy a& &he heigh& o &he pa$&y. <

. To be a& &he g$ea&es& le*el o in&ensi&y.

Yene$ally spea%ing# &his wo$d is used in ea$ly &e)&s mos& o&en in &he ph$ase lÿ#which usually means Gwhen &he pa$&y was unde$ way#H Gwhen e*e$yone was $ela)ed$om d$in%ing. Re$i*ing $om &his usage# &he cha$ac&e$ can also apply &o an e*en& o$p$ocess a& i&s momen& o g$ea&es& powe$ o$ e)&en&. o$ e)ample2ÿ# Gin &he hea& oba&&le.H adical 1MD (”".

.吏 ,2 l: 52 $i× 62 liØ is 2 leih

Cn oicial# a cle$%# a policeman o$ gua$d.

Cl&hough &his cha$ac&e$ can be used as a gene$al &e$m o$ oicials# i& mos& o&en$ee$s &o low-$an%ing unc&iona$ies employed in go*e$nmen& oices o$ in &he palace.adical 0 (`".

D.[ ,2 Z$ 52 niO# futatsu¬ƒ¼ 62 is 2 yih

Two &wice second.

adical 7 ([".

F.詣 ,2 y: 52 %eiñ+# keisuruú,d$# m!deru3>¥$# itaru,ƒ$ 62 yeb 2 ngaih

To go &o# &o *isi&# &o call on usually a supe$io$E.

+n 5apan# &his meaning came &o be associa&ed especially wi&h pilg$images and *isi&s

&o sh$ines and &emples. adical 1D9 (".

M.曷 ,2 hZ 52 %aS# nani7½# doreZJ# e&c. 62 gal! 2 ho&

>ha&# how# why. ues&ion wo$dE



This cha$ac&e$ seems &o be a *a$ian& o &he common ues&ion wo$d 何(18D"# &houghschola$s a$enQ& su$e abou& &he o$iginal die$ences be&ween &he meanings o &he &wocha$ac&e$s. adical 7 (w".

7.視 ,2 sh: 52 shi1# mirum$ 62 si시 2 sih

To loo% a&# &o see# &o obse$*e.

adical 1D7 (見".

8.固 ,2 gI 52 %oG# katamarunƒ•$# katamerunƒA$# katainƒ, 62 go Y 2 gu

1. Reini&ely# assu$edly. <

. N&ubbo$nly i$m# unyielding.

Nome&imes w$i&e$s will use Ä (8F" as a subs&i&u&e o$ &his cha$ac&e$. adical 1 (0".

9.避 ,2 b: 52 hiæ# yokeru‡ú$# sakeruú$ 62 pi- 2 beih

To a*oid# &o a*e$&，&o e*ade# &o hide $om.

adical 1M (定".

0.席 ,2 )[ 52 se%iXH# mushiro@#u 62 seo%" 2 ih%

N&$aw ma& (o$ si&&ing"# place# sea& a& a banue& o$ o&he$ o$mal occasionE.

adical F (ß# G&$ailing hempH".

9a.避席 ,2 b: )[ 52 seki o sakeruYIú$ 62 pi seo%-" 2 beih ih%

To mo*e bac%wa$d on oneQs ma& (ou& o poli&eness".

This se& &e$m can be ound beo$e a desc$ip&ion o someone spea%ing &o a supe$io$a& a banue& o$ mee&ing &he spea%e$ mo*es bac%wa$d b$iely# Ga*oiding his sea&#Hin o$de$ &o show $espec& o$ &he add$essee.



1.橘 ,2 J 52 %i&suHé# tachibanaƒ.Û7 62 gyul# 2 gwK&

,anda$in o$ange &$eeE.

adical 7F (木".

.淮 ,2 hui 52 wai$+ 62 hoe% 2 waih

The ?uai i*e$.

'ne o &he mao$ $i*e$s o hina# i& lows pa$allel &o and be&ween &he ellow and ang&3e i*e$s. adical 8F (ó".

.° ,2 nn 52 nanå<# minamim7m 62 nam& 2 nahmNou&h sou&he$n.

adical D (ž".

D.北 ,2 b@i 52 ho%uŠa# kitaYƒ 62 bu%' 2 bK%

=o$&h no$&he$n.

adical 1 ((# GspoonH".

F.枳 ,2 3hP 52 shi1# karatachin?ƒ. 62 i% 2 [

The 3hi $ui& (a %ind o bi&&e$# medicinal o$ange# wi&h &hic% s%in" &he 3hi &$ee.

adical 7F (木".

M.葉 ,2 yZ 52 y;`)# haは 62 yeop) 2 yihp

Lea o a &$eeE.

adical 1D0 (=".



7.徒 ,2z 52 &og# adaDÀ# itazura,ƒ8?# tadaƒÀ# muda@À 62 doz 2 &Suh

1. 'nly# me$ely. <

. +n *ain# uselessly.

. Risciple ollowe$ oo& soldie$.

D. Nui) o$ one who engages in a ce$&ain occupa&ion o$ pas&ime o$ e)ample2*徒#Ggamble$.HE

=o&e &ha& &he meanings o &his cha$ac&e$ b$oadly di*ide be&ween ad*e$bial (/1 and/" and noun (/ and /D" uses. adical M0 (k".

8.似 ,2 s: 52 iN# niru½$ 62 saD 2 ch[h

To $esemble# &o imi&a&e.

adical 9 (人".

9.實 ,2 sh[ 52 i&sup¼# mim# minorum-$# makoto•tQ 62 silê 2 sah&

1. $ui& &o bea$ $ui&. <

. T$u&h# $eali&y solid，subs&an&ial# $eal.

. eally# &$uly.

D. ?ones&# since$e.;

The *a$ious meanings o &his common cha$ac&e$ seem &o de$i*e $om &he *ege&a&i*emeaning o $ui& in hinese philosophy and $he&o$ic# G$ui&H is o&en con&$as&edme&apho$ically wi&h &he less useul p$oduc&s o a &$ee# li%e lea*es and lowe$s.onseuen&ly#實 came &o ha*e a se$ies o meanings &ied &o &he idea oGsubs&an&ial#H solid# $eal# and hence# &$ue# Gsince$e#H and so o$&h. adical D0(\".

D0.同 ,2 &ng 52 d;Z># onajiI7p 62 dong+ 2 &Ihng

Name# eual &oge&he$ &o sha$e.

adical 0 (`".



78a. $以 ,2 su yP 52 yuenÄh· 62 so i‚s 2 s y[h

The means by which# &he $eason why.

o$ de&ails# see 10..

D1.Œ ,2 & 52 &og# dow# &suchi¼. 62 &o, 2 &u

!a$&h# soil# clay land# &e$$i&o$y.

Ro no& conuse &his cha$ac&e$ wi&h 4 (9M"] +n 4 &he &op line is longe$ &han &hebo&&om line# bu& in Œ &he bo&&om line is longe$. + i& helps# &hin% o &he longe$ bo&&omline as symboli3ing &he g$ea&e$ impo$&ance o &he g$ound and &he ea$&h. adical

(Œ".

D.異 ,2 y: 52 i+# kotonarutQ7$# ayashimuDá#@ 62 is 2 yih

1. Rie$en& die$ence. <

. To die$en&ia&e# &o &ell apa$&.

. N&$ange# peculia$# e)&$ao$dina$y.

D. To conside$ s&$ange.

Though all &he meanings o &his cha$ac&e$ a$e $ela&ed (some&hing &oo die$en&may seem s&$ange"# be ca$eul &o dis&inguish &he *a$ious usages—in pa$&icula$# &he&wo *e$bs (meanings / and /D". adical 10 (O".

D.長 ,2 3h\ng (1-" chng (-D" 52 ch;"()# ch;i$u.Î>p$# nagai7Ñ,#e&c. 62 ang장 2 Aung (1-"# chZuhng

1. To g$ow up.<

. To p$eside o*e$# &o lead leade$.. Long.

D. Clways# cons&an&ly.

adical 1M8 (長".



DD.^ ,2 yJ 52 u) 62 uÆ 2 yIh

,ul&ipu$pose p$eposi&ion.E

This cha$ac&e$ is used in&e$changeably wi&h於(11". adical 7 ([# &wo".

1b.得– ,2 dA wJ 52 no se& $ende$ingE 62 deu% muiÉ 2 dK% mSuh

+ don& suppose &ha&....idioma&ic ues&ion ph$aseE

This ph$ase is used &o in&$oduce $he&o$ical ues&ions.

DF.耶 ,2 yA 52 yaz# aN2# yaz# kan 62 yañ 2 yZh

inal ues&ion pa$&icle.E

fnli%e z# 耳 is o&en mild in &one and is $euen&ly G$he&o$icalH—&ha& is# i& concealsan asse$&ion o ac& $a&he$ &han poses a $eal ues&ion. ou will p$obably mo$e o&ensee &his cha$ac&e$ $eplaced by an al&e$na&i*e *e$sion# G(D". adical 18 (耳".

#$%%&'A)* 10.1. ul&u$al no&e2 diploma&ic missions. +n &he mul&is&a&e sys&em o p$e-impe$ialhina# diplomacy was a well-de*eloped and sophis&ica&ed a$& (&he ancien& a$& oo$a&o$y la$gely de*eloped ou& o i&". Because diplomacy was o&en a ma&&e$ o hono$#a $ule$ could sco$e poin&s i he succeeded in humilia&ing a &alen&ed diploma& o$$ende$ing him speechless. This e)plains &he %ingQs eage$ness &o shame òŽ.

10.. Tempo$al clauses and nominali3ing wi&h ”2 ?ow does li&e$a$y hinese indica&ea &empo$al clause +n some cases (as you migh& e)pec& by now"# &he w$i&e$ willlea*e i& up &o con&e)&. +n o&he$ cases# he migh& use &he pa&&e$n (當"X”²：當桑”²#Ga& &he &ime o &he mulbe$$y ha$*es& (see Lesson M".

?e$e# we ha*e a new way &o indica&e a &empo$al clause—simply end &he whenph$ase wi&h an empha&ic Ò pa$&icle. Nome&imes you migh& nominali3e &he ph$aseas well. >eQ*e al$eady seen how &o nominali3e a ph$ase wi&h 者 in 7.D. ?e$e#howe*e$# nominali3a&ion is done in a die$en& way# which may $eui$e somee)plana&ion2



ÕŽúonucius comes ÕŽ”úÒwhen onucius comes...

i伐鄰¨&he du%e a&&ac%s a neighbo$ing s&a&e i”伐鄰¨Òwhen &he du%ea&&ac%sa neighbo$ing s&a&e...

µ/橘&he %ing plan&s an o$ange &$ee µ”/橘Òwhen &he %ing plan&s an o$ange&$ee...

The s&anda$d pa&&e$n is &o inse$& a possessi*e” pa$&icle in be&ween &he subec& and&he $es& o &he sen&ence. >ha& w$i&e$s a$e $eally doing when &hey Gnominali3eH li%e&his is &o pu& &he ac&ion a& &he $on& o &he sen&ence as a &opic o$ discussion2 GCs o$onuciusQ comingH GCs o$ &he du%eQs a&&ac%ing a neighbo$ing s&a&eH and GCso$ &he %ingQs plan&ing an o$ange &$ee ....H

The$e is ano&he$ de&ail o &his so$& o nominali3a&ion &ha& you need &o unde$s&and.emembe$ &ha& li&e$a$y hinese usually doesnQ& bo&he$ &o e)p$ess a &hi$d pe$son

subec& p$onoun# bu& i& le&s &he con&e)& decide ins&ead# as ollows2i伐鄰¨。 The du%e a&&ac%s a neighbo$ing s&a&e. 伐鄰¨。?e a&&ac%s a neighbo$ings&a&e.

This leads &o a p$oblem2 i you wan& &o nominali3e &he second sen&ence# whe$e canyou pu& a ” pa$&icle when &he$eQs no subec& 'ne canno& simply say ”伐鄰¨ˆ ?owe*e$# since is a possessi*e &hi$d pe$son p$onoun# i& can be conside$edeui*alen& &o an unspo%en &hi$d pe$son subec& p$onoun _ ”2 Thus# i”î# G&hedu%eQs ho$se î# Ghis ho$se.H Tha& being &he case# &hen nominali3ed sen&enceswi&h a missing subec& can use 2

úshe comes úÒwhen she comes ...

伐鄰¨he a&&ac%s a neighbo$ing s&a&e 伐鄰¨Òwhen he a&&ac%s a neighbo$ings&a&e...

/橘she plan&s an o$ange &$ee /橘Òwhen she plan&s an o$ange &$ee...

+n line o ou$ lesson &e)&# we ha*e 爲úÒ. The 爲 he$e is an adap&a&ion o &heco*e$bial meaning# on behal o#H and is s&$ic&ly unnecessa$y he$e &he $es& o &hesen&ence is a nominali3ed GwhenH clause. The whole ph$ase means Go$ when hecomesH—&ha& is# Gin p$epa$a&ion o$ his coming.H

OCT+!2 Ou& &he ollowing in&o li&e$a$y hinese (use nominali3a&ion in &he i$s&ph$ase"2

1. >hen ,as&e$ an en&e$s &he $oom# + $eues& &o go ou& and eed his ho$se.

. >hen &he %ing p$esen&ed onucius wi&h an o$ange &$ee# ,as&e$ eng was ang$yand des&$oyed i&.



. >hen &he people le& &he ci&y# &he %ing could again (Å得" d$i*e his ca$$iage.

D. >hen she ga*e bi$&h &o he$ son# &he %ing was deligh&ed and held a banue&.

F. >hen he was abou& &o disband &he a$my# hao &$oops a&&ac%ed and o*e$camehim.

10.. Li&e$a$y hinese uses o $以： These a$e $a&he$ die$en& $om &he ph$aseQs usein mode$n ,anda$in# so pay close a&&en&ion.

+n .# we saw how &he pa$&icle $ wo$%s—i& is placed in $on& o a *e$b and indica&es&he &hing &ha& $ecei*es &he ac&ion o &he *e$b. Thus# we ha*e ‰# G&o %ill#H and $‰#G&ha& which is %illed.H $以 is simila$ bu& no&e &ha& $ is placed in $on& o a co*e$b#$a&he$ &han a *e$b. This means &ha& $以 indica&es &he &hing &ha& $ecei*es &he ac&iono &he co*e$b (i.e.# &he obec& o &he co*e$b". + &his usage is no& clea$ ye&# &hin% o i&&his way2

î以×‰µ。 The ho$se %illed &he %ing wi&h i&s hoos.

$以 &hen should indica&e &he &hing &ha& was used# &ha& is# &he hoos. 5us& as $‰ isG&ha& which is %illed#H $以‰µ is G&he means by which &he %ing is %illed.H Cnd i î”

$‰ is G&ha& which &he ho$se %illed#H &hen î”$以‰µ is G&he means by which &heho$se %illed &he %ing.H

+ hope &his use will be made clea$e$ i we &u$n a se$ies o sen&ences wi&h 以 in&o ase$ies o X Ò (M." sen&ences. ou migh& conside$ &his p$ac&ice a *a$ian& o wha&

we did in M.D2µ以þ人ûòŽ。 The %ing humilia&ed ,as&e$ an wi&h a $obbe$.

µ”$以ûòŽ，þ人Ò。 The means by which &he %ing humilia&ed ,as&e$ an was a$obbe$.

¸Ž¹以É。,i3i Xia ed his lo$d wi&h a peach.

¸Ž¹”$以，ÉÒ。 Tha& wi&h which ,i3i Xia ed his lo$d was a peach.

j以車追µ。 The minis&e$ pu$sued &he %ing by ca$$iage.

j”$以追µ，車Ò。 The means by which &he minis&e$ pu$sued &he %ing was aca$$iage.

These pa&&e$ns o&en sound $a&he$ a$&iicial and s&il&ed in !nglish# bu& &hey wo$%ui&e na&uj$ally in hinese.



+n ou$ &e)& we ha*e $以\者何# The means by which i& is &hus is wha& +n o&he$wo$ds# G?ow should i& be soH

OCT+!2 T$anso$m each sen&ence in&o an X Ò sen&ence (using $以jand &hen

&$ansla&e &he new sen&ence you ha*e c$ea&ed21. 天以福Ã!”4。

. ÕŽ以善解¥¦。

. 趙簡Ž以軍#K。

D. Ž以不«得罪於„q

F. µ以橘ÑòŽ。

Vocabulary 7ints½(1D0-"g(10-1" 今(00"_(1-1"吾(01"

(-" Á (1DD-1"‡(1D-" Ñ(1F9"善(F-"

É(1F"–(MD-1"Í(9F"\(1-1" ó(87"

入(1F"

#haracter Listi. [^似ú北°ö同吏Œ固óõ席徒ô淮µ異þø葉視實ùý長(7"

ii. 曷òû避(D"

iii.詣ÿ耶((

i*.÷枳橘ü(D"

)eview，Lessons 51.+mpo$&an& g$amma$ pa&&e$ns2

M.12 onseuence sen&ences2

1.‘伐橘者ü於吏。



. µ¶¬‘þ車者罪q¾。

.i¶追桑«者½qô。

7.2 ^e$b-co*e$b cons&$uc&ions as suppo$&ing *e$bs2

1. µ以爲¨–×與!者。

. ÂÀ”y爲HI者L¾聽FG。

. ¸Ž¹，y與ÆÉÈ者Ò。

7.F2 !)plana&ion sen&ences2

1- î者¾.”—者，iÑ”/。

- [/”葉不同者 óŒ生ÖÒ。 .òŽ¼”車者，ñÉ”ÍÒ。

8.D： Nupp$essed co*e$b-obec&s2

1. µ¿þ善橘，以ô人”î。

. fp„–妻。f爲得桑n”«。

. 簡Žr兵，以解gÀ”。

9.-9.2 Oassi*es2

1. µ見‰於桑n。µ見E‰於p„。

. 人î不‚人於îq (&wo possibili&ies"

- 當桑”²，鄰©”÷妻以爲/見þ。

10.2 $以 sen&ences2

1. 枳者# À¿”$以得生者Ò。

. HI者，$以½«(Ž者Ò。

. ¶吏üg人者# µ”$以ûòŽ者Ò。



T$ansla&e &he ollowing in&o li&e$a$y hinese2

,as&e$ an wen& on a mission &o hu in o$de$ &o b$ea% &he siege o &he 5in a$my. C&noon he saw &he %ing. The %ing said# G!*en &hough wo$&hy men e)haus& &hei$ loyal&yo$ my sa%e# + do no& plan &o $aise an a$my. + ha*e hea$d &ha& $aising an a$my andye& no& ob&aining ho$ses will p$oduce disas&e$. + + send you# ,as&e$ an# &o choose&he ho$ses o &he s&a&e o i# + will succeed in o*e$coming 5in# and# by means o &ha&#+ will gi*e you &he &owns o 5in. ,as&e$ an wi&hd$ew $om his ma& and $eplied2 G+assume &ha& &he$e is no one in hu who can choose ho$ses. + ha*e hea$d &ha& &he$eason why Bo a once smashed his 3i&he$ was because when he played# people allha&ed i& and led. =o& only playing &he 3i&he$ is li%e &his choosing ho$ses is also&hus. Cl&hough &he$e may be a good ho$se# an unwise %ing will see i& as i i& we$e ahal-ea&en peach. O$esen&ing my ho$ses &o you is no& as good as using &hem &ochase gi$ls in &he mulbe$$y bushes. The %ing was ang$y and wan&ed &o %ill him# bu&,as&e$ an had al$eady led. The %ing commanded &ha& i &he$e was anyone sou&h o&he ?uai i*e$ who da$ed &o gi*e ,as&e$ an ood# he would be punished &o &hee)&en& o ha*ing his ee& cu& o. onseuen&ly# + ha*e hea$d2 + you a$e p$ac&iced in$he&o$ic and go on a mission# you will no& necessa$ily ha*e good o$&une.



Unit 2LESSONS 11-18

Four Accounts from "Biographies of the Assasin-Retainers" 刺客列傳

“Biographies of the Assassin-Retainers” 刺客列傳 make up the whole ofhapter 8! of the Shi"i 史記# a monumental 1$%-hapter histor& of 'hinaompose( )& Sima *ian 司馬遷 +, 1.-8! B,',E,/# a ourt historian an(astronomer ser0ing un(er an 漢 emperor 2u(i 武帝+r, 11-83 B,',E,/,

Sima *ian (i0i(e( the hapters of his histor& into se0eral ategories4 first# the“)asi annals 5本紀# whih are fairl& straightforwar( aounts of the (&nasties

an( emperors who rule( 'hina6 the 5ta)les5表# whih gi0e hronologies of thereigns of the rulers of the 0arious states6 then the 5treatises5書# whih areessa&s on ertain signifiant topis6 the 5ere(itar& ouses5世家# whih gi0esaounts mostl& of the ruling families of in(i0i(ual states6 an( finall&# an(most famousl&# the 5ranke( )iographies5列傳# whih gi0e (istinti0e an(signifiant e0ents in the li0es of prominent people, 7n a((ition to haptersgi0en o0er to a single figure# he also wrote a series of olleti0e )iographies#gi0ing shorter aounts of a num)er of people with share( harateristis oroupations, 刺客列傳 is one of these,

Beause Simas su)"ets here are men who arrie( out assassinations for

their masters or emplo&ers# later historians +espeiall& those of the more'onfuian 0ariet&/ ritii9e( him for inlu(ing a(miring (esriptions of suhmorall& :uestiona)le figures in his work, owe0er# Sima was muh moreintereste( in the unspoken ontrat of patronage an( lo&alt& that an e;ist)etween lor( an( retainer4 if a lor( reogni9es an( respets the skills of hismen# then those men will feel honor )oun( to (o an&thing for him# e0en if itresults in their own (eaths, <his )on(# of ourse# e;ten(e( far )e&on( therelationship )etween masters an( their assassins an( em)rae( the wholeethos of ruler an( rule(# king an( minister, 7n the first aount# that of 'ao =o曹沬# an inompetent general repa&s his rulers faith in him, 7n the seon(

one# we see an assassin# >huan >hu 專諸# partiipating in a plot that is merel&one moment in a ompliate( game of international politis, <he thir(# thestor& of ?u Rang 豫讓# is :uite well-known6 this tale is ma(e more poignant )&the assassins ultimate failure an( the o(( )on( of s&mpath& that e;ists)etween him an( his inten(e( 0itim, @inall&# the stor& of Nie >heng 聶政 seems to emphasi9e in man& (ifferent wa&s the pro)lemati relationship)etween lor( an( retainer4 Nie is plae( in a situation where his nee( for



posthumous fame is o((l& un(ermine( )& his nee( to keep his assassinationseret,

2e will rea( the first four )iographies6 unfortunatel&# the last an( mostfamous# that of ing e 荆軻# is far too long to manage in an intro(utor& lass

+it is somewhat longer than the other four om)ine(/,

Lesson 11

Assassin-Retainers: 曹沫

曹沫者，!"，#$%&'()'(*%，曹沬+,，-./，012)'(3，

456789#:，;<#+,).=(>-?@ABC)=(-'(DCEFG，曹

沬HIJK.=()=(LMNOP，BQRSTU,VWXY曹沬RST.Z[，B

\]^，_`ab)cde，fg.hijkl8iY=(4>m n8^9)D`o，曹沫pkIJ，qF，2rstu8v，wxyz，{|}~)=(•，W€k)

‚ƒRSTy„i…†‡ˆ# ‰Š，‹ŒE諸，Žq8)y}-8)YE‘=(

46’^ 9)曹沬0/“”9，m<)

VOCABULARY !#-!$2%

$!, 曹 =4 Co 4 sD –— 4 "o ˜ '4 huh

1, 'ao, Fa surnameGH

I, FAn informal plural suffi;# usuall& a((e( to the seon( person,G

Ra(ial 3$ +R/,

$3, 沫 =4 m 4 matsu ™š 4 mal › '4 mut

@roth# foam,

ere# this harater is a personal name, Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

$!a, 曹沬 =4 Co m 4 sD matsu žŸ 4 "o mal ˜› '4 huh mut

'ao =o +a general of the state of /,

$8, $ =4 &Jng 4 &K ¡—# isamashii ¢£Ÿ¤¢ 4 &ong¥ '4 &hng



'ourage# )ra0er&6 ourageous# )ra0e,

Ra(ial 1M +%/,

$M, % =4 l 4 r&oku ¦§¨# chikara ©ª« 4 l&eok '4 lihk

Strength# power# a)ilit&,

Ra(ial 1M +%/,

$.%, ' =4 9hung 4 sD –— 4 "ang ¬ '4 "Dng

1, Serious# gra0e,

I, >huang, Fa surnameGere# this harater is use( as a posthumous title, Ra(ial 1% + /,

$.oa, '( =4 9hung gDng 4 sD kD ž®ž 4 "ang gong ¬¯ '4 "DnggKng

gong Puke >huang +of Lu6 r, !M$-!!I B,',E,/,

$.1, * =4 hQo +1/6 ho +I/ 4 kD °—# konomu ®±²# suku ³´ 4 hoµ '4 hou +1/6 hu +I/

1, <o like# to )e fon( of,H

I, Too(# fine# )eautiful,

Ra(ial $8 +¶/,

$.I, / =4 9hQn 4 sen ·¸# tatakau ¹¹ªž# tatakai ¹¹ª¢# ikusa ¢´£

4 "eon º '4 "in

<o fight6 om)at# war,

Pifferentiate this harater from »+13I/ an( ¼+I%I/# whih mean “to attak,”

Ra(ial !I +½/,



$.$, 1 =4 )Qi 4 hai ¾¿# yaburu ÀÁÂ# yabureru ÀÁÃÂ 4 paeÄ '4)aaih

<o )e (efeate(6 to (efeat,

<he former use is intransiti0e# the latter transiti0e, Ra(ial !! +Å/,

$.$a, 12 =4 )Qi )ei 4 hai)oku Æ¢Ç´ 4 pae )uk ÄÈ '4 )aaih )k

<o )e (efeate(,

Notie the (istinti0e usage of 26 this funtion of the harater is relati0el&rare an( is most often foun( in this ompoun(,

$., 9 =4 ( 4 hi É# "i Ê# tsuchi © 4 "iË '4 (eih

Lan(# territor&# groun(,

Ra(ial $I +Ì/,

$.., : =4hU 4 ka Í# wa Î# wasuru Ï³Â 4 hwaÐ '4 wh

armon&# peae6 harmonious6 to make peae# to harmoni9e with,Ra(ial $% +Ñ/,

$.!, ; =4 &u 4 &K ¡—# &u ¡# nao ÒÓ 4 &uÔ '4 &Quh

1, Still# persistentl&, H

I, <o )e like# to resem)le,

<his harater is :uite ommon in )oth meanings, Ra(ial M +Õ/,

$.3, > =4 ;V 4 k&o Ö§# ko °# yurusu ×Â³ 4 heoØ '4 hUui

<o assent to# to agree to# to permit,

Ra(ial 1M +o/,



$.8, ? =4 hu 4 kai Í¿# e Ù# au Úž# awaseru ÚÏÛÂ# kaisuru ª¢³Â

4 hoe Ü '4 wuih

<o meet FwithG# to assem)le6 meeting# assoiation,

Be areful not to onfuse this harater with Ý+1$/, Ra(ial 3$ +R/,

$.M, A =4 kW 4 ka Í 4 ga Þ '4 D

an(le# )ranh,

ere# this harater funtions as a plae-name, Ra(ial 3. +ß/,

$!%, C =4 mUng 4 mei à¿# chikau ©ªž 4 maengá '4 mQhng

<o form an alliane# to swear an alliane6 alliane,

Ra(ial 1%8 +â/,

$!1, D =4 " 4 ki Ö# sude ni ³ãä 4 giå '4 gei

Alrea(&6 after ha0ingX# sine ,,,,

<his harater is fre:uentl& use( in the first lause in multilause sentenes6this is how it appears in this lessons te;t, S&non&m4 `+I3/, Be areful to(istinguish D from f +I.!# 5right then#5 “imme(iatel&”/, Ra(ial 31 +æ#“without”/,

$!I, F =4 tCn 4 (an ç¸ 4 (an è '4 tCahn

Altar# ele0ate( platform,

2hen states in earl& 'hina swore alliane# it was ommon to arr& out theeremon& on an altar platform# aompanie( )& animal sarifies, Ra(ial $I+Ì/,

$!$, G =4 shQng 4 "D Ê§—# shD é§—# ue žê# agaru ÚëÂ# noboru ±Ç

Â# et, 4 sang ì '4 seuhng



On top of# a)o0e# at the front of6 to go up# to offer up6 superiors,

Anton&m4 q+.1/, Ra(ial 1 +Y/,

$!, H =4 9hZ 4 shitsu éš# shK éí—# toru îÂ 4 "ipï '4 "p

<o grasp# to hol(,

Ra(ial $I +Ì/,

$!., I =4 )[ 4 hi ð# saji £ñ 4 )iò '4 )eih

Spoon# la(le,

ere# howe0er# the meaning of the harater is su)or(inate( to theompoun( $!.a, Ra(ial I1 +I/,

$!!, J =4 shJu 4 shu éí# kubi ´ó 4 suô '4 sCu

ea(# nek,

ere# howe0er# the meaning of the harater is su)or(inate( to theompoun( $!.a, Ra(ial 18. +J/,

$!.a, IJ =4 )[ shJu 4 hishu õ¤ö# aikuchi Ú¢´© 4 )i suòô '4)eih sCu

Pagger,

<his term is an i(iomati ompoun(# with its omponent haraters note;pliitl& onnete( to its meaning,

$!3, K =4 "iU 4 kD °—# gD ÷—# k&D Ö§—# obiyakasu ÓóÀª³ 4 geopø '4 gip

<o attak# to sei9e# to pillage# to ro),

Ra(ial 1M +%/,



$!8, N =4 m 4 )aku ù¨# )o ú# daremo…nai ûÃü...Ò¢ 4 maký '4 mohk

1, No one,H

I, Pon \t,XFimperati0eG

Be areful using this harater] <ehniall& it funtions as an a(0er)# an( it isoften pree(e( )& a (efining group of people, @or e;ample# in this lessonste;t we ha0e4 XLMN # “Among the retainers# no oneX,” Other e;amples4 (N

¼.# “Of the (ukes# no one attake( *i56 þNWÿ8# “Of the sol(iers# no onewante( to kill him,” 7n later imperial prose# the imperati0e usage )eomesfairl& ommon, Ra(ial 1% +/,

$!M, P =4 (ng 4 (Dド—# ugoku žご´# ugokasu žごª³ 4 (ong동 '4

(uhng

<o mo0e# to take ation,

Ra(ial 1M +%/,

$3%, Q =4 w^n 4 monモ¸# tou îž# toi î¢ 4 mun문 '4 mahn

<o ask# to in:uire,

Ra(ial $% +Ñ

/,

$31, Z =4 :iCng 4 k&D Ö§—# gD ÷—# tsuyoi よ¢ 4 gang강 '4k^uhng

Strong# powerful# o0er)earing,

Ra(ial .3 +弓/,

$3I, [ =4 ru 4 "aku Êャ¨# yowaiよÏ¢ 4 &ak약 '4 &euhk

2eak# unasserti0e# &oung,

<his harater an( Z form an anton&m pair, Ra(ial .3 +弓/,



$3$, ^ =4 :_n 4 shin é¸# okasu Óª³ 4 him침 '4 hm

<o in0a(e# to attak# to assault,

`nlike ¼+I%I/ or »+33I/# this harater ten(s to emphasi9e the unpro0oke(or seret nature of the attak, Ra(ial M +!/,

$3, a =4 sh^n 4 "in Ê¸# hanahada ÆÒÆû# hanahadashii ÆÒÆû¤¢#itaku ¢¹´ 4 sim심 '4 sahm

<o a great e;tent# e;essi0e# too muh# e;treme,

Ra(ial MM +甘/,

$3., d =4 hUng 4 "D Ê§—# sei ·¿# shiro ¤ろ 4 seong성 '4 shng

'it&# wall# it& wall# fortress,

`nlike 7+1$/# this harater originall& referre( to the walls of the it& itself,2hen this harater is use(# it is often )eause the writer wants toemphasi9e that a 5fortifie(5 it& is meant6 hene# the meaning of “astle”that ours in apanese, Ra(ial $I +Ì/,

$3!, e =4 huQi 4 e Ù# kaiケ¿# kowasu ®Ï³# kowareru ®ÏÃÂ# yaburu

ÀÁÂ 4 goe괴 '4 waaih

<o ollapse# to fall in ruins6 to ruin# to (estro&,

Ra(ial $I +Ì/,

$33, g =4 & 4 en Ù¸# atsuアš# assuru Úっ³Â# hesuね³# osu Ó³ 4ap압 '4 aat

<o rush# to o0er6 to put pressure on# to put weight on# to suppress,

Ra(ial $I +Ì/,

$38, h =4 "ng 4 k&D Ö§—# keiケ¿# sakai £ª¢ 4 g&eong경 '4 gZng

Bor(er# frontier6 realm# sphere,



Ra(ial $I +Ì/,

$3M, l =4 t 4 toト# 9uず# hakaru ÆªÂ 4 (o도 '4 tuh

<o plan# to onsi(er6 map# (rawing,

artial s&non&ms4 計+1I8/#謀+3%/, Ra(ial $1 +Ñ/,

$8%, p =4 tu 4 tDト—# tōjiru îžñÂ# nageru ÒげÂ 4 tu투 '4 tQuh

<o toss# to throw# to ast asi(e# to a)an(on,

artial s&non&m4 ‹+11M/, Ra(ial ! +手/,

$81, r =4 miQn 4 men à¸# omo Óü# tsura «# mensuruめ³Â 4m&eon! '4 mihn

@ae# surfae6 to fae,

Rulers alwa&s fae south "r# whereas their retainers an( ministers faenorth 2r,

Ra(ial 13! +r/,

$8I, t =4 :n 4 gun#¸# mure ²Ã# mureru ²ÃÂ# muragaru ²«ëÂ

4 gun$ '4 kwQhn

@lok# assem)l&,

<his harater is also written %, Like 諸+I.$/# it often ser0es as a prefi; to anoun an( makes the noun plural, Ra(ial 1I$ +&/,

$8$, v =4 w^i 4 i ¿# kurai ´«¢ 4 wi' '4 waihlae# position6 throne# ro&al position,

Ra(ial M +!/,

$8, w =4 &Cn 4 gan(¸# kao ªÓ 4 an) '4 ngQahn



@ae# faial e;pression,

Ra(ial 181 +*/,

$8a, wx =4 &Cn s^ 4 ganshoku ë¤+´# kaoiro ªÓ¢ろ 4 an saek), '4 ngQahn s_k

@aial e;pression# faial olor,

$1!a, {| =4 Z lng 4 "irei ñÃ¢ 4 sa r&eong-. '4 hh lihng

Language# speeh,

<his term is an i(iomati ompoun(,

1IMa,}~ =4 r gb 4 moto no gotoshi üî±ごî¤ 4 &eo go/0 '4&bh gu

As )efore# as pre0iousl&,

<his phrase is a 0er& ommon i(iom# an( it alwa&s omes at the en( of thesentene,

$8., € =4 )^i 4 )ai ù¿# somuku ²´ 4 )ae1 '4 pih

1, Pou)le,

I, <o renege on# to re"et, H

=eaning cI +use( here/ is an unommon meaning of this wor(6 meaning c1is the stan(ar( an( shoul( )e learne( as suh, Ra(ial M +!/,

$8!, =4 &uW 4 &aku2¨# yakusuru À´³Â 4 &ak약 '4 &euk'ontrat# agreement# pat6 to agree# to form an agreement,

Ra(ial 1I% +3/,



$83, † =4 tn 4 tan4¸# (onド¸# musaboru ²£ÇÂ 4 tam5 '4tam

<o o0et# to )e gree(&,

Ra(ial 1. +6/,

$88, ˆ =4 l 4 ri ¦# risuru7³Â# kiku8´ 4 li9 '4 leih

rofit# a(0antage6 to profit# to enrih,

<his wor( is often a pe"orati0e in 'hinese philosoph&# representing monetar&gain or enrihment at the e;pense of 0irtue, Ra(ial 18 +:/,

$8M, Š =4 kuQi 4 kai Í¿# kokoroyoi ®®ろよ¢# tanoshimu ¹±¤² 4kwae; '4 faai

<o )e happ&# to )e (elighte(,

S&non&m4<+!/, Ra(ial !1 +=/,

$M%, =4 hu 4 kD °— 4 hu> '4 hQuh

5=ar:uis5

A feu(al title in anient 'hina, See ,1, Ra(ial M +!/,

I.$a, 諸 =4 9hK hu 4 shokD ¤+®ž 4 "e hu?> '4 "&K hQuh

5<he feu(al lor(s, ”

Literall&# 5the 0arious mar:uises#5 this )eame a stan(ar( term for (esri)ingall of the rulers of anient 'hina,

$M1, =4 &uCn 4 en Ù¸# tasukeru ¹³@Â 4 wonA '4 wbhn

<o pull# to ai(# to assist6 assistane# support,

Ra(ial ! +手/,



$MI, ’ =4 gW 4 katsu Íš# waru ÏÂ# wareru ÏÃÂ# saku £´ 4 halB '4 got

<o ut off# to se0er# to separate# to e;lu(e,

Ra(ial 18 +:/,

CO&&'()ARY

11,1, Stan(ar( )iograph& openings4 <he 史記 set the pattern for the openingof a )iograph&Yan d? " sentene gi0ing a simple (esription of the personin :uestion, d is usuall& marke( )& the partile 者# whih here has nomeaning sa0e to emphasi9e, 7t is e:ui0alent to sa&ing in English “the 'ao =oin :uestion” or “'ao =o +the man 7 wish to talk a)out/X” 7t is )est not totranslate the partile,

11,I, Note that in line I 67 is a plae-name# “Sui <own,” 2hen the harater6 reappears in line 8# howe0er# it has gone )ak to its )asi meaning of“then” +I!3-1/, One of the most (iffiult skills in rea(ing literar& 'hinese isreogni9ing when a harater is )eing use( in a plae-name, Often a plaesuffi; suh as 7 is attahe(# to ai( the rea(er,

11,$, Sentenes with #+4 7n Lesson 3 +18a/ we saw #+ use( as a two-

harater 0er) meaning “to assume,” <his usage atuall& grows out of amore ompliate( pattern# )est (esri)e( as # d + ?# “)& means of d make ?” or “to take d an( make it ?,5 <his pattern is use( in two )asi wa&s4

@irst# to represent an atual ation4

C#D!+E) <he people ma(e the wise man king,

(#FUG+\u) <he (uke appointe( =i9i dia high minister,

H#œ+家) <he fish ma(e the water its home, +Note that this last e;amplean also )e translate( in the wa& we ha0e seen )efore4 “<he fish took some

water to make its home,”I

Seon(# to represent an assumption +often )ut not alwa&s inorret/4

JE#.!+K ) <he ing of 'hu took the man of *i for a thief,

j#曹沬+L,) <he Lor( of Lu thinks 'ao =o is a goo( general, <his patternis a wa& of e;pressing more learl& the 5putati0e5 usage of 0er)s mentione(in M,,



BE2ARE4 Note that a sentene using this pattern an( suppressing the o0er)-o)"et +8,I/ will result in #+S

j#+,) <he Lor( of Lu ma(e FhimG a general assume( FheG was ageneral, <his usage helpe( reate the oneption of #+ as a two-harater

0er) +see 18a# Lesson 3/, As is t&pial with lassial sentene patterns# rel&on the onte;t for interpretation]

RA'<7'E4 <ranslate the following4

1, MU#JE+†ˆ8j)

I, N#kU+yO)

$, y#C+K，PWQj)

, cRS‚ƒB#+\u)

., #þ+%y}#+T“ˆ8U)

11,, B\]^+11,-./4 Sine 曹沬 is speaking to the . ruler# he politel& usesthe term \] to (esri)e .4 “an( &our great state is in0a(ing Lu,”

11,., cde，g.h+1,./4 7n earl& histories we often fin( statesmen omingout with partiularl& striking images or figures of speeh to make a point6

earl& 'hinese literati espeiall& took (elight in the art of rhetori an(effeti0e speeh, Sometimes its :uite (iffiult to un(erstan( suhe;pressions, 7n our lesson te;t#曹沬 sa&s to .=(Sc de，g.h,'harater-)&-harater# we ha0e “Now Lu it&-walls ollapse# o0er *i)or(er,5 曹 is using a poeti e;aggeration here to emphasi9e how muhterritor& . has alrea(& taken from # so that the onl& thing left to is theatual apital it&4 57f now the it& walls of Lu were to ollapse# the& woul( fallonto the *i )or(er,5

11,!, =o(al use ofk

4 7n line .# we ha0e the first e;ample of the 5mo(ala(0er)5 use of k+3$-I/Sjkl8, 7n this onte;t# the harater shoul(pro)a)l& )e interprete( as a polite imperati0e4 5=& lor(# &ou shoul( onsi(erit,5 7n :uestions# it ten(s to )e use( when a positi0e response is e;pete(4 @ore;ample# jkl8V# 5<he lor( is onsi(ering it# isnt he5



11,3, 7n line 3# we ha0e a 0er& ommon use of …+1M%-I/4 …†‡ˆ#‰Š,,,, <his is a sort of 5finger-in-the-air5…# use( )& speakers who are a)out to

launh into a speeh or persuasion, ?ou shoul( translate it as 5Now then ,,,,5

Voca*u+ar, ints

+1$M/ &+3!-I/ ,+$%M-$/ 3+I../ 5+1./

W+1/ @+$/ O+13./ U+IM-$/ _+I$%-I/

b+I!!/ c+I%%/ f+I.!-1/ j+I8-I/ k+3$-I/

4+18./ m+I$./ n+8%/ s+1$$-1/ z+$%/

•+M/ ‚ƒ+1II# L/ …+1M%-I/ ‹+11M/ Œ+11%-1/

Ž+.I/ y}+a# L/ -+1M1-$/ E‘+11a# L!/ ”+I/

+1.!-1/

Character List

i, Gvˆ%$P:Ql9dH*[Z/p1D曹?;atN>rwJ+$1/

ii, ^€’hFŠ'†+M/

iii, KgeACX./

i0, I沫+I/

Lesson 12

Assassin-Retainers:專諸1%

kYZ[\]^_B`]專諸8&)專諸者，à7!")bUc8”JB}`"，d專

諸8e)bUcDfÈg，h#¼J8ˆ)`(iRSTjbkNlmQEJ，Bko

¼J)W‰+nop"，qe+`)YÈ4r)bUcd(Ui8WÿÈg，4RS

Tji,]st，u„h#v&)Y4w專諸E(Ui)i8NRÈ諸x)諸xy0!，

zR{|，zR}~，zR•U€)諸xd•U€SBy‚U，#z傳0y，Wƒ„]

@•U€)諸xDQ，傳{|){|Q，傳}~)}~Q，…傳•U€)•U€†y‡)

`!4}~8Ug+E)(UiRSTˆ#lyz‰，•U…)Š#UV，Pi‹Œ

，…)Y~Ž謀u#‘)iD’專諸，L客“8)



VOCABULARY !$!-2$%

Note4 A goo( man& of the new haraters in this lesson are merel&omponents of personal names, <hough &ou ma& want to learn theharaters an&wa&# &ou will not ha0e to know them thoroughl& &et,

3$a,kY

=4 :Z hu 4 sono ato±Úî

4 gi huå>

'4 k^ih hauhAfter this,

A fairl& ommon time-se:uene wor(,

$M$, [ =4 lib 4 roku”¨ 4 &uk luhk

Si;,

Ra(ial 1I +–/,

$M, \ =4 shZ 4 "K Êí— 4 sip— '4 sahp

<en,

Ra(ial I +\/,

$M. ^ =4 :_ 4 shihi éÉ 4 hil˜ '4 ht

Se0en,

Ra(ial 1 +™/,

$M!, ` =4 w 4 go ÷ 4 oš '4 gh

<he state of 2u,

<his state was loate( in the ?angt9e (elta region, Originall& e0ol0ing from a

soiet& not onnete( to the ultures of the ?ellow Ri0er plain# ` gra(uall&entere( into the mainstream of 'hinese histor& (uring the si;th entur&B,',E, <he personal names of its inha)itants +an( the kings names/ are(ifferent from ommon northern 'hinese names# perhaps refleting their non-'hinese origins, Ra(ial $% +Ñ/,



'ompanion# olleague,

Fere# this harater is the name of a king of `+r, .I!-.1. B,',E,/, erhaps)eause the ` kings were onsi(ere( slightl& e;oti or foreign# the 史記 refersto them in a (ifferent mannerY`Eg#5the king of 2u# Liao# “ rather than the

more t&pial`gE

, Ra(ial M,

%I, h =4 shu +1/6 &u^ +I/6 shuD +$/ 4 tokuト¨# tanoshimu ¹±¤² 4seol¢ +1/6 &eol£ +I/6 se¤ +$/ '4 seui +1/6 &uht +I/6 s&ut +$/

1, <o persua(e, H

I, <o take pleasure in# to en"o&6 to )e happ&,

$, Speeh# (isourse# stor&,

<he three ma"or (efinitions of this harater are all pronoune( (ifferentl& inmo(ern =an(arin, =eaning c1 is use( slightl& (ifferentl& in literar& 'hinesethan in English# in that it represents an attempt )eing ma(e to persua(e# )utnot neessaril& its suess +in other wor(s# it must often )e translate( as5trie( to persua(e#5 as in our lesson te;t here/, 7n meaning cI# this harateris )eing use( for the more proper ¥38/, =eaning c$ has ourre( in thetitle of the te;t soure for `nit 1# the Tar(en of Stories h¦,Ra(ial 1M +o/,

1%), (U =4 gDng 9[ 4 kDshi ®ž¤ 4 gong "a ¯Ÿ '4 gKng "Z

rine,

E0en though this term literall& means “son of a (uke#5 it ame to appl& to allprines in general,

%$, i =4 gung 4 kD °— 4 gwang§ '4 gwDng

Light# )rilliane,

ere# this harater is the name of a prine of `,Ra(ial 1% +¨/,

%, j =4 )[ 4 hi ð# kare ªÃ# kano ª± 4 pi© '4 )Ui

<hat# those6 that person# he# she6 those people# the&,



<his harater is sometimes use( as a ru(e referene to others6 otherpronouns an also )e use( in suh a manner +ompare use of ‘ in Lesson M/,Anton&m4ª Ra(ial !% +«/,

%., k =4 &uCn 4 in ¿¸ 4 wonA '4 &bhn

ersonnel# mem)er,

ere# this harater is the personal name of bUc6 for naming ha)its# see1I,$, Ra(ial $%+Ñ/,

%!,l =4 ;iDng 4 k&D Ö§—# keiケ¿# ani Úä 4 h&eong¬ '4 h_ng

Ol(er )rother, Ra(ial 1% +¨/,

%3, o =4 s_ 4 shi é 4 sa- '4 s_

ri0ate# seret# selfish,

Ra(ial 11. +/,

%8, p =4 hu 4 shK éí—# ada Úû 4 suô '4 hQuh

Enem&，ri0al6 re0enge# 0engeane,

Note the e;pression np# “to get re0enge,5 Ra(ial 1M +o/,

%M, r =4 9h[ 4 shi é 4 "i Ë '4 "Z

<o stop,

Ra(ial 33 +r/,

1%, s =4 n^i 4 (ai ç¿# nai®¿# uchi ž© 4 nae '4 noih

7nsi(e# within# inner# pri0ate# (omesti,

Ra(ial 11 +°/,



11, v =4 wQi 4 gai(¿# soto î 4 oe± '4 ngoih

Outsi(e# pu)li# e;ternal foreign,

Note the e;pression v&# 5foreign affairs,5 Ra(ial $! +²/,

1I, w =4 "n 4 shin é¸# shinjiru ¤ñÂ# susumu ³³²# susumeru ³³め

Â 4 "in³ '4 "eun

<o present# to gi0e Fusuall& to soial superiorG6 to mo0e forwar(# to approah,

artial s&non&m4 5+3.-/, Ra(ial 1!I +´/,

1$, x =4 fCn 4 han ¾¸ 4 )eonµ '4 fQahn

Bir( age6 (isor(erl&# mess&,

ere# this harater is part of a name, Ra(ial 3. +ß/,

I.$), 諸x =4 9hK fCn 4 shohan ¤+Æ 4 "e )eon?µ '4 "&K fQahn

>huan >hu +name of a knight-assasin/,

1, y =4 ( 4 (ai ç¿# tei¶¿# otōto Óîžî 4 "e? '4 (aih

Little )rother,

<his harater onstrasts with l+%!/, Ra(ial .3 +弓/,

1., | =4 " +1/6 9hQi+I/ 4 sai·¿# matsuru ŸÂ# matsuri Ÿ7 4 "e? '4 "ai +1/6 "aai +I/

1, <o worship# to offer sarifies to6 festi0al,

I, A surname

ere# this harater is part of a kings name, Ra(ial 11$ +¸/,



$%1a, {| =4 & 9hQi 4 &osaiよ£¢ 4 &eo "e/? '4 &bh "aai

?u9hai, Fa personal nameG

Name of a king of ` +r, .3Y.$1 ),,e,/,

1!, } =4 &Z 4 i ¿# ebisu êó³ 4 i¹ '4 &h

1, East# eastern (iretion6 eastern )ar)arian tri)es,

I, <o massare# to le0el to the groun(,

ere# this harater is part of a kings name, Ra(ial $3 +\/,

13, ~ =4 m^i 4 mai ™¿# )atsuº 4 mae» '4 muihPim-sighte(6 poor 0ision,

ere# this harater is part of a kings name, Ra(ial 1%M +¼/,

1!a, }~ =4 &Z m^i 4 i)atsu ¢º 4 i mae¹» '4 &h muih

?imei, Fa personal nameG

Name of a king of ` +r, .$%-.I3 ),,e,/,

18, • =4 " 4 ki 4 g&e½ '4 gwai

1, Season6 last +thir(/ month of a season,

I, ?oungest of three )rothers +following ¾ +11!/ an( ƒ F11$G/,

ere# this harater is part of a prines name, Ra(ial $M +U/,

1M, € =4 9hC 4 satsu·š 4 hal¿ '4 "aat

<hin woo(en ta)let for writing6 letter# orrespon(ene,

ere# this harater is part of a prines name, Ra(ial 3. +ß/,



18a, •U€ =4 " 9[ 9hC 4 kishi satsu8¤£ 4 g&e "a hal½Ÿ¿ '4gwai "Z "aat

i9i >ha, Fa proper nameG

Name of a prine of `,

I%, =4 l 4 r&K ¦í—# ritsu ¦š# tateru ¹ÀÂ# tatsu ¹ 4 lipÁ '4lahp

1, <o set up# to esta)lish# to appoint# to plae on the throne# to take thethrone,

I, <o stan(# to oup&,

$, 7mme(iatel&,

Ra(ial 113 +/,

I1),‚U =4 tQi 9[ 4 taishi ¹¢¤ 4 tae "aÂ '4 taai "Z

'rown prine# heir apparent,

7n this lessons te;t# it sa&s that 諸x refuse( to appoint one of his own sonsas heir,

I1, 傳 =4 huCn +1/6 9huQn +I/ 4 ten¶¸# (enÃ¸# tsutaeru ¹êÂ#tsutau ¹ž# et, 4 "eon º '4 h&bhn +1/6 "&uhn +I/

1, <o pass along# to transmit, H

I, <ransmission# tra(ition# )iograph&,

=eaning cI was use( )& the 史記 to (esignate )iographial aounts +usuall&of in(i0i(uals/# an( hene# this harater )eame the stan(ar( term for“)iograph&,” Ra(ial M +!/,

II, ‡ =4 kjn 4 kD °—# ukegau ž@ëž# gaenjiru ëêñÂ# gaenzuru ë

êずÂ 4 geung '4 hCng

<o )e willing# to wish,



Ra(ial 1$% +ž/,

I$, ‰ =4 &U +1/6 ;iU +I/ 4 sa·# "a Êャ 4 &aÄ +1/6 sa- +I/ '4 &^h+1/6 h^h+I/

1, F*uestion partile6 0ariant for Å+$./,GH

I, 2ike(# per0erse,

<hough often use( to refer to wike( )eha0ior# this harater pro)a)l& ourse0en more often in meaning c1# where it is use( instea( of Å, 7n thesentene of our lesson te;t# the prine uses ‰ in one lause an( then V inthe ne;t to refer to two h&pothetial :uestions he is posing to himself4 “7s dtrue <hen in that ase,,,, 7s ? true <hen in that aseX,” Ra(ial 1!$ +7/

I, ‹ =4 9hWn 4 shin é¸# makoto Ÿ®î# honniÆä 4 "eong '4 "n

<rue# authenti6 trul&# reall&,

Ra(ial 1%M +¼/,

I., Œ =4 (Z +1/6 sh +I-/ 4 haku Éャ¨# teki¶Ö# kanau ªÒž# kanaeru

ªÒêÂ 4 "eokÇ '4 (_k +1/6 s_k +I-/

1, Legal wife# main wife, H

I, <o satisf&# to please,

$, <o happen# to fall in with# to )e suita)le for6 oini(ental,

, <o go to# to proee( to,

<he proper harater for meaning c1 is È, 2ell see the other# orretmeanings use( later on, Ra(ial 1!I +É/,

I!, =4 s 4 shi é# tsugu Ê 4 sa- '4 "ih

<o inherit6 inheritane# heir,

Ra(ial $% +Ñ/,



I3, =4 &_n 4 in ¿¸# onË¸# anア¸# kageru ªげÂ# kage ªげ# hisokani

õªä 4 eumÌ '4 &m

Seret# seretl&6 (ark6 the “&in” priniple,

Ra(ial 13% +Í/,

I8, =4 &ng 4 &DÎ—# yashinau À¤Òž 4 &angÏ '4 &Uuhng

<o look after# to raise# to har)or# to emplo& Fin one s pri0ate ser0ieG,

<his harater usuall& refers to raising hil(ren# to raising animals# or tolooking after the age(6 here# howe0er# it refers to )ringing retainers into onesser0ie, Ra(ial 18 +Ð/,

IM, 客 =4 k^ 4 k&aku Öャ¨ 4 gaekÑ '4 haak

Tuest# retainer# emplo&ee,

Note that the e;pression L客 is use( here a(0er)iall&# to in(iate the mannerin whih i treate( 專諸,Ra(ial % +Ò/

CO&&'()ARY

1I,1, istorial )akgroun(4 ` an( J, <he earl& te;tual tra(ition of 'hina

ten(s to enter aroun( the ?ellow Ri0er 0alle&6 other parts of 'hina# inpartiular the ?angt9e Ri0er 0alle&# gra(uall& entere( into the ulturalawareness of the northerners, <hough these regions )e&on( the ?ellow Ri0era(opte( northern wa&s o0er time# the& still retaine( man& elements of theirown ultures,

<he most powerful state in the south was 'hu J+first mentione( in Lesson1%/# whih onsiste( mostl& of the mo(ern pro0ine of u)ei, Tifte( withgreat natural resoures an( an almost unlimite( frontier into whih toe;pan(# its wealth an( am)itions often appeare( threatening to its northern

neigh)ors,J

was partiularl& in(ifferent to the (&nasti laims of the houseof >hou Ó, As 7 mentione( )efore# the rulers of J were alling themsel0eskings as earl& as 3%! B,',E,

J was soon fae( with a ri0al# howe0er# the ?angt9e (elta state of 2u `, 7tentere( the 'hinese ultural sphere e0en later than J# an( its 5foreign5nature an still )e (etete( in the o(( names of its rulers +whih ma& )e



northern sinii9ations of non-'hinese wor(s/, <he animosit& )etween the twostates ame to a hea( in the .I%s# when the talente( J statesman 2u >i;u

Uc fle( to ` after his father an( ol(er )rother were e;eute( )& the J king(uring a struggle o0er the suession, Uc then attempte( to on0ine ` to

attak YJ

an(# as rinei

of`

suggests in this lessons te;t# \Uc

s moti0ewas largel& pri0ate re0enge for his famil&,

@or a translation of the 史記 )iograph& of bUc# see Stephen Owen# AnAntholog& of 'hinese Literature# pp, 88-M!, <he aount of 專諸 tol( here an(in Lesson 1$ gi0es some (etails mentione( onl& )riefl& in the bUc )iograph& +see Owen# Antholog&# p, M1/6 the& tell of how Uc uses 專諸 tohelp i usurp the throne of `,

1I,I, kYZ[\]^_B`]專諸8&+1,1/4 <here was a ha)it of inserting the

harater] )etween the tens an( ones plaes in num)ers6 in suh ases it ispronoune( in the fourth tone +&ou/ an( is )elie0e( to )e a su)stitute for Ô +1M/6 (o not )other to translate, Note also the ha)it of oasionall& insertingB )etween a time phrase an( the following sentene,

1I,$, Naming ha)its4 7n tra(itional 'hina# most men ha( at least two namesYa personal name

an( a “polite” name , 7t was generall& onsi(ere( ru(e to refer to a li0ing

person )& his

# either to his fae or in the thir( person, Although naming praties in pre-imperial 'hina were somewhat irregular# it is likel& that Uc was a politename# whereas k# later use( ru(el& )& the ` king# was a personal name+although the 史記 generall& names people )& their

/, Names oul( also )e use( as su)stitutes for first an( seon( personpronouns6 a oul( )e use( as a polite su)stitution for “&ou#” an( a

oul( )e use( as a ru(e form of a((ress to someone )elow oneself soiall&,=ost ommon# howe0er# is the use of a

as a first person (esignation for oneself,

1I,, W‰+nop"，qe+`+11, $-/4 Note the ‰+ here, Sine ‰ is )&nature an a(0er)# it tehniall& annot funtion as the o)"et of the o0er) +, 'onse:uentl&# it is plae( in the a(0er) position# )ut in terms of meaning it



is the o0er)s o)"et4 “for the sake of himself,5 Õ +I!-1/ is use( muh thesame wa&# for e;ample# ÖÕ-×# “<he )ir(s (eparte( with eah other,”'ompare also Lesson 84 “ØÙÐ馬ž者ÕÚR,”

7n the seon( phrase# the o0er) funtions as the main 0er) an( must )e

interprete( in translation4 57ts not that he is a)le for the sake of 2u Fto arr&out his poliiesG,”

1I,., bUcd(Ui8Wÿ`Eg+1, /4 <he use of 8 here intro(ues a newpattern# whih we will all “nominali9ation with in(iret statements,5 7n 1%,I#we saw how sentenes oul( )e nominali9e( in or(er to turn them into“when” lauses4 (Û +<he (uke ame/(8Û" +As for the (ukes oming 2hen the (uke omes/ <he mark of nominali9ation is thus often the insertionof 8 )etween the su)"et an( the rest of the sentene# usuall& with anemphati " at the en(,

Another ommon use of nominali9e( sentenes is in “in(iret statements,5 <his is the grammatial term that (esri)es 5that5 lauses after thinking#

sa&ing# feeling# fearing# an( so forth4 “7 know that the ruler trusts 'ao =o56 “7fear that the *in arm& is a)out to in0a(e 'hu56 “7 (ou)t that she kille( theking,5 Literar& 'hinese e;presses this t&pe of sentene )& imagining the thatlause as the o)"et of the 0er)# an( then nominali9ing the lause4 “7 knowthe rulers trusting 'ao =o”6 “7 fear the *in arm&s a)out to in0a(e 'hu56 “7(ou)t her killing the king,” <he onl& 0er) we know so far that ommonl& usesthis struture is d4

jŒ曹沬) <he ruler trusts 'ao =o,

Rdj8Œ曹沬" 7 know that the ruler trusts 'ao =o,

ÜÝ,^J <he *in arm& is a)out to in0a(e 'hu,

RdÜÝ8,^J" o 7 know that the *in arm& is a)out to in0a(e 'hu,

ÿE)She kille( the king,

RdkÿE")7 know that she kille( the king,

Note that in the last e;ample the in0isi)le pronoun 5she5 has merge( with 8 to form k +"ust as it (i( in 1%,I/,

2ARN7NT4 Not all 0er)s will take this pattern +Þ# “7 hear thatX#” usuall& (oesnot/# an( sometimes e0en 0er)s that usuall& take it will ignore it, As isgenerall& the ase# all grammatial partiles are optional]



Voca*u+ar, ints

Z+3./_+I!1/â+I/ }+1IM-I/e+1!I/

D+$!1/ f+18$-$/ ¼+I%I/ ˆ+$88/ m+I./

n+I!-I/t+I1$/u+$%I/z+I.3/S+IIM/

ƒ+I!M-1/ „+1I/ @+$/ †+M%/…+183-$/

ˆ+1%-$/ Š+$%$/ Ž+I$-1/ 謀+3%/‘+1.I/

“+I$M/

Character List

i, ^傳lis[\`av}•客yjr‹|o‡hwŒ‰ +I3/

ii, 專cp+$/

iii, bgx+/

i0,€~k+$/

Lesson 1!

Assassin-Retainers:專諸2%

ã_BJäEQ)å，`EgWæJçˆkèy(Ué{êë,þìJ8í)ˆîï•U

Eð，#ñ諸8z)Jòþ，ó`,é{êëô，`þy’õ)E‘(UiÚ專諸RS

TöÙy„Ž)y‘，÷ øXùi‹E，…)•UúÛ，yûü")Y專諸RS

TEg„ÿ"iýþU[，Bÿy,þ¼J)JókY)方c`v困EJ，Bs空T骨鲠

8u)‘T}RV)Y(Ui頓JRSTi8身，U8身")Y四月丙U，i伏甲士E窟

室中，B具酒請Eg)Egˆþ陳‰宮至i8家)門戶階陛LM，mEg8親戚")夾

侍，m持!)酒D"，(Ui#+á$，°窟室中，ˆ專諸%IJH&8'中Bw8)

D至E(，專諸)H，æ#IJ*Eg，EgQ，LM_ÿ專諸)E!+,，(Ui-

k伏甲#»Eg8.，m/8)6‰+E，‘+01)0142專諸8U#+G3)

VOCABULARY !.-/2%

$%, ã =4 "iV 4 k&K Öí— 4 gu 4 '4 gCu

Nine,

Ra(ial . +5# “ur0e(#” “hook”/,



$1, ä =4 pZng 4 hei 6¿# h&D ð§—# hiratai õ«¹¢# tairakana ¹¢«ªÒ

4 p&eong 7 '4 phng

eaeful# alm# le0el# flat,

Ra(ial .1 +8/,

$1%a, JäE =4 hV pZng wCng 4 so h&D D õ+žÓž 4 ho p&eongwang 97: '4 h phng whng

ing ing of 'hu +r, .I8-.1! B,',E,/,

$I, å =4 hKn 4 shun éí¸# haru ÆÂ 4 hun; '4 hWun

Spring +the season/,

Ra(ial 3I+</,

$$, ç =4 sQng +1/6 sng +I/ 4 sD –—# mo ü 4 sang ì '4 song +1/6sDng +I/

1, <o lose6 to (ie6 to (estro&,

I, <o mourn6 mourning, H

Ra(ial $% +/,

$, é =4 gQi 4 gai(¿ 4 gae = '4 goi

1, 'anop&# o0er +usuall& for a arriage/,

I, “No (ou)t#” “pro)a)l&,” Fpartile intro(uing opinionG

ere# the harater is part of a name, =eaning c1# though ommon# (oes notour in our te;ts, =eaning cI will our later, Ra(ial 1% +/,

$a, é{ =4 gQi & 4 gai&o(¿よ 4 gae &eo =/ '4 goi &bh

Tai&u, Fa personal nameG



<he &ounger )rother ofg,

$., ê =4 shV +i/6 9hV +I/ 4 shoku é§¨ 4 sok > +1/6 hok +I/ '4 suhk+1/6 "Kk +I/

1, in(# lass# ategor&6 to )elong to# to )e su)or(inate to# to )e go0erne( )&,

I, <o instrut# to (iret# to e;hort,

ere# the harater is part of a name, Ra(ial +?/,

$!, ë =4 &Dng 4 &DÎ— 4 &ong ¥ '4 &bhng

1, =e(iore# ommon6 hire( la)or6 to work for hire,

I, ?ong +a mountain range in @u"ian/,

ere# the harater is part of a persons name, =eaning c1# though ommon#(oes not our in our te;ts, =eaning cI will our in Lesson $1, Ra(ial .$+@/,

$.a, êë =4 shV &Dng 4 shoku&D ¤+´よž 4 sok &ong >¥ '4 suhk&bhng

Shu&ong, Fa personal nameG

<he &ounger )rother ofg,

$3, í =4 :iCn 4 sen ·¸# hisomu õ²# hisomeru õめÂ# hisokani õ

ªä 4 "amA '4 hhm

Sunken# hi((en# seret6 seretl&6 to sink,

ere# this harater is the name for a plae in the state of J, Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

$8, î =4 &Cn 4 en Ù¸ 4 &eon B '4 &hn

<o e;ten(# to streth6 to in0ite,



ere# this harater is part of a plae-name, Although this harater is fairl&ommon in literar& 'hinese# it (oes not our again in our te;ts, Ra(ial .+C/,

$M, ï =4 lZng 4 r&D ¦§— 4 neung D '4 lhng

=oun(# ri(ge# tom) moun(,

ere# this harater is part of a plae-name +an( it onl& ours in plae-names in our te;ts/, Ra(ial 13% +Í/,

$8a, îï =4 &Cn lZng 4 enr&D ê7+ž 4 &eon neung BD '4 &hnlhng

?anling, Fa plae-nameG

Name of the fief of •U€ 18a/, Sometimes people are referre( to )& theirplae of origin or their fief(om4 “i9i of ?anling,”

%, ñ =4 gun 4 kan Í¸# miru EÂ 4 gwanF '4 gKn

<o o)ser0e# to wath# to ontemplate, Ra(ial 13 +f/,

1, ò =4 f 4 hatsu ¾š 4 )al G '4 faat

<o issue# to sen( forth# to arise# to manifest# to open,

Ra(ial 1%. +–/,

I, ô =4 lb 4 ro”# michi E© 4 loH '4 louh

ath# roa(# route,

<his harater is use( less often than I+1/ in a)strat an( philosophialonte;ts, Ra(ial 1.3 +á/,

$, ù =4 :ij 4 sho é§# katsu ª 4 haJ '4 hU

1, =oreo0er# furthermore, H



I, A)out to# will,,,, Ffuture markerG

$, <emporaril&# for the time )eing,

<his harater is a 0er& ommon a(0er)6 onl& meaning c1 ours in ourte;ts, Ra(ial 1 +™/,

, ü =4 f^i 4 hai ¾¿# sutareru ³¹ÃÂ# sutaru ³¹Â 4 p&eK '4 fai

<o a)an(on# to (isar(,

ere# this harater is use( in the sense of “to o0erthrow5 or “to (epose,5Ra(ial .$ +@/,

.-þ =4 lo 4 rD”—# oi Ó¢# oiru Ó¢Â 4 noL '4 luh

Ol(6 to grow ol(, Ra(ial 1I. +þ/,

!, ÿ =4 ling 4 r&D ¦§— 4 l&ang M '4 l^uhng

1, Both# pairH

I, An oune of sil0er +tael/,

=eaning cI# though ommon# (oes not our in our te;ts, Ra(ial 11 +°/,

3, 困 =4 kbn 4 kon °¸# komaru ®ŸÂ# komaraseru ®Ÿ«ÛÂ 4 gonN '4 kwan

<o )e in har( straits# to )e in (iffiult&# to ause (iffiult&,

Be areful not to onfuse this harater with æ +1M!/] Ra(ial $1 +/,

8, 空 =4 kDng 4 kK ¨—# suku ³´# aku Ú´# kara ª«# munashii ²Ò¤¢

4 gong ¯ '4 hKng

Empt&# 0aant# futile,

Ra(ial 11! +O# “a0e#” “hole”/,



M, 骨 =4 gV 4 kotsu °š# honeÆね 4 golP '4 gwt

Bone,

Ra(ial 188 +骨/,

.%, 鲠 =4 gjng 4 kD °— 4 g&eong경 '4 gCng

@ish )one,

Ra(ial 1M. +H/,

Ma, 骨鲠 =4 gV gjng 4 kokkD ®っ®ž 4 gol g&eong P경 '4 gwtgCng

ar(# un&iel(ing# outspoken +(esripti0e of su)or(inates/,

1IM), }V =4 r hU 4 ikaga ¢ªë# dō Qž# ikani ¢ªä 4 &eo ha/R '4&bh hh

2hat (o &ou think 2hat an we (o 2hat s going on Nothing an )e (onea)out,,,]

<he o)"et of perple;it& is often inserte( )etween } an( V, T}RV thus

means 5theres nothing Fthe&G an (o a)out us5 or 5theres no one who an (oan&thing a)out us,”

.1, 頓 =4 (bn 4 tonト¸# tomi ni îEä 4 (onS '4 (euhn

1, <o )eat on the groun(, H

I, Su((enl&,

=eaning cI# though ommon# (oes not our in our te;ts, Ra(ial 181 + T/,

.I, 四 =4 s 4 shi é 4 sa- '4 sei

@our,

Ra(ial $1 +Ñ/,



.$, 月 =4 &u^ 4 getsuげ# gatsu(š# tsuki 8 4 wolU '4 &uht

=oon# month,

@or the tra(itional alen(ar# see 1$,1 )elow, 四月 shoul( )e translate( as “the@ourth =onth,”

., 丙 =4 )[ng 4 hei 6¿ 4 )&eong V '4 )Zng

<he thir( of the “elestial stems”6 in(iates the thir( item in a series, See1$,1 )elow for (etails on this harater, Ra(ial 1 +™/,

.a, 丙U =4 )[ng 9[ 4 heishi W¢¤ 4 )&eong "a VŸ '4 )Zng "Z

<hirteenth in the !%-item &le of tra(itional 'hinese (ating +see 1$,1 )elow/,

.., 伏 =4 f 4 fuku X´# fusu X³# fuseru XÛÂ 4 )okY '4 fuhk

1, <o fall prostrate# to hum)le oneself# to su)mit to,

I, <o lie in am)ush# to plae troops in am)ush, H

Note the two ra(iall& (ifferent groups of meanings)ut )oth of them suggesta person rouhing (own or l&ing flat, Ra(ial M +!/,

.!, 窟 =4 kK 4 kutsu ¨š# iwaya ¢ÏÀ 4 gulZ '4 gwaht

'a0e# a0ern,

Ra(ial 11! +O/,

.3 室 =4 sh 4 shitsu éš# muro ²ろ 4 sil[ '4 st

ouse# ham)er# room, Ra(ial % +Ò/,

.!a, 窟室 =4 kK sh 4 kusshitsu ´っ¤ 4 gul sil Z[ '4 gwaht st



'ellar +/# empt& room +/,

'ommentators are unsure of the e;at meaning of this phrase,

.8, 陳 =4 hUn 4 hin É¸# tsuraneru «ねÂ 4 "in³ '4 "ahn

<o (eplo&# to la& out# to take up positions,

<his harater is often use( in a militar& sense, Ra(ial 13% +Í/,

.M, 宮 =4 gDng 4 ku ¨# k&K Öí—# gK#—# miya EÀ 4 gung\ '4gKng

alae# ruler\s (welling,

Ra(ial % +Ò/,

!%, 門 =4 mUn 4 monモ¸# kado ªQ 4 mun문 '4 mbhn

Poor# gate,

Ra(ial 1!M +門/,

!1, 戶 =4 hb 4 ko °# to î 4 ho µ '4 wuh

Poor,

Ra(ial !$ +戶/,

!I, 階 =4 "iW 4 kai Í¿ 4 g&e½ '4 gai

Stairs,

Ra(ial 13% +Í/,

!$, 陛 =4 ) 4 hei 6¿ 4 p&e K '4 )aih

Stairs Fusuall& of the palaeG,

Ra(ial 13% +Í/,



!, 親 =4 :_n 4 shin é¸# oya ÓÀ# shitashimu ¤¹¤² 4 hin] '4hn

1, Relati0es# intimates# kin# parents, H

I, <o )e intimate with# to )e frien(l& or familiar with,

$, Oneself# personall&,

S&non&m +meaning c$/4‰ +1./, Ra(ial 13 +f/,

!., 戚 =4 :_ 4 soku –¨# seki ·Ö 4 heok ^ '4 h_k

Relati0es# intimates,

親戚 usuall& means “relations#” )ut the guests here were pro)a)l& "ust peoplelose to the king, Ra(ial !I +½/,

!!, 夾 =4 "iC 4 k&D Ö§— 4 h&eop _ '4 gaap

<o flank# to stan( on either si(e of# to insert,

Ra(ial $3 +\/,

!3, 侍 =4 sh 4 "i Ê# haberu Æ`Â# jisuru ñ³Â 4 sia '4 sih

<o atten( upon# to ser0e,

Ra(ial M +!/,

!8, 持 =4 hZ 4 "i Ê# motsu ü 4 "iË '4 hh

<o hol(# to grasp,

S&non&m4 H+$!/, Ra(ial ! +手/,

!M, ! =4 p_ 4 hi ð 4 pi© '4 pWi

Pou)le-)la(e( swor(,



<his harater is 0er& rare an( is not the one most ommonl& use( for“swor(” +for that# see b F.!%G/, Ra(ial 1!3 +c/,

3%, # =4 &Cng +1/6 ;iCng +I/ 4 &DÎ—# itsuwaru ¢ÏÂ 4 &angÏ +1/6

sang ì +I/ '4 &^uhng +1/6 h^uhng+I/

1, <o feign# to preten(, H

I, 'arefull&# in (etail,

<his harater# in meaning c1# is a ommon su)stitute for the harater d,=eaning cI# though ommon# (oes not our in our te;ts, Ra(ial 1M + o/,

31, % =4 9h 4 hi É# oku Ó´ 4 hie '4 "i

<o position，to plae,

Ra(ial 1II +f/,

3I, & =4 9h 4 sha éャ# aburu ÚÁÂ 4 "aŸ# "eokÇ '4 "ek

<o roast6 roaste(foo(,

Ra(ial 8! +g/,

3$, ' =4 fb 4 fuku h¨# onaka ÓÒª# hara Æ« 4 )okY '4 fKk

Bell&# stomah,

Ra(ial 1$% +ž/,

3, ) =4 ) 4 haku ¾¨# tsunzaku i´ 4 )&eokj '4 maak

<o tear apart\ to tear open# to rip open,

Ra(ial ! +手/,

3. 刺 =4 4 shi é# sasu £³ 4 "aŸ '4 hi



<o sta),

Ra(ial 18 +:/,

3!, + =4 ro 4 "D Ê§— 4 &o k '4 &Zuh

<o throw into onfusion# to run a)out in onfusion,Ra(ial ! +手/,

33, , =4 luQn 4 ran l¸# midare EûÃ# midaru EûÂ# midasu Eû³ 4lan m '4 l&uhn

<o riot# to )e thrown into onfusion# to (isor(er# to misgo0ern6 re)ellion,

Ra(ial . +5/,

38, / =4 mi^ 4 metsu àš# horobiruÆろóÂ# horobosuÆろÇ³ 4m&eol n '4 miht

<o (estro&# to annihilate# to )e (estro&e(,

artial s&non&m4” +I/, Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

3M, 0 =4 hU 4 kD °— 4 hap o '4 hahpLeaf of a (oor6 to shut# to lose,

ere# this harater is part of a kings name6 it (oes not our again in ourte;ts, Ra(ial 1!M +門/,

8%, 1 =4 l 4 r&o ¦§ 4 l&eo p '4 l^uih

Neigh)orhoo( +tehniall&# of I. families/6 0illage or neigh)orhoo( gate,

ere# this harater is part of a kings name6 it onl& ours in proper names inour te;ts,

Ra(ial 1!M +門/,

3Ma, 01 =4 hU l 4 kDr&o ®ž7+ 4 hap l&eo op '4 hahp l^uih



elii, Fa personal nameG

Name of i upon taking the throne +r, .1-M. B,',E,/,

81, 2 =4 fWng 4 fK h—# hD q— 4 )ong r '4 fKng

<o appoint# to grant a fief to6 fief(om,

Ra(ial 1 +›/,

8I, 3 =4 :_ng 4 keiケ¿# k&D Ö§— 4 g&eong경 '4 h_ng

=inister of state,

Ra(ial I!+s

/,

CO&&'()ARY

1$,1, <ra(itional (ating4 A ommon wa& of in(iating (a&s an( &ears intra(itional 'hina was to assign eah one a two-harater (esignation, <hefirst harater woul( )e one of a set of ten haraters terme( the 5elestialstems56 the seon( woul( )e one of a set of twel0e terme( the 5terrestrial)ranhes,5 <he two groups an( their =an(arin pronuniations are as follows4

<he ten elestial stems +tiangan 8/4

甲 5 丙 t u v w x y z

<he twel0e terrestrial )ranhes +(i9hi 9{/4

U | } ~ • € u ‚ ƒ u „

<he s&stem (esignates or ounts &ears +or (a&s/ )& mathing the first stemwith the first )ranh# the seon( stem with the seon( )ranh# an( so forth,2hen the en( of eah group is reahe(# that group starts o0er again, <hismeans that the ele0enth (esignation of the &le will onsist of the first stem

an( the ele0enth )ranh# the twelfth will onsist of the seon( stem with thetwelfth )ranh# the thirteenth will onsist of the thir( stem an( the first)ranh# an( so forth, Si;t& om)inations our )efore the &le repeats itself,

ere is the full &le# )eginning with 甲U +an( rea(ing left to righthori9ontall&/4

甲U 5 | 丙 } t ~ u • v € w xu y‚ zƒ 甲u 5„



丙U t| u} `~ w • x` y zu 甲‚ 5ƒ 丙u t„

uU `| w } x ~ y • z` 甲 5u 丙‚ tƒ uu `„

wU x | y } 甲 ~ 甲 • 5` 丙 tu u‚ `ƒ w u x „

yU z | 甲 } 5 ~ 丙 • t` u `u w‚ xƒ yu z„

<his s&stem is easiest to (eal with when &ears are )eing (esignate(6 sine0er& earl& times# &ears ha0e reei0e( stem-an(-)ranh (esignations# whihha0e repeate( regularl& an( without interruption e0er& !% &ears +the present&le )egan in 1M8/,

owe0erY(a&s also are (esignate( )& the stem-an(-)ranh metho(# an( this&le also repeats without en(, <o alulate what the (a& is when fae( with

a stem-an(-)ranh (esignation# the historian must resort to (ating )ooks,7n our partiular te;t# we are tol( that the fatal )an:uet ourre( on the)ing9i 丙U +i,e,# the thirteenth (esignation of the &le/ (a& of the fourthmonth, <he months were lunar in the tra(itional alen(ar +with eah month)eginning with the new moon# an( the full moon ourring in the e;atmi((le of the month# on the fifteenth/, <o keep the alen(ar roughl& in s&nwith solar &les# an 5interalar&5 month was a((e( to the alen(ar onee0er& se0eral &ears, 7t is unlear whih (a& of the fourth month )ing9i woul(ha0e )een# howe0er# )eause the stem-an(-)ranh &le (i( not s&n withthe months +i,e,# the& (i(nt start o0er e0er& time the month hange(/, 7t is

also (ou)tful that the (ifferent 'hinese states of the pre-imperial perio( alls&nhroni9e( their alen(ars to one anothers# so there is no guarantee thatan& (ate )ook woul( gi0e the right (a& in this partiular ase, 2ith theesta)lishment of the an an( *in (&nasties# howe0er# (ate )ooks werestan(ar(i9e(6 those &ou onsult after this perio( an gi0e relia)le (ata onwhen a partiular (a& ourre(,

1$,I, Remin(er4 Trammatial funtion wor(s are optional] As 7 ha0e state( anum)er of times# alwa&s e;pet funtion wor(s to (isappear from sentenes

if the onte;t woul( )e lear without them, <his is :uite often the ase with E when it marks loation, 7n our lessons te;t# we ha0e +1, M/4

ˆ專諸%IJEH&8'中)

Voca*u+ar, ints

æ+1M!-I/ ,+$%M-I/ þ+131/ ¼+I%I/ì+I!$-1/



ð+I!I/ 諸+I.$a# L11/ z+$%/ó+II./õ+1M8/

E‘+11a# L!/ ö+1./ Ž+.I/ ‘+1.I/ø+I31/

+I%-1# I# $/ ‹+I/+I!/ú+I$I/Û+$13/

ý+I8%/ [+$3I/ c+I%%/ v+11/Û+$13/s+1%/

‘+I%$/ J+$!!/ 身+$I/ 甲+13M/ 具+1%3-1/

‰+1.-I/ +$$-$/ m+I./ "+$II-1/á+1!!-I/

$+I81-1/ °+1I./ IJ+$!.a# L11/ w+1I/ (+$%!/

»+13I/ m +I$./ G+$!$/

Character Listi, ùã,伏侍ÿ3ç四室宮2êäüî戶持å月/ò空%þé親ñô門ï陳骨+$$/

ii, *困夾ë戚í'#1陛階頓+1I/

iii, &0+I/

i0, 丙)+窟!鲠+!/

Lesson 1

Assassin-Retainers: 豫讓1%

kY^\{_Bð]豫讓8&)豫讓者，ð!")~Ž&…†‡中ˆ†，BT“d‰)×

B&Š¾，Š¾a‹Œ8)‡Š¾¼ŽU， ŽU-‘謀/Š¾，/Š¾8YB

0’k9)ŽU“”Š¾，k–#+—˜)豫讓™†š中，RST›Vi士+dv者

Q，¶+hv者œ)cŠ¾dR，RŠ+npBQ，#nŠ¾，PûžyŸbiY4z

‰+¡!，°宮¢£中，¤IJ，W#*ŽU)ŽU}£，=P，HQ¢£8¡!，P

豫讓)s持:þ，RSTW+Š¾n¥iYLMW¦8，ŽURSTj§!")û¨©8

ª)ùŠ¾”TY，BkuW+n¥，öq8S!")Yƒ«×8)¬8，豫讓Ô

身+®，¯°+±，ˆ²³y„d)ˆ´Eµ，k¶y·")ˆfk¸，k¸·8，RS

T¹q豫讓‰XYRSTR‘")Yk¸+ºRST#U8»，¼½Bu&ŽU，ŽUŠ

¾¿U)¾¿U，4+“W，ÀyÁ‰XV4Â身Ã²，W#‘nŽU，y_ÄVXY豫讓RSTD`¼½u&!，B‘ÿ8，‘Åè=#&kj")ùû“+者ÆÄª)Ç“#

+ö者，,#ŸqY世8+!uÅè=#&kj者")Y

VOCABULARY /!0!#%

8$, 豫 =4 &b 4 &oÎ 4 &e È '4 &uh



<o get rea(&# to prepare6 omfort6 to )e at ease,

ere# this harater is a surname, Ra(ial 1.I +É# 5swine#5 5pig5/,

8, 讓 =4 rQng 4 "D Ê§—# yuzuru ×ずÂ 4 &angÏ '4 &euhng

1, <o (emur to# to (efer to# to gi0e in to6 to a)(iate Fthe throneG#

I, <o sol(# to )erate,

<hough this harater appears here as part of a name# it is an important an(ommon one, 7n the first meaning# this term refers to a 'onfuian 0irtue4 thea)ilit& to surren(er ones own (esires an( nee(s for the sake of others, 7tfre:uentl& refers to a ruler a)(iating his throne# espeiall& +in ertainfamous ases/ to a man more 0irtuous than himself, =eaning cI# though

:uite ommon# (oes not our in our te;ts, Ra(ial 1M +o

/,

8$a, 豫讓 =4 &b rQng 4 &o "D ×ñ+ž 4 &e &ang ÈÏ '4 &uh &euhng

?u Rang# Fa proper nameG

Name of a retainer-warrior,

8., … =4 fQn 4 han ¾¸ 4 )eom Ê '4 faahn

@an,

One of the ruling lans of ð,<his harater also )eame a fairl& ommonsurname, Ra(ial 7%+/,

8!, † =4 sh 4 shi é# uji žñ 4 ssiË '4 sih

'lan# lineage,

Ra(ial 8$ +†/,

111a, 中ˆ =4 9hDng hCng 4 hKkD ©öž®ž 4 "ung haeng ÌÍ '4 "Kng hhng

>honghang,



One of the ruling lans of ð,Note the speial pronuniation of ˆ,

83, Š =4 9h 4hi É 4"i Ë '4 "i

2ise# resoureful# le0er,

ere# this harater is the name of one of the lans of ð,Ra(ial 3I +R/,

83a, Š¾ =4 9h ) 4 hi haku ©Æ´ 4 "i )aek ËÎ '4 "i )aak

<he Earl of >hi,

rominent general an( lea(er of the Š lan,

88, ‹ =4 9Kn 4 son –¸# tattomu ¹っî² 4 "onÏ '4 "&Kn

<o respet# to honor6 respete(# honore(,

artial s&non&m4Ð +81/, Ra(ial 1 +›/,

8M, Œ =4 hJng 4 hD É§— 4 hong Ñ '4 hng

@a0or# lo0e# patronage6 to fa0or, Ra(ial % +Ò/,

M%, Ž =4 ;ing 4 " Ê§— 4 &angÏ '4 sWung

<o help# to assist6 to ahie0e# to aomplish,

<his harater appears most often as a surname or as a posthumous title forrulers an( feu(al lor(s +as is the ase here/, Ra(ial 1. +Ò/,

M%a, ŽU =4 ;ing 9[ 4 "D shi ñ+ž¤ 4 &ang "aÏŸ '4 sWung "Z

isount diang,

Lea(er of the lan an( gran(son of ÓU +from Lesson !/,

M1, =4 hCn 4 kan Í¸ 4 han Ô '4 hhn



an,

Name of a lan of ð, Like # this lan sur0i0e( the partitioning of ð an()eame an in(epen(ent state, Ra(ial 138 +Õ# “tanne( leather”/,

MI, =4 w^i 4 gi Ö 4 wi '' '4 ngaih

2ei,

Name of a lan of ð, also sur0i0e( the partition an( )eame anin(epen(ent state, Ra(ial 1M +×# “spirit”/,

M$, ‘ =4 he 4 gD ÷—# au Úž# awasu ÚÏ³ 4 hapo '4 hahp

1, <o )ring together# to unite# to fuse，

I, <o lose# to shut,

$, <o )e appropriate for# to fit in with, Ra(ial $% +Ñ/,

M, “ =4 9u 4 sai·¿# mottomo üっîü 4 hoeØ '4 "eui

=ost# -est,

<his harater is usuall& use( to in(iate the superlati0e (egree, Ra(ial 3$+R/,

M., =4 :_ 4 shitsu éš# urushi žÂ¤ 4 hil '4 ht

aint# la:uer# 0arnish6 to paint# to 0arnish,

Buil(ings an( other o)"ets were often painte( for preser0ation purposes,Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

M!, – =4 tu 4 tDト—# 9u Ù# atama Ú¹Ÿ# kōbe ®ž` 4 (uÚ '4tQuh

1, ea(, H

I, FNoun suffi;# laking set meaning,G



<his harater is ommonl& use( as a noun suffi; in more ollo:uial literar&'hinese6 it is use( in a similar wa& in mo(ern =an(arin, S&non&m +meaningc1/4 J+$!!/, Ra(ial 181 +–/,

M3, ˜ =4 : 4 ki Ö# utsuwa žÏ 4 giå '4 hei

1, essel# ontainer# utensil, H

I, 'apait&# a)ilit&,

<he seon( meaning is an a)strat (eri0ation of the first4 the usefulness orutilit& of an in(i0i(ual, Ra(ial $% +/,

M8, ™ =4 (bn 4 tonト¸# nogareru ±ëÃÂ 4 (unÛ '4 (euhn

<o flee# to a0oi(# to hi(e,

S&non&m4†+go/, Ra(ial 1!I +Ü/,

MM, › =4 "iW 4 sa·# a Ú 4 haJ '4 "W

<o sigh6 Alas]

Ra(ial $% +/,

1a, dv =4 9h_"[ 4 hiki ©8 4 "i gi Ëå '4 "_ gUi

An intimate frien( +lit,# “Fa personG who knows oneself/,

Note that the usage of the phrase here is (ifferent from its usage in Lesson 16the v is not refle;i0e )ut refers to the perspeti0e of the person who has thefrien(,

.%%, œ =4 rng 4 &DÎ—# katachi ª¹© 4 &ong¥ '4 &bhng

'ountenane# fae& e;pression6 to a(orn Fthe faeG, Ra(ial % +š/,

.%1, =4 hn 4 kon °¸# tamashii ¹Ÿ¤¢ 4 honÝ '4 wQhn



Soul# spirit,

One of the two 5souls5 e0er& human possesses6 this soul goes hea0enwar(after (eath, Ra(ial 1M +×/,

.%I, ž =4 p 4 taku4¨# haku ¾¨ 4 )aek Î '4 paak

Soul# spirit,

<his harater refers to one of the two 5souls5 e0er& human possesses6 thissoul goes into the earth after (eath,ž is a s&non&m ompoun( for 5soul,5Ra(ial 1M +×/,

.%$, Ÿ =4 ku 4 ki Ö# hajiru ÆñÂ 4 goe괴 '4 kwCih

<o feel ashame(6 to shame,

S&non&m4 Þ+I.8/, Ra(ial !1 +=/,

.%, =4 ;ng 4 shD ¤+ž# sei ·¿ 4 seong성 '4 sing

Surname# lan name,

Ra(ial $8 +¶/,

.%., ¡ =4 ;Zng 4 keiケ¿ 4 h&eong¬ '4 &hng

1, unishment# sentene6 to punish, H

I, =o(el# image# i(eal6 to pro0i(e a mo(el or e;ample for +use( for ß/

¡! thus means “on0it” or generall& an&one arr&ing out man(ator& la)oras punishment for a rime, Ra(ial 18 +:/,

.%!,¢ =4 t 4 toト# nuru àÂ 4 (o도 '4 tuh

1, <o paint# to oat in mu(6 paint# mu(H

I, Roa(# path +use( for á/,

Ra(ial $I +Ì/,



.%3, £ =4 ^ 4 shi é# kawaya ªÏÀ 4 heukâ '4 hi

ri0&# outhouse# toilet,

<his wor( is sometimes written ã,Ra(ial .$ +@/,

.%8, ¤ =4 ;iU 4 k&D Ö§—# hasamu Æ£² 4 h&eop_ '4 hihp

<o insert# to lasp un(erneath the arm,

Ra(ial ! +手/,

1Ma, =P =4 ;_n (ng 4 kokoro ugoku ®®ろžご´ 4 sim (ong심동 '4sm (uhng

<o )e suspiious# to )e uneas&,

.%M, : =4 (o 4 tDト—# katana ª¹Ò 4 (o도 '4 (Du

nife# )la(e# swor(,

Ra(ial 18 +:/,

.1%, ¥ =4 hu 4 k&K Öí—# ada Úû# kataki ª¹8 4 gu4 '4 sQuh

Enem&# foe6 hatre(# feu(,

<his harater is use( interhangea)l& with p +%8/, Ra(ial M +!/,

.11, ¦ =4 9hK 4 hK Éí— 4 "u ä '4 "&K

<o e;eute# to punish,

Ra(ial 1M +o/,

.1I, ¨ =4 "[n 4 kin Ö¸# tsutsushimu ¤² 4 geunå '4 gCn

<o )e areful# to )e onsientious,



Ra(ial 1M +o/,

.1$, « =4 sh 4 shaku éャ¨# seki ·Ö 4 seok æ '4 s_k

<o free# to release# to e;plain,

Beause this harater was use( in the sinii9ation of the Bu((has name#Shak&amuni# it also omes to mean 5Bu((ha5 or 5Bu((hist,5 Ra(ial 1!. + ç#“to (istinguish5/,

.1, =4 :[ng 4 keiケ¿# koro ®ろ 4 g&eong경 '4 kZng

<ime# inter0al of timet )rief perio( of time,

¬ +I.M/ is fre:uentl& use( in the e;pression ¬ to mean “shortl& afterwar(#”“after a while,” <he 8 here is a “(umm&” harater# inserte( for the sake ofthe rh&thm6 this use is fairl& t&pial in elapse(-time e;pressions +ompare è

8 in Lesson 1!/, Ra(ial 181 +T/,

.1., ® =4 l 4 rei é¿ 4 l&eo p '4 laih

1, Se0ere# harsh6 se0erit&# harshness,

I, Sores# ulers# )listers, H

=eaning cI +use( in this lessons te;t/ su)stitutes for the 5orret5 harater#ê, E;posure to the 0arnish (estro&s the skin, 豫讓 (oes this to gi0e himselfthe appearane of a leper or similar (isease( outast, Ra(ial I3 +ë/,

.1!, ¯ =4 tKn 4 (onド¸# nomu ±² 4 tanì '4 tn

<o swallow,

Ra(ial $% +/,

.13, ° =4 tQn 4 tan4¸# sumi ³E 4 tanì '4 taan

Ashes# haroal# l&e,

Ra(ial 8! +g/,



.18, ± =4 & 4 aア# oshi Ó¤ 4 aí '4 C

=ute# hoarse,

Ra(ial $% +/,

.1M,² =4 ;Zng 4 g&D Ö§—# kei@¢# kata ª¹# katachi ª¹© 4 h&eong¬ '4 &hng

E;ternal form# shape,

Ra(ial .M +î# “feathere( hair ornament”/,

.I%, ³ =4 9huQng 4 "D Ê§— 4 sang ì '4 "ohng

@orm# appearane# shape,

ere# ³ forms a s&non&m ompoun( with ²,Ra(ial M% +ï# “)e(#” “ouh”/,

.I1, ´ =4 :[ 4 kitsu Öš# kotsu °š# kou ®ž 4 geolð '4 ht

<o )eg6 )eggar,

Ra(ial . +5/,

.II, µ =4 sh 4 shi é# ichi ¢© 4 sia '4 sZh

=arketplae# it&6 to purhase in a marketplae,

Ra(ial .% +ñ# “loth”/,

.I$, · =4 shZ 4 shiki éÖ 4 sik ò '4 s_k

<o reogni9e# to know,

Ra(ial 1M +o/,

.I, ¸ =4 &Ju 4 &K ¡—# tomo îü 4 uó '4 &Cuh



@rien(,

Ra(ial IM +Ô/,

.I., ¹ =4 rV 4 "o Ê§# nanji Òñ# nare ÒÃ 4 &eo/ '4 &h

?ou, Fseon(person pronoun# often informal or ru(eG

Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

.I!, º =4 : 4 k&K Öí—# naku Ò´ 4 eupô '4 &p

<o weep,

Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

.I3, » =4 Ci 4 sai·¿ 4 "ae õ '4 hih

<alent# a)ilit&,

Ra(ial ! +手/,

.I8, ¼ =4 wji 4 i ¿# makasu Ÿª³# makaseru ŸªÛÂ 4 wi' '4 wCi

<o entrust# to gi0e o0er to,

Ra(ial $8 +¶/,

.IM, ½ =4 9h 4 shitsu éš 4 "il ö '4 "t

Su)stane# matter# essene6 su)stitute# pawn# hostage#

¼½ woul( mean something like ¼身# that is# “to entrust oneself,5 Ra(ial 1.

+6/

.$%, ¾ =4 "n 4 kin Ö¸# chikai ©ª¢# chikazuku ©ªず´# chikazukeru ©ª

ず@Â 4 geunå '4 gahn

'lose# near6 to approah# to )e intimate with# to treat as a frien(,



7n the last two meanings this harater is s&non&mous with 親+!-I/, Ra(ial1!I +´/,

.$1, ¿ =4 ;ng 4 kD °—# sachi £©# saiwai £¢Ï¢ 4 haengÍ '4

hahng

Too( fortune6 lukil&6 to fa0or，to treat well,

7n the last two meanings this harater is s&non&mous with Œ8M/, Ra(ial$I +Ì/,

.$I, À =4 gb 4 ko °# kaerimiru ªê7EÂ 4 go0 '4 gu

1, <o look )ak# to regar(6 to look after# to hee(,

I, But# howe0er# on the other han(,

$, ow oul(,,, +use( in rhetorial :uestions e;peting the opposite/, H

<he onrete at of looking )akwar( le( to meaning cIYwhen one makes aounterstatement# has a reser0ation# or ontra(its oneself# one is “looking)ak#” so to speak, =eaning c$# use( in our lesson te;t here# is rather rare4ÀyÁ‰# ”ow oul( FthatG not )e eas&5 Ra(ial 181 +T/,

.$$, Â =4 Cn 4 9an ÷¸# nokoru ±®Â 4 "anø '4 hQahn

<o (eimate6 to linger# to )e left )ehin(6 ruel,

Ra(ial 38 +ù/,

.$, Ã =4 kV 4 ku ¨# kurushimu ´Â¤²# kurushii ´Â¤¢# nigai äë¢

4 go0 '4 f

<o suffer# to toil6 )itter# toilsome6 to fin( )itter or (iffiult# to suffer from,

Ra(ial 1% +/,

.$., Å =4 huCi 4 kai Í¿# natsukashimu Òª¤²# futokoro Xî®ろ 4hoe Ü '4 wQaih



1, <o herish# to har)or# to long for, H

I, 'hest)osom6 to store in the fol(s of the garment o0er the hest,

Ra(ial !1 +=/,

$Ia, è= =4 r ;_n 4 nishin ä¤ 4 i sim¹심 '4 &ih sm

Pislo&al or traitorous intentions,

.$!, Æ =4 "[ 4 k&oku Ö§¨# gokuご´# kiwamaru8ÏŸÂ# kiwameru8Ïめ

Â 4 geukú '4 gihk

E;tremel&# most6 en(# further e;tent6 to get to the en( of# to fathom, Ra(ial

3. +ß/,

CO&&'()ARY

1,1, BT“d

+1, I/4 5)ut he ha( no wa& to )eome renowne(5Yliterall&# 5he (i( not ha0efame that was known,5

1-I, /Š¾8Y+1, $/4 <hough &ou might )e tempte( to rea( this as 5Afterthe& (estro&e( <he Earl of >hi ,,,#” most interpret Y here to meanheirs(esen(ants +.$-I/, <his interpretation fits in with the use of Y in line M,

1,$, 士+dv者Q，¶+hv者œ+11, -./4 5A knight (ies for one whoun(erstan(s him well# an( a woman a(orns herself for one who takespleasure in her,5 <his )eame a pro0er) in later literature, 7t is one of theearliest e;amples of the ten(en& in 'hinese rhetori to ompare therelationship of a retainer an( his lor( to that of a woman an( her lo0er or

hus)an(,

1,, û¨©8ª+1, 8/4 ere is the first use in our te;ts of the final sentenepartile ª +I1-I/# whih is sai( to )e a 5fusion5 of B`,Literall& meaning 5an(thats the en(#5 it is usuall& translate( a(0er)iall& as 5onl&5 or 5simpl&,5 ere#it woul( mean 57 will simpl& )e areful to a0oi( him,5



1,., ¬8，豫讓Ô身+®，¯°+±，ˆ²³y„d)ˆ´Eµ，k¶y·")ˆ

fk¸，k¸·8 +11, M-11/4 <he point here is that he is (isfiguring himself inor(er to make himself unreogni9a)le# an( then he tests the alteration with

his wife an( frien(s, Another 0ersion of the stor&# from the >hanguo e/]û

+in English 7ntrigues of the 2arring States/ tells it a little (ifferentl&, 7n that0ersion# ü讓 first (isfigures himself# )ut when his wife reogni9es him )& thesoun( of his 0oie# he then (rinks l&e to (isguise himself further, is frien(s#howe0er# still know him,

1,!, ¹q豫讓‰+1, 11/4 2e0e alrea(& seen the rhetoriall& omple; use of q in .,$ +57ts not the ase that,,,5/, owe0er# it is onl& in this lessons te;t thatwe see the simplest use of this negati0eYinserte( )etween d an( ? in an d?" sentene# as follows4

¹q豫讓 ) ?ou are not ?u Rang,

Note that in our lesson te;t# this sentene en(s with a :uestion partile#turning it into a rhetorial :uestion4

¹q豫讓‰ Arent &ou ?u Rang

1,3, “# e;planation sentenes4 “# was intro(ue( in 1%,$# translate( as

5the means )& whih5 +re0iew t&pial sentenes if &ou nee( to/, Beause#

an often e;press reason as well as metho( or instrument# “# an alsomean 5the reason wh&#” an( it an )e plae( in the first phrase of two-phrasee;planation sentenes, <his pratie is often use( to make 者" e;planationsentenes +3,./ more lear, =oreo0er# the seon( lause often has are(un(ant o0er) # +or sometimes +/ a((e(# simpl& to emphasi9e thestruture, 7n the following e;amples# see how the pratie sentenes from 3,.an )e hange(4

ÓUýþ者，ÿ(盧8o") ÓU+8/“#ýþ者，X#/ÿ(盧8o") <hereason wh& isount ian of >hao (is)an(e( the arm& was )eause he

listene( to Tong Lus wor(s,

u+jm忠者，jà8") u+8/“#+jm忠者，+#/jà8") <he reason wh&the minister e;hauste( his lo&alt& to the fullest for his ruler was )eause theruler lo0e( him,



(盧’¶者，yd選桑") (盧+8/“#’¶者，X#/yd選桑") <he reason wh&Tong Lu o)taine( a wife was )eause he (i(nt know how to selet mul)err&lea0es,

孔UÒ破ÒB耕者，y受7E(") 孔U+8/“#Ò破ÒB耕者，X#/y受7E(")

<he reason wh& 'onfuius wore tattere( lothes an( plowe( was )eause he(i(nt aept a town from the (uke,

=(舉þB¼者，jyÐ8") =(+8/“#舉þB¼者，X#/jyÐ8")

<he reason wh& Puke uan raise( troops an( attake( Lu was )eause theruler of Lu (i( not respet him, ?ou shoul( now )e a)le to rea( the omple;last sentene of the Lesson 1 te;t] But if &ou nee( some help# tr& to (i0i(e itlike this4

Ç“#+ö者，But the reason wh& 7 am (oing this

,#Ÿ is )eause )& means of this 7 will shame

qY世8 the-in-the-worl(-later-generation-

+!u )eome-other-peoples-su)"etsministers Fan( &etG

Åè= har)or-(islo&al-intentions-

#&kj者") an(-)&-means-+of that/-ser0e-their-rulers people,

Voca*u+ar, ints

{+$%1/ _+I!1/ ð+I!I/ &+3!-I/ ‡+IM!-I q IM!-$/

‰+18%/ ¾+I!%-I/ a+$3/ ¼+I%I/

/+38/ ’+!$1/ 9+$./ ”+./ —+113/

†+M%/h+%I-I/Š+$%$/p+%8/ b+I!!/

z+$%/ °+1I./ 宮+.M/ IJ+$!.a# L11/ }+1IM-I/

H+$!/ Q+$3%/ s+1%/ 持+!8/ þ+131/

Character List

i, :¡®¸‘›˜¢œ‹¿²Å»ŠÆ¹ºÃ¦·½¾–À +I3/

ii, ¼ŒµŸ¤“†Â³…Ž¨讓豫«+13/

iii, ¥´¯™+!/



i0, ±°£ž+/

Lesson 1

Assassin-Retainers:豫讓2%D×，8，ŽU…-，豫讓伏E“…過8橋q)ŽU至橋，馬驚)ŽURSTöŠ‘豫

讓"iYˆ!Q8，果豫讓")E‘ŽU4數豫讓RSTUyŽ&…中ˆ†VXŠ¾m/

8，BUy+np，B反¼½，uEŠ¾)Š¾_`Qb，BU獨V#+8np8深

"XY豫讓RSTu&…中ˆ†，…中ˆ†m眾!遇R，R~眾!n8)至EŠ¾，]士

遇R，R~]士n8)YŽU喟Ç歎息BºRST›V豫UiU8+Š¾，‰D成b，B

寡!赦U_`áb)Uk‰+計i寡!y<«U)Yˆþì8)豫讓RSTuÞ明主y掩

!8美，B忠u]Q‰8§)(j`寬赦u，qNy稱j8S)c<8&，u伏¦)

Ç!請j8ÒB"8#，#„np8$，PúQy%)q“O&")O''=)YE‘Ž

U\§8，4ˆˆ持Ò-豫讓)豫讓(b0)B"8，RSTû„#qnŠ¾biY6

伏b‰ÿ)Q8<，]t士Þ8，m+*º)

VOCABULARY !0#2%

.$3, 橋 =4 :iCo 4 k&D Ö§—# hashi Æ¤ 4 g&o+ '4 kuh

Bri(ge,

Ra(ial 3. +ß/,

.$8, 驚 =4 "_ng 4 k&D Ö§—# keiケ¿# odoroku ÓQろ´# odorokasu ÓQろª

³ 4 g&eong경 '4 g_ng

Startle(# surprise(6 to startle,

Ra(ial 183 +馬/,

.$M, 數 =4 shV +1/6 shb +I/6 shu +$/6 b +/ 4 sK,—# shibashiba ¤º¤º#semeru ÛめÂ 4 sak-# su ô# hok. '4 su+1/6 sou+I/6 sok+$/6 hKk+/

1, <o num)er# to ount6 to )erate# to sol(, H

I, Se0eral6 num)er# :uantit&,

$, Se0eral times,

, Small-meshe( +(esri)es fishing nets/,



Note the three (ifferent pronuniations in =an(arin for the (ifferent parts ofspeeh4 a 0er) +originall& meaning “to ount” )ut )& e;tension meaning “to)erate#” “to sol(#”Ythe i(ea )eing that the sol(er is 5ounting up5 thewrong(oings of the person he is a((ressing/6 an a("eti0e or noun6 an( ana(0er), =eaning c is a rare usage# )ut it will our in Lesson I$, Ra(ial !!

+//,

.%, 深 =4 shWn 4 shin é¸# fukui Xª¢# fukameru XªめÂ# f ukamaru Xª

ŸÂ 4 sim심 '4 sm

Peep# profoun(6 (eepl&6 to sink,

Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

.1, 眾 =4 9hng 4 shu éí# shK éí— 4 "ung Ì '4 "ung

'row(# multitu(e# masses,

<his harater is written a num)er of wa&s# 0 )eing the ne;t most ommon,Ra(ial 1II +f/,

.1a, 眾! =4 9hng rUn 4 shK"in ¤öžñ 4 "ung in Ì1 '4 "ung &Qhn

=e(iore person# or(inar& person6 ommoners# the masses,

.I, 遇 =4 &b 4 gK#—# gu## ashirau Ú¤«ž# au Úž 4 uó '4 &uh

1, <o treat& to )eha0e towar(, H

I, <o enounter# to meet,

=eaning cI# though :uite ommon# (oes not our in our te;ts, Ra(ial 1!I+´/,

11a, 至E =4 9h& 4 ni itari ä¢¹7 4 "i eoË2 '4 "i &K

As forX# when it omes to,,,,



.3a, ]士 =4 gu sh 4 kokushi ®´¤ 4 guk sa3- '4 gwok sih

A knight renowne( throughout the state,

.$, 喟 =4 ku 4 ki Ö 4 wi' '4 wCi

Peepl& +use( to (esri)e sighing/,

Ra(ial $% +/,

., 歎 =4 tQn 4 tan4¸# nageku Òげ´ 4 tanì '4 taan

<o sigh,

?ou ma& also fin( this harater written 4,Ra(ial 3! +/# “laking”/,

.., 息 =4 ;_ 4 soku –¨# iki ¢8# ikimu ¢8²# ikou ¢®ž 4 sikò '4s_k

1, <o sigh# to )reathe6 )reath, H

I, <o rest# to ease,

ere# the harater forms a s&non&m ompoun( with 歎,Ra(ial !1 +=/,

.!, 寡 =4 gu 4 ka Í 4 gwa5 '4 gwC

1, Rare# few# sare,

I, Orphan# wi(ow,

Ra(ial % +Ò/,

.!a, 寡! =4 gu rUn 4 ka"in ªñ 4 gwa in51 '4 gwC &Qhn

F@irst person pronoun use( onl& )& rulers,G

<hough earl& ommentators (isagree on this term\s origins# it pro)a)l&means “the orphane( one” +i,e,# the ruler has a right to the throne )eause ofthe (eath of his father/, Others assert that it is an a))re0iation of 寡68!#“1# of few 0irtues”Ythat is# that it is a polite# self-effaing term,



.3, 赦 =4 sh^ 4 sha éャ# yurusu ×Â³ 4 sa- '4 se

<o par(on# to forgi0e,

Ra(ial !! +7/,

.8, 明 =4 mZng 4 mei à¿# m&D8§—# akarui ÚªÂ¢, akiraka Ú8«ª

4 m&eong9 '4 mhng

1, Bright# shining,

I, <o un(erstan(# to larif&,

$, 2ise# enlightene(6 to )e enlightene(, H

, 'lear6 lear e&esight,

., Eminent# famous# high-:ualit&,

Although this harater is use( in a 0er& )roa( range of meanings# all of themeanings are more or less relate( to a sense of )rightness or )rilliane,Ra(ial 3I +</,

.M, 主 =4 9hV 4 shu éí# shK éí—# nushi à¤ 4 "uä '4 "&

Ruler# master6 host,

Ra(ial $ +:/,

..%, 掩 =4 &n 4 en Ù¸# ōu ÓÓž 4 eom; '4 &Zm

<o o0er# to oneal# to wipe,

Ra(ial ! +手/,

..1, 美 =4 mji 4 )i<# utsukushii ž´¤¢ 4 mi= '4 mUih

Beaut&6 )eautiful6 goo( points# assets,

Ra(ial 1I$ +&/,



..I, 寬 =4 kun 4 kan Í¸# hiroi õろ¢ 4 gwanF '4 fKn

=agnanimous# tolerant,

Ra(ial % +Ò/,

$!8a, Ny =4 m )b 4 +no set ren(ering/ 4 mak )u ý> '4 mohk )t

E0er&one +lit,# “no one not”/,

<his phrase is a (ou)le negati0e# somewhat more emphati than m+I./,'ompare it also to m +I$./,

..$, 稱 =4 hWng +1-I/6 h^n +$/ 4 shD é§—# tonaeru îÒêÂ# tataeru ¹

¹êÂ 4 hing? '4 h_ng +1-I/6 hing +$/

1, <o praise6 to name# to term, H

I, <o weigh,

$, Suita)le# agreea)le6 to fit# to fin( FsomethingG suita)le# to please,

Ra(ial 11. +/,

.., ! =4 &uQn 4 gan(¸# negauねëž# negaiねë¢ 4 wonA '4&uhn

<o )e willing,

<his harater is use( most often as a polite re:uest wor( +“7 am willing to (othat” or “7 am willing for &ou to (o that”/# similar to 請+1-1/, +7t is pro)a)l&use( with 請 in a s&non&m ompoun( here,/ Ra(ial 181 +T/,

..., " =4 "_ 4 geki@Ö# utsu ž 4 g&eokA '4 g_k

<o hit# to strike# to )eat,

Ra(ial ! +手/,



..!, $ =4 & 4 i ¿ 4 uiB '4 &i

<houghts\ intentions# will6 i(ea# signifiane,

Ra(ial !1 +=/,

..3, % =4 h^n 4 kon °¸# uramu ž«²# urami ž«E 4 hanÔ '4 hahn

Resentment# hatre(6 to hate# to resent,

artial s&non&ms4 ” +./# C +$%3/, Ra(ial !1 +=/,

..8, ' =4 )b 4 ho q# fu h# nuno à±# hiku õ´ 4 poD '4 )ou

'loth6 to unroll# to sprea(6 to relate# to tell <he meaning “to relate” (eri0es figurati0el& from the image of a loth )eing

sprea( out, Ra(ial .% +ñ/,

3$a, '= =4 fb ;_n 4 fokushin X´¤ 4 )ok sim Y심 '4 fKk sm

7nnermost feelings an( thoughts +lit,# “)ell& an( heart”/,

..M, ( =4 )C 4 )atsu ùš# nuku à´ 4 )alG '4 )aht

<o pull up or out# to resue# to (raw Fa swor(G,

Ra(ial ! +手/,

.!%, b =4 "iQn 4 kenケ¸# tsurugi ÂE 4 geomF '4 gim

<wo-e(ge( swor(,

<his harater is pro)a)l& the most ommon wor( in literar& 'hinese for aswor(, Ra(ial 18 +:/,

.!1, ) =4 &u^ 4 &aku2¨# odoru ÓQÂ 4 &ak약 '4 &euhk

<o leap# to "ump,



Ra(ial 1.3 +á/,

.!I, * =4 t 4 i ¿# tei¶¿# hanashiru ÆÒ¤Â 4 heG '4 tai

<o weep6 tears,

<ehniall&# this harater represents muus flowing from the nose# )ut foro)0ious reasons 0er& few English translators ren(er it literall&, Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

CO&&'()ARY

1.,1, “…過8橋q+l, 1/4 Note the fairl& ompliate( mo(ifiers here4 5un(er the)ri(ge that he Fthe 0isountG shoul( )e rossing,5 “ pree(es )oth the 0er)過 an( the a(0er) …,

1.,I, BU獨V#+8np8深"+l, /4 <his sentene is in0erte( for the sake ofemphasis# muh like those (isusse( in 3,I +the less emphati 0ersion woul()e BU獨V#+8深np/, Literall&# it rea(s4 “)ut &ou aloneYwh& the (epth offor his sake taking re0enge on his enem&5Ythat is# 5wh& are &ou aloneFtr&ing toG take re0enge for his sake so seriousl&5

1.,$, …中ˆ†m眾!遇R+l, ./4 眾! is use( a(0er)iall& here to (esri)e the

manner of treatment +遇6 ompare 1I,M/4 “treate( me as an or(inar& person,57n the ne;t sentene#]士 is use( the same wa&,

1.,, 喟Ç歎H+l, !/4 Note the (istinti0e use of Ç+I$1-$/ here, Ç often turnsan a("eti0e that pree(es it into an a(0er) +“in an d manner#5 “d-l&”/6howe0er# sometimes it is merel& a((e( to e;pan( the a("eti0e to twos&lla)les for the sake of rh&thmYso (ont make this usage into a uni0ersalrule,

1.-., U8+Š¾，‰D成b+l, 3/4 + is use( here as a 0er)# 5to at on )ehalf of”+ompare 1I,/6 the first phrase is nominali9e( as a topi for the seon( halfof the sentene4 “FAs forG &our ating on )ehalf of the Earl of >hi# &ourreputation was alrea(& omplete5Yin other wor(s# 5&our earlier attempt toassassinate me shoul( ha0e )een enough to guarantee &ou respet Fan( so 7annot ontinue to forgi0e &ouG,5



1.-!,Uk‰+計+1, 3/4 5?ou shoul( make plans for &ourself,5 Note the use ofthe a(0er) ‰ here with the o0er) +ompare 1I,/# an( the mil( imperati0euse of k +ompare 11,!/, <he meaning here is 5prepare to (ie,5

1.,3, uÞ,,,+l, 8/4 As in Lesson # here the e;pression 57 ha0e hear(X”intro(ues a general pro0er) or aphorism,

1.-8, Ç!請j8ÒB"8#+l,1%/4 7t is a little unusual for a sentene to ha0e 8 an( # onseuti0el&6 here#8 refers to the ro)e# an( # mostl& likel& means5in this plae,5

1.-M,û„#qnŠ¾b+l, 1I/4 <hough the general meaning of this phrase islear# the speifis ma& )e open to interpretation, <he „# is likel& to )e(oing (ou)le (ut& here# as at the en( of Lesson 8 +ompare 8,/Y57 an )&means of this ,,,,,” q poses some pro)lems6 in the 0ersion in the >hanguo e#this harater is missing altogether# lea0ing û„#nŠ¾b# whih :uite easil&oul( )e taken as 57 an in this wa& a0enge the Earl of >hi,5 7f we aept theq# howe0er# we ma& take it +as some ha0e/ to refer to going to the`n(erworl( after (eath an( then take n to mean 5to report to5Ythis woul(ren(er the phrase as 57 an in this wa& report (own )elow to the Earl of >hi,5

Suh a rea(ing must remain somewhat tentati0e,

Voca*u+ar, ints

…+183-I an( 183-$/ 伏+..-1 an( ..-I/ Š+$%$/ Q+$3%/

果+I88/E‘+11a# L!/ …+8./ 中ˆ+111a# L1/

†+8!/ 反+!8-$/ ¼+.I8/ ½+.IM/

b+I!!/ 獨+II8/ V#+18a# L1%/ m+.I%/

Ç+I$1-I an( I$1-$/ º+.I!/ ‰+18%/成+33/

k+3$-I/計+1I8/ «+.1$/ þ+131/

忠+MM/(+$%!/<+11%/+$I8-1/

¦+.11/„+1I/n+I!-$/ú+I$I/



O+13./&+18I/t+I1$/

Voca*u+ar, List

i,主b寡'息$"數明歎深稱眾美遇!驚 +73/

ii,寬%(掩橋*)+3/

iii 赦+7/

i0 ,喟+7/

Lesson 1#

Assassin-Retainers: 聶政1%

kY四\{_BI]聶政8&)聶政者，I深JK!")ÿ!©¥，-ýL}.，#M+&)è8，NOPƒU&Q，-ÕRS]T)PƒUU¦，”×V，‘!„#nR

S者，至.).!Wo聶政$O士"，©¥XEM者8Y)PƒU至門請，數反，ÇY具

酒‰Z聶政ý()酒"，PƒU[\cZ]，(+聶政ý^)聶政驚_k`，aPƒU)

PƒUw，B聶政aRSTu¿]þý)家b，客V#+cM，„#d²’甘e#親)

親fg，yO…ƒU8h)YPƒUi!，æ+聶政oRSTu]¥，BˆV諸眾b)

Ç 至.，jÞáq§ak，~wZc者，,l+\!mn8o，’#páq8q)rO

#]‘&‰XY聶政RSTu“#stt身¬µJM者，.¿#þý)þýu，政身u

O#>!")YPƒU讓，聶政vy‡受")ÇPƒUƒgw主8xB×)

Voca*u+ar, #!-#.%

.!$, I =4 9h[ 4 shi é 4 "i Ë '4 "Z

>hi,Fa plae-nameG

Name of a town in , Ra(ial 1.M +y/,

.!, 聶 =4 ni^ 4 "D Ê§— 4 seopz '4 nihp

Nie, Fa surnameG

Ra(ial 1I8 +ª/,

.!., 政 =4 9h^ng 4 sei ·¿# shD é§—# matsurigoto Ÿ7ごî 4 "eong{ '4 "ing



To0ernment# a(ministration# management,

ere# this harater is a personal name, Ra(ial !! +//,

.!a, 聶政 =4 ni^ 9h^ng 4 "D sei ñ+žÛ¢ 4 seop "eongz{ '4 nihp "ing

Nie >heng +name of an assassin-retainer/,

.!!, J =4 "[ng 4 shD é§—# sei ·¿# i ¢ 4 "eong{ '4 "Ung

2ell +for (rawing water/6 0illage# 0illage enter,

Ra(ial 3 +è/,

., 深J =4 shWn "[ng 4 shinsei ¤Û¢ 4 sim "eong심{ '4 sm "Ung

Peepwell +name of a town/,

.!3, L =4 9[ 4 shi é# ane Úね 4 "eo| '4 "U# "Z

El(er sister,

Ra(ial $8 +¶/,

.!8, M =4 t 4 toト# hofuruÆXÂ 4 (o도 '4 tuh

Buther6 to kill# to )uther# to put to the swor(,

Buther& was onsi(ere( an 5unlean5 oupation in earl& 'hina an( hene#(isgraeful, <his attitu(e strengthene( after the arri0al of Bu((hism, Ra(ial +?/,

.!M, è =4 "iV 4 k&K Öí—# hisashii õ£¤¢# hisashiku õ£¤´ 4 gu4 '4 gCu

Long time# for a long time,



Note the use of a 5(umm&5 8 +ompare ¬8# Lesson 1# line M/, Ra(ial +}/,

.3%, N =4 p 4 )oku ú¨ 4 )ak Y '4 )uhk

<he u Ri0er,

Loate( in mo(ern enan ~", Ra(ial 8. +œ/

.31, O =4 &Cng 4 &DÎ— 4 &angÏ '4 &^uhng

<he &ang priniple +as oppose( to FI3G/6 sunlight# the sunlit si(e ofsomething,

?ou will fin( thatO is often use( with the name of a ri0er to in(iate thename of a town, Beause 'hina is loate( in the northern hemisphere#sunlight falls from the south (iretl& onto the northern )anks of ri0ers# so O isuse( to in(iate the northern )ank, +2ith mountains# the opposite is true4 O is use( for the southern si(e of a mountain# for the northern/,'onse:uentl&# a town name like •O means 5the northern )ank of the uRi0er,5 Ra(ial 13% +Í/,

.3%a, NO =4 p &Cng 4 )oku&D Ç´よž 4 )ak &ang YÏ '4 )uhk

&^uhng

u&ang, Fa plae-nameG

A town loate( in the state of €+I3/,

.3I, P =4 &Cn 4 gon ÷¸# gen@¸# ikameshii ¢ªめ¤¢# kibishii8ó¤¢

4 eom; '4 &hm

Strit# se0ere6 solemn# ma"esti,

ere# this harater is a surname, Ra(ial $% +/,

.3Ia, PƒU =4 &Cn 9hng 9[ 4 gen hKshiげ©ö¤ 4 eom "ung "a;Ì

Ÿ '4 &hm "uhng "Z

?an >hong9i +a politiian from€ who ser0e( the state of /



ƒU was his “polite” name# an( it ma& ha0e in(iate( his kinship positionwithin his lan6 his personal name was 6,

.3$, Q =4 i 4 aiア¿# aware ÚÏÃ# awaremu ÚÏÃ²# awareppoi ÚÏÃっ

¢ 4 ae‚ '4 Di

<o grie0e# to mourn# to lament# to pit&6 sorrowful# lamenta)le,

Ra(ial $% +Ñ/,

.3$a, Q =4 i hu 4 ai kD Ú¢®ž 4 ae hu‚> '4 Di hauh

=ar:uis Ai +of /

Sholars agree that the 史記 has ma(e a mistake here# an( that the e0ents(esri)e( atuall& ourre( (uring the reign of this rulers gran(father#=ar:uis Lie 列+r, $MM-$83 B,',E,/

.3, R =4 ;iC 4 k&D Ö§— 4 h&eop _ '4 hahp

eroi# hi0alrous,

ere#R is a surname, <his harater +whih (oes not our in its regularmeaning in our te;ts/ usuall& (esri)es a foreful# ph&siall& strong man

traine( in the use of weapons who goes a)o0e the law to right wrongs,Sometimes 0iewe( fa0ora)l&# suh men were also often seen as 0igilantes or)ullies, <he 史記 (e(iates a olleti0e )iograph& to them, Ra(ial M +!/,

.3., S =4 lî 4 ruiƒ¿ 4 lu„ '4 leuih

<rou)le# in0ol0ement6 to pile up# to aumulate6 aumulate(6 to )ur(en# towear&,

ere# this harater is a personal name, Ra(ial 1I% +3/,

.3a, RS =4 ;iC lî 4 k&D rui8+žÂ¢ 4 h&eop lu _„ '4 haahplûih

dia Lei +a minister of the state/



S was his “polite” name6 his personal name was Tu_ …,

.3!, T =4 ; 4 geki@Ö 4 geuk ú '4 gw_k

'rak# fissure6 gru(ge，:uarrel# enmit&# feu(,

Ra(ial 13% +Í/,

.33, U =4 kJng 4 k&D Ö§—# osoreru ÓÃÂ 4 gong '4 hng

<o fear6 fear,

Ra(ial !1 +=/,

.38, V =4 &u 4 &K ¡—# asobu ÚÁ# oyogu ÓよÊ 4 &uÔ '4 &Quh

<o pla&# to stroll# to wan(er6 to swim,

7n all e;ept the last meaning# this harater is use( interhangea)l& with †I83/, Ra(ial 8.+œ/,

.3M, W =4 hu 4 aru ÚÂ 4 hok‡ '4 waahk

1, Someone# some)o(&# some people, H

I, Sometimes,

Like N+$!8-1/# this harater is use( like an a(0er)6 it is often pree(e( )& asu)"et that e;presses the larger group4LMWd8# “Some of theretainerssomeone among the retainers knew it”6(W¼.# “Some of the(ukessomeone among the (ukes attake( *i56 þWWÿ8# “Some of thesol(ierssomeone among the sol(iers wante( to kill him,5

Ra(ial !I +½/,

.8%, X =4 &[n 4 in ¿¸# onË¸# kakusu ª´³# kakureru ª´ÃÂ# komoru

®üÂ 4 eun '4 &Cn

1, <o hi(e# to oneal6 hi((en# o)sure, H

I, <o )e paine( )&# to )e upset )&,



Po not onfuse this harater with +I3/# though the meanings of the twoharaters (o o0erlap, =eaning cI +enountere( in Lesson I./ is rare,Ra(ial 13% +Í/,

.81, Y =4 "in +1/6 ;iCn +I/ 4 kan Í¸# aida Ú¢û# ma Ÿ 4 gan‰ +1/6han Ô +I/ '4 gan+1/# hQahn+I/

1, =i((le# mi(st, H

I, Leisurel&# alm# i(le6 on 0aation,

7n meaning c1# this harater is a 0er& ommon su)stitute for Š +II1/,Ra(ial 1!M +門/,

I$1a, ÇY =4 rCn hu 4 shikarunochi ¤ªÂ±© 4 &eon huB> '4 &hnhauh

Onl& then,

Literall&# “it )eing thus# afterwar(,” S&non&m4 BY+$.a/,

.8I, \ =4 huCng 4 kD °—# DË—# ki8 4 hwang‹ '4 whng

?ellow,

Ra(ial I%1 +\/,

.8$, c =4 "_n 4 kin Ö¸# kon °¸# kane ªね 4 geumŒ '4 gm

1, =etal

I, reious metal +usuall& gol( or sil0er/, H

Sine this haraters meanings an )e 0er& )roa(#\c# “&ellow metal#” is

sometimes use( to speif& “gol(,” Sometimes the harater is use( with anum)er to represent some :uantit& of gol( or sil0er +ompare Zc# whihappears later in this lessons te;t/, Ra(ial 1!3 +c/,

.8, ] =4 & 4 itsu ¿š 4 il '4 &aht



?i +measurement of monetar& weight/,

Tenerall& onsi(ere( to )e e:ual to I% or I ÿ+!-I/, Ra(ial 1!3 +c/,

.8., ^ =4 shu 4 su,# "u Êí# kotobuku ®îÁ´# kotobuki ®îÁ8 4su ô '4 sauh

Long life6 to toast FsomeoneG# to gi0e a present to6 a present,

Sine this harater is a general term for “long life#” the other meanings arerelate( to it4 one toasts someone in or(er to wish her or him long life6 onegi0es a present in or(er to ongratulate someone on her or his long life,PƒU is tr&ing to make 聶政 feel o)ligate( to him )& e0oking his filial feelings6 apresent gi0en to his mother woul( ha0e more impat on 政 than woul( apresent gi0en (iretl& to him, Ra(ial $$ +士/,

.8!, _ =4 guQi 4 keケ# kai Í¿# ayashimu ÚÀ¤²# ayashii ÚÀ¤¢ 4goe괴 '4 gwaai

Strange# weir(6 to fin( strange,

<his harater is often use( in the same wa& as Ž +$I/# although _ fre:uentl& stress something unpleasant or unusuall& suspiious, Ra(ial !1+=/,

.83, a =4 ;i^ 4 sha éャ# ayamaru ÚÀŸÂ 4 sa- '4"eh

1, <o apologi9e,

I, <o refuse, H

$, <o sa& farewell to6 to fa(e# to wither +(esri)es plants# espeiall& flowers/,olite literar& 0oa)ular& often has o0erlapping meanings, <his haratersmeanings pro)a)l& (eri0e( from “to apologi9e”6 thus# 5refuse5 means 57msorr& 7 ant aept that” an( “to sa& farewell” means 57m sorr& 7 ha0e to go,5

<here is a onsi(era)le o0erlap of this harater an( {+$1!/, Ra(ial 1M +o/,

.88, b =4 pZn 4 hin ð¸# )in<¸# mazushii Ÿず¤¢ 4 )in '4 pQhn

oor# in(igent,



Ra(ial 1. +6/,

.8M, c =4 gJu 4 ku ¨# inu ¢à 4 gu4 '4 gCu

Pog,

Although this harater is the most ommon one in mo(ern =an(arin for“(og#” literar& 'hinese also fre:uentl& uses Õ+3../, Ra(ial M +Õ/,

.M%, d =4 (Qn 4 tan4¸ 4 (an è '4 (aan

Pawn,

Notie the o)0ious 0isual ontent of this harater the sun oming up o0er

the hori9on, Ra(ial 3I+</,

.M1, ² =4 ;_ 4 seki ·Ö# yũ ×ž# yūbe²` 4 seokæ '4 "ihk

E0ening,

Ra(ial $! +²/,

.MI,e =4 u 4 9ei¿ 4 hwi‘ '4 heui1, fu99# fur,

I, 'risp6 risp&, H

7n meaning cI# e is a su)stitute for the “proper” harater# ’,Ra(ial 8I +“#“hair”/,

IM1a, 甘e =4 gn ui 4 kan9ei ª”¢ 4 gam hwi‘ '4 gm heui

@ine# (eliious foo(,

Literar& 'hinese often takes a("eti0es that (esri)e :ualities of a thing an(uses them as poeti su)stitutes for the thing itself, ene# 5sweet an( risp&5means “goo( foo(,5



.M$, f =4 gng 4 k&D Ö§—# ku ¨# gu## sonaeru ÒêÂ 4 gong '4 gKng

<o suppl&,

Ra(ial M +!/,

.M, g =4 )^i 4 )i<# sonawaru ÒÏÂ# sonaeru ÒêÂ 4 )iò '4)eih

<o suppl& ompletel&# to )e prepare(6 thorough# omplete,

Ra(ial M +!/,

.M.,i =4 ) +1/6 p +I-/ 4 hi ð# heki 6Ö# yokeruよ@Â# sakeru £@Â#hiraku õ«´ 4 )&eokj '4 )eih+1/6 p_k+I-/

1, <o a0oi(# to shun# to sen( awa&# to (ismiss, H

I, <o open up6 to e;pan(,

$, Pissolute F)eha0iorG,

, Eentri# stu))orn# one-si(e(# per0erse,

<his harater is use( with a wi(e 0ariet& of meanings# sometimes as a

simplifie( 0ersion of haraters with a((e( ra(ials, 7n meaning c1 +use( inour lesson te;t/# i is a simplifiation of ©+$IM/,7n this onte;t# PƒU sen(sawa& his ser0ants an( others on the sene so that he an talk more pri0atel&with 聶政,Ra(ial 1!% +x/,

1!!a, áq =4 9 ;iQ 4 sokuka ´ª 4 "ok ha–R '4 "Kk hah

?ou +polite/,

<his phrase is more polite in fla0or than U +IM-$/, 7t (eri0es its sense from

the i(ea that on is so hum)le in the presene of a superior that one annota((ress the person oneself# )u one an onl& a((ress the plae 5un(er hisfeet,5

.M!, l =4 &ng 4 &DÎ—# mochiiru ü©¢Â 4 &ong¥ '4 &uhng



<o use6 to )e useful6 use# purpose,

Ra(ial 1%1 +l/,

1%.a, \! =4 (Q rUn 4 tai"in ¹¢ñ 4 (ae in—1 '4 (aaih &Qhn

1, @ather# mother# parents +polite/,H

I, A superior or great person6 a person of great moralit&,

.M3, m =4 K 4 so – 4 hu˜ '4 hDu

'oarse# rough +in manners/# unpolishe(,

'onsisting of three “(eer#” haraters# this harater# at $$ strokes# has themost strokes of an& ommonl& use( 'hinese harater, ™+1I%M/ is oftensu)stitute( for it, Ra(ial 1M +š# 5(eer5/,

.M8, n =4 l 4rei é¿ 4 l&eo p '4 laih

`npolishe( rie,

mn is use( here )& PƒU to emphasi9e his humilit&6 he is suggesting thathis monetar& gift is so insignifiant that it an onl& purhase oarse foo(,

Ra(ial 11M +›# 5rie5/,

.MM, o =4 f^i 4 hi ð# tsuiyasu ¢À³ 4 )irUn '4 fai

E;pense# prie# ost6 to waste,

Ra(ial 1. +6/,

!oo,p =4 "io 4 kD °—# majiwaru ŸñÏÂ# majiru ŸñÂ 4 g&o+ '4gau

1, @rien(ship# assoiation6 to "oin# to form Ffrien(shipG# to interhange, H

I, =utuall&,

$, <o meet# to lash,



S&non&m +meaning cI/4 Õ+I!-1/, Ra(ial 8

!%1, q =4 hun 4 kan Í¸# yorokobiよろ®ó# yorokobuよろ®Á 4 hwanœ '4 fKn

Pelight# "o& +o)taine( from frien(ship or se;ual relations/,

<his harater is a 0ariant of the more ommonl& appearing , Ra(ial 183+馬/,

!%I, r =4 :[ 4 kai Í¿# gai(¿ 4 gi å '4 hUi

ow,,,# how oul(,,,,

<his harater is use( for rhetorial :uestions when a negati0e answer ise;pete(, Note that this is opposite of the so-alle( mo(al k intro(ue( inLesson 11 +see 11,!/# whih antiipates a positi0e answer when use( in a:uestion, Ra(ial 1.1 +ž# 5)ean5/,

!%$, s =4 ;iCng +1/6 "iQng +I/ 4 kD °—# furu XÂ# oriru Ó7Â 4 hangŸ +1/6 gang강 +I/ '4 hhng +1/6 gong +I/

1, <o surren(er# to make surren(er# to suppress, H

I, <o (esen(# to fall,

=eaning cI# though ommon# (oes not our in our te;ts, Ra(ial 13% +Í/,

.IIa, µJ =4 sh "[ng 4 shisei ¤Û¢ 4 si "eong a{ '4 sZh "Ung

=arket# 0illage,

<his ompoun( an also appear asJµ,

!%, v =4 "ng 4 k&D Ö§—# owaru ÓÏÂ# owari ÓÏ7 4 g&eong경 '4gZng

1, <o en(# to onlu(e6 finall&, H

I, Bor(er# frontier# (emaration +use( for hF$38G/,



S&non&ms +meaning c1/4 +$1/#ƒ+ I!M-1/, Ra(ial 113 +/,

!%., w =4 )_n 4 hin ð¸ 4 )in '4 )n

Tuest,

Ra(ial % +6/,

Commentar,

1!,1, !„#nRS者+l, $/4 An e;ample of the partiti0e pattern +$,I/# e:ui0alentto !8„#nRS者, <he use of ! here ma& seem re(un(ant# )ut !

8,,,partiti0es are fairl& ommon in sentenes where people with ertain(istinti0e :ualities are )eing sought or (efine(,

1!,I, yO…ƒU8h+ll, 3-8/4 Note the 0er)al usage of … here6 the onte;tsuggests it must )e interprete( as “aept” or “onsi(er oneself worth& of,5

1!,$, BˆV諸眾b+l, 8/4 <he use of 眾 here is peuliar# an( it ma& ha0eslippe( into the te;t through a op&ing error, owe0er# perhaps it is use(here a(0er)iall& to mean 5man& times54 5An( 7 ha0e tra0ele( among thefeu(al lor(s man& times,5

1!,, u“#stt身¬µJM者，.¿#þý+l, 8/4 A goo( e;ample of thee;planation sentene (isusse( in 1,3, . is fre:uentl& use( in suhsentenes at the )eginning of the seon( lause# to stress the onl& reason forsomething, ¿ is emplo&e(# as it is throughout )& 聶政# to e;press the filialsentiment that he is luk& to ha0e a mother who is still li0ing,

1!,., 政身uO#>!"+l, 11/4 Notie 聶政 using his own as a personal term of

a((ress +onsult 1I,$/, 聶政 is the first person in our te;ts to (o so,

1!,!, gw主8x+1, 1I/4 5repare( thoroughl& the rites of guest an(host5that is# prepare( a polite )an:uet for 聶政,



Voca*u+ar, ints

{+$%1/ K+I$8-I/ ¥+.1%/ ý+I8%/ }+1IM-I/

Õ+I!-I/ $+$8/ O+13./ ©+$IM/ 請+1-I/

數+.$M-$/ Z+11!/ (+$%!/ [+IM1-1/ Z+3./

驚+.$8/ `+M./+$I8-I/w+1I/ ¿+.$1/

客+IM/ +I8/ 親+!-1/ h+1.M/ j+I3!-$/

a+$3/ k+MI/&+18I/ 至+I1$/t+$81/

¬+I.M-1/ .+$$3-1/ u+3M/u+$%I/ >+$.3/

讓+8-1/ ‡+II/ 受+13/ x+M8/

Voca*u+ar, List

i, èJpgQP^²_UW政VlarbwicYsOX\+I./

ii, dcvSo+./

iii, fRM+$/

i0,LeNn聶I]Tq¡+1%/

Lesson 1

Assassin-Retainers: 聶政2%

è8，聶政ýQ)D`¢，£¤，聶政RST›Vi政4µJ8!，¥:#M)BPƒU

4諸83Õ"，y¦§K，¨y©Bpu)u8“#“8，至ª«b)u]\¬„#稱

者，BPƒU[Zc+親^)Rúy受，Ç‘者.深d政")…S者#®¯°8$B親

Œ±²8!，B政獨³’´ÇB`Viù(<µ政，政.#þý，þýc#_，政,

+dv者l)Y46¶至NO)fPƒURST(<“#y>ƒU者，.#親u)cy¿

Bý#_)ƒU“Wn¥者+·X請’¸&#)YPƒU具¹RSTu8¥ÕRS)

RSÔj8•N"，º»¼½，¬¾þ€a¿)uWˆ!*8，眾Nes)cáq¿By‹)請Àky©Á士，B+áqÂÃ者)Y聶政RST8-€Õ×，中Yya¦)

cÿ!8Õ，ÕÔ]j8親，ökÄy„#½!)½!，yeTÅ’Ž)Å’ŽPÆÇ)

ÆÇ，‘ 舉]B-ƒU+p)ryÈÉiY6ay©!.)



VOCABULARY #.#-#!$%

!%!, ¢ =4 9Qng 4 sD –—# hōmuruÆž²Â# tomurai î²«¢# tomurau î²

«ž 4 "ang¬ '4 "ong

<o )ur&# to mourn6 )urial# mourning,

artial s&non&m4ç+$$/, Ra(ial 1% +/,

!%3, £ =4 h 4 "i Ê# "o Ê§# nozoku ±Ê´ 4 "e? '4 h^uih

<o remo0e# to get ri( of

Ra(ial 13% +Ë/,

!%8, ¤ =4 f 4 fuku h¨ 4 )ok Y '4 fuhk

1, 'lothes# attire，

I, 'o0ering# ase# :ui0er +for arrows/,

$, <o su)mit to# to aept,

Ra(ial 3 +月/,

!%3a, £¤ =4 h fu 4 "ofuku ñ+X´# fuku wo nozoku X´Ì±Ê´ 4 "e)ok?Y '4 h^uih fuhk

<o remo0e mourning lothes6 to en( the mourning perio(,

Ritual te;ts presri)e( the perio( of time for whih one mourne( for 0ariousfamil& mem)ers,

!%M, ¦ =4 &un 4 en Ù¸# onË¸# tōi îÓ¢# tōzakaru îÓiªÂ# tōzakeru

îÓi@Â 4 wonA '4&hn

Pistant# far wa&6 to a0oi(# to keep at a (istane# to onsi(er a great (istane,

Note the last meaning# whih is a ommon “putati0e” use +y¦§K is aommon lihe/

Ra(ial 1!I +É/,



!1%, ¨ =4 wng 4 DË—# mageru ŸげÂ 4 wang: '4 wng

<o go out of ones wa&,

<his harater is often use( in polite language to (esri)e a 0isit someonepa&s to &ou +he has 5gone out of his wa&5 to see &ou/, Ra(ial 3. +ß/,

!11, © =4 " +1/6 :Z +I/ 4 ki Ö# noru ±Â 4 giå '4 kei +1/6 k^h+I/

1, orseman# a0alr&, H

I, <o ri(e Fa horseG,

Note the (ifferent =an(arin pronuniations for the noun an( the 0er), Ra(ial183 +馬/,

I38a, y© =4 "K " 4 shaki ¤Í8 4 ha gi Jå '4 gWui kei

Entourage# mounte( esort,

!1I, « =4 ;in 4 sen Û 4 seonÎ '4 sZn

Rare# few# sel(om6 meager# sant&,

Ra(ial 1M. +H/,

!1$, ¬ =4 gDng 4 kD °—# ku ¨# isao ¢£Ó# isaoshi ¢£Ó¤ 4 gong '4 gKng

=erit# ahie0ement# aomplishment,

Ra(ial 1M +%/,

!1, =4 gn 4 kan Í¸# kanji ªñ# kanjiru ªñÂ 4 gam '4gCm

Emotion# feeling6 to feel# to )e mo0e( )&,

Ra(ial !1 +=/,



!1., ® =4 f^n 4 fun h¸# ikaru ¢ªÂ 4 )unÏ '4 fChn

Anger# fur&6 to )e angr&,

S&non&m4• +M/, Ra(ial !1 +=/,

!1!, ¯ =4 &C 4 gai(¿ 4 ae‚ '4 ngQaih

<he orner of the e&e6 to stare,

Ra(ial 1%M +¼/,

!13, Ð =49 4 sai·¿ 4 "aŸ '4 "aaih

<o stare in fur&, <his harater an( ¯+!1!/ are relati0el& rare# an( the& our mostl&

together, See the ommentar& for interpreting this phrase, Ra(ial 1%M +¼/,

!18, ± =4 :ing 4 k&K8öž# kiwameru8ÏめÂ# kiwamaru8ÏŸÂ 4gung \ '4 kbhng

1, En(# e;haustion6 to e;haust6 impo0erishe(, H

I, <o fathom# to un(erstan(full&, <his harater means 5the 0er& en( Fof somethingG5 or 5oming to the en( Fof

somethingG5 for e;ample# using up all of ones mone&# following a ri0er )akto its original soure# an( so forth, 7n this sense# it is use( 0er& muh like m

+I$./, owe0er# unlike that other harater# ± an also mean“impo0erishe(#” that is# so poor that one has no alternati0es left +ompare 5atthe en( of ones rope5 in English/, 7n this meaning# it is s&non&mous with b +.88/ )ut it is muh stronger an( more (esperate in tone, 7n the seon(meaning# the sense is to 5e;haust5 some area of knowle(ge, Ra(ial 11! + O/,

!1M, ² =4 p 4 heki 6Ö# higami õëE# higamu õë² 4 )&eokj '4p_k

Out of the wa&# selu(e(6 one-si(e(# )iase(,

<his harater an )e su)stitute( )& i +.M./, Ra(ial M +!/,



!I%, ³ =4 n 4 anア¸# izukunzo ¢ず´Ê 4 an) '4 Dn

1, ow# where# F:uestion wor(GH

I, eae6 peaeful

=eaning c1 is use( often# )ut not e;lusi0el&# in rhetorial :uestions,S&non&m +meaning cI/ : +$../ Ra(ial % +Ò/,

!I1, ´ =4 m 4 mokuモ¨# modasu üû³# damaru ûŸÂ 4 mukÑ '4mahk

Silent# mute,

Ra(ial I%$ +Ò# “)lak”/,

$.), B€ =4 Ur &[ 4 +no set ren(ering/ 4 7 7¹¹ '4 &h "ih

An( that is all# an( that s the en( of it,

7(iomati sentene-losing phrase, 7n fuse( form# it )eomes ª+I1-I/6 see1,,

!II, µ =4 &o +1/6 &Qo +I/ 4 &DÎ— 4 &o k '4 &_u +1/6 &iu +I/

1, <o in0ite# to ask for,H

I, Essential6 neessit&# essential point,

7n meaning c1# this harater is a generall& aepte( su)stitute for the more“proper” harater# Ó, Ra(ial 1! +¶# “west”/,

!), _ =4 tin niCn 4 tennenÀê 4 heon n&eonÔÕ '4 t_n nhn“ea0en-appointe(&ears” +i,e,# natural lifespan/,

!I$, ¶ =4 ;_ 4 sai·¿# sei ·¿ 4 seo '4 si

2est,



Notie the fre:uent usage of (iretions as 0er)s +i,e,# “to go east”/ or asa(0er)s +i,e, 5eastwar(5/, Ra(ial 1! +¶/,

!I, · =4 shUi# shuZ 4 sui,¿# dare ûÃ# tare ¹Ã 4 suô '4 s^uih

2ho, F:uestion wor(G

+·# “is who#” is the most ommon wa& to ask a)out someones i(entit&,Ra(ial 1M +o/,

!I., ¸ =4 ng +1-$/6 9ng +/6 9Dng +./ 4 shD é§—# "u Êí# "K Êí—#shitagaeru ¤¹ëêÂ# shitagau ¤¹ëž 4 "ongÖ '4 hbhng +1-/6 "Kng+./

1, <o follow# to aompan&# to )e aompanie( )&,

I, <o arr& out# to un(ertake, H

$, @rom# )& wa& of, Fo0er)# use( the same wa& as ‰+1.-I/G

, Atten(ant# entourage,

., <raks# traes# footprints +use( for ×/

¸& woul( then mean “to un(ertake an affair,5 Ra(ial !% +«/,

18),•N =4 " fb 4 kifu8X 4 g&e )u½> '4 gwai fuh

?ounger unle,

'ompare ƒN +11$a Lesson /,

!I!, º =4 9Dng 4 sD –—# shK éí— 4 "ongÖ '4 "Kng

Anestor# lan +(esen(e( from a ommon anestor/6 anestral6 kin(re(6

shool# set, Notie that the harater onsists of the religious sarifiera(ial +¸/ un(er a roof, Ra(ial % +⼧/,

!I3, » =4 9 4 9okuØ¨ 4 "ok– '4 "uhk

'lan# tri)e# famil&,



<here is some (e)ate among anthropologists regar(ing the full sope an(signifiane of terms suh as º# »# an( also †+8!/, Ra(ial 3% +方/,

!I8, ¼ =4 sh^ng 4 shD é§—# sei ·¿# "D Ê§—# sakaru £ªÂ# sakanna £

ªÒ 4 seong성 '4 sihng

<o prosper# to flourish6 flourishing# a)un(ant,

Ra(ial 1%8 +â/,

!IM, ½ =4 (uD 4 ta4# ōi ÓÓ¢ 4 (aÙ '4 (D

=an&# muh6 to possess man& or muh,

<hough this harater is normall& use( as an a("eti0e or a(0er)# it is notunommon for writers to use it as a 0er)al a))re0iation of ]½+ompare theen( of this lessons te;t/, @or e;ample4E½馬# 5the king possesses man&horses,5 Ra(ial $! +²/,

!$%, ¾ =4 hV +1/6 hb +I/ 4 sho é§# tokoro î®ろ 4 heoÚ '4 h&u

1, <o (well Fin a plaeG\ to manage# to (eal with,

I, lae# loation, H

<hough the phrase in the lesson te;t is a little o)sure# ¬¾ pro)a)l& is thee:ui0alent of “¬8¾# 5the plae where he (wells,5 artial s&non&m +meaningc1/4 ¬+I.M/6 partial s&non&m +meaning I/4 “+38/, Ra(ial 11 +Û# 5tiger5/,

!$1, ¿ =4 sh^ 4 setsu ·š# mōkeru üž@Â 4 seol¢ '4 hit

repare# pro0i(e# esta)lish6 to )e omplete# to )e ompletel& prepare(,Ra(ial 1M +o/,

!$I4À =4 & 4 eki ÙÖ# &aku2¨# masu Ÿ³ 4 ikÜ '4 &_k

<o inrease6 inreasingl&6 )enefit# a(0antage,

Ra(ial 1%8 +â/,



!$3, Æ =4 &V +1/6 &b +I/ 4 go ÷# kataru ª¹Â# katari ª¹7 4 eo2 '4&h +1/6 &uh+I/

1, 2or(s# speeh6 to (isuss# to talk a)out, H

I, <o sa& to# to a((ress,

7n meaning cI# Æ is use( like Ú +I.I-I/, @or e;ample4uÆER# “the ministersai( to the king,,,”6 or# with the o)"et suppresse(# uÆR# 5the minister sai(to him,,,,”

!$8, Ç =4 ;i^ 4 setsu ·š# ei Ù¿# moru üÂ 4 seol¢ '4 sit

<o leak,

Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

!$M, È =4 (Qi 4 tai4¿# (ai ç¿# hotondoÆîQ# a&au ÚÀž 4 taeÂ '4 tih

1, <o )e en(angere(, H

I, ro)a)l&\ no (ou)t,

Ra(ial 38 +ù/,

CO&&'()ARY

=an& of the speehes in this lessons te;t are o)sure or use wor(s in apeuliar wa&, <he following notes shoul( larif& some of the knottier pro)lemsof interpretation,

13,1, u8“#“8，至ª«bX11, I-$/4 <his pattern is ommon with the 0er)

“4 “<he means )& whih 7 treate( him were e;tremel& shallow an( meager,5Notie that the struture is meant to emphasi9e the manner of treatment6 anunemphati 0ersion woul( rea( u#至ª«“8b,

13,I, u]\¬„#稱者+1, $/4 <his phrase is :uite learl& a “partiti0e” struture+$,I/# with the implie( struture u]\¬8„#稱者, <he pro)lem with a strit



grammatial interpretation lies with the „#稱# whih implies an ati0e 0er)almeaning for 稱+see 3,$/, owe0er# the onte;t :uite learl& suggests that 稱 shoul( )e rea( passi0el& here4 57 (o not &et ha0e an& F(ee(s ofG great meritthat an )e praise(”Yin other wor(s# the sentene# )& or(inar& rules# shoul(rea( \¬„稱者, 2e more than likel& simpl& ha0e an e;ample of asual

grammar here6 the author felt that the 5utilit&5 of the merit somehow(eser0e( insertion of an #，an( he was twisting the sentene to meansomething like “7 (o not &et ha0e great merit# the means )& whih 7 ma& )epraise(5e:uall& ungrammatial, <his t&pe of strutural 0agueness woul( )einreasingl& harateristi of lassial s&nta; in the enturies to ome,

13,$, Ç‘者.深d政"+1, /4 Ç‘ is a little re(un(ant4 “to at thusl&,5 ere# 者 is am)iguous# referring to either a person or a on(itioneither “one whoats thusl&5 or 5the irumstanes of ating thusl&#” though the former is

more likel&, . is use( in a wa& that ours oasionall& )ut is awkwar( totranslate6 though the harater means “onl&” +$$3-1/# it refers more to thesu)"et +the ator/ than the ation4 5Onl& one who ats thusl& un(erstan(sme (eepl&,5

13, …S者#®¯°8$B親Œ±²8!+11, -./4 <he )asi meaning here isfairt& lear# )ut the harater-)&-harater sense is more o)sure, <he phrase#®¯ß8$ shoul( )e interprete( merel& as a poeti e:ui0alent of “in astate of e;ee(ing fur&5 +lit,# 5)& means of thoughts of )eing mo0e( to anger

an( staring in fur&5/, <he i(ea in general is that e0en though PƒU waspreoupie( )& his (esire for re0enge# he nonetheless took time out from hiso)session to 0isit a lowl& person like 聶政,

?ou might o)"et that this interpretation makes no sense™ of ourse he0isite( 聶政#)eause he was hoping to emplo& him to e;at the 0er& re0engethat he (esire(] 聶政 must )e rather (im if he thinks PƒU 0isite( him out ofa sheer altruisti (esire to pa& homage to a 0irtuous man, But# &ou must keepin min( that we are seeing a 0er& su)tle game of politeness an( eti:uetteherethough 聶政 knows full well Ps true reasons# the appearane ofaltruism must )e maintaine(, <his is part of the ritual e;hange )etween

patron an( lient,

13,., 政.#þý+1, ./4 ## like + in Lesson 1I# line $ +see 1I,/# is a o0er)with a missing 0er), ?ou must suppl& something like “7 merel& use( m&mother as an e;use,5



13,!, 請’¸&#+1, 8/4 Remem)er that # is usuall& interprete( as thee:ui0alent of E86 here# its use is somewhat a)strat4 “7 re:uest to )e a)le toarr& out the affair in regar(s to him,”

13,3, 請Àky©Á士，B+áqÂÃ者4 <his is PƒUs offer to gi0e 聶政 someser0ants an(or troops to help him in his mission4 “7 re:uest to inrease &ourentourage an( &our ourageous fellows# an( FtheseG will at as &our supportfor &our sake,5

+ is pro)a)l& funtioning here as the 0er) “to )e#” “to make56 sometimes itan take as an in(iret o)"et the person for whom one ats, 7n other wor(s#

+ in suh sentene (oes (ou)le (ut& as the 0er) an( as the o0er) “on)ehalf of,5 <his is )asiall& analogous to English sentenes suh as “7 will

)ake &ou a ake,5 Other e;amples4

u+Ed)7 am )uil(ing a fortif&ing wall for ?our =a"est&,

R+UI)7 am fin(ing a wa& for &ou,

7t is often tempting with suh sentenes to rea( the (iret o)"et noun ase;hi)iting a speial 0er)al use# an( the + as a simple o0er) +i,e,# “7 amwalling for ?our =a"est&] “7 am wa&ing\ for &ou”/, owe0er# most tra(itionalommentators ha0e ten(e( to rea( + as a 0er)# not as a o0er), =oreo0er#in our lesson te;ts sentene# suh a possi)ilit& is unlikel&# )eause the 者

suggests that ÂÃ者 shoul( )e rea( as a noun,

?et another possi)ilit& e;ists when interpreting this t&pe of sentenetoassume a possessi0e relationship )etween the final wor(s# that is# to rea( u

+Ed as “u+E8d 7 am making ?our =a"est&s wall#” or e0en#metaphoriall&# “7 am ating as ?our =a"est&s wall,5 <here is nothingpre0enting us from rea(ing +áqÂÃ者 as +áq8ÂÃ者# “the& will at as&our support,5

As is often the ase# all of this am)iguit& ten(s to result in the same )asimeanina an( ertainl& an earl& rea(er of literar& 'hinese (i( not fin( it

neessar& to think through] the s&nta; harater )& harater to arri0e at thesense, <hese issues shoul( onl& onera" &ou if (ifferent grammatialrea(ings pro(ue (ifferent interpretations,

13,8, 8-€Õ×，中Yya¦+1,11/4 “As for ans (istane from 2ei# it is not0ei& far in )etween them,” Õ×# 5mutual (epartureseparation#5 is use( to



(esri)e the (istane )etween two plaes, <he point here is that PƒU is anati0e of the state of €# an( he urrentl& li0ing there# in the town of NO,owe0er# if he has someone assassinate( in the state of +where he waspre0iousl& emplo&e(/# the two states are too lose together,for P to esapeeasil& the onse:uenes if the ruler of (iso0ers the nature of the

assassination,

13,M, ½!，yeTÅ’Ž+1, 1I/4 57f there are man& people Fin0ol0e(G# then oneannot a0oi( gi0ing rise to ’Ž,\\ yeT is awkwar( to translate literall&#though its funtion as a (ou)le negati0e is lear4 5there annot not e;ist thegi0ing-rise-to ,,,,” <hat is# ertain (e0elopments will )e ine0ita)le, ’Ž is alsoonfusing here, B& itself# it an )e an 5anton&m ompoun(5 meaning 5gainan( loss#5 or 5suess an( failure,5 owe0er# the atual meaning of thisphrase in this onte;t is unlear, 7 ha0e foun( three (ifferent 0iews on the

sentene4 +1/ 7t ma& )e an e;ample of an oasional ha)it in literar& 'hineseof taking an anton&m ompoun( +e,g,#àá，\‡Ian( using it to mean onl&one of the two terms, <his is# fortunatel&# a relati0el& rare ha)it, 7f this is thease here# ’Ž means simpl& Ž#5loss#5 5failure,5 +I/ 7t ma& mean 5risk5 or5risk& people,5 <hat is# if there are too man& people# then suess )eomesrisk&one ma& ha0e ’Ž where pre0iousl& one onl& ha( ’,+$/ 7t ma& mean5F(e)ates a)outG suess an( failure5Ythat is# if too man& people arein0ol0e( in the enterprise# the& will fall to arguing o0er the )est wa& toproee( +this might make sense in relation to ÆÇ mentione( in the followingphrase/,

7n summar& then# we might posit one of the following three possi)leinterpretations4

57f there are too man& people# &ou will not a0oi( failure,5

57f there are too man& people# then a situation will arise that oul( go eitherwa&,5

57f there are too man& people# then there will )e (e)ates o0er the )est wa& of(oing things,5

Voca*u+ar, ints

›+MM/ ¥+I%8-I/ :+.%M/ 3+8I/ §+I$3/

y+I38/ p+!oo-1/“+I$M/ 至+11-/ ª+88/

u+$%I/ 稱+..$-1/ c+.8$-I/ 親+!-1# !-$/ ú+I$I/



受+13/ 獨+II8/ <+11%/ u+3M/ +$1/

dv+1a# L1/ >+$.3/ 具+1%3-$/ ¹+I8$/ €+I3-I/

*+3./ s+1$$-I/ Ô+1M/ É+I1!/ a+.83-I/

Voca*u+ar, List

i, ¬Á½³º¸¤À¼±¾¶µÆ·¦£«+1M/

ii, Ä»¨ÈÃ¢¿Â©´+1%/

iii, ²®Ç+$/

i0,m¯+I/

Lesson 1/

Assassin-Retainers:聶政!%

聶政4{，獨ˆ，âb至)ÕRS方ãäG，持þåB€侍者a眾)聶政æ°G階，

刺ÿRS)LM\,，聶政\ç，“"ÿ者數\!)æ‰èréê，‰M-ë，6#Q)

ì聶政íîEµ，ïQ)Nd·U)E‘ïð8，]eoÿÕRS者§c)è8，

Nd")政LñÞ!]刺ÿÕ者，òy’，]ydk‰，îkíBð8§c，4E7

RSTk‘ûy-X›ViPƒUdûyiYó}8µ，BQ者果政")伏í，ôÆ

Q，RST‘I深JK“Ú聶政者")Yµˆ者諸眾!mRSTö!îõû]Õ，Eïð

k‰§c)…!yÞ-XVOÛ·8"iYñö8RSTÞ8)Ç政“#÷øt，‰‹

Eµù8Y者，+þý¿Tú，ûuü")親D#_q世，û`ü…，PƒU4ý舉ûy困ø8中Bp8)þ`b，„ÿVX士+dv者Q)c4#û尙u8~，*‰¡#ó

¸)ûkÿV畏歿身8¦，/Sy8‰XY\驚µ!)4\ç者0，ƒE7悲QB

Q政8旁)ðJ.€Þ8，mRSTq獨政e"，4kL_烈¶"i鄉ˆ政誠dkLT濡

忍8Xt，y*î骸8Ä，Šó險§K#列k‰，Ly俱僇Eµ者，_uŠO#身>P

ƒU")PƒU_„Úd!e’士biY

VOCABULARY #.-#/1%

!%, â =4 9hQng 4 "D Ê§—# tsue ê 4 "ang¬ '4 "euhng

2alking stik6 to walk with a walking stik# to use FsomethingG as a walkingstik,

@or a (isussion of how this harater is use(# see 18,1 )elow, Ra(ial 3. +ß/,

!1, ä =4 fV 4 fu h# tsukasa ª£ 4 )u> '4 f



To0ernment offie# go0ernment )ureau# hea(:uarters,

Ra(ial .$ +@/,

!I, å =4 "[ 4 geki@Ö 4 geuk ú '4 g_k

<wo-pronge( spear# hal)er(,

Ra(ial !I +½/,

!$, æ =4 9hZ 4 "iki ÊÖ# hoku É§¨# massugu Ÿっ³Ê 4 "ik직 '4 "ihk

1, Straight# (iret6 (iretl&, H

I, Onl&# merel&,Ra(ial 1%M +¼/,

!, ç =4 hK 4 ko °# yobuよÁ 4 hoµ '4 fK

<o r& out# to shout,

Ra(ial $% +/,

!., è =4 pZ 4 hi ð# kawa ªÏ# eguru êÊÂ 4 pi© '4 p^ih

Skin# hi(e6 to skin# to strip,

Ra(ial 1%3 +è/,

!!, é =4 "uU 4 ketsuケš# kimeru8めÂ# eguru êÊÂ 4 g&eol결 '4k&ut

<o (ei(e6 (ei(e(l&6 to ut through# to gouge out,

Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

!3, ê =4 &n 4 gan(¸# gen@¸# meめ# manako ŸÒ® 4 an) '4ngCahn



E&e,

S&non&m4¼+II/, Ra(ial 1%M +¼/,

!8, ë =4 hCng 4 hD É§—# harawata Æ«Ï¹ 4 "ang¬ '4 h^uhng

7ntestines# )owels,

Ra(ial 1$% +ž/,

!M, ì =4 :K 4 shu éí# toru îÂ 4 hwi‘ '4 hUui

<o take# to aept，to apture,

<his harater is an e;tremel& ommon 0er) in literar& 'hinese, Ra(ial IM+Ô/,

!.%, ? =4 sh_ 4 shi é# shikabane ¤ªºね 4 sia '4 s_

'orpse# (ea( )o(&,

<his wor( is often seen now in the more omple; 0ersion í,Ra(ial +?/,

!.1, î =4 pb +1/6 )Qo +I/ 4 )aku ù¨# sarasu £«³ 4 pok폭 +1/6 poD +I/ '4 )uhk +1/6 )ouh +I/

1, <o e;pose

I, 'ruel# 0iolent# sa0age, H

Note that )oth meanings of this harater our in this lessons te;t, =eaningc1 is pro)a)l& a simplifiation of 爆# whih an also mean “to air#“ “to (r& inthe sun,5 Ra(ial 3I +</,

!.I, ï =4 gu 4 kD °—# aganau ÚëÒž 4 gu4 '4 kau

<o )u&# to purhase# to hire,

Ra(ial 1. +6/



!.Ia, ïQ =4 gu w^n 4 kDmon ®žü 4 gu mun 4문 '4 kau mahn

<o offer a rewar( for information,

!.$, ð =4 ;iQn +1/6 ;uCn +I/ 4 ken Í¸# keケ# kakeru ª@Â 4 h&eon현 '4 &uhn +1/6 &bhn +I/

1, Pistrit# ount&,

I, <o hang# to suspen(, H

=eaning cI +whih ours in this lessons te;t/ is atuall& a ommonsu)stitute for the “orret” harater#懸, @or this haraters speiali9e(usage in this ase# see the ompoun( )elow, Ra(ial 1I% +3/,

!.I),ïð =4 gu ;uCn 4 kDken ®ž@ 4 gu h&eon 4현 '4 kau &bhn

<o hang up a rewar( in or(er to o)tain information,

<he author means here that# after e;posing the )o(& in the marketplae an(getting no results# the ruler hangs a )ag of gol( in a pu)li plae with anotie of rewar(, A num)er of earl& 'hinese te;ts mention this ustom,

!., ñ =4 rng +1/6 &Zng +I/ 4 ei Ù¿ 4 &eong영 '4 whng +1/6 &hng

+I/

1, Tlor&# prosperit&6 to prosper,

I, ?ing +personal name of 聶政s sister/,H

Ra(ial 3. +ß/,

!.., ò =4 9Ui 4 9okuØ¨ 4 "eokÇ '4 haahk

1, <hief# )an(it, H

I, <o (o in"ur& to# to harm,

Ra(ial 1. +6/,

11), E7 =4 wK & 4 o&K Ó×ž 4 eo eup2ô '4 wK &p



<o sigh6 Alas]

<hese haraters are emplo&e( onomatopoetiall&6 note the (ifferentpronuniations of )oth,

!.!, ô =4 kK 4 koku °¨# naku Ò´# nageku Òげ´ 4 gok곡 '4 hKk

<o so)# to r&,

<his harater refers to nois& r&ing# as oppose( to º+.I./# whih is silentr&ing, Ra(ial $% +/,

38), “Ú =4 suJ w^i 4 iwa&uru ¢Ï×Â 4 so wi소' '4 s waih

So-alle(# known as ,,,,

!.3, õ =4 n^ 4 g&akuEÍ´# shietageru ¤ê¹げÂ# shiitageru ¤¢¹げÂ

4 hak학 '4 &euhk

'ruel# oppressi0e6 to )e ruel to# to (o 0iolene to,

Ra(ial 11 +fB/,

1M%a, …! =4 fK rUn 4 fu"in Xñ 4 )u in>1 '4 fK &Qhn

La(&# wife,

ere# this term is use( as a polite form of a((ress,

!.8, ö =4 &ing 4 ōzuru ÓžずÂ 4 eung응 '4 &ing

<o answer,

Ra(ial !1 +=/,

!.M, ÷ =4 mUng 4 mDモ—# kōmuru ®ž²Â 4 mong몽 '4 mbhng

<o )ear# to take# to suffer,



Ra(ial 1% +/,

!!%, ø =4 wK 4 oË# kegasu@ë³# yogosuよご³# kegare@ëÃ# kitanai

8¹Ò¢# et, 4 oš '4 wK

1, <o stain# to (irt&6 (irt# filth6 (irt&# filth&# orrupt, H

I, ool# pon(# water hole,

Ra(ial 8. +œ/

!!1, ù =4 fQn 4 han ¾¸ 4 pan판 '4 faan +to )u&# to sell/6 fCahn+merhat# pe((ler/

<o )u&# to sell6 merhant# pe((ler,

Ra(ial 1. +6/,

!!I, ú =4 &Qng 4 &DÎ—# tsutsuga ë 4 &angÏ '4 &euhng

7llness# misfortune,

<his harater ours most often in its negate( form#Tú# whih is a stan(ar(wa& to sa& 5in goo( health#5 “still ali0e,5 TúV# 5ha0e &ou no illnesses5 is a

stan(ar( wa& of sa&ing 5ow are &ou5 Ra(ial !1 +=/,

!!$, û =4 :i^ 4 shD é§—# mekakeめª@# sobame ºめ# warawa Ï«Ï

4 heop첩 '4 hip

1, 'onu)ine,

I, Fhum)le first person pronoun use( )& womenGH

Ra(ial $8 +¶/,

!!, ü =4 "iQ 4 ka Í# kasuru ª³Â# kasu ª³# totsugu îÊ 4 gaÞ '4 ga

<o marr& +of women/6 to marr& off Fa (aughterG,

Ra(ial $8 +¶/,



.1a,q世 =4 ;iQ sh 4 kasei ªÛ¢ 4 ha se R¤ '4 hah sai

<o pass awa&# to lea0e the worl(,

!!. ý =4 hC 4 satsu·š# sassuru £っ³Â 4 hal¿ '4 haat

<o e;amine# to in0estigate# to in:uire after,

Ra(ial % +⼧/

!!!, þ =4 9U 4 taku4¨# sawa £Ï 4 taek택 '4 "aahk

Swamp# marsh6 moisture# )lessing, <he meaning 5)lessing5 (eri0es from “moisture”Ymetaphoriall& the water

that nourishes rops an( growth, Ra(ial 8. 冰/,

!!3, ÿ =4 nQi 4 (ai ç¿ 4 nae¯ or na나 '4 noih

+`se( onl& in the om)ination ÿV6 see )elow,/

Ra(ial $3 +\/,

!!3a, ÿV =4 nQi hU 4 ikan ¢ª 4 nae ha '4 noih hh

2hat to (o a)out,,,

<he first harater is also written, ÿV is thought )& mo(ern sholars to )ea fusion of }8V +ompare }VF1IM)G/, E0en more than }V# it is use( toin(iate perple;it& or in(eision, Literar& 'hinese writers soon forgot thefusion an( often plae( the o)"et of perple;it& either )etween the twoharaters or after them, @or e;ample4ÿR!V orÿVR!# 52hat an 7 (o

a)out m& fate”

!!8, 尙 =4 shQng 4 shD é§—# nao ÒÓ 4 sang '4 seuhng

1, Still,

I, <o esteem# to honor,



S&non&m +meaning c1/4 ;+$.!/, Ra(ial $% +Ñ/,

!!M, * =4 9hng +1/6 hng +I/ 4 hD É§—# "K Êí—# omoi Óü¢#kasanaru ª£ÒÂ# et, 4 "ung Ì '4 hhng +hea0&/6 "uhng +important/6

hbhng +repeate(/

1, ea0&# important6 to onsi(er important, H

I, Repeate(# repeate(l&,

=eaning cI# though ommon# (oes not our in our te;ts, Ra(ial 1!! +K/,

!3%, 歿 =4 m 4 motsuモš# )otsu úš# bossuru Çっ³Â 4 mol" '4muht

<o perish# to (ie,

<his harater is use( interhangea)l& with ## “to sink#” “to perish#” )ut onl&when (eath is in0ol0e(, Ra(ial 38 +ù/,

!31, 悲 =4 )W 4 hi ð# kanashimu ªÒ¤²# kanashii ªÒ¤¢ 4 )iò '4)Wi

Sa(6 sa(ness6 to lament,

Ra(ial !1 +=/,

!3I, 旁 =4 pCng 4 )D ú—# katawara ª¹Ï« 4 )ang$ '4 phng

Si(e6 near)&,

Ra(ial 3% +方/,

!3$, 烈 =4 li^ 4 retsu éš# hageshii Æげ¤¢ 4 l&eol% '4 liht

ehement# intense# passionate6 heroi# mart&re(,

Ra(ial 8! +g/,



!3, 鄉 =4 ;iQng +1/6 ;ing +I/ 4 kv °—# k&v Ö§—# gv ÷—# mukau ²ªž#mukeru ²@Â 4 h&ang& '4 heung +1/6 hWung+I/

1, @ormerl&# pre0iousl&# in the reent past6 to fae# to )e opposite to,H

I, illage# town,

<he more “proper” usage for this harater is meaning cI, owe0er# there isa fairl& ompliate( harater'whih# )eause of its omple;it&# ten(e( to)e split into its two omponents for simplifiation purposes, <hus# &ou willfin('，鄉 +the top part of the harater/ an( ( +11$M/ all use( to mean“formerl&#” “pre0iousl&#” an( so forth, Ra(ial 1!$ +7/,

!3., 誠 =4 hUng 4 sei ·¿# makoto Ÿ®î# makotoni Ÿ®îä 4 seong성 '4 shng

<rul&# reall&6 honest# sinere,

artial s&non&m4)+$$M/, Ra(ial 1M +o/,

!3!, 濡 =4 r 4 "u Êí# nureru àÃÂ# nurasu à«³ 4 &uÔ '4 &bh

<o moisten +here# use( with speial meaning in ompoun(6 see !3!a )elow/,Ra(ial 8. +œ/,

!33, 忍 =4 rjn 4 nin*¸# shinobu ¤±Á 4 in1 '4 &Cn

<o )ear# to en(ure,

Ra(ial !1 +=/,

!3!a, 濡忍 =4 ru rjn 4 "unin ñöä 4 &u in Ô1 '4 &Quh &Cn

'ompliant# gentle# willing to tolerate,

<his usage of 濡 is foun( onl& in this ompoun(, Note the (ifferentpronuniation of the first harater in =an(arin,

!38, 骸 =4 hCi 4 gai(¿# mukuro ²´ろ 4 hae+ '4 hQaih



Skeleton# )o(&# orpse,

Ra(ial 188 +骨/,

!3M, 險 =4 ;in 4 kenケ¸ 4 heom, '4 hZm

Pangerous# o)strute(6 (anger# o)strution,

Ra(ial 13% +Í/,

!8%, 列 =4 lie 4 retsu éš# tsuranaru «ÒÂ# tsuraneru «ねÂ 4 l&eol% '4 liht

Row# rank6 to line up# to rank,

列‰ thus means “to plae FsomeonesG name in the ranks”™ that is# “to makesomeones name known,5 Ra(ial 18 +:/,

!81, 僇 =4 lb 4 riku ¦¨ 4 l&uk- '4 luhk

<o kill# to massare6 to (isgrae# to shame,

<he 0er) is rea( passi0el& in this lessons te;t, Ra(ial M +!/,

CO&&'()ARY

18,1, 獨ˆâb至+l, 1/4 Burton 2atson# in his translation of this )iograph&#has an interesting omment on this passage, e translates âb as 5(isguisinghis swor( as a walking stik5 then notes4 “<his phrase is ustomaril& takensimpl& to mean using his swor( as a walking stik#\ )ut this makes littlesense here# in a((ition to )eing a rather foolish an( (isrespetful wa& tohan(le a swor(, E;amination of other passages where the phrase oursshows that in all ases the person is tra0eling inognito an( 7 thereforesuggest the a)o0e translation, Nieh 'heng FNie >hengG oul( har(l& ha0e

approahe( the prime minister if his swor( ha( )een 0isi)le5 +2atson#Reor(s of the istorian4 'hapters from the Shih 'hi of Ssu-ma 'h\ien# p, .$/,

<his shoul( (emonstrate to &ou the (egree to whih pratiall& e0er& 'hinesete;t is open to issues of interpretation,



18,I, Nd·U+l, /4 “No one knew who it was,5 ere#U most likel& is merel& a0ague suffi; to ·# inlu(e( for the sake of the rh&thm, 7t oul( also mean#literall&# “whose son5™ that is# from what famil& he ame,

18,$, 政LñÞ!]刺ÿÕ者，òy’+1, ./4 2e might )e pu99le( )& the phraseòy’# sine 聶政 is alrea(& (ea(, 7t seems reasona)le to take it as ò8‰y

’ in other wor(s# )eause 聶政 kille( himself# the& (i( not suee( inapturing him ali0e an( asertaining his i(entit&, One might also argue that ò in(iates the person )e-hin( the sheme# that is# the person who hire( 聶政 +in this ase# PƒU/,

18,, k‘ûy-+l, !/4 5'oul( this )e m& little )rother” Note4 +1/ the “mo(al”use of k in a :uestion# antiipating a positi0e answer +see 11,!/# an( +I/ the

use of k as a final :uestion partile# su)stituting for the harater .

+see 1M1-./,

18,., PƒUdûy+l, !/4 7ntuiting that the orpse is her )rother# 聶ñ reali9esthat PƒU must ha0e persua(e( her )rother to ommit the assassination#knowing that he was apa)le not onl& of arr&ing it out )ut of onealing hisi(entit& afterwar(, er omment here un(erlines the entral o)sessions ofthe stor&4 ow an one person reogni9e the essential :ualities of another#

an( how an ones own (ee(s )eome known to others so that one will )efamous after (eath

18,!, µˆ者諸眾!+l, 8/4 <his phrase seems largel& re(un(ant4 “<hose walkingin the marketplaeYall of the row(,5 ”諸 here as a plural marker seemspartiularl& re(un(ant,

18,3, Ç政“#÷øt，‰‹Eµù8Y者，+þý¿Tú，ûuü" +ll, M-1%/4 Note

that this is a long “# sentene# gi0ing the “reason” )ehin( \聶政 s )eha0ior+see 1,$/, Note also that the e;planation lauses are intro(ue( )& + ratherthan #, <his hange (oes not affet the meaning,



18,8, PƒU4ý舉ûy困ø8中Bp8 +l, 11/4 “?an >hong9i onl& then in:uire(after him an( lifte( m& little )rother from Fimplie( E hereG the mi(st of(iffiult& an( filth an( assoiate( with him,5

18,M, *‰¡#ó¸ +l, 1I/4 “e hea0il& punishe( himself Fi,e,# (isfigure(himselfG in or(er that he woul( se0er all traes,5 <he point here is that 聶政 (isfigure( himself )efore ommitting suii(e so that he woul( )eunreogni9a)lenot merel& to pre0ent his rime from )eing trae( to PƒU )ut also to protet his famil&# who woul( )e su)"et to punishment )&assoiation,

18,1%, ûkÿV畏歿身8¦，/Sy8‰+ll, 1I-1$/4 <hat is# in spite of her)rothers efforts to remain anon&mous# 聶ñ feels she annot allow her

)rothers heroism an( no)ilit& to remain unreogni9e(, <he k here seemsunneessar&6 it ma& ser0e as a mil( emphasis, owe0er# it is also :uitepossi)le that it is )eing use( for r+!%I/# whih intro(ues a rhetorial:uestion# antiipating a negati0e response +suh a onfusion is unfortunatel&ommonunfortunate )eause r an( k normall& ha0e opposite meanings asrhetorial :uestion in(iators/, 7n either wa&# k is re(un(ant# )eause here ÿ

V alrea(& on0e&s the feeling of a rhetorial :uestion4 52hat oul( 7 (oa)out fearing a punishment that woul( (estro& m&self# an( so in the en((estro& the fame of m& worth& )rother5Yin other wor(s# “ow oul( 7 ingoo( onsiene sa& nothing )eause 7 feare( m& own (eath# an( thus

pre0ent m& )rother from ahie0ing the fame that he (eser0e(5

18,11,鄉ˆ政誠dkLT濡忍8Xt，y*î骸8Ä，Šó險§K#列k‰，Ly俱僇

方|µ者,,,+ll, 1.-1!/4 <his is the “if” lause of a 0er& long# omple;sentene4/ˆ here means “Earlier Flit,# “in the pastG，supposing that,,,,” <he)asi logi is as follows4 7f 聶政 ha( reali9e( +1/ that his own sister woul(willingl& (ie to make sure that his own reputation woul( li0e on +what she(oes not possess is either a will ompliant with her )rothers (esires or onethat oul( )ear to see her )rothers fame unreogni9e(/# an( +I/ that shewoul( not onsi(er important * her own possi)le (eath an( (isgrae# an( +$/that she woul( ine0ita)l&Š risk the (angers ó險 of a long "ourne& in or(er to

5rank his name5 列‰ +i,e,# make sure that his (ee( was reogni9e(/# with theresult that +/ )oth en(e( up perishing,,,, Note that 者 here marks the finalen( of the “if\ lause,

18,1I,,,,PƒU_„Úd!e’士b+ll 1!-13/4 'onse:uentl&# PƒU might )ea(mire( not merel& for reogni9ing the ourage an( no)ilit& of 聶政 )ut also



for antiipating that he woul( not know his sister well enough to antiipateher ations, Some translators assume that these last sentenes are the

"u(gment of the historian himself# an( not the wor(s of the people of ðJ.€,

Voca*u+ar, ints

{+$1!-I/ 獨+II8/ b+.!%/ G+$!$/ 持+!8/

侍+!3/ 眾!+.1a# L1./ 階+!I/ ,+33/"+.../

數+.$M-I/ r+$81/ µ+.II/ N+$!8/ ·+!I/

§+I$3/ L+.!3/ y+1/

+18%/ +.%/

+1M1-./+I%-$/ ó+1$I/果+I88/ Æ+.$!/

Q+.3$/ 諸+I.$-1/ ·+.I$/ Y+.81-1/ _+!)# L13/

舉+11.-1/#p+!%%-1/#`+M./ dv+1a# L1/ ¡+.%.-1/

ó+II./ ¸+!I.-./ 畏+8$/ƒ+I!M-$/ ˆ+1%-$/

俱+1M$/ Ú+I.I-1/

Voca*u+ar, List

i,列ìçôý尙忍悲öîñþæð誠ò鄉*+18/

ii ÿûä旁âøé烈èêë÷險 +1$/

iii üåõ+$/

i0 僇?ú歿濡ùï骸+8/



Unit 3

LESSONS 19-21 Two Biographies from the Biographies of Noted Women 列女傳

Like the Garden of Stories 說苑, excerpted in Lessons 1 through 10, theBiographies of Noted Women (Lin! "hu#n Liht n$uih %&uhn 列女傳' wascompied )& Li* +i#ng 劉向 (-./ B2' 3s as the former text, this coectionwas pro)a)& edited from earier sur4i4ing records 5is purpose here was topro4ide information on exempar& i4es of women6 athough 列 in the titesimp& means 7to rank8 (and the term 列傳,a s we ha4e seen, was used in the史記 to dicate a )iograph& or coection of )iographies', some ha4e suggestedthat 列 shoud )e adhere as a term meaning 94irtuous9 or e4en 9mart&r9:ndeed, man& of the women in the coection die rather than a)andon 4irtue,though this is )& no means true of a of them

Though the text seems to ha4e )een popuar with )oth men and womenreaders, the ater tradition saw it as one of the semina works used forteaching women how to read Needess to sa&, man& of the )ook;s exampesof proper onfucian )eha4ior are not attracti4e to modern tastes, and there isgreat emphasis paced on the 9su)ordinate9 4irtues appropriate to women :nLesson <1, for exampe, we ha4e a mention of the 9three foowings9 thoughtto )e suita)e to women= when &oung, foow &our parents6 when married,foow &our hus)and6 and if &our hus)and dies, foow &our son

: ha4e chosen to use the foowing two )iographies as exempar& essons)ecause of their fame and )ecause of their inherent interest—)oth of their

stories transcend to some extent the theme of the su)ordinate position ofwomen that characteri"es narrati4es in most of the text >irst is the stor& ofB?o S@ 褒姒, which is taken from the ast chapter, consisting of )iographies ofwicked and asci4ious women (sort of a 9don;t et this happen to &ou9section' Though the stor& main& refects the misog&nist )eief that meddingwomen often ring a)out the downfa of a state, the )iograph& itsef is fu offancifu m&thic eements thatt ha4e )een popuar in hinese cuture forthousands of &ears Second, we ha4e the most famous )iograph& in thecoection, the account of Aencius; mother Though the heroine demonstratesa the )eha4ior onfucians admired in women, she does show that womencoud exert their own distincti4e form of authorit& within the imitations of thefami&

Lesson 19

周幽王后褒姒褒姒者，童妾之女，周幽王之后也。初，夏之衰也，褒人之神化爲龍，同王!"#$%

&'，褒之()也。*夏后+,之-.，/0。+123，4之"0。5678，龍9:



;，"43<=，5>之?，@周/之AB也。C周D王之E，B"F之，3G!，:

HI也。王JK人L"M之，化爲NO，PQR。R之童妾ST"U之，VW"X，YZ

王之[\，]^"_。`"a之。bcd童e$%&fghi，jk周l。*Z王m之。

Qd人^nofghip者，王Jq"r之。^nst，m童妾之女Ua"su，v"w

之，xy褒。z"{|，褒人}d~，•之€。幽王‚"ƒ之，x„褒…，†u$褒

姒。V‡ˆ‰i，幽王5Š后‹Œ之女，"褒姒爲后，ŠŽˆ，"‰i爲Žˆ。幽王‘褒姒，’P-之同“，:”l，–—˜™:[，€š褒姒之›。œGž，Ÿ

¡¢，€s£¤。褒姒:¥，幽王5¦2¥，§¨，†:¥。幽王爲©ª«¬，d@

®¯。°Œ±@，"]，褒姒5«¥。幽王¦²之，³爲¯©´。2Q:µ，°Œ:@。

¶·者¸，¹褒姒#cº，»¼½¾，¿ÀÁÂ。‹Œ5-ÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊ幽王。幽

王¯©ªËÌ，/@。x,幽王ÍÎ之¼，Ï褒姒，Ðw周Ñ".。c°Œ5Ò‹Œ

"É†Žˆ，c爲Ó王。Ôc之Q，周-°Œ]Õ。Ö×%&ØØÙ周，褒姒Ú

之。*Û之Ü也。Ý$%&褒神龍Þ，j‡褒姒。ßà幽王，Š后Žˆ。¯©áÌ，¥

:@。‹Œâ周，ãÚ2ä。*

VOCABULARY (682-767)Note= 3 compex narrati4e with man& detais wi ine4ita)& resut in a greatdea of unfamiiar 4oca)uar& for the )eginning student, e4en if the grammarand diction ar reati4e& uncompicated Tr& to )e patient with a the newwords6 a great man& of the (though important in genera' won;t occur againin this text)ook

C/< 褒 A= )?o D= hEåæ K: po ç C: bōu

The state of Bao

Fadica 1H (è'

C/I 姒 A= s@ D= %ié J= saê = chKh

Si a surnameM

5ence, the name of the main character is actua& 7Si of Bao8 Fadica I/ (女'

C/ 童 A= tng D= dEëæ, warawa,ìíì warabe ìíî J= dongï =tOhng

hid, prepu)escent chid, 4irgin

Fadica 11 (

'

C/H 周 A= "hEu D= shūðñæ J= %uò = %?u

Phou

The name of a d&nast& (traditiona& accepted dates 11<<Q<HH B2'Fadica I0 (R'



C/C 幽 A= &Eu D= &ūóæ J= &uô = &?u

5idden, m&sterious6 supernatura Fadica H< (õ, 7sma8'

C/Ca 幽王 A= &Eu wng D= & Eö÷ø÷ J= &u wangôù = &?u wUhng

Jing Vou (of the Phou6 r /1.0 B2'

C/ 后 A= hUu D= kEúæ, goû, kisakiüýü J= huþ = hauh

1 2mpress, principa consort

< 5ouse, can, ruer

The second group of meanings (house, can, ruer' is rarer and more archaic,and it occurs in ine < (夏后' Fadica I0 (ÿ'

C// 夏 A= xi# D= kaカ J= ha하 = hah

1 +ia (name of a arge& egendar& d&nast&, ear& second miennium B2'

< Summer

Fadica IH (夂'

C/- 神 A= sh$n D= %inéン, shinðン, kamiかみ J= sin신 = s#hn

Spirit, god, di4init&

Fadica 11I (示'

C-0 化 A= hu# D= kaカ, keケ J= hwa화 =fa

1 To transform, to change

< To transform mora& and ethica&6 to teach

Aeaning X1 is often used when referring to supernatura transformationsAeaning occurs freYuent& in onfucian poitica rhetoric, and it often refersto the power of ruer to transform his peope for the )etter Fadica <1 (匕'

C-1 龍 A= ng D= r&ũリñæ, r&Eリョæ, tatsuたつ J= &ong룡 = Ohng

Zragon

Fadica <1< (龍'



C-< ! A= tKng D= teiテイ, niwaにì J= %eong정 = t@hng

1 ourt (of a ruer'

< ourt&ard, garden

The 7proper8 character for meaning X1 is廷 Fadica HI (广'

C-I ' A= &* D= &oヨ, wareìれ J= &eo여 = &Oh

:, me, m&, we, us, our first person pronounM

This character is a fair& common pronoun, though it occurs in our texts on&in this ess Fadica - (人'

C- + A= )[ D= )okuボク, uranau÷íな÷, uranai÷íない J= )ok복 =)k

To di4ine, to te fortune6 di4ination, prophec&6 di4inerFadica <H (+'

C-H 0 A= %K D= kichiキ, kitsuキ!, yoshi"# J= gi$ = g?t

3uspicious, uck&

This word is one of the standard answers to a di4ination, the other )eing %(/C1', 7unuck&,8 7inauspicious8 Fadica I0 (R'

C-C 3 A= K D= riリ, awa&ì J= i = ihSai4a, spitte

Fadica /H (''

C- 4 A= cng D= sE(æ, "E)æ, osamuøý* J= %ang+ = chUhng

To hide, to concea, to store, to sa4e goods or treasureM

Fadica 10 (,'

C-/ 7 A= )@ D= hei-イ J= p&e. = )aih

Sacrificia offerings6 gifts, presents, mone&

Fadica H0 (/'

C-- 9 A= h D= kotsuú!, tachimachiた010 J= ho2 = f?t



sudden&, a)rupt&

Fadica C1 (3'

00 < A= d* D= toku45, hitsu6つ J= dok7 = duhk

a)inet, coset

Fadica H (8'

01 ? A= %i?o D= kEúæ J= g&o9 = g?au

eremon& for offering sacrifices to 5ea4en and earth6 atar or tempe for suchsacrifices Because such atars were ocated outside the cit& was (:', thischaracter e4entua& was used to descri)e the su)ur)an areas of a cit&Fadica 1CI (;, <'

H1Ha D王 A= @ wng D= rei Eれいø÷ J= &eo wang= = aih wUhng

Jing Li (of the Phou6 r //./< B2'

0<E A= mU D= )atsu>!, matsu1つ, sue?@ J= maA = muhk

2nd, tip, atter part, unimportant part

This character is often used as the opposite of B (', 7root,8 7)asics8 Zonot confuse it with S(I0<'6 the two cross.ines ha4e different engths inreation to each other Fadica H (8'

0I K A= fO D= fuC J= )uD = f*h

Woman, wife

ompare this character to n (1-<', which can on& refer to a wife 5ere, K人 is a genera term for 9women9 Fadica I/ (女'

0 L A= u\ D= raE, hadakaFGか J= naH =

Bare, nude, naked6 to strip off cothes

Fadica 1H (è'

0H.M A= "#o D= shEðョæ, sawaguýìI J= %oJ = chou

To make a racket, to a)use, to curse

Fadica 1- (#'



0C N A= xun D= genKン, kenケン J= h&eonL = &Ohn

Back, dark6 m&sterious

Fadica -H (N'

0 O A= &un D= ganMン J= won = &Ohn

Li"ard

Fadica 1< (N, 7insect.ike or reptiian anima8'

HIa QR A= hUu gEng D= kEk&O÷üP÷ J= hu gungþQ = hauhgng

Fear paace (women;s Yuarters'

0/ T A= chn D= shinðン J= chinR = chan

To ha4e one s adut teeth come in6 to ose one s )a)& teeth

Fadica <11 (S, 7teeth8'

0- U A= "?o D= sE(æ, au&÷, awaseru&ìTU J= %oJ = %Eu

To encounter, to meet up with (often a )ad thing'

Fadica 1C< (V'

10 W A= %] D= keiWい, kōgaiO÷Xい J= g&e = g?i

Woman;s hairpin6 age at which a woman )egins wearing a hairpin (usua&fifteen' Fadica 11/ (Y'

11 X A= &On D= &Eヨæ, haramuFí* J= ingZ = &ahn

To )e pregnant, to concei4e

Fadica I- (ˆ'

1< Z A= xu?n D= sen[ン, noru\U, noberu\îU J= seon] = s&n

To procaim, to make pu)ic

Fadica 0 (⼧'



1<a Z王 A= xu?n wng D= sen ET^ø÷ J= seon wang] = s&n

Jing +uan (of the Phou6 r /<./1 B2'

1I \ A= ch^n D= san_ン, umu÷* J= san = chan

1 To produce, to )ear, to gi4e )irth to

< Aeans of i4eihood

Fadica 100 (‡'

1 _ A= r[ D= n&`ñæ, chi0, chichi00 J= &uô = &*h

1 Breasts6 mik6 to nurse, to produce )reast mik

< To gi4e )irth

Though meaning X1 is much more common, meaning X< is more ike&correct here Fadica H (a'

1H0)bc A= xi?n sh@ D= kore yori sakiOれ"býü J= seon si]c =s]n sih

Before this, earier

The character初 (I0H' is aso used in this wa& Both terms introduce somee4ent that occurred )efore the main time frame in which the narrator hasocated himsef

1He A= &o D= &Eヨæ, utau÷た÷, utai÷たい J= &od = &@uh

Fh&me, song, fok song

Fadica 1- (#'

C/a 童e A= tng &o D= dE&Ee÷"÷ J= dong &oïd = tOhng &@uh

hidren s rh&me6 pa&ground song

:n traditiona hinese narrati4es, chidren;s songs are often prophetic

1C f A= &^n D= enfン J= eomg = &Km

Au)err& wood

Fadica H (8'。

1 g A=h* D= koú, yumiöみ J= hoh = wOh



Bow

Fadica H (i'

1/ h A= %] D= kiキ J= gij = g_i

Bam)oo winnowing )asket

3 hi is therefore a Yui4er

(C0/.<' shaped ike a )am)oo winnowing )asket h Fadica 11I(Y'

1-j A= shK D= %itsué!, makoto ni1O4に J= sikk = saht

fru&, rea&, actua&

This character is an archaic 4ariant of the more common character l (II-'Fadica 0 (⼧'

<0 o A= m#i D= maimイ, )ai>イ, uru÷U J= maen = maaih

To se

Fadica 1H (o'

<1 r A= O D= rikuリク J= &ukp = uhk

To execute，to ki，to saughter

Sometimes this character is used interchangea)& with q( C/1' Note that inthis case the use of J tes us that the king sends someone to do this FadicaC< (r'

<< u A= hao (1'6 hao (<' D= gEûæ J= hoh = hUuh (1'6 houh(<'

1 To scream，to cr&, to wai

< To ca, to gi4e a name to

Aeaning X1 is used here, and meaning X< is used further down `artias&non&m (meaning X1'= s(C'6 partia s&non&ms (meaning X<'= $(1<0',Ü(<H<' Fadica 11 (t'

<I y A= cu#n D= "anuン, san_ン, kakuruか5U J= chanv = ch&un

To escape, to fee, to go into hiding

Note that the character consists of 7ca4e8 and 7rat8 Fadica 11C (w'



< … A= x D= ko J= gu = h$ui

+u (of Bao6 the ruer of 褒 in the time of 幽王'

Fadica I/ (女'

<H ~ A= &O D= gokuûク, hitoya64x J= oky = &uhk

Lega case6 crime6 prison

Fadica - (Ç'

<C A= sh* D= shokuðョク, aganau&Xな÷ J= sokz = suhk

To redeem, to compensate for

Fadica 1H (o'

< ƒ A= )@ D= hei-イ J= p&e. = pei

Sexua fa4orite (of a ruer'

5ere, this word is used causati4e&= 7to make someoneM a sexua fa4orite9Fadica I/ (女'

<0Cc ‰i A= ) f* D= hakufuku{クCク J= )aek )ok|복 = )aak fuhk

Bofu (son of 褒姒'

</ ‹ A= sh_n D= shinðン J= sin신 = s?n

To stretch, to extend

5ere, this character is used as the name of a fiefdom Fadica 10< (}'

</a ‹Œ A= sh_n hu D= shin koðンú J= sin hu신þ = s?n h#uh

The AarYuis of Shen

<- A= &K D= gi~, &oi"い, iiいい J= ui• = &@hSuita)e, appropriate

5ere, the character is part of a name Fadica 0 (⼧'

I0 A= %iO D= k&キP, usu÷? J= gu€ = kau

Aortar



5ere, the character is part of a name Fadica 1I ('

<-a A= &K %iO D= gik&~キP J= ui gu•€ = &@h kau

Vi%iu (the son of the former Yueen and 幽王'

Note the pre4aence of harem poitics here B& remo4ing the son of thedaughter of ‹Œ (the former Yueen' from the position of grand prince, theking aienates ‹Œ and pa4es the wa& for the atter;s re4ot mentionedse4era ines ater

I1 ‘ A= huU D= wakuク, madou1e÷ J= hok‚ = waahk

To )e confused, to )e deuded6 to )e sexua&M infatuated with

Fadica C1 (3'

I< “ A= ch$ng (1.<'6 shng (I' D= %Eéョ, noru\U J= seungƒ =s@hng (1.<'6 sihng (I'

1 To ride in a 4ehice

< To take ad4antage of a situationM

I Aeasure word for carriagesM

Fadica („'

II ” A= xO D= shutsuðñ!, %utsuéñ! J= h&u… = s_ut

To care a)out, to ha4e pit& on, to pa& attention to

This is a 4ariant character of the more common † Fadica <C (‡'

I – A= Y D= kuク, kakeruかWU J= gu€ = k_ui

To gaop, to ride a horse, to dri4e a horse6 to force, to dri4e someone to dosomethingM

Fadica 1/ (ˆ'

IH.— A= chK D= chi, haseruFTU J= chi‰ = ch@h

To gaop, to hurr&

–— often occurs with the poetic meaning of 7to go hunting for peasure9Fadica 1/ (ˆ'



IC ˜ A= &@ D= &okuヨŠク J= ik‹ = &ihk

3 )ow and arrow with a string tied to the arrow for retrie4a6 to go huntingwith such a weapon

Fadica HC (˜'

I ™ A= i D= r&Eリョ, kariかb J= &eopŒ = ihp

To hunt

Fadica - (Ç'

):[ A= )O shK D= tokinarazu4üなí J= )u siŽc = )?t sih

3t an& time

This idiomatic expression deri4es its meaning from the idea that something is

done 9at no specificM time9

I/ ž A= mi^n D = menン J= m&eon = mKhn

Zrunk, intoxicated

Fadica /H (''

<<<a Gž A= i* mi^n D= r&menリñン J= &u m&eon‘ = #uh

To )e drunk constant&

I- Ÿ A= ch?ng D= shEðョ J= chang’ = ch_ung

`opuar entertainment (often of a sexua nature'6 prostitute

Fadica - (人'

0 A= &Eu D= &uó J= u“ = &?u

`opuar entertainment or entertainer6 actor

Fadica - (人'

1 £ A= xO D= "oku)ク, tsuzukuつ5, tsuzukeruつWU, tsuzukiつ

ü J= sokz = %uhk

To continue6 in a seYuence

Fadica 1<0 (”'



< ¤ A= "hUu D= chñ, hiru6U J= %uò = %au

Za&, da&time

Zistinguish this character from Ð(<IH' Fadica < ('

I¨ A= du?n D= tan–ン, hashiF#, hataFた J= dan— = d&n

2nd6 reason6 method

Fadica 11 ('

© A= f_ng D= hEå J= )ong = fng

Watch )eacon, warning )eacon

Fadica /C (´'

H ª A= su@ D= sui™イ J= suš = seuih

Watch )eacon, warning )eacon

©ª is a s&non&m compound6 most often, a writer wi %ust use © Fadica /C(´'

C A= kUu D= kEú J= gu€ = kau

Bandit, raider6 to go raiding

Fadica 0 (⼧'

± A= x] D= shitsuð!, tsukusuつ5?, kotogotokuO4›45 J= siœ = s]k

3

Grammarians ha4e o)ser4ed that origina& this ad4er) seemed to app&most& to pura o)%ects >or exampe, whereas the sentence 王ž2Ÿ woudusua& )e interpreted as 9Jings a o4e their minister(s',8 王±ž2Ÿ woudmore ike& )e The king o4es a of his ministers9 (ie,<HM woud indicatea purait& of kings, whereas ± woud indicate a purait& of ministers'5owe4er, as we can see from this esson;s text, the distinction came to )eignored, and and ± came to )e used interchangea)& Fadica C1 (3'

/ ² A= &u D= etsuf!, yorokobu"O¡ J= &eo¢ = &uht

To deight, to gi4e peasure to6 deighted, happ&



Notice that this is the 7correct8 character for a certain use of 說(0<.<'Fadica C1 (3'

- ´ A= huE D= kaカ, hi6 J= hwa화 = f

>ireFadica /C (´'

H0 ¹ A= w$i D= &uióイ, tattaた£た, tadaたG J= &uô = w#ih

bn&

Fadica I0 (R'

H1 ¾ A= &* D= &uó, hetsurau¤つí÷ J=ô = &Oh

To fatter, to )e o)seYuious toward

Fadica 1- (#'

Ha ¿À A= )^i x@ng D= h&akushE6¥5#¦, h&akusei6¥5Tい J= )aekseong|§ = )aak sing

The common peope (it, 7the hundred surnames 7'

H< Á A= gu?i D= kaiカイ, somuku¨*5 J= goe© = gw?ai

`er4erse, o)stinate6 to )e stu))orn, to )e diso)edient

Zon;t confuse this character with “ (I<' Fadica („'

HI Â A= K D= riリ, hanaruFなU, hanareruFなれU, sakaruýかU J= i ª = ih

To part from6 to separate, to distinguish6 separated from, parted6 aienatedfrom, hostie

Fadica 1< («'

H Ã A= "_ng D= shEðョ, sE( J= %eung¬ = %?ng

The state of Peng

Fadica 1<0 (”'

C<Ia ÅÆ A= x] &K D= sei;i[イイ J= seo i® = s?i &@h



Western 7Vi8 tri)es (name of a )ar)arian group'

HH Ç A= Yu^n D= kenケン, inuい¯ J= g&eon° = h&*n

Zog

Fadica - (Ç'

HC È A= rng D= %éñ, ebisu@±? J= &ung² = &Ohng

1 7Fong8 (genera name for 7)ar)arian8 tri)es in the west'

< Aiitar& affairs6 sodiering

Fadica C< (r'

HH ÇÈ A= Yu^n rng D= ken%uW^³P J= g&eon &ung°² = h&*n&Ohng

The 7Zog Fong8 tri)es (name of a )ar)arian group'

H Ë A= "h_ng D= chEョ, chō suru0¦?U, mesu´? J= %ingµ = %]ng

To draft, to conscript, to order someone to appearM

Fadica C0 (¶'

H/ Í A=K D= ri J= &eo= = ih

Back (refers to horses'

5ere, this character is the name of a mountain Fadica 1/ (ˆ'

H/a ÍÎ A= i shan D= ri"an J= &eo san

AtLi

Near the mountain now caed Å·6 ÍÎ is aso the site of the first ¸ emperor;s tom)

H- Ï A= [ D= r&oリョ, toriko4bO J= no¹ = uh

To capture, to take prisoner6 prisoner, capti4e

Vou wi find that this character is aso used as a pe%orati4e term for9)ar)arian9 enemies Fadica 11 (t'



C0 Ñ A= O D= roº, takaraたかí J= noe» = ouh

Goods, weath, treasures6 )ri)es6 to )ri)e

Fadica 1H (o'

I1a Ó王 A= pKng wng D= hei o-イ¼ J= p&eong wang½ù = p@hngwUhng

Jing ìng (of the Phou6 r 0.1- B2'

C1 Ö A= sh] D= shið J= sic = s]

òetr&6 the assic of òetr& Ö¾, a poem from the assic of òetr&

Lines from this cassic are often Yuoted to ornament a stor& or iustrate apoint Fadica 1-(#'

C< × A= &*n D= unæン, &uuö÷, iuい÷ J= un¿ = w#hn

To sa&

S&non&m=$(1<0', athough × is used more often for textua YuotationsFadica (('

CI Ø A= h D= kakuカク, kagayakasuかXxか? J= h&eokÀ = h?ak

Gorious, shining

Notice the poetic 9redupication9 of the ad%ecti4e in this esson;s text Fadica1HH (Á， 9red9'

C Ý A= sUng D= %uéñ, shōðョ J= songÂ = %uhng

5&mn, ode, euog&

>or use of this term, see x-11 )eow Fadica 1/1 (Ã'

CH ß A= x]ng D= k&Eキョ, okoruøOU, okosuøO? J= heungÄ =h]ng

To awaken, to arise6 to fourish, to )ecome eminent6 to raise up, to mo)ii"e

Fadica 1I ('

CC à A= pi D= hai{イ J= )ae Å = pui

To pair with, to match6 to marr&, to )ecome the spouse of Fadica 1C (Æ'



C ä A= s@ D= shið, matsuru1つU J= saê = %ih

Feigious sacrifices6 to sacrifice (usua& to ancestors or the ro&a house'

Fadica 11I (示'

COMMENTARY 1-1 同王!( <'= 5ere,同 must )e taken as a 4er)= 9the& went together tothe king court9

1-< 夏后+,之-.，/0( <.I'= When the dragon.spirits appear at court,the king has to decide how to dea with them 9The +ia ruer cast a di4inationas to whether he sho ki them orM aow them it, 9gi4e9M to go awa&, )ut noresutsM came up auspicious8 Note that the author uses / here, e4en though

proper& speaking this character shoud reff to peope, not things

1-I 王JK人L"M之( H'= This seems to ha4e )een a ritua performed topurge the court of e4i spirits

1- Qd人^nofghi之p者( ./'= 93fterward there were peopeQahus)and and wifeQseers of utensis of mu)err& )ows and Yui4ers in theshape of a winnowr )asket9 The meaning is cear here, )ut the grammar israther sopp&

1-H m童妾之女Ua"su( /'= 9The& heard the daughter of the &oung gir,ha4e encountered a)andonment, waiing in the night9

1-C ’P-之同“( 11.1<'= 3owing a consort or concu)ine to ride in thesame carriage as onesef is often cited in ear& texts as a mark of excessi4efa4or on the part of the ruer

1- §¨，†:¥( 1I'=§¨ is acking a 4er)= 75e triedM a m&riad

methods8 3s is sometimes the case, † is a itte difficut to interpretit coudmean 9stu))orn&9 (used as a su)stitute for ÇI</.<M', or 9persistent&9 or9dei)erate&9

1-/ ¹褒姒#cº( 1H'= This is an idiomatic grammar pattern that oftenoccurs with ¹ The )asic structure is ¹.o)%ectQ Qc 4er)6 c is used as



emphasis to stress the o)%ect, which is dispaced to the )eginning of thesentence Litera&, 7on& Bao Si;s wordsÈ these heM o)e&ed9

1-- »¼½¾，¿ÀÁÂ( 1C'= These statements are meant to indicate howthe immora )eha4ior of the king came to infuence the )eha4ior of a sociacassesQa cassic onfucian sentiment

1-10 周-°Œ]Õ( 1/.1-'= The 周 ro&a house shoud ha4e had authorit&o4er a of the feuda ords, )ut from this time on, the 周 had no moreauthorit& or infuence than an& of their 4assas

1-11Ö×%&ØØÙ周，褒姒Ú之。*Û之Ü也( 1-'= :n ear& texts, it wasextreme& common for an author to iustrate a point )& Yuoting a ine or twofrom the Ö¾6 in fact, e4er& )iograph& in the 列女傳 has at east one such

Yuotation 5ere, the Yuotation refers specifica& to 褒姒= 75ow shining werethe ancestors Phou VetM Bao Si destro&ed them8 The phrase that foows (Û之Ü也' is idiomatic and is used after a Yuotation to emphasi"e its ree4ance6it itera& means 7thatM is namingreferring to this8

1-1<Ý( 1-'= This usua& refers to a short poem composed in four.character ines that often ends a )iograph& or other composition Like mosthinese poetr&, Ý are written in coupet units, with the ast characters ofeach e4en ine rh&ming The purpose of such poems is to summari"e the potin a pith& and succinct form The& ma& 4er& we ha4e )een composed as a

mnemonic de4ice for students, so that the& coud memori"e something toremind them of the most important points of a piece

Vo!"#$!%& 'ints妾(CCI.1' 初(I0H' 衰(<-/' 同(I0' 6(HH/'

>(1' B(1' C(<-C.<' F(0' G(<<<'

I(C0' ^(1-0.1' `(<HH' n(1-<'

(C0/.<'

p(-.1' q(IC' s(</<' t(-0'v(HI'w(C-' |(IH1.<' •(1H' ‚(1' „(H1I'

Š(' Žˆ(<1), L1<' š(<H.<'œ(11'¥(1I0'

§(1'³(HI-.I'¶(--'·(1C'º(C<H.1'

Ê(1<' Ò(<HC.<' É(<-' Õ(I<.1' á(C<H.1'

ã(<//'



C!%!te% Listi “×'化后周¹夏K幽!Ë9‘ÈE´N神童¨ß4uÖÂ–T龍(I1'

ii +0Z²±r¤Ç™‹äÏ¾eØU?à(<0'

iii _Á\yh£oÝÍ('

i4Ÿ”X姒…ƒÉ7˜gf<ž3©ª~WÃOL褒MÑ(<C'

Lesson 2

ÊËÌÍ(1)ÊËÌ之Í也，uËÍ。2ÎÏÐ。Ëˆ之Ñ也，ÒÓ爲ÐÔ之，ÕÖ×ØÙËÍ$%

&ÛÚÛÜ€ÝÞˆ也。*5.，Îßà。2Òá爲â人ão之ÙËÍä$%&ÛÚÛ

Ü€ÝÞˆ也。*åæÎçR之à。2ÒÓ5èéê，ëìíî。ËÍ$%&ïH€ÝÛ

ˆð。*xÝ之。CËˆz，çñò，óô«õ之ö。)ˆÜ%&ËÍ÷€ø化。*Ö×%&ùú者ˆ，û€ü之ý*Û之Ü也。Ëˆ之Ñ也，Vç"þ。ËÍÿ績，問$%&çûÜ@ðý*Ëˆ$%&Ô若也。*ËÍ€刀斷2織。Ëˆ`"問2†。ËÍ$%&ˆ之Šç，若Û斷斯織也。^)ˆç€ö，問®廣知。c€Ý®·寧，動®遠害。今"Š之，c:免廝役，"]€Â禍患也。û€Õ織績"食%=道Š":爲，寧能è2^ˆ"z:乏糧食哉ý女®Š2Ü食，男®墮修德，:爲竊盜，®爲Ï役ð。*Ëˆ`，!"ç:#，$ˆ%，xô&¼之öõ。)ˆÜ%&ËÍ知爲人Í之道ð。*Ö×%&ùú者ˆ，û€'之ý*Û之Ü也。

VOCABULARY (768*8+)C/ Ê A= "Eu D= shEðョ J= chu( = %?u

Pou (a sma state near ) and *'

Fadica 1CI (;'

C- Ë A= mng D= mE+ J= maeng, = maahng

1 Beginning, initia (used to descri)e the first month of each season'

< Aeng a surnameM

Fadica I- (ˆ'

0 Ì A= k_ D= kaカ J= ga- = E

`air of whees6 axe tree

5ere, this character is a persona name Fadica 1H- (.'



C-a ËÌ A= mng k_ D= mo ka+カ J= maeng ga,- = maahng E

Aeng Je (the phiosopher Aencius ËˆI<.</- B2M'

1

A= sh (1'6 sh (<' D= seki[キ, shað/, suteru?0U J= saê = se(1'6 s$ (<'

1 Lodging, a)ode6 to odge at, to reside in，

< To re%ect, to cast aside, to throw awa&, to et go

With meaning X< the word is often written as 1 Fadica 1IH (2'

< Ð A= mO D= )oボ, hakaFか J= m&o3 = mouh

Tom), gra4e mound

Fadica I< (4'

I Ò A= x] D= kiキ, ureshigaru÷れ#XU J= hui5 = h_i

To en%o&, to )e peased6 to pa&, to amuse onesef

Fadica I/ (女'

Õ A= &\ng D= &Eヨ J= &ong6 = &*ng

To eap and %ump a)out

With Ö (HC1',Õ forms the compound ÕÖ, meaning 7to eap a)out anddance with enthusiasm or %o&M8 Õ is sometimes written 7 Fadica 1H (8'

H × A= "h* D= chikuク, kizukuü5 J= chuk9 = %k

To )uid (usua& through ramming earth'

Fadica 11/ (Y'

C Ø A= mi D= maimイ, uzumeru÷´U J= maen = m#aih

To )ur&

Fadica I< (4'

à A= png D= hE:, )E;, katawaraかたìí, soba¨< J= )ang= = pUhng



Side, )eside6 to )e at the side of

Fadica - (人'

/ á A= x@ D= gi>, geK, tawamureruたì*れU J= hui5 = hei

Game6 to pa&, to tease6 drama

Fadica C< (r'

- â A= g[ D= koú J= ga- = g*

Aerchant6 mercantie acti4ities

Zon;t confuse this character with o(<0' Fadica 1H (o'

/0 ã A= xu#n D= genKン, terau0í÷ J= h&eonL = &uhn

To dispa& often goods in a shop or market staM

Fadica 1 (?'

/1 æ A= x D= shið, utsuru÷つU J= saê = sai

To mo4e one s pace of residenceM

Zon;t confuse this character with @(HH' Fadica C0 (¶'

/< ç A= xu$ D= gakuMク, manabu1な¡, manabi1な± J= hakA =hohk

To stud&6 stud&, erudition Fadica I- (ˆ'

/<a çR A= xu$ gEng D= gakk&X£5 J= hak gungAQ = hohk gng

Schoo

/I é A= "[ D= so( J= %oJ = %

`atter (used in reigious sacrifices'Fadica - (人'

/ ê A= dUu D= tEB, "uC J= duD = dauh

1 Bow

< Beans



5ere, meaning X1 is more specificQa specia )ow used in reigious sacrificesFadica 1H1 (ê'

/H ë A= &] D= &ó J= eupE = &?p

To )owFadica C (F'

/C î A= tu@ D= tai–イ, shirizoku#bG5 J= toeH = teui

To retreat, to withdraw

5ere, íî refers to proper considerations of when to ad4ance or retreatunder the guideines of ritua I Fadica 1C< (V'

/ ò A= &@ D= geiKイ J= &eJ = ngaih3rt, craft, artistic accompishment

Fadica 10 (,'

I-Ia ñò A= iO &@ D= riku geib5Kい J= &uk &eLJ = uhk ngaih

The Six 3rts

>or a hinese genteman of ancient times, the Six 3rts he was supposed tomaster were rites, music, archer&, charioteering, writing, and mathematics

// õ A= r* D= %u J= &uô = &Oh

Schoar, onfucian, onfucian genteman

This is the character that comes cosest to designating onfucianism as aphiosoph& or wa& of ife Fadica - (人'

/- ø A= %i#n D= "enMン, yōyaku"÷x5, yōyō"÷"÷ J= %eomN = %ihm

Gradua6 gradua&, fina&

Fadica /H (''

-0 ú A= sh D= shuðñ J= %uò = %&

Beautifu, handsome, fine

Fadica I/ (女'



-1 績 A= %] D= seki[キ, tsumuguつ*I J= %eokO = %]k

Spinning thread6 unthreading sik cocoons

This acti4it& was considered cassic women;s work Fadica 1<0 (”'

1Ha Ô若 A= "@ ruU D= %i%aku³³¥5 J= %a &akPQ = %ih &euhk

Same as usua6 nothing different

This phrase is an idiomatic expression that can aso mean 7cam,87composed8

-< 斷 A= du#n D= danRン, dan%iruG^³U, tatsuたつ J= dan— =d&uhn (to )reak'6 d&un (to decide'

To )reak, to se4er, to cut off6 to decideFadica C- (S, 7axe8'

-I 織 A= "h] D= shokuðョク, shikiðキ, oruøU, oriøb J= %ikT = %]k

To wea4e6 wea4ing6 wo4en coth

Fadica 1<0 (”'

- 斯 A= s] D= shið, kakuか5, kakaruかかU J= saê = s]

1 This, these, su)stitution for Û (1H' M

< Then, su)stitution for ® (1HI'M

3s &ou can see, this character is genera& used to express two meanings thatare more often represented )& other characters Fadica C- (S'

-H 廣 A= gu^ng D= koú, hiroi6い, hiromeru6´U J= gwangU =gwng

Broad6 to )roaden

Fadica HI (广'

<0Ia c€ A= sh@ & D= kore wo motteOれVW£0 J= si ic® = sih &Kh

onseYuent&, therefore

This phrase is an idiomatic in4ersion of €c, 7)& means of this8 S&non&m=†(</H.1'



-C 寧 A= nKng D= neiXイ J= n&eongY = n@hng

1 3t peace, peacefu, cam

< 5ow rhetorica Yuestion, same meaning as Z(C0<'M

I To prefer to, rather

Note that whereas meaning X1 occurs here first in the s&non&m compound ·寧, the second meaning occurs two ines ater The third meaning doesn;toccur unti Lesson 0 Fadica 0 (⼧'

-害 A= h#i D= gaiMイ, sokonau¨Oな÷ J= hae[ = hoih

5arm, damage, disaster6 to harm

Fadica 0 (⼧'

-/ 免 A= mi^n D= menン, manugareru1¯XれU J= m&eon =mKhn

To a4oid, to escape

Fadica 10 (\'

-- 廝 A= s] D= shið J=sic = s]

Aenia ser4ant

Fadica HI (广'

/00 役 A= &@ D= ekifキ J= &eok] = &ihk

Ser4ant6 ser4itude

Fadica C0 (¶'

/01 乏 A= f D= )Eボæ, toboshii4;#い J= pip = faht

To )e acking

Fadica („'

/0< 糧 A= ing D= r&Eリョæ, rEºæ, kateか0 J= &ang_ = uhng

`ro4isions, grain, food

Fadica 11- (`'



/0I 男 A= nn D= danRン, nanaン, otokoø4O J= namb = n#ahm

Aan, mae6 son

Fadica 1- (c'

/0 墮 A= duU D= daR J= tad = doh

1 To fa, to sink

< To )ecome indoent, a"&, or careess

The second group of meanings acts as a su)stitute for e Fadica I< (4'

/0H " A= YKn D= kinキン, gonûン J= geunf = k#hn

To stri4e, to make an effort

Fadica 1- (c'

<-a ˆ% A= "s] D= shishi J= %a sa Pê = %K s]

Pisi (one of onfucius; most important discipes'

COMMENTARY <01 ÛÚÛÜ€ÝÞˆ也( <'= Note the causati4e usage of Ý and Þ here=9This is no the means )& which : canM cause m& son to reside9 9This is notthe pace : can raise m& son9

<0< ùú者ˆ，û€ü之( C'= Both of the anecdotes in this esson;s textconcude with a Ö¾ Yuotation, as in the ast esson;s text (compare 1-11' :nthis case, the Yuotation is from poem no HI= 9That fine person what do wegi4e her9 :t;s difficut to know exact& wh& the author thought this Yuotationwas appropriateQperhaps )ecause it carries the idea that such a 4irtuouswoman is worth& of our respect and esteem The same ma& )e said of theYuotation at ine 1, which is taken from the same poem= ùú者ˆ，û€'之 7That fine person what do we offer her9 (the character ' occurs here with

the archaic meaning 9to gi4e,9 9to offer9'

<0I 問®廣知( -'= 95e inYuires of his eders or teachersM and so )ecomes)road& knowedgea)e 9ËÍ means that this is the true goa of education



<0 c€Ý®·寧，動®遠害( -Q10'= 3 t&pica rhetorica de4ice gi4ingdifferent )eha4ior under different conditions :n this case, Ý woud meani4ing at home (in retirement or at eisure', whereas 動 woud mean in pu)icoffice (it, 9in motion9'

<0H =道Š":爲，寧能è2^ˆ"z:乏糧食哉( ::'= 9:f in the midde of &ourpath &ou cast aside these thingsM and do not do themM, how coud &oucothe &our hus)and and chidren or not cause them to )e perpetua&without grain or food9 Note= (1' è in a causa 4er)a sense, 9to cothe,9 and(<' the somewhat awkward causa phrase z:乏, 9for aong time to cause tonot ack9

<0C 女®Š2Ü食，男®墮修德，:爲竊盜，®gÏ役ð( 11.1<'= 9:f a woman,then to cast aside the food that she ser4es6 if a man, then to )e careess incuti4ating 4irtueQif these conditions occurM, then if one does not )ecome athief or a ro))er, then one )ecomes a prisoner or a ser4ant9 This 4er&compicated sentence shows the su)tet& empo&ed in using ® :n the firstcase, two sets of causes gi4e two contrasting conditions (and note that thefirst cause in each case is nothing more than a singe noun'= 9if a woman,then if a man, then8 Second, the two soe aternati4es to a preconditionare enumerated with a :® pattern= (if not +, then V' The unstatedeement here is the ink )etween the two parts of the sentence, which coudha4e )een represented )& &et another®=女®Š2Ü食，男®墮修德，®:爲竊盜，®爲Ï役ð The author pro)a)& thought that another ® at that pointwoud )e confusing

:ncidenta&, &ou might notice how much the speech of ËÍ is rooted incarefu& )aanced sentences, contrasting different actors and actions, istingdifferent aternati4es, and predicting different resuts 3n awareness of theseparae rh&thms wi hep &ou considera)& to read such passagesjwhichpredominate in the rhetoric of hinese phiosoph& and prose in genera

<0 )ˆÜ( 1I'= 3 superior man woud assumethink9 This phrase, foundin a num)er of ear& texts, often introduces pro4er)s, o)ser4ations, or

%udgments of a 9onfucian9 nature

Vo!"#$!%& 'intsu(I<.<' Ï(HI0' Ñ(<1-.I' Ó(</'Ô(<<1'

Ö(HC1' Þ(CI0.1' o(<0' è(CI1' ì(/.1'

ï(<' ô(1'化(C-0.<'Ö(C1'×(C<'

û€(1/a, L10' `(<<H'Š(')ˆ(</a, L<' z(II.'



食(<H0.<' 哉(<1C' ·(C<0.<' 動(IC-'遠(C0-'

Â(HI' 禍(-' 患(I-' 修(1C'竊(<C.<'

盜(I<1' Ï(H-' (H-0' !(H-1'#(HH.<'

C!%!te% Listi 免Ëç害寧廣役á斯斷Îî(1<'

ii 乏àõ"墮ø男×糧織êâ(1<'

iii ØÐæë績òÊ('

i4éúÒ廝hÕÌ('

Lesson 21

ÊËÌÍ(2)ËˆVi，jPkl，2Km"¡n。Ëˆ:²，x.:P。KoËÍ，"p.$%&妾m^K之道，kl:-8。今者妾竊墮¡l，"^ˆ;妾，qr:²，cs妾也。K人之t，u:sv。1þwÍ。*cËÍxËˆ"Ü之$%&^IjPy，問z{，Ü€á|也。j»}，~•€，Ü€人也。jP‚，ƒ•¼，„;人…也。今ˆ:†I，"‡I人，:ˆ遠‰ý*ËˆŠ，x‹2K。)ˆÜ%&ËÍ知I，"ŒÍ之道。*

ËˆÞ*，"dŽ。ËÍ; 之$%&ˆ若dŽ，û也ý*Ëˆ$%&:A。*ÕÝ，‘’"“。ËÍ;之$%&”;ˆdŽ，$:A也–。今‘’"“，û也ý*Ëˆ—$%&Ìm之%)ˆ˜™"š›，:爲œ"‚ž，:Ÿ¡。°Œ:¢®:£2»，¢":¤®:¥2¦。今道:¤*，§?"Í¨，c€Ž也。*ËÍ$%&^K人

之I，©ª«， ¬，®¯，°è±"²ð，†d³n之修"]´µ之¶。· $%

¡=¸，¹ºx。–Ö$%]Ú]»，¼食c½。–€#K人]¾¿之t，"dÀ º之道也。†ÁÑ®º‰wÍ，’Â®º‰^，^Ã®º‰ˆ，I也。今ˆô人也，"

Ä¨ð，ˆ?‰ˆt，Û?‰ÛI。*)ˆÜ%&ËÍ知K道。*Ö×%&ÅÅ¥，ÆÇÈÉ。*Û之Ü也。Ý$%&Ëˆ之Í，É化列Ê。ÞˆËò，Jº«Ì。ˆç:í，斷Í示8。ˆxô德，爲YÎÏ。*

VOCABULARY (86-8+)/0Ci A= Y[ D= shuðñ, metoru´4U J= chwiÐ = ch$ui

To marr& (used of men'

This is the mae eYui4aent of Â(CC' Fadica I/ (女'

0a kl A= s] sh@ D= shishitsu##つ J= sa siêœ = s] s?t

Bedroom



/0 m A= t^n D= tan–ン, hadanugiFG¯> J= dan— = tan

To a& )are, to strip usua& to the waistM6 to )e partia& naked

Fadica 1H (è'

1-0)^ˆ A= f " D= fushiÑ# J= )u %aDP = f %K

5us)and, ord, master

5ere, the wife uses this word as a poite term for her hus)and, )ut it can aso)e a poite term of address to show respect to an& man (this is how it is usedin Lesson <H'

/0/ q A= ) D= )otsu J= )aÒ = )uht

3)rupt

Note the t&pica ad4er) suffix r (<I1.I' attached to this character in thisesson;s text Fadica 1- (c'

/0- x A= "h#o D= shEðョæ, mesu´?, &omu"* J= soÓ = %iuh

To summon, to send for, to )eckon

Fadica I0 (ÿ'

/10 z A= sh* D= %uku³P5, i"ureいれ, tareたれ J= sukÔ = suhk

Who, which, what, Yuestion wordMFadica I- (ˆ'

/11 { A= c*n D= son, "on)ン, "on%iruGに³U, sonsuru¨^?U J= %onÕ = ch&Ohn

To )e present, to exist, to sur4i4e6 to preser4e

Fadica I- (ˆ'

/1< | A= %@ng D= keiケイ, k&Eキョæ, keisuruWい?U, uyamau÷x1÷ J= g&eongÖ = ging

To respect, to honor, to re4ere6 respect, honor

Fadica CC (w'

/1I ~ A= sh_ng D= shEðョæ, seiTい, koeO@ J= seong§ = s]ng



oice, sound

Fadica 1</ (×'

/1 € A= &ng D= &Eヨæ, agu&I, agaru&XU, ageru&KU J= &angØ

= &uhng To spread, to propagate, to raise

Fadica C (F'

/1H A= %i D= kaiカイ, imashimuい1#* J= g&eÙ = gaai

To warn, to admonish, to prohi)it

Fadica C< (r'

/1C ‡ A= "$ D= seki[キ, shakuð/ク, semeruT´U J= chaekÚ = %aak

To )ame, to take to task6 )ame, censure6 responsi)iit&, guit

Fadica 1H (o'

/1 ‹ A= i* D= r&リñæ, ruU, todomu4e* J= &u‘ (&uô' = #uh

To detain, to keep6 to remain

Fadica 10< (}'

/1/ A= g D= koú J= goÛ = g

Gir, maiden, maiden aunt6 mother.in.aw

Fadica I/ (女'

/1/a Í A= gm[ D= ko)oO; J= go moÛÜ = g muh

Aother.in.aw

/1- ‘ A= &Eng D= &Eヨæ J= ongÝ = &*ng

To em)race, to hod, to possess, to press upon, to ean upon

Fadica C (F'

/<0 ’ A= &Kng D= eifイ, &Eヨæ J= &eongÞ = &@hng



oumn, piar

Fadica H (8'

/<1 œ A= g\u D= kEúæ, iyashiiいx#い J= gu€ = gu

1 :icit, careess

< :f, supposing

Fadica 10 (,'

/<1a œ A= g\u d$ D= kEtokuO÷45 J= gu deuk€ß = gu d?k

:icit gain6 to o)tain )& iicit means

/<< ž A= sh^ng D= shEðョæ J= sangà = s$ung

Feward6 to reward

Fadica 1H (o'

/<I ¡ A= O D= roku5 J= noká = uhk

Saar&, monetar& compensation

Fadica 11I (示'

/< £ A= d D= tatsuたつ, tassuruた£?れ J= daâ = daaht To reach, to get in contact with, to )e successfu

Fadica 1C< (V'

/<H ¥ A= %i#n D= sen[ン, fumuÑ* J= cheonã = chKhn

To tread upon6 to freYuent

Fadica 1H (8'

/<C © A= %]ng D= shoðョ, sei[イ, shirageru#íKU J= %eong정 = %]ng

2ssence6 pure6 to purif&6 to )e skied or we 4ersed in

Fadica 11- (`'

/< ª A= w[ D= goû J= oä = lgh

>i4e



Fadica (('

/</ « A= f#n D= han{ン, meshi´# J= )anå = faahn

ooked rice6 food6 pro4isions

Fadica 1/ (食'

/<a ª« A= wu f#n D= gohan›F^ J= o )anäå = lgh faahn

`reparation of the fi4e edi)e grains

The ist 4aries depending on the source, )ut it usua& incudes two differentkinds of miet, wheat, )are&, and rice

/<- ¬ A= m@ D= )ekiæキ J= m&eokç = mihk

Strainer6 to strain

5ere, the necessar& straining of ae to remo4e sediment ser4es as as&necdoche for the )rewing of ae in genera Fadica 1 (

, 7co4er8'

/I0 è A= %i?ng D= shoðョæ J= %ang = %$ung

LiYuid, )rew

Fadica /H (''

/I1 ¯ A= %iO D= k&キñæ J= gu€ = kuh

1 >ather.in.aw

< nce

Fadica 1I ('

/I< ° A= f$ng D= hEåæ, nuu¯÷ J= )ong = fOhng

To sew, to stitch, to mend

Fadica 1<0 (”'

/II ± A= chng, shng D= shEðョæ J= sangà = suhng

othes, ro)es

Fadica 1H (è'



/I ³ A= gu] D= keiケイ, neyaéx J= g&uê = gw?i

Women s Yuarters

Fadica 1C- (y'

/IH ¸ A= ku@ D= kiキ J= gweë = gwaih

`ro4isions, food6 to offer a present often of foodM

Fadica 1/ (食'

/IC ¹ A= w* D= muì, naiない J= muí = mUuh

1 To not ha4e6 nonpossession

< Nonexistence, nothingness6 to not exist

I 7Zon;t8 negati4e imperati4eM

This character is used interchangea)& with ] (IC' 2ar& texts tend to showpropensities for using one or the otherjfor exampe, the îˆ(Lessons II.0'tends to use ¹ Fadica 1(¹'

/I º A= &Eu D= &Eヨæ, shEðョæ J= &uô = &#uh

3rchaic 4ersion ÜM

Fadica CC (夂'

/I/ » A= &K D= gi~ J= ui• = &@h

brnament, decoration6 ceremon&6 ritua regaia

Fadica - (人'

/I- ¼ A= w$i D= iイ J= &uô = w#ih

bn&

This character su)stitutes for the more proper¹ (H0' Fadica C1 (3'

/0 ½ A= &@ D= gi~ J= ui• = &ih

To dei)erate6 dei)eration, matter for dei)eration, concern

Fadica 1- (#'



/1 ¿ A= "h@ D= sei[イ J= %eï = %ai

To determine, to decide6 to reguate, to go4ern

Fadica 1/ (刀'

a ô人 A= ch$ng r$n D= sei%inTい³^ J= seong in§ð = s@hng &#hn

3dut, grown.up

/< Å A= "ai D= sai J= %ae =

1 3rchaic partice, rough& eYui4aent to ®M

< To carr&, to transport

Aeaning X<, though the most common meaning for this character, does notoccur in our texts Fadica 1H- (.'

/I Æ A=fi D= hiñ J= )iò = f$i

3rchaic 4ersion of ÚM

Fadica << (ó, 7)ox,8 7)asket8'

/ È A= &] D= iイ J= i® = &]

ague, archaic, third person pronounM

This character is one of the exceptions to the genera rue that iterar&hinese a4oids a third person su)%ect pronoun Fadica - (人'

/H É A= %i#o D= k&Eキョ¼, oshieruø#@U J= g&o9 = gaau

To teach, to instruct6 teachings, doctrine

Fadica CC

/C Ë A= "$ D= taku–ク, erabu@í¡ J= taekô = %aahk

To seect, to pick

Fadica C (F'

/ Ì A= *n D= rinリン J= &unõ = uhn

Natura reationships, right principes

Fadica - (人'



// Í A= %] D= kiキ, hataFた J= gij = g_i

1 Loom (for wea4ing'

< Aechanism, de4ice

I risis, turning point, significant moment

Fadica H (8'

/- 示 A= sh@ D= %ié, shið, shimesu#´U J= sic = sih

To demonstrate, to show

Fadica 11I (示'

/H0 Ï A= gu?n D= kanカン J= gwanö = gun

5at, cap6 chief, top, foremost

Fadica 1 (

'

COMMENTARY <11 妾m^K之道，kl:-8÷ <'= The wife of Ëˆ )egins with Yuoting apro4er)ia expression 5er point here is that pri4ate matters )etweenhus)and and wife do not )eong to (

' the ritua& proper )eha4ior prescri)ed for their pu)ic i4esjthat is, thathus)and and wife shoud )e more informa with each other in the )edroom

<1< 今者( <'= 者 can )e added to an& part of speech simp& to emphasi"e5ere, Aencius; wife is simp& stressing that the incident occurred 7%ust now9

<1I cs妾也( I'= 7This is treating me as a gueststranger9 Note theputati4e use of s here

<1 "‡I人，:ˆ遠‰( C'= 7and &et &ou )ame others for their ack ofMpropriet&Qisn;t that indeed far off the mark9

There are a num)er of idiomatic structures here The 4er) ‡ characteristica& takes as an o)%ect the aspect the su)%ect finds acking in aperson, and go4erns the person who is )eing critici"ed 3nother exampe=øù‡ú王，9Guan Phong )amed the king for his faiure to go4ern9



遠 can )e used to signif& that someone is 7far off the mark9Qserious& in erroror serious& in the wrong There is another iterar& hinese ha)it here, onethat is a itte difficut to grasp Literar& hinese tends to think of ad%ecti4esmodified )&

as a singe word or termQfor exampe, :û means 9unfiia9 as opposed to

simp& 9not fiia,9 and :ü is empo&ed as another wa& of sa&ing 7eas&8rather than simp& 7not hard9 3s a resut, when : ad%ecti4e is used in arhetorica Yuestion, the ad4er) ˆ (9indeed9' is amost awa&s inserted)etween the two words=:ˆ遠‰, 93ren;t &ou (indeed' far off the mark :f thewriter had said :遠‰, the phrase woud more ike& )e a straightforwardinYur& for information= 93re &ou cose )&8 >or a simiar use of ˆ, see Lesson1, ine 1I, :ü‰

<1H )ˆ˜™"š›( 10'= 73 superior man weighs himsef and then proceedsto his position9Qin other words, a superior man e4auates his own a)iities

and tries to find a position in the go4ernment that suits those a)iities

<1C °Œ:¢®:£2»( 11'= 7:f the feuda ord does not isten to himM, thenhe does not communicate with his superiors9 Though °Œ (<HIa, Lesson 11'is technica& pura, it is sometimes empo&ed with a singuar meaning Theidea here is that the superior man disdains to protest )ad poicies to his ruerif the ruer is unwiing to heed his ad4ice

<1 ·$%&¡=¸，¹ºx。*( 1I.1'= ËÍ here Yuotes from the cassic

)ook of di4ination, the Vi%ing·¾

Dust asÖ

(C16 7poetr&8ý

can )e used as ana))re4iation of Ö¾, · can )e used as an a))re4iation of ·¾ The anguageof the ·¾ is particuar& o)scure 5ere, we ha4e an excerpt from the text on5exagram I= 7She prepares food within and does not ha4e that which shepursues outsideM9

<1/ Ö$%&]Ú]»，¼食c½。*( 1'= This is taken fromÖ¾, no 1/-=7She has no adornment, no ornaments on& ae and foodQthese herconcerns9 Note that Ú is used here as an archaic su)stitution for thecharacterþ, meaning 9adornment,9 9decoration9 Note aso that the secondof the two ines foows the specia grammar pattern : discussed at 1-/

<1- ˆ?‰ˆt( 1H'= 7Vou conduct &oursef in accordance with &ourprincipes9

<110 ÅÅ¥，ÆÇÈÉ( 1.1/'=Ö¾, no <--= 7With facia expression andwith smies without anger she teaches9



<111 É化列Ê( 1/'= 75er teaching and mora transformati4e powers made %udgments9 (列 7to rank96 Ê7to distinguish and di4ide up9'

Vo!"#$!%& 'intsn(10' ²(/' o(I1C.<' 妾(CCI.<'

(1-1.'竊(<C.1' 墮(/0.<' s(<-'t(HH.I'u(I.<'

v(-.1'I(-/'}(I-/'‚(C1'ƒ(I<'

„(H' …(I<0.<' †(CCH' ˆ(<I0.<' Š(H/.1'

Œ(H/.<' Ž(I'(<-'(H/1.<' “(H'

”(C.1' ˜(HHI.<' ›(I/I'Ÿ(I/'(CH.1'

¦(I/.I'§(HH'®(</'修(1C'´(I/'

µ(11' ·(/.<'x(<C.<' ¾(</'‰(1<<.I'

Â(CC' Ç(-'Ý(C'ò(/'斷(-<'

Î(<<'

C!%!te% Listi ªÈ»Ï¿x{z¼€É|¹Í‹¡©~œžÅ£ÿ(<<'

ii ÌÆË示±½‡«(10'

iii ‘º’è¥³(C'

i4¬qi°¯m¸('



Unit 4Lessons 22—30

Excerpts from the Mencius 孟子 The Mencius 孟子 is divided into seven chapters; each chapter is designated

after a person mentioned in the first line of the chapter. Each chapter issubdivided into two parts上 and 下 !modern English"language scholars labelthese #$% and #&%'. Each section( in turn( is composed of a series ofconversations that Mencius holds with rulers( disciples( and competingphilosophers. Thus( 孟子梁惠王上 is usuall) called in English Mencius( *ing +uiof Liang( ,art $.

This is )our first ma-or introduction to philosophical language. ou will findhere a whole set of problems that )ou did not have with narrative distinctiveforms of reasoning !particularl) the habit of ma/ing points through metaphor

and analog)'( rhetorical devices( and even less dependence on grammaticalparticles. The best advice is *eep calm and get used to the wa) thelanguage wor/s.

Lesson 22

孟子梁惠王上(Section 1)孟子見梁惠王，王曰：「叟不遠千里而來，亦將有以利吾國乎？

孟子對曰：「王何必曰利？亦有!而"#$王曰：%何以利吾國？&，'(曰：%何以利吾)？&，*+,曰：%何以利吾-？&，上下./利，而國0#$123國，456

7必千23)$千23國，4567必823)$19千:，千98:，不;不<#$=;>!而?利，不@不A$B有而C5D7EFB有!而>567E$王亦曰!而"#$何必曰利？G

Vocabulary (81!8")1. 梁 M ling 4 r)5 HIJ * l)ang K 6 l7uhng

. The state of 8ei L !alternative name'.9

2. &eam( rafter.

3. &ridge.:adical 1 !M'.

<1b. 惠王 M hu= wng 4 /ei 5 NOPQ * h)e wang RS 6 waih w>hng

*ing +ui !of Liang?8ei; 30"3@ &.6.E.'.



12. 叟 M sAu 4 s5 TJ * suU 6 su

Bld man( venerable elder.

+ere( this character is used as a polite second person reference. :adical 2@!V'.

01b. '( M dC fD 4 taifu WOX * dae bu Y 6 daaih fD

6ourt gentleman; court aristocrac).

13. + M sh 4 sho ZI * seo [ 6 s)u

6ommoners( peasants.

6onseFuentl)( +, also means Gcommoners(G as distinguished from 王( '((and *. :adical 13 !\'.

1H. / M IhJng 4 sei ]^ * -eong _ 6 -Kng

. To march( to go on militar) campaign; to punish rebels.

2. To struggle over( to fight for. 9

Meaning 2( used here( is an unusual meaning for this character and ma) bea confusion for ` !<2'. :adical <o!a'.

11. 0 M wJi 4 /i b( abunai cdeO * wif 6 ngCih

vangerous; to be endangered.:adical 2<!g'.

1<. 4 M sh= 4 shi Z( shiisuru hOij * si/ 6 si

assassinate.

This word is used to describe a social inferior /illing his master or a socialsuperior. :adical 1<!k'.

2b. =; M gAu wi 4 iyashiku mo Olhmn * gu wiof 6 guwCih

Nf( supposing.

The ; here does not add appreciabl) to the meaning of =!2"2'.

1. @ M duO 4 datsu pq( ubau QrQ * tal s 6 d)uht



To seiIe( to grab( to usurp( to deprive.

:adical H !t'.

1. A M )Cn 4 en uv( )5 wJ( )D xJ( akiru cyj * )eomz 6

)im To be satisfied( to be content.

This word often appears in the simpler version {. :adical H !|'.

1@. C M )P 4 i ^( )ui x^( suteru i}j * )u~ 6 wCih

To abandon.

:adical <2 !•'.

#ommentary22..孟子見梁惠王!l. ' $s in Lesson 2( here 見 is used in its semiformalmeaning !3"3'( Gto have an audience with Qthe rulerR.%

22.2.王曰：%何以利吾國？&，'(曰：%何以利吾)？&，*+,曰：%何以利吾-？&，上下./利，而國0#!ll. 2"H' Though there ma) be more than one

possible interpretation( it is probabl) best to ta/e this long sentence asconsisting of an initial #if% clause( followed b) #then% at '(曰. The power of aruler to set the moral habits of ever)one below him is a commonplace in

6hinese philosoph).

22.3. 123國!l. H' $ t)pical wa) of measuring the siIe of a state—how man)carriages it could mobiliIe in time of war. otice that this phase is introducedas the topic of discussion #$s for a state of ten thousand carriagesU.%

22.H. 19千:!l. 1' +ere( : represents the idea #from it% #$s for tenthousand( ta/e a thousand from it.G

22.1. 不;不<!l. 1' Gdoes not ma/e not much.G Vigure out what this phrasemeans( and wor/ out a decent translation for it.

22.<. >!而?利!l. <' ote the putative usage of the location words > and ? here Gto ma/e secondar)G and #to ma/e primar).G



22.. 不@不A!l. <' $ conditional sentence #QNfR the) do not W( the) do not .G This is a t)pical literar) 6hinese wa) of sa)ing #The) do not unless the) W.%

22.. B有而C5D7!l. <' Mencius often uses the pattern UB有 7 toemphasis the idea of impossibilit) #There has never )et been a personwho....% +ere( he wants to show that once benevolence is cultivated( asocialbehavior such as the abandonment of oneXs parents becomes impossible.$lso notice the philosopherXs rhetorical association of the complementar)virtues of and ! with the personal !famil)' level and with the public!government' level.

Vocabulary $ints見€3"3' !<0@' 亦!230"2' 有以!30a( L<' 利!3'

!1H' .!<00"2' 1!' 2!32"3' <!<2@'

=!2"2' ?!10'

#haracter Listi. 0+/梁C!1'

ii. 叟@!2'

iv. 4A!2'

Lesson 2%

孟子梁惠王上(Section %)梁惠王曰：「‚,3ƒ國E，„…:†#$‡ˆ‰，Š‹5Œƒ‡，‹5Žƒ‡ˆ$‡‰亦$‘國3’，“”‚,3…7$‘國3Œ不–—，‚,3Œ不–<，何E？G孟子對曰：「王˜™，š以™›$œ3，žŸ¡，¢£¤ž而¥$¦8§而>¨，¦©ª§而>¨$以©ª§«8§，Š何”？G曰：「不¬$不8§†，®亦¥E$G曰：「王”¯°，Š“±Œ3<ƒ‘國E$不²³´，µ不¬¶|E$·¸不¹º»，¼½不¬¶|E$¾¿以´¹ÀÁ，ÂM不¬¶E$µÃ¼½不¬¶|，ÂM不¬¶，®ÄŒÅÆÇÈ“ÉE$ÅÆÇÈ“É，王Ê3ËE$©Ì3Í，Î3以Ï，©ª7¬以ÐÑ#$ÒÓÔÕ3Ö，“×5´，Øª7¬以|Ù#$8Ú3Û，Ü@5´，·

Ý3)¬以“Þ#$ßàá3â，ã3以äå3!，æç7不èéƒÊê#$Øª7ÐÑ|Ù，ëŒ不Þ不ì，而不王7，B3有E$ÔÕ|,|而不¯íFî有ïð而不¯ñ$,È，Š曰：%òóE，ôE$&®何õƒö,而÷3曰：%òóE，žE&？王“øô，ùú下3Œû:$G

Vocabulary (8&'!"')<0. ‡ M h 4 /a ü * ha ý 6 h>h



:iver.

This character is a northern term for #river(% as opposed to þ( a southernterm. &) itself( ‡ often refers to the ellow :iver ÿ‡( -ust as þ!' b)itself can refer to the angtIe 長þ. :adical 1 !水'.

<0a. ‡ˆ M h n7i 4 /adaiかだO * ha nae ý내 6 h>h noih

+enei !lit.( Gwithin Qi.e.( this side ofR the ellow :iverG; name of a province ofL.'

<. ‰ M Yi5ng 4 /)o bI * h)ung흉 6 hDng

Zisaster; famine; inauspicious.

:adical !⼐'.

<2. ‹ M )P 4 i ^( utsuru Qつj( utsusu Qつi * i이 6 )=h

To move( to transfer.

:adical 1 !禾'.

<3. M d5ng 4 t5トJ( higashiひがh * dong동 6 dDng

East.

:adical 1 !M'.

<0b. ‡ M h d5ng 4 /at5かとQ * ha dong ý동 6 h>h dDng

+edong !lit.( Geast of the ellow :iver%; name of a province of L'.

<H. Ž M s 4 Io/uゾク( awa cわ * so/속 6 sD/

[rain.

:adical @ !米'.

<1. › M ) 4 )u x( tatoeru Wとえj( tatoi WとO * )u 6 )uh

Metaphor( parable( analog); to ma/e an analog)( to illustrate with a stor).:adical 30 !Ý'.

<<. 填 M tin 4 tenテv( hamaruはまj( hameruはめj * -eon전 6t=hn



To fill up( to add in.

+ere( however( this character is used for its sound value in the followingterm. :adical 32 !土'.

<<a. 填 M tin rn 4 tenIen }んぜん * -eon )eon전연 6 t=hn )=hn8ith a bang( with a flourish.

These characters describe the sound of militar) drums.

<. Ÿ M r7n 4 -inジv( ninv( haは( )aiba lOr * in! 6 )ahn

&lade of a weapon.

ote that the character consists of a mar/ pointing to the #edge% of thecharacter for #/nife. :adical !"'.

<. ¤ M )7 4 ei u^( hi/uひm * )e# 6 )aih

To drag( to trail behind one.

:adical 3 !曰'.

<@. ¥ M IAu 4 s5 TJ( hashiruはhi * -u$ 6 -u

To run( to run awa)( to flee.

ote the difference in this literar) 6hinese meaning from the modern

Mandarin meaning of ¥. :adical 1< !¥'.

0. § M b 4 ho%( bu&( aruku cjm * bo' 6 bouh

,ace; to pace; to ta/e a wal/.

:adical !¨'.

. ² M wi 4 i ^( tagau WがQ( tagaeru W(j * wif 6 wCih

To go against，to violate( to interfere with.

:adical <2 !•'.

2. ³ M nOng 4 n5)J * nong* 6 nhng

Varmer; farming; agricultural activities.

6onseFuentl)( ³´ would mean #the farming season(% #the time foragricultural wor/.G :adical < !+'.



3. µ M g\ 4 /o/u,ク * go/- 6 gD/

Edible grains.

:adical 1 !禾'.

H. ¸ M g\ 4 /o, * go. 6 g]

Vishing net.

:adical 22 !/'.

1. º M wD 4 50J( ike ON * o 6 wD

,ool( pond( water hole.

This character can be used interchangeabl) with1!<<o'. :adical 1 !水'.

<. » M chP 4 chi2( ike ON * -i3 6 ch=h

,ool( pond.

:adical 1 !水'.

. ½ M biJ 4 betsu4q * b)eol5 6 bit

Turtle !usuall) freshwater'.

:adical 201 !6(#to striveG'.

. ¾ M f\ 4 fu7( ono P8 * bu9 6 f]

$Y.

:adical <@ !¿'.

@. ¿ M -Kn 4 /in bv * geun: 6 g^n

$Y.

:adical <@ !¿'.

0. Á M lPn 4 rin Hv( hayashiはlh * lim; 6 lChm

Vorest.

:adical 1 !M'.



. Â M ci 4 Iai * -ae< 6 ch>ih

Timber( usable wood; talent.

GTalentG can also be =; writers would often pun on the two meanings. :adical!M'.

2. M M m 4 mo/u>ク( ki y * mo/? 6 muh/

Tree( wood.

ÂM thus means #trees with usable timber.G :adical 1 !M'.

3. É M hCn 4 /an üv( uramu Q@A( urami Q@B * gamC 6hahm

:esentment; to resent.

:adical < !…'.

H. Ë M sh_ 4 shi Z( hajimaruはDまj( hajimeteはDめ} * siE 6chP

To begin; at first( originall); beginning( origin; to begin to; for the first time.:adical 3 !F'.

1. Ì M m\ 4 b5GJ( ho%( une QH * muI !m)oJ' 6 muh

Mu `measurement of area used for arable land; roughl) ?1 acre'.

:adical 02 !Û'.

<. Í M Ihi 4 ta/u * tae/K 6 -aah/

+omestead( farm.

:adical H0 !⼧'.

. Ñ M bO 4 ha/uLク * bae/M 6 baah/

8hite sil/.:adical 10 !N'.

. Ò M -K 4 /eiO^( niwatoriPわとQ * g)eR 6 g^i

6hic/en.

:adical 2 !S'.



@. Ó M t]n 4 tonトv( buta dW * donT 6 t)hn

,iglet.

:adical 12 !U'.

@0. Õ M Ih= 4 teiテ^ * cheV 6 -ih

+og.

:adical 1 !⺕( #broom%'.

@. Ö M Y 4 chi/u2ク * chu/W 6 chD/

To rear( to raise Qlivestoc/( children( or dependentsR.

:adical 02 !Û'.

@2. Þ M -K 4 /i b( ueru QXj * giY 6 gJi

+ungr).

:adical H !|'.

@3. à M Ying 4 shō ZIJ * sangZ 6 ch7uhng

helter for the elderl); a countr) school.

This character refers to what was apparentl) a[ institution !both as shelterand as school'( though little is /nown about it. :adical 13 ! \'.

@H. á M Y 4 -oジI * seo [ 6 -euih

. ,reface( forward( introduction

2. eFuence( order.

3. $ countr) school in ancient times. 9

The first two meanings( though the most common( do not occur in our teYts.Meaning 3 is N used here; again( we /now ver) little about such schools.:adical 13 !\'.

@1. å M t= 4 teiテ^ * -e\ 6 daih

Moral behavior befitting a )ounger brother; sibling respect.

This character is the #sibling% eFuivalent of ä !<0'. :adical < !…'



@<. æ M b^n 4 hanLv * ban] 6 b^an

potted.

:adical !^'.

@. ç M bi 4 ha/u( shiroi * bae/M 6 baah/

8hite.

:adical 0< !ç'.

@<a. æç M b^n bi 4 hanba/uはんrm * ban bae/]M 6 b^anbaah/

+air spotted with white; the elderl).

@. è M f 4 fu7( ou PQ * bu9 6 fuh

To carr) QburdensR on the bac/.

:adical 1H !_'.

@@. é M dCi 4 tai`^ * dae Y 6 daai

To carr) QburdensR on the head.

:adical <2 !a'.

@00. ë M lP 4 rei * l)eob 6 lCih

. Man)( numerous.

2. &lac/.

:adical 202 !c( #millet%'.

@00a. ëŒ M lP mPn 4 reiminXOBん * l)eo minbd 6 lCih mChn

The common people.

@0. ì M hn 4 /an üv( samuieAO * hanf 6 h>hn

6old; impoverished.

:adical H0 !⼧'.



@02. í M -in 4 /en * geomg 6 gPm

To regulate( to restrain; to inspect.

:adical 1 !M'.

@03. ï M 7 4 ga ü( ueru Qえj * ah 6 ngoh

+ungr)( starving.

This character has a stronger meaning in literar) 6hinese than it does inmodern Mandarin. :adical H !|'.

@0H. ð M pio 4 h)5iIJ * p)oj 6 pPuh

To die of hunger; corpse of one who has died of hunger. :adical !⽍'

@01. ô M su= 4 sei ]^( saik^( toshiとh * sel 6 seui

. +arvest，

2. ear Qoften of ageR.

The agricultural meaning is primar) !and is used here'( but the second(derived meaning is probabl) more common. ote that this character is notlimited in literar) 6hinese to referring to #)ear of life% as it is in modernMandarin. :adical !¨'.

#ommentary23.. ‚,3ƒ國E!l. 0' ote that this is a topic of the sentence #$s for m)relationship with the state....% ote also that E can occur in the middle of asentence in order to emphasiIe a topic. 7 is sometimes used in a similar wa).

23.2. „…:†#!l. ' #N eYhaust m) heart?mind on them and that is all.% …suggests both his emotional commitment as well as his intellectual effort. The† emplies that the /ing does nothing but tr) his best.

23.3. “”‚,3…7!l. 2' GThere is no one who uses his heart?mind as N do.G“ is the verb( with a 7 phrase as its ob-ect; ”‚, is a phrase modif)ing …7.

23.H. 不–—，不–<!l. 3' This structure is odd in English( but the – represents not a general increase on each side but anintensification of



growing fewer or greater #do not grow fewer( do not grow more.% ee Lesson2 for a similar usage of – !H'.

23.1. œ3!l. H' #:umblingl)( the) drum them Qi.e.( the soldiersR intobattle.G The sound of the drums order the soldiers into battle.

23.<. ¦8§而>¨!. H' ote that in writing in a particularl) succinct st)le(Mencius leaves out an eYplicit verb in the first clause. uppl) GranG or Gwent.G

23.. 以©ª§«8§!. 1' $gain( notice the succinct st)le. :ead as ¥©ª§7以¥©ª§3m«¥8§7.

23.. 王”¯°，Š“±...!l. <' +ere is our first use of “ as a negative

imperative( not as a negated verb of eYistence or possession GNf our Ma-est)/nows this( then do not hope that....G

23.@. Œ3<ƒ‘國!l. <' That is( Œ3<ƒ‘國3Œ. +ere is yet another

specialiIed usage of the preposition ƒ; here it is used to eYpress thecomparative degree. $d-. ƒ noun can be read as Gis more adjective thannoun.XX Vor eYample 王惠ƒn子( Gthe /ing /inder than the prince.G

23.0. 不¬¶|!l. ' $ common idiom( literall)( Gcannot be overcomingl)

eaten(G Gcannot be eYhaustivel) eaten.G English eFuivalent Gmore thanenough to eat.G

23.. ·¸不¹º»!l. ' This is a rather rare use of ·( meaning Gsmall"meshed.G !Nn fact( later readers chiefl) recall this meaning as pertaining tothis passage specificall).' 8h) !ecologicall) spea/ing' is it important not toput small"meshed nets in the ponds and pools

23.2. ÅÆÇÈ!ll. "@' This eYpression is adverbiall) subordinated to theclause “É Gin the course of nourishing?raising the living and mourning forthe dead....

23.3. ©Ì3Í!. @' $gain( displacing the topic to the beginning of thesentence G$s for a homestead of five mu....% !6ompare Lesson 22( line H.'

23.H. ©ª7!l. 0' That is( fift)")ear"olds.



23.1. Ü@5´!l. ' 6ommentators are somewhat puIIled b) this line(because at first it seems to merel) repeat the earlier idea of 不²³´.+owever( modern commentators have speculated that since Ü is acontraction of o and 3!see 1.'( the phrase ma) mean o@3ƒ5´( Gdo not

seiIe them from their farming seasons(G GthemG in this case meaning Gthefarmers.G The phrase refers to the habit of drafting corve labor to build largegovernment pro-ects such as irrigation s)stems and bridges. 8hat Mencius issuggesting is that the /ing should not pull farmers awa) from their wor/during the farming seasons( but onl) when agricultural wor/ is relativel) light.

23.<. 而不王7，B3有E!l. 3' G$s for one who Qwould behaveR thusl) and)et could not rule as a true /ing( there has never )et been he Qi.e.( such apersonR.G ote the idiomatic inversion of verb and direct ob-ect pronoun aftera negative. This is a variant version of the B有 pattern first encountered in

Lesson 22( line <.

23.. |,|!l. 3' That is( eat food appropriate for people.

23.. 不¯ñ!. 3' ñ(which can mean #to release(% #to open(% refersspecificall) to the opening of the public relief granariesthat is( though thereis famine( )ou donXt realiIe )ou should be distributing relief grain.

23.@.ú下3Œû:!l. 1' #... all the people of the world will come to )ou.Gote that 3!implied b) the ƒ3 of :'.can impl) the second person pronoun;this is particularl) common when the person being addressed is of a highsocial status. Nn general( this comment refers bac/ to the /ingXs earlieranYiet) about depopulationin an age when conscripted armies oftenguaranteed the strength of the state( rulers worried when their population didnot increase. Nn this case( Mencius suggests that people will leave their ownstates and move to the /ingXs.

Vocabulary $ints

‚,!1H<a( L1' †!2"2' !<<1' ‘!@' ’!1<1'

!1@<' –!H"3' ˜!31"' ™!312' ¡!233'

£!@' ¦!1@"' ©!2' 而>!31a( L2' ¨!H0@'

!<H3"2' ”!2@"3' “!3<"3' ±!2' ¶!20'

Å!H2' Ç!H33"2' Î!@"2' Ï!' Ô!1@'

Ù!21' Û!@H' @!1' Ý!2@H' â!H1'



ã!2' ä!<' ê!HH2' 王!3"2' î!10<"2'

ø!' ù!@H"2'

#haracter Listi. ËÍìMÁ§ô»‡ç‹è¥²ÒÞ!'

ii. ‰Ÿ›Ñáé¿¾ÂÖÌµŽ³!H'

iii. œÕ¤íæïë½!'

iv. àåÉðp¸Ó!'

Lesson 24

孟子梁惠王上(Section &)

孟子見梁q王，rs,曰：「±3不t,6，u3而不見vw:$xy曰：%ú下z乎{？&吾對曰：%{乎|$&%}~|3？&對曰：%不•÷,7~|3$&%}~Ã3？&對曰：%ú下€不ÃE$王¯(乎？Ø‚ƒ3„…，Š†#$ú‡ˆ‰，Š下‹，ŠŒ3#$5”®，}~Ž3？(ú下3,，B有不•÷,7E$”有不•÷,7，ú下3Œ‘’“而±3#$””®E，Œ3–水3u下，Š—~Ž3？&G

Vocabulary ("'&!"21)[email protected]王 M Yi^ng wng 4 -5 5D˜QPQ * )ang wang™S 6 sJungw>hng

*ing Wiang !of Liang; r. 3"2@<b.c.e.'.

@0<. z M wD !'; w !2'; 7 !3' 4 o0( a/ušク( nikumuPmA * o› !"2'; a/œ !3' 6 wD !'; wu !2'; ngo/?o/ !3'

. +ow( what !used li/e 何 QHR or Q<20R'9

2. To hate( to loathe.

3. Evil( bad.

:adical < !…'.

@0<a. z乎 M wD hD 4 izukunika OžmPか * o ho 6 wD fh

&) means of what( how. QFuestion phraseR

Modern linguists are unsure of the source of this eYpression. ome see it asmerel) an eYpanded version of @0<"; others see it as a derivative of ƒz(that is( #through what%



@0. { M d=ng 4 teiテ^( -5ジIJ( sadamerueだめj * -eong _ 6dihng

To settle( to decide( to pacif).

:adical H0 !⼧'

@0. • M sh= 4 shi Z( tashinamu WheA * giY 6 si

To be fond of ，to have a taste for. :adical 30 !Ý'.

@0@. M mio 4 b)o( m)o( nae * m)oJ 6 m=uh

prout !usuall) rice'.

:adical H0 !Ÿ'.

@0. … M hCn 4 /an üv( hideriひQ * hanf 6 hOhn

Zrought( dr) spell( dr) season.

:adical 2!¡'.

@. † M go 4 /o, * go. 6 gOu

Zr)( withered; to wither.

:adical 1 !M'.

@2. ‡ M )Ou 4 )u x( )D xJ( abura cd@ * )u~ 6 )Cuh

Bil( varnish.

:adical 1 !水'.

@2a. ‡ M )Ou rn 4 )DIen¢Qぜん * )u )eon ~연 6 )Cuh )=hn

$bundantl)( plentifull) !lit.( #oilil)%'.

@3. ˆ M Iu> 4 sa/ukク( tsukuruつmj * -a/£ 6 -o/

To ma/e( to produce( to arise.

:adical @ !,'.

@H. ‰ M )]n 4 un Jv( kumo mn * un¤ 6 wChn



6loud.

:adical 3 !‹( #rain%'.

@1. Š M p7i 4 haiL^ * pae¤ 6 pui

6opious( abundant !describes water'.

:adical 1 !水'

@<. ‹ M )\ !'; ) !2' 4 u J( ame cめ * u¥ 6 )]h !'; )uh !2'

. :ain

2. To rain; to let fall precipitation.

8hereas ‹ b) itself can mean #to rain(% the eYpression 下‹ is also used.:adical 3 !‹'.

@.Œ M bO 4 botsuGq * bal¦ 6 buht

udden( abrupt.

This character is a variant of § !0'. :adical 1 !水'.

@. Ž M ) 4 g)o¨I( fusegu X©ª * eo« 6 )uh

To bloc/( to hinder( to prevent.

:adical 3 !¬'.

@@. M m 4 bo/u,J * mo/? 6 muh/

To herd; herdsman.

:adical @3 !'.

a. , M rn m 4 -inbo/uDん®m * in mo/!? 6 )Chn muh/

:uler !figurative Gherdsman of men G'.

@20. ’ M )_n 4 in ^v( hi/uひm * in! 6 )hn

To stretch( to stretch out; to pull( to pull toward one; to lead( to direct( tosteer Qa carriageR.

:adical 1 !¯'.



@2. “ M ling 4 r)o( /ubi * l)eong 6 lPhng

ec/.

:adical !^'.

#ommentaryMost commentators assume that Mencius left L after 惠王 died and hismediocre successor q王( failed to impress the philosopher.

2H".rs,曰!l. ' There is a special nuance of meaning associated with thecharacters ¹ and r that )ou should be familiar with. [enerall) spea/ing( theruler( his palace( and his associations are generall) thought to be private orinternal !ˆ'( whereas the world of public officials and the area outside of thepalace is eYternal !°'. +ere( r has the sense of Gemerge from having an

audience.G

2H.2. ±3不t,6，u3而不見vw:!l. ' 孟子 is not impressed with the /ingwhen he sees him first from a distance; when he approaches !u'( he does notfeel an) better about him. ,6!Ga ruler of peopleG' is often used idiomaticall)to mean a capable or -ust ruler. vw: Gthat which was to be feared in him.G:emember that w!3' can refer not merel) to fear but to the sense of awethat a great ruler will supposedl) inspire in his people.

2H.3. ú下z乎{!l. 2' The Fuestion phrase z乎 tends to ta/e a verb in thepassive #&) what QhowR will the world be pacified% Nt is li/el) that q王 iseYpecting 孟子 to flatter him and suggest that he( the /ing( is the one whocan pacif) !i.e.( conFuer' the world.

2H.H. }~Ã3!l. 3' #8ho will be able to give him Qthe right to pacif) theworldR% The use of

here suggests granting allegiance.

2H.1. 王¯(乎!l. H' This is the first use of ( as a demonstrative pronoun!#this(% #that(% etc.; @0"3' in the lesson teYts. Nt occurs generall) when thespea/er is drawing attention to something for the purpose of illustration(eYample( and so forth. #our Ma-est) /nows about sprouts( rightG

2H.<. Ø‚ƒ3„!l. H' This is not the seventh and eighth months of thepresent lunar calendar !roughl) eFuivalent to $ugust and eptember'( but



those of the [ d)nast) calendar. $ctuall)( 4une and 4ul) of the modern8estern calendar is meant.

2H.. Œ3!l. 1' +ere(3 is a Gdumm)G ob-ect( inserted for the rh)thm ofthe language. !Vor dumm) ob-ects in English( compare slang eYpressions li/eGZonXt overdo it%'.

Vocabulary $intss!<3"2' t!33' w!3'x!2<@"H' }!0'

!@"3' (!@0"3' „!22'!<1'”!<1'

–!23H"3'

#haracter Listi. ˆ{’z‹‰!<'

ii. Ž“!H'

iii. …†!2'

iv.•Š‡Œ!H'

Lesson 2

孟子梁惠王上(Section ，art 1)±²王y曰：「±³´µ3¶，¬·¸乎？G孟子對曰：「¹º3»，“Ê³µ3¶7，®以>¼“½:$¾B3¸E$“以，Š王乎？G曰：「¿何”Š¬以王#？G曰：「ÀŒ而王，€3~ŽE$G曰：「Á‚,7，¬以ÀŒ乎Â？G曰：「¬$G曰：「何–¯吾¬E？G曰：「¾¸3ÃÄ曰：%王ÅƒÆ上，有Ç而ÈÆ下7，王見3，曰：「

何3？G對曰：「將以ÉÊ$G王曰：「Ë 3，吾不Ì5ÍÎ，Á“ø而uÈÏ$G對曰：「ŠÐÉÊÃ？G曰：「何¬ÐE？以ÑÒ3$G&不Ó有Ô？G曰：「有3$G 曰：「®…Õ以王#$8Ö‘以王;×E，¾Ø¯王3不ÌE$G王曰：「，”有8Ö7$±國ÙÚÛ，吾何×|？Ü不Ì5ÍÎ，Á“ø而uÈÏ，m以ÑÒ3E$G曰：

「王“õƒ8Ö3以王; ×E，以ÛÒ'，Ýz¯3？王ÁÞ5“ø而uÈÏ，ŠÑ

何ß :？G王«曰：「®”何…Â？óò×5à而Ò3以ÑE，á乎8Ö3âó×EãG曰：“äE，®åæE$見，B見ÑE$6子3ƒçèE，見5Æ，不Ì見5È，¸5é，不Ì|5Ù$®以6子遠êëE$G王ì曰：「íî：%ï,有…，ðñò3$&(子3âEã(óåó3，ô而õ3，不·吾…$(子ö3，ƒó…有÷÷:$°…3v以øƒ王7，何E？G



Vocabulary ("22!"44)02b.±²王 M FP Yu^n wng 4 sei sen 5©O©んPQ * -e seon wang\

ùS 6 chCih s)Dn w>hng

*ing Wuan of i !r. 3@"30 b.c.e.'.

@22.µ M wn 4 bun&v( mon>v * munú 6 mChn

. Literar); literature.

2. 6ulture; civil societ).

3. ,attern( ornament.

+ere( this character is the posthumous title of a du/e. Though it is aneYtremel) common character( it does not occur outside of names in our teYts.:adical <1 !µ'.

2<2a. ´µ!n' M -=n wn !g5ng' 4 shin bun !/5'hんdんûQ * -in mun!gong'üú 6 -eun mChn gDng

Zu/e 8en of 4in !r. <3<"<2 b.c.e.'

@23. º M nP 4 -iジ * niý 6 n7ih

To obstruct( to bloc/.

This character is fairl) rare( and it later comes to be used as the siniciIedans/rit word for Gnun.G +ere( it is part of a personal name. :adical HH !þ'.

3b.¹º M Ih>ng nP 4 chD-iÿゅQD * -ung ni중ý 6 -uhng n7ih

hongni !polite name of 6onfucius 孔子.'

@2H. À M bo 4 ho%( h5%J( hosuruほij( tamotsu Wnつ( yasunzu liんž * bo' 6 bOu

To protect( to preserve( to loo/ after.

:adical @ !,'.

Hb. 何– M h )Ou 4 nani ni yorite ePPよQ} * ha )uý~ 6 h>h)Cuh

&ecause of what Qidiomatic inversionR

This phrase is s)non)mous with奚– !11b'.



@21. Ã M h] 4 /o, * ho호 6 wh

+u !general name for #barbarian% tribes to the north'.

+ere( this character is a surname. :adical 30 !Ù'.

@2<. Ä M h 4 /otsu,q * heul흘 6 haht

To gnaw

+ere( this character is a personal name. :adical 2 !齒'.

@21a. ÃÄ M h] h 4 /o /otsuûûつ * ho heul호흘 6 wh haht

+u +e !a courtier of the /ing'.

@2. Ç M Fi^n 4 /enOv( hikuひm * g)eon견 6 hKn

To drag( to lead b) a rope.

:adical @3 !'.

@2. M ni] 4 g)DぎゅQ( ushi Qh * u¥ 6 ngCuh

6ow( steer( oY.

:adical @3 !'.

@2@. É M Y=n 4 /in bv( chinuruÿぬj * heun흔 6 )ahn To smear blood Qon somethingR in an act of ritual consecration.

:adical <H !酉'.

@30. Ê M Ih5ng 4 sh5 ZIJ( shu Zュ( /aneかH * -ong종 6 -Dng

&ell

:adical < !金'.

@3. Í M h] 4 /o/u,ク * go/- 6 huh/

!sed in the compound below.'

:adical H !角'.

@32. Î M s 4 so/u Tク * so/속 6 chD/

!sed in the compound below.'



:adical H !角'.

@3a. ÍÎ M h] s 4 /o/uso/uûmそm * go/ so/-속 6 huh/ chD/

Trembling with fear.

:adical H !角'.

0a. ÈÏ M s_ d= 4 shichi hÿ * sa -i사 6 si deih

EYecution ground.

23b. Š M rn Ie 4 shikaraba sunawachi hか@rieわÿ * )eonchi/연칙 6 )=hn -^/

Nf that is so( then.... QfreFuentl) used locutionR

@33. Ñ M )ng 4 )5 wJ( hitsu-iひつD * )ang™ 6 )7uhng

heep( goat.

:adical 23 !Ñ'.

@3H. Ú M bin 4 henヘv * p)eon 6 bPn

arrow( tin)( cramped.

:adical H1 !Ð'.

@31. à M ci 4 saik^ * -ae< 6 ch>ih

6ost( eYpense; wealth.

:adical 1H !_'.

@3<. ä M sh^ng 4 sh5 h˜Q( kizu yž( itamu OWA( itameru OWめj *sangZ 6 sJung

Nn-ur)( wound; to wound( to be wounded( to be hurt !emotionall) orph)sicall)'.

:adical @ !,'.

@3. æ M sh 4 -utsuジュq( sube iべ * sul술 6 seuht

$rt( techniFue( strateg).



:adical HH !ó'.

@3. ç M FPn 4 /in bv( toriとQ * geum금 6 /Chm

&ird.

:adical H !内'.

@3@. è M sh>u 4 -DジュJ( kedamono Nだn8 * suU 6 sau

&east.

:adical @H !犬'.

@H0. ê M po 4 h5%J * po포 6 pCauh

*itchen.

:adical 13 !\'.

@H. ë M ch] 4 chD * -u$ 6 ch)h

*itchen.

êë is a s)non)m compound. :adical 13 !\'.

@H2. ï M tuO 4 ta`( hokaほか * ta타 6 t^

Bther( another.ote This character is not used in literar) 6hinese as a third person pronoun(as it is in modern Mandarin. :adical @ !,'.

@H3. ñ M c\n 4 son Tv * chon촌 6 ch)]n

To consider.

:adical < !…'.

@HH. ò M duO !'; d !2"3' 4 doド( ta/u`ク( watasuわWi * ta/ !';do! !2' 6 douh!3'; doh/!(2'

. To consider( to infer( to calculate. 9

2. To measure.

3. To cross !usuall) a river; used for "'; to endure.

:adical 13 !\'.



H<1a. ÷÷ MFK FK 4 se/ise/i©y©y * cheo/ cheo/## 6 chK/ chK/

To match; to be sad !see 21.20'

#ommentary This is the longest sustained passage in the Mencius( and it lasts through

Lesson 2. Nf )o have trouble following the argument( )ou ma) want toconsult the paraphrase following Lesson 2.

21.. ±³´µ3¶，¬·¸乎!l. ' ±³n and´µnwere two of the so calledVive Bverlords ©$( five rulers of the seventh and siYth centuries &.6.E. whomanaged to unif) 6hina temporaril) through warfare and politicalmachination. ou encountered ±³n in Lessons H and . $ third overlord( %

&n( appeared in Lesson . MenciusX distaste for their approach to governingma) be observed here. ¬·¸乎 is an idiomatic Fuestion used to politel)solicit information G6an the) be gotten hear aboutG

21.2. ¹º3»，“Ê³µ3¶7，'以>¼“½:!ll. "2' ¹º3» is the largergroup among which there are no Ê³µ3¶7. ote use of Ê here in thesomewhat colloFuial meaning of Gto sa)(G Gto spea/ of.G 孟子 is sa)ing hecannot tal/ about these men because( since he was a later generation !>¼'disciple of 6onfucius( no one has passed on an) information about them tohim. This is somewhat disingenuous( since the Vive Bverlords were Fuitefamous in 6hinese culture.

21.3. “以，Š王乎!ll. 2"3' Gince N do not possess the wherewithal Qto discussthe BverlordsR( then Qis it all right with )ou if N discussR /ingl) rule insteadG

21.H. ¿何”Š¬以王#!l. 3' Gjirtue li/e what then can rule as /ingG—that is(Gwha sort of virtue must N possess that it ma) be possible for me to rule as atrue /ingG 8hen the 孟子 teYt uses 王 as a verb( it usuall) implies Grule li/eone of the virtuous /ings of ancient times.G

21.1. Á‚,7，¬以ÀŒ乎Â!l. H' Á‚,7kGsomeone li/e me.G The use ofboth 乎 !22"' and Â!2<' here suggests incredulit) on the /ingXs part.

21.<. ¾¸3ÃÄ曰!l. 1' This is the same as ¾¸3ƒÃÄ. +ere( 3 comesbefore its proper antecedent( and it ma) be translated as Gthe following.Gote that 曰 here merel) introduces the Fuoted words of ÃÄ and need not be



translated. $lso note the rather complicated narrative situation 孟子 isrelating to the /ing a stor) about the /ing that the courtier ÃÄ had related tohim( 孟子( earlier.

21.. 何3!. <' Even though 何 does not usuall) mean Gwhere(G it ta/es onthis meaning when it modifies the verb 3( #to go.G

21.. ÍÎ!l. ' is a good eYample of a Gbinome.G &inomes tend to be #rh)mingbinomesG !li/e this one'( Galliterative binomes(G or GreduplicativesG !the samecharacter repeated'. The meanings of binomes are often in dispute( becausetheir general modal Fualit) invites imprecision as the centuries go b). +ere(commentators agree that the cow is showing fear of some sortbut is ittrembling or cr)ing out

21.@. 不Ó有Ô!l. ' otice that we have a new fusion particle here( Ô!213'(which was used previousl) as a plural prefiY. +ere( it is a fusion of 3 and 乎; itis also important to /eep in mind that 乎 can be a Fuestion mar/er( aneYclamation mar/er( or !as in Lesson 2' a substitute for ƒ. Nn this sentence(it is the Fuestion mar/er #N do not /now if there was thisG Mencius isindirectl) as/ing the /ing for confirmation of the anecdote.

21.0. 8Ö‘以王;×E!l. @' GThe common people all too/ our Ma-est) to becheap.G ou ma) want to review the 以; structure( discussed in .3. ×!2'here does not impl) love( but rather the /ingXs begrudging the eYpense of the

oY.

21.. ，”有8Ö7!l. 0' This laconic comment is vague. Most modernreaders ta/e it as #That is so( there trul) were commoners Qwho thought N wascheapR.G

21.2.Ü不Ì5()!l. 0' Nn some W E sentences(Ü comes close to actingli/e å. +ere !with an implied W phrase and an implied E'( it meanssomething li/e #indeed( it was a case of....%

21.3. 王“õ...!l. ' ote the putative sense of õ here( #to find strangeGGour Ma-est)( do not find it strange that ....%

21.H. 以ÛÒ'，Ýz¯3!l. 2' #ou eYchanged something small forsomething big( so how could the) /now it Qi.e.( that )our motives were notselfish( but involved concern over the suffering of the animalR%



21.1. ®”何…Â？óò×5à而Ò3以ÑE，á乎8Ö3âó×E!l. 3' The /inggoes bac/ and finds he is puIIled b) his own motives. $s we have seenbefore( ò negates one eYplanationthe one that the common peopleaccepted. Vinall)( the /ing uses the pattern discussed in .2 #+ow

appropriate is the common people thin/ing me cheapG

21.<.®åæE!l. H' The use of æ here ma) seem strange( because the/ing is not emplo)ing an) conscious art. Nt ma) be that 孟子 is spea/ing of themethods itself emplo)s through human beings to accomplish its will; thefeeling of pit) aroused in the /ing will help him to understand in a greatersense. ,art of the point ma) also be that the common people are incapable ofsuch emotions.

21.. 6子3ƒçèE!. H| 1' $ topic( mar/ed off b) an emphasis E. Vorthis pattern( compare Lesson 23( line ‚,3ƒ國E.

21.. ®以6子遠êëE!ll. 1"<' To the modern reader this ma) seem ah)pocritical approach to the problem. Vor 孟子( however( forms of emotionand behavior are intimatel) connected with class status and occupation.ince the 6子 must remain sensitive to suffering in order to perform his tas/as administrator( he must avoid coarsening that sensitivit).

21.@. ƒó…有÷÷:!ll. "' 6ommentators are of two minds about themeaning of the reduplicative ÷÷ here. ince ÷ can mean #sad% or#grieving(% some ta/e it to mean Gfeeling of compassion(% that is( a renewalof the compassion that the /ing felt when he beheld the suffering of the oY.Bthers base an interpretation on the meaning of ÷ as #/in% or Grelation(GeYtending it to the idea of #to recogniIe a match(% #to feel acorrespondence.G The idea then is( G8hen N heard )our eYplanation( NrecogniIed the truth of it within m)self.G ote also the redundanc) of the final:( which corresponds to the idea of ƒó…. This is a fairl) common violationof grammar.

21.20. °…3v以以øƒ王7，何E!l. ' The /ing now moves the discussionbac/ to the sub-ect at hand 8h) should his s)mpath) with the animal provethat he has the sort of mind suitable to rule as a #true /ingG !i.e.( the sort ofmind capable of protecting the people'



Vocabulary $ints»!33"3' Ê!H"2' ¼!22'½!H2"2'Ž!@'Æ!3@'

!"2'Ì!<' ø!' Ò!H"2' 8Ö!1a( L@' Ù!232'

õ!3H2"H' z!@0<"' Á!2"2'Þ!10"2' ß!H<'á!2@'

â!212"' !1H'é!3' Ù!21'ì!H02"2' (子!@0b( L2'

ð!1<"2' ô!<"2' ø!H@3"3'

#haracter Listi. ïÀäòµçÑÃæÊ!'

ii. Çèà!3'

iii. ºë!2'

iv.êñÚÎÍÉÄ!'

Lesson 2&

孟子梁惠王上(Section ，art 2)曰：「有*ƒ王7曰：%吾+Õ以,8-，而不Õ以,|.F/Õ以0132，而不見34$&Š王53乎？G曰：「6$G「7Õ以8çè，而9不ûƒ8Ö7，:何Ã？Š|.3不,，;不+:F343不見，;不/:$8Ö3不見À，;不7:$m王3不王，不;E，ò不~E$G曰：「不;7Ã不~73;何以õ？G曰：「<=À

以>?@，s,曰：%ó不~&，®”不~E$;長7 AB，s,曰：%ó不~&，®不;E，ò不~E$m王3不王，ò<=À以>?@3CEF王3不王，®AB3CE$D吾D，以8,3DFE吾E，以8,3EFú下¬FƒG$íî：%Hƒ‚I，ûƒJ

K，以LM)N$&ö,ù…，–ÔÝ而"$mO7，Õ以ÀP @F不O7，“以ÀI子$Q3,v以'È,7，“ï:，RO5v;而"#$7Õ以8çè，而9不ûƒ8

Ö7，:何Ã？S，> ¯TUFò，>¯長V$W‘，…;X$王šò3ãY王 £ ž，0*¾，Z[ƒÔ\，>]ƒ…Ã？G王曰：「6，吾何]ƒ ®？將以õ吾

v'^E$G曰：「王3v'^¬·¸Ã？G王«而不ö$曰：「;_`不ÕƒÝÃ？Ta不ÕƒbÃ？Y;cd不ÕeƒfÃ？ég不Õhƒ†Ã？ij不ÕÄkƒlÃ？王3Ô¾‘Õ以m3，而王n;®Â？G曰：「6，吾不;®E$G

Vocabulary ("4!"2)@H1. - M -Dn 4 /in bv * g)uno 6 gw^n

4un !measurement of weight( eFual to 30 ¿; a ¿ is roughl) eFuivalent to anEnglish pound'.

:adical < !金'.



@H<. . M )\ 4 u J( haは * u¥ 6 )]h

Veather.

:adical 2H !.'.

@H. 0 M FiD 4 shD ZュJ( aki cy * chup 6 chû

$utumn.

:adical 1 !禾'.

@H. 1 M ho 4 g5qJ * ho호 6 h>uh

+air.

:adical 2 !r'.

@Ha. 01 M FiD ho 4 shug5 * chu hop호 6 chû h>uh

$utumn hair !particularl) fine hair shed b) animals when growing wintercoats'.

@H@. 3 M )] 4 )o w( kagoかs( koshi ûh * )eot 6 )h

6art( cartload.

:adical 1@ !u'.

@10. 4 M YKn 4 shin Zv( ma/iまy( ta/igi Wyぎ * sinv 6 s^n

Virewood.

:adical H0 !Ÿ'.

@1. 6 M fAu 4 iya Ol( ina Oe * bu9 6 fu

Go % !giving a negative answer to a )es"no Fuestion'.

This character can also end a sentence( turning it into a )es"no Fuestion.:adical 30 !Ý'

@12. > M chô 4 chō2IJ( koeruûえj * chow 6 chKu

To leap over( to pass over( to surpass.

:adical 1< !¥'.



@13. @ M hi 4 /ai ü^( umi QB * haex 6 hOi

ea.

:adical 1 !水'.

3H3a. 長7 M Ihng Ih 4 chō -aÿ˜QDy * -ang-az{ 6 -ung -

Elder; person older than oneself.

@1H. A M Ih 4 setsu ]q( oru Pj( oreru PXj * -eol| 6 -it

To brea/ off( to snap.

&ut see 2<.1 below. :adical <H !}'.

@11. B M IhK 4 shi Z( /i b( edaえだ( eえ * -i3 6 -K

&ranch Qof a treeR.

&ut see 2<.1 below. :adical 1 !M'.

@1<. C M l7i 4 rui~^( tagui WªO * l)u• 6 leuih

ort( /ind; analog).

:adical !^'.

@1. E M )>u 4 )5 wJ( osanai PeeO * )u~ 6 )au oung( )oung people.

:adical 12 !€'.

@1. F M )n 4 un Jv( megurasuめª@i * un¤ 6 wahn

To turn( to rotate; to pass on( to transmit.

:adical <2 !¥'.

@1@. G M Ihng 4 sh5 ZIJ( tanagokoro Wesû * -angz 6 -ung

,alm of the hand.

GTo turn QsomethingR on the palm of the handG was a common proverb inearl) 6hina for being able to do something easil). :adical <H !}'.



1H<b. ‚I M gu FK 4 /asaiかeO * gwa cheo‚ƒ 6 gw ch^i

,rincipal wife.

@<0. L M ) 4 goq( g)o¨I( gyosuruぎ˜ij( osamu PeA * eo«

6 )uh To govern( to control.

:adical <o!a'.

@<. N M b^ng 4 h5%J( kuni mP * bang„ 6 b5ng

tate( countr).

:adical <3 !…'.

@<2. O M tuK 4 sui†^( osu Pi * chup 6 tJui

To eYtend( to push.

:adical <H !}'.

H12a. P@ M s= hi 4 shi/ai hかO * sa hae사x 6 sei hOi

Q8ithinR the four seas; the whole world.

@<3. T M FKng 4 /eiO^( karuiかjO * g)eong‡ 6 hKng

Light; lightness; to treat lightl)( to scorn; eas)( simple.

:adical 1@ !u'.

@<3a. TU M FKng Ih>ng 4 /eich5 NOÿ˜Q * g)eong -ung‡중 6hKng ch]hng

8eight.

This term is a t)pical #anton)m compound(% whereb) two opposites togetherform an abstract concept.

@<H. V M dun 4 tan`v( mi-i/aiBDかO * danˆ 6 d)]n

hort; shortness.

:adical !‰'.



3H3b.長V M chng dun 4 ch5tanÿ˜QWん * -ang danzˆ 6ch7uhng d)]n

Length.

This term is another anton)m compound.

@<1. Y M )= 4 )o/u wク( somosomoそnそn * eo/Š 6 )K/

Br Qis it a case that...R.

:adical <H !}'.

@<<. Z M g>u 4 /5,J( kamauかまQ * guo 6 /au

To construct( to build up; to provo/e.

:adical 1 !M'.

@<. _ M fi 4 hii * bi‹ 6 f7ih

Vatt) QfoodsR.

:adical 30 !Ù'.

@<. a M nun 4 dan pv( atatakai cWWかO * nanŒ 6 n)]hn

8arm.

$s does T here( a describes clothes. :adical < !'.

@<@. b M t_ 4 tai`^( karadaか@だ * cheV 6 ti

&od).

)non)m -!32'( although b is almost alwa)s used onl) to refer to thecorporeal bod). :adical !Ž'.

@0. c M ci 4 saik^ * chae 6 chOi

fright( multicolored.

+ere( this character is used for . :adical <1 !‘'.

@. g M )Kn 4 on0v( in ^v( neH( oto Pと * eum’ 6 )^m

ote( sound.

:adical 0 !g'.



3a. ég M shJng )Kn 4 seion ]^0v( kowaneûわH * seong eum“ ’ 6 sKng )^m

ound( music.

@2. i M pin !'; biCn !2"3' 4 ben4v( bin”v * b)eon !'; p)eon – !2' 6 p=hn !'; bihn!2"3'

. [lib( specious. 9

2. Then( thereupon.

3. 6onvenient; convenience.

:adical @ !,'.

@2a. ij M pin b= 4 benpeiべん—O * b)eon p)e 6 p=hn peieYual favorite.

#ommentary2<.. :何Ã!l. 3' Zifficult to translate( but here the idea of : refers to thestrange eYception of the /ingXs merit having no effect on the common people.#8h) alone is that%

2<.2. ;不+:!ll. 3"H' ote the use of ; here as Gbecause(G derived fromthe coverbal usage #for the sa/e of.%

2<.3.8Ö3不見À，;不7:!l. H' GThe common peopleXs not being protectedis because )ou arenXt using )our merc) on them.G ote the passive use of 見 here [email protected]'. Nt is also interesting that Mencius eFuates a virtue—merc)—withan abilit) li/e ph)sical ength or /een e)esight.

2<.H.m王3不王，不;E，ò不~E!ll. H"1' #6onseFuentl)( our Ma-est)Xs notruling as a true /ing is a Xnot doing(X not a Xnot being"able.X% That is( the /ing

is deliberatel) not ruling as a true /ing( though he has the abilit). Thedifference between willful #not doingG and inabilit) is the sub-ect of discussionfor the neYt several lines.

2<.1. ;長7AB!ll. <"' 6ommentators feel the need to eYplain this vaguephrase. Literall)( it should mean( #to brea/ a branch for the benefit of oneXselders(% but there is no obvious cultural tradition that ma/es it clear wh) such



an action is significant. &rea/ off a branch of fruit Vetch firewood Mostcommentators now argue that A should be ta/en in a somewhat unusualmeaning( #to massage(% and that B should be read as ˜( #-oints%—thus thesentence would mean #to massage oneXs eldersX-oints for them.G

2<.<. D吾D，以8,3D!ll. "@' The first D here !li/e the E in line @' is usedputativel)( or with a sense of fulfilling proper social roles GNf N?we consider ourelderl) as elderl)....% Nn other words( #Nf N?we treat our elders as the) ought tobe treated....% The following phrase tells )ou to eYtend the behavior that )ougrant to )our own famil)Xs elders to the wa) )ou treat other peopleXs elders.8 is used in the same wa) here that ã was used in Lesson 23，and the wa)O is used in lines 0" of this lessonXs teYt.

2<.. ö,ù…，–ÔÝ而"!l. 0' #The QpoemR simpl) sa)s to ta/e up thisheart Qof oneXs ownR and appl) it to those Qother peopleR.G ote that here thecontraction of Ô gives us –3乎Ý( with 乎 functioning as the eFuivalent of ƒ.

2<.. “ï:!l. ' #There is no other reason than this.% This is an idiomaticeYpression introducing the sole reason for something. ote that : can bebro/en down as Gthan this% in this case !see 23.@'( though sometimes thephrase occurs simpl) as “ï !see Lesson 2 for an eYample'.

2<.@. W‘，…;X$王šò3!l. 3' #Things are all thus; the heart?mind actsespeciall) that wa). our Ma-est)( please measure itG Nn other words( thin/

about what sort of heart?mind )ou have( and how it might be used to protectthe people. $t this point( however( Mencius ironicall) turns to an accusationof the /ingXs militaristic policies.

2<.0.cd!l. <' 8hen describing /ingl) pastimes( the character d oftenta/es on connotations of seYualit) and seYual pleasures. &ecause this phraseis contrasted with music ég( it is li/el) that this term refers to an arousingdispla) of dancing girls.

2<.. ij不ÕÄk™klÃ!l. ' #$re )our favorites insufficient to carr) out)our commands in front of )ou% The characters Ä and k here wor/ togetheras a compound( #to be sent b) command.G The commands are notnecessaril) seYual in nature here.

2<.2. 而王n;®Â!l. ' ; is ambiguous here. Mencius is not as/ing the/ing if he is indeed acting in a militaristic manner !the /ing has alread)



granted the truth of that'; rather( he is as/ing him if he is actingmilitaristicall) in order to obtain additional luYuries. +ence( a translationmight render ; as both #to do% and #for the sa/e ofX% !i.e.( the coverbeaning' #+ow could our Ma-est) do this for these reasons% The /ing thenreplies( #o( N am not doing this for these reasons.%

Vocabulary $ints*!H"2' +!3H@' /!1H"H' 2!02'7!2<1'

ç!@31' è!@3@' 9!<3' À!@2H';!1@'

õ!3H2"2' <!10' =À!2Ha( L' 8!2@<"'s!<3"2'

H!101"2' J!H0<' K!HH' M!3HH' ù!@H"'

–!H"H'ï!@H2'È!320"3' S!<@"'ò!@HH"2'

W!2'!<1' £!@' 0!11'[!1'

]!3@1' ` !2@' Ý !2@H'e!32'f!22'

m!1@3'

#haracter Listi. [email protected]!1'

ii. 6YG1a_4>3N!0'

iii. EZ-!3'

Lesson 2

孟子梁惠王上(Section ，art %)曰：「Š王3v'^¬¯"$^š土Ï，›%œ，ž國，而ŸPE$以Áv;，õÁv^，¡¢M而õ¼E$G王曰：「Á®5XÃ？G曰：「£有X:$¢Mõ¼，Ù不·¼，“>¤$以Áv;，õÁv^，„…+而;3，>必有¤$G曰：「¬·¸Ã？G曰：「¥,Ãœ,™，Š王以;}¶？G曰：「œ,¶$G曰：「ŠÛØ不¬以¦'，‚Ø不¬以¦§，¨Ø不¬以¦©$@ˆ3Ï，™千里7ª，±«有5|F以|¬‚，何以õƒ¥¦œÂ？亦ô5®#$王ñ’¯，Äú下°7‘^±ƒ王3›，²7‘^²ƒ王3³，´µ‘^¶ƒ王3·，ó¸‘^rƒ王3î，ú下3^¹567‘^ºƒ王F

5Á®，}~Ž3？G王曰：「吾»，不~¼ƒ®#$½(子¾吾¿，/以âó$óÙ不À，šÁÂ3$G曰：「“ÃÄ而有Ã…7，Å*;~$ÁŒ，Š“ÃÄ，Æ“Ã…$=“Ã…，ÇšÈÉ，“不;"$8Êƒø，>Ë而H3，®ÌŒE$:有,ÍÎ，ÌŒ而¬;E？®m/6ÏŒ3Ä，必ÄÐÕ以¶ÑÒ，ÓÕ以ÖI子，ÔôÕ-Ö，‰×ØƒÈÙ，>Ú而3RFmŒ3Ë3ET$EÏŒ3Ä，Ð不Õ以¶ÑÒ，Ó不Õ以ÖI子，ÔôÕ-Û，‰×不ØƒÈÙF°ÅÜÈ而Ý不Þ，奚ßàá!Â？王^ó3，Šâô5®#$©Ì3Í，Î3以Ï，©ª7¬以ÐÑ#$ÒÓÔÕ3Ö，“×5´，Øª7¬以|Ù#$8Ì3Û，Ü@5´，‚Ý3)¬以“Þ#$ßàá3â，ã3以äå



3!，æç7不èéƒ Êê#$D7ÐÑ|Ù，ëŒ不Þ不ì，而不王7，B3有E$G

Vocabulary ("%!1''')

@3. M l= 4 ri H( nozoku8ãm * liä 6 leih To rule over( to control.

:adical H0 !Ÿ'.

b.ž國 M Ih5ng guO 4 chDgo/uÿゅQsm * -ung gu/중å 6 -Dnggwo/

The central states.

This term does not mean #6hina% )et.

@H. Ÿ M f\ 4 bu&( naderu ej * muI 6 f]

To stro/e( to pat; to pacif)( to soothe.

This verb is freFuentl) used as a euphemism for the suppression of#barbarian% peoples.

:adical <H !}'.

H12b.P M s= )P 4 shiXi hO * sa i사이 6 sei )=h

The barbarian tribes in all four directions !general term for barbarian tribes onall sides'.

@1. ¢ M )un 4 en uv( yoruよj * )eon연 6 )hn

To follow along( to climb.

:adical 20 !æ'.

@. ¤ M I^i 4 saik^( waIawaiわçわO * -ae< 6 -5i

Zisaster.:adical < !'.

@. ¦ M dP 4 te/iテb( katakiかWy( tekisuru }yij * -eo/è 6dih/

To oppose( to withstand; enem)( opponent.



:adical << !é'.

@. « M -P 4 shD ZュJ( atsumaru cつまj( atsumeru cつめj * -ipê 6 -aahp

To assemble( to gather together; a literar) collection.+ere( this character is used adverbiall) #collectivel)(% #all together.G :adical2 !S'.

36. 5| M FP )K 4 sonoitsuそ8Oつ * gi ilYë 6 /7ih )^t

Bne of them.

This term is idiomatic enough for the meaning to be not immediatel)apparentbut it still ma/es sense literall) Gtheir one.G

@@. ¯ M shK 4 shi Z( se ]( hodokosuほìûi * siE 6 sK

To eYtend( to suppl).

:adical 0 !™'.

@0. ° M sh= 4 shi Z * sa사 6 sih

Bfficial( officeholder.

:adical @ !,'.

@. ³ M ) 4 )a( no * )a í 6 )h

8ilderness( countr)( fields.

:adical << !里'.

@2. ´ M sh^ng 4 sh5 ZIJ * sangZ 6 sJung

Merchant.

:adical 30 !Ý'.

@3. ¸ M l 4 r)o HI( tabi Wî * l)eob 6 luih

To travel; traveler.

:adical 0 !™'.



@H. ï M f 4 fu7( omomuku PnAm * bu9 6 fuh

To hurr) to( to rush to( to head toward.

:adical 1< !¥'.

@1. º M s 4 so T( uttaeru QðWえj * soñ 6 sou

To lodge a complaint about.

This character is a different version of ò. :adical < !…'.

@<. ó M hDn 4 /on,v( kurai m@O * honô 6 f^n

tupid( muddleheaded.

:adical < !…'.

@. À M m_n 4 bin”v( hashikoiはhûO * mind 6 mhn

6lever( Fuic/"witted.

:adical << !é'.

@. Â M sh= 4 shi Z( kokoromiruûûBj( tamesu Wめi * siE 6sPh

To tr)( to test.

:adical H@ !ö'.

@@. Ã M hng 4 /5,J * geungõ 6 hChng

6onstant( regular( reliable.

:adical < !…'.

@@0. Ç M f^ng 4 h5%J * bang„ 6 fong

. Zissipated( unrestrained. 9

2. To release( to let go.:adical << !é'.

@@. É M ch_ 4 shi Z * chiö 6 chP

EYtravagant( wasteful QbehaviorR.

:adical @ !,'.



@@.

M shCn 4 Ianüv( taru Wj * seomý 6 sihm

To be sufficient.

:adical 1H !_'.

@@@. ß M Yi^ 4 /a ü( himaひま( itoma Oとま * gaþ 6 hCh

Vree time( leisure.

:adical 2!¡'.

000.â M h 4 /5 * hapÿ 6 hahp

G8h) not...？G Qfusion of 何 and

in a rhetorical FuestionR

ometimes writers use this character interchangeabl) with !H3H"2'. :adical0 !皿'.

#ommentary2. 以Áv;，õÁv^!l. 2' Most readers probabl) read Á here instinctuall)as 2"3( an informal second person pronoun often used instead of 汝!121'that is( Gb) means of what )ou are doing to search for what )ou want.G+owever( this seems an unusuall) rude pronoun to use with the /ing !and inthe rest of the teYt Mencius simpl) addresses him as 王'.Nt ma) be that Á has

the sense of Gseemingl)G or Gli/e(G with G)ouG implied G&) means of doingthis sort of thing to see/ the sort of thing )ou wish.G nfortunatel)( this wouldbe a rather clums) usage as well.

2.2. Á®5XÃ？曰：£有X:!ll. 2"3' This phrase ma) seem confusing atfirst( but a character"b)"character reading still ma/es sense GLi/e this itseYtremit)G Mencius replies G,robabl) Q)our behaviorR possesses Qaspectsthat are evenR more eYtreme than that.G ote that X: is eFuivalent to Xƒ3( and that we have a case of comparative degree here !23.@'( whereX!3H;normall) GeYcessiveG' should be read Gworse.G

2.3. ™千里7ª，±«有5|!ll. <"' G$reas that are a thousand li sFuarenumber nine( and i altogether owns?occupies one of them.G Vrom ver) earl)on( 6hinese geographers conceived of their world as a large sFuare(composed of @ areas in a 3 Y 3 arrangement.



2.H. 以|¬‚!l. ' G&) means of one to cause eight to submit....% ote that

!<0"3'( which usuall) means Gto submitG when used as a verb( has to beinterpreted causativel) here.

2.1. 亦ô5®#!l. ' G,erhaps we should indeed return to thefundamentals.G The claim of getting bac/ to Gthe basicsG was a constant in6hinese philosoph). Mencius argues that a basic attention to the peopleXslivelihood is more important than militar) eYpansion.

2.<. Å*;~!l. 2' #Bnl) a shi is capable of that.% The; here is vague| itcould possibl) impl) effort ma/ing( that is( onl) shi could carr) out the actionof being able to do it. +owever( it could be emplo)ed simpl) for the rh)thm ofthe language.

2.. ÁŒ，Š“ÃÄ，Æ“Ã…!l. 2' trict grammarians might be confusedb) the connectives emplo)ed here. The cruY lies with Š which conceals thefact that an #if should also be supplied to the second clause( in addition tothe sense of GthenG attached to the Š GNf itXs the common people QweXretal/ing aboutR( then if the) donXt have a constant livelihood( the) thereforewonXt have constant hearts.G $ll commentators N am aware of ta/e themeaning thus( because the) all believe that Mencius is sa)ing that * possesssome integral Fualit) as a social class that ma/es them able to maintain theirethical standards even when undergoing material suffering( as opposed tothe common people( who blow with the wind( as it were. $s far as N /now( no

one has interpreted this line to mean #Nf )ouXre tal/ing about the commonpeople( then the) donXt have a stead) livelihood and conseFuentl) donXt havestead) hearts.G Even though it is a simpler reading( it goes against !' theliteratus eYpectation that the common people can be successfull) governedb) a virtuous ruler( and !2' the literatus assumption that the common peopleare inherently less morall) sensitive and are not sosimply because of theirpoorer economic circumstances.

2.. >Ë而H3!l. 3' GNf onl) then )ou punish them accordingl)literall)(#follow and punish them.G Ë can be used to indicate acting in an eYpectedmanner or in accordance with other factors.

2.@. :有,ÍÎ，ÌŒ而¬;E!. 3"H' This is another puIIlingsentence. Virst of all( notice the new !but luc/il) relativel) rare' use of : as aFuestion word #+ow ...% This use is usuall) rhetorical and probabl)represents a dialect variant of !<20"'.



$s for the rest of the sentence( it is generall) accepted that the ÌŒ而¬; is asort of rhetorical emphasis of a more simple idea( ¬以ÌŒ( #to be capable ofentrapping the people.G 8e might translate it literall) as #entrapping thepeopleand could such a thing be doneG $nother possibilit) is that the ¬; refers bac/ to the act of being benevolent G+ow could there be a benevolent

man on the throne( who could entrap the people and )et still be capable ofdoing QbenevolenceRG :egardless( if we ta/e the whole phrase as a moreeYcited version of one of MenciusX favorite B有 sentences( we ma) havesomething close to B有而ÌŒ7.

2.0.ÐÕ以¶ÑÒ，ÓÕ以ÖI子!ll. H"1' The characters Ð and Ó initiall)meant Gto loo/ upG and Gto loo/ downG respectivel)( but the) soon developeda distinctive usage in which each stood at the head of its own clause andeYpressed the idea GBn the one hand... on the other hand....% +ere( theoriginal meanings of the words ma) still be present in the fact that loo/ingafter oneXs parents is something one does GupwardG sociall)( whereas loo/ingafter oneXs wife !' and children is something one does GdownwardG sociall).Later on( the two characters !in reverseÓÐ' became a compound meaningGright awa)(G Ginstantl)G !i.e.( the time it ta/es to loo/ down then loo/ up'.

2..Ú而3R!l. 1' Vor some reason not clear to us now( Ú alwa)s ta/es 而 when it functions as a pivot verb. ormall) we would eYpect ÚŒ3R( #drive!the people' to go to the good.G The pivot verb 率 Gto leadG functions thesame wa). ote also that the pivot Œ is suppressed.

Vocabulary $ints

"!2H"2' š!1@1"2( 1@1"3' 土!3H'›!3"3'%!2H'

!H<"' ¡!31<"2' M!2'X!3H'£!<3@"2'

¥!<' 以;!a( L' ¶!20' ‚!1H<"' ¨!32'

©!3' @!@13' ™!22"2'

!<0"3'!H3H"2'

®!H' ’!1<1'²!3'µ!@'¶!<@'

î!10<"2' ¹ !2"3'Ž!@'¾!<3H'Ä!3"2'

Å!3@' =!2"2' È!H23"2' H!101"' :!1<2'

Ï!H' Ö!@' Ô!2H0"' ô!@01"' ‰!<'

Ø!@' Ú!3H' T!@<3' 奚!11'



#haracter Listi. Ð´ÇÜ¯Â³«!'

ii. °ÃŸ¦¸ß¤¢ÌïÊÖ!2'

iii. ÓÀ!2'

iv.É»ºâÞ!<'

Summary of Lessons 2!2Nt ma) be difficult for )ou as a beginning student to follow the logicalreasoning behind the eYtended argument in this portion of the Mencius. +ereis a step"b)"step summar)

. *ing Wuan of i as/s Mencius if he can provide information on the careersof two of the famous Vive Bverlordsobviousl) hoping to receive a lesson inpractical politics. True to his ideals( Mencius claims that the disciples of

6onfucius /new nothing of this and so offers to instruct the /ing in /ingl)virtue instead. 8hen the /ing inFuires as to what Fualities a Gtrue /ingG mustpossess( Mencius claims that the most important Fualit) is a heart?mindcapable of guarding and loo/ing after the common people. +e also assertsthat the /ing possesses such a heart?mind.

2. Mencius proves his point b) relating an anecdote concerning the /inghimself +e has heard that the /ing refused to let an oY be sacrificed in areligious ceremon) because he could not stand to see the animal sufferingand unhapp). +owever( since the /ing substituted a sheep for an oY in the

ceremon)( how can we /now that the /ing was genuinel) affectedemotionall) and was not merel) being cheap !as the common peoplethought' Mencius suggests that the important point to the stor) is not the/ingXs sparing of an animalXs life( but rather that the /ing possesses aspontaneous moral sense !perhaps more emotional than intellectual' thatcannot bear to see living things suffer. Mencius also argues that thisspontaneous moral sense is the propert) of the GgentlemanG or superiorindividual !i.e.( one of those who should rule'.

3. The /ing ac/nowledges that his merc) was a spontaneous emotionalreaction and compliments Mencius for having the abilit) to read hisps)chological state. &ut what does this have to do with being able to loo/after the common people( the Fualit) that supposedl) defines a true /ingMencius argues !in a somewhat roundabout wa)' that the spontaneous senseof pit) the /ing felt is precisely the mental Fualit) that a true /ing mustpossess. +e claims that good government will result easil) and naturall)when the /ing is able to eYtend this sense of pit) to the common people—something that the virtuous ancients accomplished. !+ere( Mencius drawsupon another favorite argumentthe idea that the eYtension of compassion



can be seen as an empathic application of the feelings one has for oneXs ownfamil) members to people outside of oneXs famil)'. +e also claims that thefailure to eYtend this sense of pit) is a blatant act of will( not an inabilit).

H. Mencius then as/s whether the reason wh) the /ing has so far not

eYtended this sense of compassion is because he is much happier stirring uppolitical and militar) chaos among the states. +e then as/s the /ing whatsuch violent behavior see/s to accomplishif it is merel) to indulge his loveof luYur)( surel) his own modest court can suppl) his greatest desires The/ing naturall) denies this essentiall) absurdist argument( leading Mencius toconclude that he hopes to accomplish the ultimate ambitionto unite all of6hina under his control. Mencius then suggests b) analog) that violentmilitar) action cannot accomplish unificationif the tin) state of ou cannotconFuer the much larger state of 6hu( then i surel) cannot conFuer all of6hina.

1. Mencius states that the onl) wa) to unite all of 6hina is to treat the peoplewell; if good administration brings prosperit) to all the people of i( then allthe other people of 6hina will come to i( and the other rulers will willingl)ac/nowledge the *ing of iXs hegemon).

<. Mencius closes with some practical advice. Zo not eYpect the people to becapable of altruistic moral behavior in bad times( he suggests; the) willnaturall) brea/ the law if it is a matter of survival. Nf )ou plan ahead(however( and push through agricultural reforms !here( Mencius repeats the

program given in Lesson 23'( then bad times can be handled with littlesuffering on the peopleXs part.

ote that this argument restates in dialectical form some of the essentialpoints of Mencian philosoph) !' good government rests in a basic agrarianpolic) that guarantees the peopleXs livelihood; !2' such a polic) will result in anonviolent eYpansion of the prestige and power of the ruler( even to theeYtent that he can unif) all of 6hina !see Lesson 2H'; and !3' putting such apolic) into practice should be relativel) eas)( because it is a mere eYtensionof the feelings of compassion that the true GgentlemanG possessesinstinctuall) and naturall) an)wa).

Lesson 28

孟子梁惠王下(Section 1)莊暴見孟子曰：「暴見ƒ王，王s暴以˜Ô$暴B有以對E$G曰：「˜Ô何”？G孟子曰：「王3˜ÔX，Š±國5+幾乎ãGï¡見ƒ王曰：「王Ás莊子以˜Ô，有Ô？G王乎d曰：「‚,ò~˜?王3ÔE$˜¼俗3Ô†$G曰：「王3˜ÔX，Š±5



+幾乎ã3Ô，–Q3ÔE$G曰：「¬·¸Ã？G曰：「:ÔÔ， Ã,ÔÔ，}Ô？G曰：「不ÁÃ,$G曰：「Ã—ÔÔ，Ã§ÔÔ，}Ô？G曰：「不ÁÃ§$G「¾š;王öÔ$王Ôƒ°$8Ö¸王Ê3é，管籥3g，,¹首蹙額而相告曰：%吾王3˜Ô，(何Äóûƒ°極E？Ñ子不相見，JKI子離散ã&王Û獵ƒ°$

8Ö¸王u馬3g，見.旄3美，,¹首蹙額而相告曰：%吾王3˜Û獵，(何Äóû

ƒ°極E？Ñ子不相見，JKI子離散ã& °“ï，不ÃŒ同ÔE$王Ôƒ°$8 Ö¸王Ê3é，管籥3 g，,欣欣有喜d而相告曰：%吾王+幾“¹病Ã？何以~ ÔE？&王Û獵ƒ°$8Ö¸王u馬3g，見.旄3美，,欣欣有喜d而相告曰：

%吾王+幾“¹病Ã？何以~Û獵E？&°“ï，ÃŒ同ÔE$王Ã8Ö同Ô，Š王#ãG

Vocabulary (i''1*1''")310b.莊暴 M Ihu^ng bCo 4 s5 boそQ® * -ang poz포 6 -5ng bouh

hang &ao !evidentl) an adviser to the /ing'.

00.幾 M -K 4 /i b( hotohotoほとほと * giY 6 gJi

$lmost( nearl).

:adical 12 !€'.

13a. +幾 M sh -K 4 sho/i h˜y * seo gi [Y 6 s)u gJi

. $lmost( on the point of; probabl)( seemingl).

2. hope...( hopefull).

30Ha. d M biCn s7 4 iro wo henzu Oをへんž * b)eon sae/색 6bin sK/

To grow pale( to loo/ nonplussed or upset.

ote that 乎 !here functioning as the multipurpose preposition( li/e ƒ' isinserted between these characters.

10c. ?王 M Yi^n wng 4 senX5 ]vPQ * seon wangùS 6 sKnw>hng

The former /ings( the /ings of antiFuit).

These figures are alwa)s considered the paragons of virtue and goodgoverning.

002.俗 M s] 4 Io/uゾク * so/속 6 -uh/



6ommon( vulgar( popular.

:adical @ !,'.

22a. ¼俗 M sh= s] 4 seIo/u©ãm * se so/l속 6 sai -uh/

,opular.

003.籥 M )u7 4 )a/uヤク * )a/약 6 )euh/

Vlute.

:adical !竹'.

00H.蹙 M c 4 shu/u Zュク * chu/W 6 chD/

To /nit Qthe browsR( to wrin/le.

:adical 1 !Õ'.

001.額 M 4 ga/uク( hitaiひWO * ae/! 6 ngaah/

Vorehead.

:adical !^'.

00<.散 M sCn 4 sankv( sanjirueんyj * san" 6 saan

To scatter( to be scattered.:adical << !é'.

@Ha. Û獵 M tin li7 4 denr)oんQ˜ * -eon r)eop전# 6 t=hn lihp

To hunt.

00.旄 M mo 4 b5GJ * mo$ 6 m>uh

,ennant( flag.

:adical 0 !™'.

00.欣 M YKn 4 /in bv * heun흔 6 )^n

+app)( delighted.

Nn literar) 6hinese( repeating the ad-ective or adverb !欣欣' is done foremphasis. :adical < !%'.



00@.病 M b=ng 4 b)5”IJ( yamai lまO * b)eong& 6 behng

ic/; illness.

:adical 0H !\'.

#ommentary2..王s暴以˜Ô!l. ' #The /ing told me that he li/ed music.G ote theappearance of the thing said as the ob-ect of the coverb 以; a more t)picalwa) of eYpressing this idea would be 王以˜Ô告暴. 莊暴 is spea/ing; he isusing his own

as a first person reference.

2.2. Š±國5+幾乎!l. 2' 5 appears as the #modal% particle( here meaningsomething li/e Gno doubt(G Gcertainl)G !3"2'. +幾( whereas often used as theadverb #almost(% can be used idiomaticall) without an ad-ective to mean #atthe point of success(% #near its goal.% 乎 is eYclamator) here !22"2'.

2.3. ˜¼俗3Ô†!l. H' There are compleY philosophical issues underl)ingmusic theor) in ancient 6hina. The disciples of 6onfucius !the '' in generalsaw music as an essential complement to ritual á( and rulers usuall)emplo)ed large state orchestras for the performance of music. +owever(man) philosophers !especiall) the '' also ac/nowledged the sensual appealof music and thought that some forms of music !especiall) the popular forms'were in-urious to morals. This was considered particularl) true of musiccoming from the earl) state of heng ( !see Analects 1.0'.

2.H. :ÔÔ，Ã,ÔÔ，}Ô!ll. 1"<' Nn these phrases( both meanings of Ô areused #Q$s forR the pleasure of solitar) music( or the pleasure of music withothers( which is QmoreR en-o)ableG 6hinese philosophers made much of thepun.

2.1. 王Ôƒ°...!l. ' Mencius constructs a series of elaborate

conditionals here Virst( he gives two eYamples of the /ing ta/ing his pleasure—if the /ing behaves thus and the common people are angr) and upset at hisbehavior( then °“ï，不ÃŒ同ÔE !for “ï( see 2<.'. +owever( if the /ingdoes the same thing and the common people are happ) and show theirconcern for his welfare( then °“ï，ÃŒ同ÔE. Mencius is not teaching the/ing how to behave but giving him a diagnostic on how to tell whether he isbehaving correctl) or not.



otice also that when /ings GdoG things( it often implies the) are having itdone. Ô would most li/el) mean Ghave music performed.G

2.<.吾王+幾“¹病Ã？何以~ÔE？!ll. 3"H' +ere( the term +幾 meansGprobabl)(G Gno doubt.G ote also here that sometimes in literar) 6hinesereading the contrafactual condition !Gif notG; Gor elseG' goes uneYpressed andis onl) implied b) the logic of the sentence GBur /ing no doubt has no illness;if not( how could he have music performedG

Vocabulary $ints˜!31"' Ô!2H0" and 2H0"2' ï!@H2' !<H3"2' –!23H"'

管!2' g!@' ,!1"2' ¹!2"' 首!3<<'

告!23' J!H0<' K!HH' 離!13' Ê!@30'

.!@H<' 喜!H<'

#haracter Listi. 俗幾散病!H'

ii. 欣!'

iii. 旄!'

iv.籥蹙額!3'

Lesson 2"

孟子告子上(Section 1')孟子曰$「¼，óvÊ$)G，亦óvÊ$*7不¬·+， Ë¼ ã而9)G7E$Æ，亦óvÊ$!，亦óvÊ$*7不¬·+，ËÆ而9!7E$Æ亦óv^Fv^有XƒÆ7，m不;=·E$È亦óvzFvz有XƒÈ7，m,有v不šE$”Ä,3

v^€XƒÆ，Š-¬以·Æ7何不E？Ä,3vz€XƒÈ7，Š-¬以š,7何不;E？–®ŠÆ而有不EF–®Š¬以š,而不;E$®mv^有XƒÆ7，vz有XƒÈ7$ò:.7有®…EF,‘有3$.7~ÜÇ†$|/|，|01：·3ŠÆ，2·ŠÈ$34而Ã3，óÊ3,25$64而Ã3，7,不8E$19Š不:á!而5

3$19ƒó何–:？;;<3美？I=3>？vÓ?@7·óÃ？A;-È而不5，;;<3美;3FB;-È而不5，;I=3>;3FA;-È而不5，;vÓ?@7·ó而;3$®亦不¬以"乎？°3â×5®…$G

Vocabulary (1'1'*1'2')00.) M YiOng 4 )D xJ( kuma mま * ungC 6 hhng



&ear.

:adical < !'.

0.+ M -i^n 4 /enOv( kensu Nんi( kaneruかHj * g)eomD 6

gKmimultaneousl); to possess simultaneousl).

:adical 2 !‚'.

2@6. ”Ä M r] sh_ 4 moshi nh * )eo sat사 6 )h sP

Nf; if we suppose.

02.- M fn 4 hanLv( bonGv( subete iべ} * beomE 6 fCahn

$ll ever); generall).

:adical < !F( #table%'.

03./ M d^n 4 tan`v * danˆ 6 d^an

:ound bamboo bas/et for holding rice.

:adical !竹'.

0H.1 M gJng 4 /5,J( atsumono cつn8 * gaengG 6 g^ng

oup( gruel.

:adical 23 !Ñ'.

01.2 M f] 4 !no set rendering' * bulH 6 f^t

Q6ontraction of #

and3.R

$s did Ü !<3'( this character originall) occurred when 3 was inverted andplaced before the verb !see 1.'. $s time passed( writers and readers soonconfused it with

and simpl) used it as a negative. :adical 1 !¯'.

0<.3 M hD 4 /o/u,ク * ho호 6 fD

To abuse; abusivel).



:adical 30 !Ý'.

0.4 M r 4 -iジ( ni* * i이 6 )Ph

. Qame as !23"3'( an adverb mar/er.R

2. ou. Qinformal second person pronoun( same as 汝 !121'R

:adical @ !I'.

0.6 M cu 4 shu/u Zュク( shD ZュJ( keru Nj * chu/W 6 chD/

To trample on( to /ic/.

:adical 1 !Õ'.

[email protected] M YieYi7 4 setsu ]q( isagiyoshieぎよh * seolJ 6 sit

8orthwhile( to consider worthwhile.

This character usuall) appears in negated form不8( #unworth)(% #todisregard(% #to re-ect as unworth).% :adical HH !þ'.

020.: M biCn 4 ben * b)eon 6 bihn

To distinguish( to discern( to tell the difference.

:adical <0 !K'.

H1@a. ;< M g5ngsh= 4 /)ushitsu yゅhつ * gung silLM 6 gDng s^t

Mansion.

#ommentary2@.. ”Ä,3v^€XƒÆ!ll. H"1' ote that € often follows the noun onwhich it comments( thus calling for the following translation #$mong W( therewas no one who...(%for eYample( N€~對(#among the retainers( there was noone who could answer.G +ence( here we have( Gsupposing that among thosethings that people desire there is nothing greater than life....% ote also that€ must be read as #nothing% rather than #no oneG !the more commonmeaning'.

[email protected]. –®ŠÆ而有不E!l. <' This is difficult to anal)Ie.–®ŠÆ means #Nf oneQgoesR through this Q/ind of disreputable course of actionR( one can remainalive.U% 而有不 then gives the eYception( #and )et there are Qcases whenR itis not used(G that is( there will be times when a human being will realiIe that



a certain course of action even though disreputable will /eep him?her alivebut he?she refuses to do it out of a sense of honor.

[email protected]. ®mv^有XƒÆ7!ll. <"' This is one of the places where Menciuscomes close to ma/ing a s)llogism in the traditional 8estern sense

$ ,eople prefer life and hate death.

& ,eople can do certain things to remain alive and avoid death.

6 Nn certain cases( people will not do those things.

Z Therefore( there are things that people prefer to life and hate worse thandeath.

[email protected]. .7~ÜÇ†!l. ' The use of the imperative here must be because ofthe ~( which must have the same effect as ^ in analogous sentences

!compare 1. and an analogous sentence from Lesson 1( ó~Üw乎'. Zo nottranslate as imperative. ote also that Ü is a contraction of o and 3 here aswell.

[email protected]. óÊ3,!l. @' Though this phrase would probabl) in most conteYtsmean #people who practice the 8a)(G here( it obviousl) refers to someone indesperate conditions. +ence( it is interpreted b) all commentators to meanGpeople wal/ing the road(G that is( Gvagrants.%

2@.<. ;;<3美？I=3>？vÓ?@7·óÃ？!ll. 0"' Mencius gives aseries of reasons wh) a man might accept an official position. ; here means#is because(% and since the whole sentence ends with a Fuestion )ou canbegin each phrase with #Ns it because of... % vÓ?@7 is a partitive( with amissing 3 after Ó Gthose among whom N /now who are poor and destitute.%·ó !more eYplicitl)( ·ƒó' here would be #benefit from me Qand m)wealthR.G ote that Mencius is careful to sa) that it is wrong to accept an ill"gotten salar)( even when emplo)ed for noble ends.

2@.. A;-È而不5!l. ' G4ust now for the sa/e of oneself d)ing Qi.e.( it wasa case involving life or deathR and )et )ou did not accept it.G Mencius isreferring to the case of the beggar who would not accept food when givencontemptuousl). otice the vagueness of the coverb ; here Goneself d)ingGis the reason )ou would normall) accept the food— that is( )ou would acceptit for the reason of avoiding death.而 has a strong contrastivemeaning hereGand )et....# $ more fluid translation GEven though it was a matter of life anddeath )ou nevertheless did not accept it.G



2@.. ®亦不¬以"乎!ll. 2"3' That is( should a man not be capable ofrefusing !lit.( Gstopping(G"Othese temptations as well

Vocabulary $ints

G!@1@'

!"2' =·€2a( L2' z!@0<"2',!3@'

š!1@<"' ®m!203b( L2' Ü!<3' Ç!H33"' 0!H"'

7!12' 1!'9!20"2' –!H"1'>!2@2"2'

?!<' @!0' ®!H'

#haracter Listi. +-24!H'

ii. )1:!3'

iii. 8!'

iv.3/6!3'

Lesson %'

孟子梁惠王下(Section is+

Pµny曰：「P，Û國E，Q+以¶'國，Š不·Ø:，”3何Š¬？G孟子對曰：「R7'王ST，U,V3，¶3以WX，不·Ø:，¶3以犬馬，不·Ø:，¶3以YZ，不·Ø:$å[5\D而告3曰：%U,3v^7，吾土ÏE$吾¸3E，6子不以5v以Å,7],$*^子何,乎“6？ó將_3$&_T，`梁À，aMbÀ3下，S:$T,曰：%,E，不¬×E$&Ë37”·$¦曰：%¼cE，ò-3v~;E，

dÈÜ_$&6š ßƒù*7$G

Vocabulary (i'21!1'% 2)02.P M tng 4 t5トJ * deunge 6 tChng

The state of Teng. P was a small state on the border of ± that was in constant danger of

invasion and eYtermination. :adical 30 !ÙO.

@22a. µn M wn g5ng 4 mon/5 nんûQ * mun gongúf 6 mChngDng

Zu/e 8en !of Teng'.



022.Q M -i 4 /etsuOq( tsukusuつかi * galg 6 /it

To devote( to put forth effort( to eYhaust.

,artial s)non)m „!211'. :adical !±'.

023.R M YK 4 sha/u Zhク( se/i ]b( mukashiAかh * seo/i 6 sK/

The past; in the past.

:adical 2!¡'.

01c. '王 M tCi wng 4 dai5だOPQ * dae wangYS 6 daaihw>hng

*ing Tai !one of the ancestors of the [ ro)al house'.

Though the name is written '( here the character is actuall) an earl) form of=.

02H.T M bKn 4 hiniv * binj 6 b^n

&in. Qa place"nameR

ame of an ancient land( the original home of the [; located in modernhaanYikl. :adical <3 !a'.

021.U M dP 4 te/iテb * -eo/è 6 dih/Zi

ame of a 8estern barbarian tribe. :adical @H !犬'.

02<.Y M IhD 4 shu Zュ( -uジュ( tama Wま * -u$ 6 -)D

,earl; -ewel.

:adical @< !Z'.

02.Z M ) 4 g)o/uぎ˜m( tama Wま * o/m 6 )uh/

4ade.

:adical @< !Z'.

02.\ M FP 4 /i b( shi Z * giY 6 /7ih



Bld !but not elderl)'( in one s siYties. :adical 21 !D'.

32Hb.*^子 M 7r s^n I_ 4 ni san shiPeんh * i sam -a이n{ 6 )ihsâm -P

M) followers( m) disciples.Literall)( #Qm)R two or three childrenGever since 6onfucius used this termaffectionatel) when spea/ing to his closest followers( it has been a cliché( andit need not be limited to onl) two or three people.

02@.` M )] 4 )u x( koeruûえj * )u~ 6 )h

To cross( to pass over.

:adical 1 !Õ'.

1a. 梁À M ling sh^n 4 r)5IanQ˜Qçん * l)ang san K" 6l7uhng sân

Mt. Liang.

030.b M FP 4 /i b * giY 6 /7ih

Mountain path.

+ere( this character is the name of a mountain. :adical H< !À'.

030a. bÀ M FP sh^n 4 /iIan yçん * gi sanY" 6 /7ih sân

Mt. i.

03.c M shAu 4 shu Zュ( su†( mamoruまnj * su U 6 su

To guard( to /eep( to defend.

:adical H0 !⼧'

22b.¼c M sh= shAu 4 yoyo wo mamoriよよをまnQ * se sulU 6sai su

To preserve for generations; to guard for generations.

032.d M YiCo 4 /5,J * h)oo 6 haauh

To devote( to put an effort into( to tr) one s best.



:adical << !p'.

032a. dÈ M YiCo s_ 4 shi wo itasu hをOWi * h)o sao사 6 haauhsi

To render service at the cost of one s life.

#ommentary30.. ”3何Š¬!ll. "2' More elaborate rhetorical form of ”何!2@b' or q何!<<a' G8hat can N do that is then B*G

30.2. ¶3以WX!l. 2' ¶ here has a meaning deriving from #to serve(% #toattend on.G ince the gist here is that the barbarians are being bribed( #toappease% or #to bribeG would be the best translation.

30.3. 吾¸3E，6子不以5v以Å,7],!ll. H"1' #N have heard the following $superior person does not b) means of that b) which he nourishes othersharm others.% This rather complicated sentence means $ good ruler will notuse the resources of his state to do violence( either to others or to his ownpeople. '王 basicall) believes that it would be better to surrender his land tothe U rather than cause the suffering of war.

30.H. ·!l. ' :emember that can sometimes mean Gto go where one

belongs.G +ere( it seems to mean( vaguel)( #to go where one wants to go%and thereb) something li/e #to hurr) off to the mar/et place.% +owever( thesense of the people supporting '王 and following him off to eYile allows toalso suggest a secondar) meaning #to give allegiance to.%

30.1. ¼cE，ò-3v~;E，dÈÜ_!l. ' Though this ma) seem undul)critical of '王( the best wa) to read this in conteYt is a criticism of hisdecision b) some of his peoplesince the /ingdom is the legac) of hisancestors !¼c'( he does not have the right to abandon it. omecommentators( however( interpret the lines to mean that some people

eYhorted themselves to sta) on their own land and defend it.

Vocabulary $intsV!33' X!<@' Ø!@' 犬!11'[!H31"2'

土!3H' ]!@' ,!3@'M!3HH'ß!H<'



#haracter Listi. cRZY!H'

ii. dQ`!3'

iii. bU!2'

iv.\PT!3'



UNIT 5

Lessons 31—32 Two Warrior Women

Both of these texts date from the “Six Dynasties" period (222-589 C!# formost of this time$ north China was %nder the &ontro' of a series of non-Chinese empires and the so%th was r%'ed y a series of short-'i)ed re*imesWe +now most ao%t the &%'t%ra' 'ife in the so%th d%rin* this time e&a%semost ed%&ated Chinese 'i)ed there$ %t a n%mer of 'iterary texts s%r)i)efrom the north as we''

The story of , ./ 李寄 is preser)ed in the S0%sh1n/ 搜神記 (in !n*'ish 3e&ord ofSear&hes into the 4a*i&a'$ a fo%rth-&ent%ry so%thern &o''e&tion of oddane&dotes and 'e*ends t is a prin&ipa' so%r&e for so-&a''ed 志怪 (“re&ordin*

the stran*e6 narrati)e$ and it is one of the ear'iest antho'o*ies todemonstrate Chinese fas&ination with *host stories and other o&&%'tphenomena

The “7oem of 4%'an6 木蘭詩 is proa'y the most famo%s poem to s%r)i)efrom the north d%rin* the Six Dynasties period$ tho%*h no one is %ite s%rewhen it was written (the fifth &ent%ry seems to e most 'i+e'y t is &omposedin a pop%'ar a''ad sty'e and may ha)e &ome from a fo'+ son*$ tho%*h it wasproa'y “&'eaned %p6 y the hi*h'y 'iterate s&ho'ars who transmitted it

Lesson 31

李寄東越閩中有庸嶺，高數十里。其西北隙中有大蛇，長七!，大十"#。$%&'，東(

)*+,-長./有01。2345，6789。:;<=，:>?@A，B8CDEF

十GH1。)*I長JKLM，NOP7Q。KRS<TUVW，X有YTE，ZM[

\]，2^蛇_`，蛇abcM。dFef，ghiE。jklmno，p8其E。qr

s李tT，有uE，vw。其xEy寄，znB{，|}7~。寄•€|}v‚，ƒU

uE，v有„w，…有ev。Ev†‡ˆ|}M‰，Š7‹ŒZ，Ž，Uv‘’，

7e“0。”寄M，–8—˜，3Œ|}，™7š›œ|}žŸ，7~¡。寄¢£

{，7–¤¥。寄¦§R¨©+ª蛇«。[\]，¬®中¯，°©q«。±q數²³

´，hµ¶·M，3¸_`。蛇¬a，¹大eº，»eG¼½，¾´¿O，±CM。寄¬À«，«Ácª，寄ÂÃÄ8數©。ÅÆÇ，蛇ÈÉa，[ÊË0。寄ÌÍ_，8其i

EÎÏ，Ða，ÑÒ•€ÓÔÕÖ，×蛇‘，Ø–ÙÚ。ÛÜ寄EÝÞËß。越à

¾M，á寄E×â，ã其|×qrI，}+äå有æç。¢Ü東(vmèéMê，其ëì

[íîï。



VOCABULARY (1033-1092):;; 越 4< y%= .< ots%ðñ$ ets%òñ >< wo'ó C< y%ht

?%e (*enera' name *i)en to a &oasta' re*ion of so%theast China# pre)io%s'y astate name 3adi&a' 5@ (ô

:;A閩 4< mn .< minõö >< min÷ C< mhn

4in

ame of a se&tion of 越$ this &hara&ter is now often %sed as a poeti& term for%ian 9ø pro)in&e 3adi&a' @9 (ù

:;5嶺 4< 'n* .< reiúû$ ry0üýþ$ mineÿね$ neね >< 'yeon*령 C<

'Ehn*

7ea+$ mo%ntain ran*e

3adi&a' A@ (山

:;@蛇 4< sh1 .< aジャ$ daダ$ hebiへび >< sa사 C< s=h

Sna+e$ serpent

3adi&a' A2 (虫

:;F 4< G .< ha&hiハチ >< pa'팔 C< aat

!i*ht

3adi&a' 2 (

:;8! 4< HhIn* .< 0ジýþ >< an*장 C< e%hn*

Jhan* (meas%rement of 'en*th$ e%a' to approximate'y : !n*'ish feet3adi&a' („

;Aa $% 4< tK sL .< toHo+%とぞく >< to so+토속 C< tM% %h+

The 'o&a' pop%'ation# pop%'ar sentiment



N'tho%*h in this 'essonOs text the term is o)io%s'y meant to refer to the 'o&a'pop%'a&e$ the &ompo%nd is )ery &'ose in meanin* to 世% (22Fa$ ,esson 28

:;9& 4< &hn* .< 0ジýþ$ sh0シýþ$ tsuneつね >< san*상 C<

s=%hn*

N'ways$ in)aria'y P

2 Constan&y# &onstant r%'e

ote< The 'iterary Chinese meanin* of this &hara&ter is s'i*ht'y different fromits modern 4andarin meanin*$ "often" 3adi&a' 5: (巾

:A:( 4< yQ .< yaヤ >< ya야 C< y1h

To sme't$ to f%se

Rere$ this &hara&ter is %sed in a p'a&e-name 3adi&a' 5 (冫$ “i&e6

8@;a 東( 4< d0n* yQ .< t0yaとうや >< don* ya동야 C< dn* y1h

Don*ye (name of a distri&t

:A) 4< d .< toト$ ts%つ$ miya+oÿや >< do! C< d0%City$ town$ &apita'

3adi&a' @; ("

:A2* 4< w=i .< iû >< wi# C< wai

Commandant$ &ommander$ &o'one'

3adi&a' A ($

A;5,- 4< shK &h1n* .< Ho+%0ぞ%く&'う >< so+ seon*속 C< s%h+s/hn*

4%ni&ipa'



The meanin* of , here is A;5- n %rea%&rati& 'an*%a*e this &hara&ter &ane prefixed to administrati)e %nits to indi&ate the s&ope of a p%'i& offi&e

;A;C 長. 4< Hhn* '/ .< &h0ri('う) >< an* 'i장* C< 1%n* 'eih

Ri*h-ran+in* offi&ia's

:A;= 4< m=n* .< m%+$ yume,- >< mon*. C< m%hn*

Dream# to dream

3adi&a' ;@ (/

:AA? 4< yU .< y%0$ satosu1と2 >< y%3 C< y%h

To inform$ to te''$ to warn

3adi&a' A9 (Ò

:A5@ 4< w .< f%4$ mikoÿ$ kannagi5678 >< m%9 C< mV%h

WiHard$ wit&h$ shaman

3adi&a' A8 (:

:A@A 4< HhU .< sh%+%シ;<$ shシ;þ$ iwau=>う >< &h%+? C< +

To in)o+e$ to pray to# to &on*rat%'ate

Rere$ this &hara&ter imp'ies the term A1$ “priest$6 “priestess6 3adi&a' ;(@

:AFC 4< dIn .< tanAö >< damB C< daahm To ite$ to de)o%r

3adi&a' ;: (`



F;a I長 4< '/n* Hhn* .< ryo&h0)'('う >< 'yeon* an*령장 C<'ihn* 1%n*

Distri&t ma*istrate

:A8J 4< in* .< hei >< yeon* C< in*

To*ether$ a''

Rere$ this &hara&ter is %sed as part of a synonym &ompo%nd$ JK3adi&a' („

:A9O 4< / .< +iC >< *iD C< hei

apor$ miasma# essen&e$ inner s%stan&e

3adi&a' 8A (E$ “i6

:5:V 4< / .< hiF$ hashitameGHI- >< iJ C< p1ih

4aidser)ant$ fema'e s'a)e

3adi&a' ;8 (E

:5^ 4< sVn* .< s0Kþ$ okuruLくM >< son*N C< s%n*

To send$ to see off ，to es&ort

3adi&a' @2 (O

:52_ 4< x%1 .< +ets%Pñ$ anaQ7 >< hyeo'R C< y%ht

Ca)e$ ho'e

3adi&a' @ (_

:5;c 4< ni= .< +its%Cñ >< *yoS C< n*iht

To ite$ to &hew

3adi&a' ;: (`



:Fa jk 4< Qr shE .< kono tokiTとU >< i siVW C< yEh s/h

Nt this time ()ariant for fk

:5Al 4< yU .< yoX >< yeY C< y%h

To prepare$ to ma+e ready

3adi&a'8(Z

:55n 4< mU .< o[$ tsunoruつTM >< mo\ C< mo%h

To draft$ to &ons&ript

3adi&a' 9 (]

:5@o 4< s%X .< sa+%^<$ motomeru_と-M >< sa+ C< saa+

To sear&h$ to 'oo+ for

3adi&a' 2: (a

;:9a qr 4< Y%n* '= .< sh0ra+%H'うbく >< an* ra+장c C< Y%n*'oh+

.ian*'e (name of a &o%nty

:5F李 4< ' .< ri)$ s%momo2__ >< iV C< '1ih

7'%m

2 ,i Za s%rname[P

3adi&a' F5 (木

:58t 4< dIn .< tanAö >< tand C< daan

Birth

2 7repostero%s\ ridi&%'o%s



Rere$ this &hara&ter is a persona' name 3adi&a' A9 (Ò

:5Fa 李t 4< ' dIn .< ri tan)I6 >< i tanVd C< '1ih

,i Dan Za proper name[

3adi&a' F5 (木

:59寄 4< / .< +i >< *iD C< *ei

To send# to 'od*e$ to stay temporari'y

Rere$ this &hara&ter is a personOs name 3adi&a' A: (⼧

:@:† 4< tE .< teieû >< ef C< tIih

N +ind of 'i*ht-red si'+

Rere$ this &hara&ter is part of a personOs name 3adi&a' 2: (a

:@‡ 4< yEn* .< eiòû >< yeon*g C< y/hn*

To wind aro%nd$ to &oi'

This &hara&ter is a )ariant of h$ and it is %sed here as part of a personOsname 3adi&a' 2: (a

:@:a Ý‡ 4< tE yEn* .< teieii=j= >< e yeon*fg C< tIih y/hn*

Tiyin* (name of a fi'ia' *ir' from the Rank dynasty

This *ir'Os f%'' name was Ch%ny% Tiyin* lm†‡ n the se&ond &ent%ry BC!$when her parents were &on)i&ted of a &rime$ she offered herse'f as a s'a)e toredeem them The emperor fe't sorry for her and freed her parents 3adi&a'

2: (a

:@2ˆ 4< / .< sai^û$ seinû$ sukuu1くう >< ef C< ai

To res&%e$ to assist

3adi&a' 85 (o



:@;“ 4< Ho .< sa^$ s0Kþ$ satsu1つ >< op C< M%

!ar'y# mornin*

3adi&a' F2(•

:@A˜ 4< in .< sennö$ Heniqr >< eons C< &h/hn

Copper &ash

3adi&a' @F (t

:@5Ÿ 4< 'in .< renúö$ awaremuQ>uv$ urayamuうbやv >< 'yeon

w C< '/hn

To 'o)e$ to &herish$ to fee' sorry for# to admire$ to en)y

3adi&a' @ (x

28;a §R 4< *Io n* .< tsugete kouつyiう >< *o &heon*z{ C<*o% &hEn*

To re%est

This term is a synonym &ompo%nd

:@@ª 4< HhI .< se+%n<$ +am%5v >< sa사 C< a

To ite

3adi&a' ;: (]

:@F® 4< miIo .< y0|ýþ >< myo} C< mi%h Temp'e$ shrine

3adi&a' 5; (~

:@8² 4< shE .< se+inC$ sha+%シャ<$ ishi=H >< seo+• C< seh+



Stone$ ro&+

2 Shi (meas%rement for 'i%ids$ ro%*h'y e%i)a'ent to an !n*'ish *a''on，

3adi&a' 2 (²

:@9³ 4< m .< ei€û$ maiû$ kome-$ yone‚ね >< miƒ C<mih

3i&e

3adi&a' 9 (³

:F:´ 4< &E .< shiシ$ mochi_( >< a„ C< &h/h

3i&e a''

3adi&a' 9 (³

:Fµ 4< m/ .< mits%õñ >< mi'… C< maht

Roney

3adi&a' A2 (虫

:F2¶ 4< &hao .< sh0 >< &ho† C< &hE%

3oasted ar'ey f'o%r

3adi&a' 99 (‡$ “wheat6

:F;· 4< *%In .< +anˆö$ sosogu‰‰Š >< *wan‹ C< *%n

To water$ to soa+$ to f'ow into

3adi&a' 85(o

:FAº 4< n .< +inCö$ +onŒö >< *y%n C< +wGn

_rain in

3adi&a' ; (]



:F5¼ 4< &hQ .< se+inC$ sha+%シャ< >< &heo+Ž C< &he+

Chi (meas%rement of 'en*th$ e%i)a'ent to ao%t : in&hes# %s%a''ytrans'ated as “foot6

3adi&a' AA (

:F@½ 4< /n* .< +y0Cýþ$ kagami5ÿ >< *yeon*‘ C< *en*

4irror

3adi&a' @F (t

:FF¿ 4< xiGn* .< +0Œþ$ +aˆ$ kaoru5LM$ kaori5L) >< hyan*’ C< hY%n*

S&ent$ fra*ran&e# fra*rant# in&ense

3adi&a' 8@ (¿

:F8Ä 4< Hh%M .< sha+%H“く$ kiruUM >< a+” C< e%+

To &%t$ to ha&+

3adi&a' @9 (

:F9Å 4< &h%Gn* .< s0 >< &han*– C< &h0n*

Wo%nd

3adi&a' :A (—

:8:Æ 4< tVn* .< tsつ$ itamu=Iv >< ton* C< t%n*Sore$ a&hin*$ painf%'

3adi&a' :A (~

:8Ç 4< E .< +yC;þ$ isogu=‰Š$ aseruQ™M >< *e%pš C< *Gp



Se)ere$ sharp P

2 Swift$ %i&+# to h%rry

; To e anxio%s# to e in a state of &risis

This &hara&ter is &ommon in a'' of these meanin*s$ tho%*h on'y meanin* `o&&%rs in o%r texts 3adi&a' @ (x

:82É 4< yXn* .< y0Xþ$ odoruL›M >< yon*œ C< yLn*

To 'eap$ to %mp

This &hara&ter is a'so written (FFA 3adi&a' 5F (ž

:8;Î 4< dL .< do+%Ÿ< >< &ho+ C< d%h+

S+%''

3adi&a' 88 (¡

:8AÏ 4< 'M% .< ro¢ >< '%£ C< 'I%h

S+%''

ÎÏ is a &ommon synonym &ompo%nd (in fa&t$ it is rare to see these two&hara&ters separate from ea&h other 3adi&a' 88 (¡

:85Ñ 4< HhI .< taA >< ta¤ C< G

To %praid$ to pity

3adi&a' ;: (]

:8@Õ 4< i= .< +y0Cýþ$ obieruLびjM >< *eop¥ C< hip Timid$ &oward'y# to e afraid

3adi&a' @ (x



:8FÚ 4< mn .< in|ö$ minõö$ awaremuQ>uv >< min÷ C<mhn

To pity

3adi&a' @ (x

:88Ý 4< h%n .< +anˆö$ yuruyakana,Mや57$ yukkuri,%く) ><wan¦ C< wUhn

S'ow$ *rad%a'# s'ow'y$ 'eis%re'y

3adi&a' 2: (a

:89á 4< p/n .< hei§û >< in*¨ C< pin*

To marry$ to wed$ to etroth

3adi&a' 28 (©

:9:ã 4< Ii .< haiハû$ haisuruG=2M$ ogamuLv >< aeª C<aai

To ow# to do re)eren&e to# to appoint Zto a post[

ã× is a standard way of sayin* “was appointed as6 3adi&a' @A («

:9è 4< yGo .< y0Xþ >< yo¬ C< y%

Stran*e$ weird$ s%pernat%ra'# demon$ phantom# ewit&hin*$ sed%&ti)e3adi&a' ;8 (E

:92ë 4< *Y .< +aˆ$ utauうI=$ utaiうI= >< *a C< *0

Son*# to sin*

3adi&a' F@ (®



COMMENTARY ; 東()*+,-長./有01(' 2< The *rammar here is ami*%o%s< s thissayin* that %ite a few offi&ia's died$ or that %ite a few memers of theoffi&ia'sO ho%seho'ds diedb fa)or the former

;2 6789('' 2-;< 6 is odd here# its meanin* &an e deri)ed from the&ontext The a%thor proa'y %ses it as a synonym for the &ommon e6$ “asefore"cthat is$ “a'' a'on*6 (witho%t &han*e

;; :;<=，:>?@A(' ;< “Sometimes it wo%'d *i)e peop'e dreams$ andsometimes it wo%'d des&end and inform shamans and priests" ote the othermeanin* of : here (5F9-2$ as opposed to “someone6 The sna+e$ whi&h isrea''y a demon$ is &omm%ni&atin* thro%*h )isions to the 'o&a' pop%'ation$

te''in* them what it wants

;A NOP7Q( A< Rere$ it e&omes &'ear that the sna+e-demon is not+i''in* peop'e dire&t'y$ %t *eneratin* a poisono%s a%ra so that 'o&a' peop'eare dyin* of i''ness

;5 <TUVW(' A< "4aidser)ants orn into peop'eOs fami'ies"

;@ 有YTE(' A< "Da%*hters from ho%seho'ds that had &ommitted &rimes"f the prin&ipa' ma'e of a fami'y &ommitted a &rime$ it was not %n%s%a' for theentire fami'y or &'an to re&ei)e p%nishment

;F v有„w，…有ev('' F-8< “?o% ha)e not had a sin*'e son# e)en tho%*hyo% ha)e Z&hi'dren$ ie$ da%*hters[$ itOs as if yo% had none" !)en tho%*hte&hni&a''y %n*rammati&a'$ v有 is o&&asiona''y %sed for emphasisp%rposes

;8 –8—˜(' 9< This is a *ood examp'e of how – &ame in&reasin*'y to e%sed with an a&ti)e meanin* (&ontrast with F; t may e %sed here as it istypi&a''y %sed in medie)a' Chinese$ to &on)ey a mi'd s%**estion or re%est



;9 ª蛇«(' :< "a sna+e-itin* do*" !)ident'y$ a do* trained to h%ntsna+es (e)en 8:-foot-'on* demon-sna+es

;:8數© ( ;< "She otained se)era' sword Z'ows[" ote two

idiomati& %sa*es here< first$ words for "sword" or "+nife" &an e %sed to mean"wo%nds Zinf'i&ted y those weapons["# se&ond$ in Chinese$ when one "*ets"8 s%&h a wo%nd$ it means (%n'i+e in !n*'ish that one has inf'i&ted it$ notre&ei)ed it

; ×蛇‘( A< This is the fo%rth$ and 'ast$ way of indi&atin* thepassi)e )oi&e in 'iterary Chinese< × a&tor (‘ )er This pattern &an sti''e fo%nd in modern 4andarin$ espe&ia''y with ¯ s%stit%tin* for°Conse%ent'y$ this phrase means "were eaten y the sna+e"

Voca!"a#$ %&n's東(8@; 庸(A@;-2 高(92西(@2;隙(5F@

"(;:

(2@;-22(A5 4(928 5(9;;

9(A:(5F9-2D(@8AK(2A9P(55-

Q(5A5-2 X(:d(5F5s(@5;z(@58

~(2-2 ‚(2@A-; ƒ(8;9‰(@;Ž(599

’(@;2 7e(Aa$ ,A ”(F29›(;A5ž(@A

£(A;F ¤(@¥(A:9](;8-2¬(9F2-2

(;52 °(5;5-2 »(22±(5:¾(2A-2

À(99:-2 Ê(@92-2 Ô(;A@-2±(;F2Ù(5F9

Þ(8F: â(@8F- I(F;-2 ²(5@Fæ(822

ç(59 ê(F2î(8

Ca#ac'e# L&s'i =寄¼@&Çã李ëOˆ²o越^)¿¶ (9

ii !嶺J®Ÿ“A_蛇³Ý˜½(;



iii è*·Æátl(F

i)(nªÑCcºVÕÚÄÅµ´‡†?É閩ÎÏ(2

Lesson 32

木蘭詩³´m´´，木蘭µ¶·。

7¾¸¹º，»¾E¼Q。

½E¾‘¿，½E¾‘À。

EÁv‘¿，EÁv‘À。

ÂÃÄÅÆ，–Ç大ÈÉ。 5

ÅÊ十GË，ËË有Ìy。

ÍÌv大Î，木蘭v長Ï。

Ð×ÑÒÓ，ÂfÔÌÕ。

東ÑÖ×Ó，西ÑÖÒØ。

ÙÑÖÚ¹，北ÑÖ長Û。 :

]ÜÌÝ¡，Þßàáâ。

7¾ÌÝãEº，ä¾àáåoæçç。

èÜàá¡，Þ[é山¹。

7¾ÌÝãEº，ä¾ê山ëìºíí。

î里ïð¸，ñ山ò±ó。 5

ôOõtö，÷øùú。

qÅûü0，ýþ十Fß。

ßÿÄ天W，天W¯明堂。

策勳十G轉，æçû千強。

–Ç½‘B，木蘭7h尙Ê郎。 2:

Ð借明駝千里ž，^Î還6鄉。

ÌÝ¾Eÿ，a郭‚扶q。



Íä¾妹ÿ，µ¶理紅妝。

x弟¾äÿ，磨刀霍霍向豬5。

開我東閣ù，¯我西閣床。 25

脫我ük，!我"k#。

µ$理%&，'½Æ(à。

aù)*+，*+å,-。

.{十GF，7/木蘭ÜE郎。

0123ô，41567。 ;:

819:ô，;‹<我Ü04。

VOCABULARY (1093-110):9;´ 4< .< sho+%シý<$ so+%K< >< e%+= C< +

C'a&+Zonomatopoei&[

3adi&a';:(

:9A蘭 4< 'n .< ran>ö >< 'an? C< 'Iahn

gr&hidRere$ this &hara&ter is part of a p'ant name 3adi&a' A: (@

882a 木蘭 4< mU 'n .< mo+%ran_くb6 >< mo+ 'anA? C< m%h+'Iahn

4a*no'ia

Rere$ this p'ant name is %sed as a womanOs name

:95¹ 4< HhU .< &hoチý$ hiB >< %C C< &hyLh

Z,oom[ sh%tt'e

3adi&a' F5 (木



:9@¿ 4<사 .< shiシ$ omouL_う >< sa사 C< s

To thin+$ to thin+ of$ to 'on* for

n poetry this word often has &onnotations of 'on*in* for oneOs asent spo%seor 'o)er 3adi&a' @ (x

:9FD 4< y/ .< o+%ð<$ omouL_う >< eo+E C< y+

To thin+$ to rememer$ to thin+ of

3adi&a' @ (x

:98Â 4< H%M .< sa+%^< >< a+” C< oh+

7ast Zdays[$ yesterday

3adi&a' F2(F

:99Æ 4< tiQ (# tiY (2 .< &h0チýþ$ 0ジýþ >< &heG (# &heopH (2 C< tip

3e&ord oo+$ 'e*a' do&%ment$ pro&'amation P

2 To sti&+$ to adhere$ to app'y P

The se&ond meanin* is %sed 'ater on in the poem$ &o%p'et 2F 3adi&a' 5: (巾

2a –Ç 4< += hn .< +a+an556 >< *a hanI C< hG+ hVhn

">han6 (northern tria' r%'er Zsini&iHation[

ote that 木蘭 is 'i)in* %nder one of the “northern6 non-Chinese dynastiesthat o&&%pied the ?e''ow 3i)er p'ain from the fo%rth to the sixth &ent%ries

The &hara&terÇ (whi&h 'itera''y means “sweat$6 “perspiration6is %sed herein the se&ond tone in the sini&iHation of the term

::È 4< din .< teneö >< eomJ C< dEm

Spe&+$ dot# to &he&+$ to &o%nt# to se'e&t$ to &hoose

3adi&a' 2:; (é



:Ê 4< sh .< shoシý$ f%miKÿ$ kaku5く >< seoL C< sy

,etter$ oo+$ do&%ment# &a''i*raphy# to write &a''i*raphy

3adi&a' F; (•

FAa ÅÊ 4< n sh .< *%nshoŠ6H' >< *%n seoML C< *wGn sy

4i'itary &ons&ription 'ists

:2Ë 4< %In .< +enPö$ +anˆö$ makiNU >< *wonO C< *yLn

S&ro''# &hapter (in a traditiona''y arran*ed oo+

3adi&a' 2@ (P

:;Ì 4< y1 .< yiû$ jii&=$ jijii&&= >< ya야 C< y=h

ather Zinforma'[# master$ e'der

3adi&a' 88 (|

:AÍ 4< G .< aQ >< aR C< a

ZCo''o%ia' prefix parti&'e %sed to desi*nate affe&tion# often affixed to +inshipterms an persona' names[

3adi&a' F: ("

:5Î 4< 1r .< iジ$ niG$ ko >< aR C< y/h

Son$ &hi'd

3adi&a' : (S

:@Ò 4< Gn .< anQö$ +%raくb >< anT C< 0n

sadd'e

3adi&a' FF (U



:FÔ 4< t/ .< taiAû$ teieû$ kaeru5jM$ kawaru5>M >< &hG eC< tai

To rep'a&e$ to ex&han*e

3adi&a' F2(•

:8Ö 4< mi .< aiVû$ +a%5う >< maeW C< maih

To %y

3adi&a' 5A (X

:9Ø 4< iGn .< sennö >< &heonY C< n

Sadd'e 'an+et

This type of 'an+et was p'a&ed %nderneath the sadd'e to pre)ent it from&hafin* the horseOs a&+ 3adi&a' FF (U

:Z 4< p=i .< hiF$ +%ts%waくつ> >< iJ C< ei

3eins$ horse it

3adi&a' 59 ([

Û 4< iGn .< en€ö$ muchiv( >< pyeon\ C< n

Rorse whip$ ridin* &rop

3adi&a' FF (U

2Ý 4< nin* .< 0ジýþ$ m%s%mev2- >< nan*]$ 'an*^ C<n=%hn*

4other Zinforma'$ &o''o%ia'[# *ir'$ woman

3adi&a' ;8 (E



;Þ 4< mU .< o[$ kureくu$ kureruくuM >< mo\ C< mo%h

D%s+$ twi'i*ht# to *row 'ate# 'ate

3adi&a' F2 (•

582a àá 4< h%n* h1 .< +0*aう >< hwan* ha_` C< wVhn* hVh

The ?e''ow 3i)er

Aâ 4< iGn .< hen§ö$ atariQI)$ hotoriaと) >< yeonb C<n

Side# eside

3adi&a' @2 (O

5ã 4< h%In .< +anˆö$ yo%‚c >< hwand C< w%hn

To &a'' to$ to s%mmon

3adi&a' ;: (`

@ä 4< dIn .< tanAö$ danダö$ tadashiIeH >< danf C< daahn

gn'y P

2 B%t$ howe)er

The first meanin* is more typi&a' of 'iterary Chinese$ %t the se&ond meanin*&an e fo%nd as we''$ espe&ia''y in more &o''o%ia' writin* 3adi&a' 9 (<

Fæ 4< mEn* .< meigû$ na+%7く$ nar%7M >< myeon*h C<m/hn*

To sin*$ to &hirp$ to ma+e noise$ to rin*

Ns yo% &an see from the radi&a'$ this &hara&ter ori*ina''y referred to thenoises made y irds$ %t it &an app'y to anythin* that ma+es noise 3adi&a'9@ (i



8ç 4< iIn .< sennö >< &heonY C< &hEn

To sp'ash# Zdes&ripti)e of water sp'ashin*[

3adi&a' 85 (o

9é 4< hYi .< +o+%Œ<$ kuroくj >< he%+k C< hG+

B'a&+

3adi&a' 2:; (é

9a é山 4< hYi shGn .< +o+%Hanくl6 >< he%+ sankm C< hG+sGan

4t B'a&+

This mo%ntain is 'o&ated a'on* what was ChinaOs northeastern frontier

2:ê 4< yGn .< enòö >< yeonn C< yin

?an

ame of a state in modern Reei á北 pro)in&e# it a'so e&omes the *enera'name forth area 3adi&a' 8@ (*

2:a ê山 4< yGn shGn .< enHanj6l6 >< yeon sannm C< yin sGan

The ?an 4o%ntains

N ran*e of mo%ntains 'o&ated a'on* what was ChinaOs northeastern frontier

2í 4< i .< sh >< &h%o C< G%

Zgnomatopoei& for the noises made y irds$ aies$ or anima's[ This term &o%'d mean the whinnyin* of enemy horses# howe)er$ in poetry it is

app'ied more often to the twitterin* of irds$ and hen&e$ it is 'i+e'y that here itrefers to the seemin*'y "nonsensi&a'" so%nds of an a'ien 'an*%a*e Comparethe !n*'ish word "ararian$" deri)ed from a term of the an&ient _ree+s$ whotho%*ht forei*ners made a “arar6 noise when they ta'+ed 3adi&a' ;: (`



22ñ 4< *%Gn .< +anˆö$ seki™U >< *wan‹ C< *wGan

4o%ntain pass# &%stoms arrier# order post

3adi&a' @9 (ù

2;ó 4< fYi .< hiF$ tobuとc >< iJ C< fYi

To f'y

3adi&a' 8; (ó

2Aô 4< sh%V .< sa+%^< >< sa+` C< so+

orthern

3adi&a' FA (\

25ö 4< t%V .< ta+%A< >< ta+p C< to+

Wat&hman s ratt'e (so%nded y the ni*ht wat&h in mi'itary &amps and in&ities

3adi&a' F5 (木

2@ù 4< HhIo .< sh0シýþ$ terasuib2 >< op C< i%

To shine Zon[$ to *'eam

3adi&a' 8@ (*

2Fú 4< tiQ .< tets%eq >< &heo'r C< tit

ron$ stee'

3adi&a' @F (t

;:9qÅ 4< iGn* n .< sh0*%nH'うŠ6 >< an* *%n장M C< Y%n**wGn

_enera'# &ommandin* offi&er



@& 天W 4< tiGn H .< tenshii6H >< &heon aY„ C< tn E

!mperor ('it$ “son of Rea)en “

ote that here the a%thor %ses a standard Chinese term$ instead of theear'ier non-Chinese –Ç

5A8a 明堂 4< mEn* tn* .< meid0-=›う >< myeon* dan*hs C<m/hn* tVhn*

Ra'' of ,i*ht (spe&ia' a%dien&e ha'' ere&ted in imperia' pa'a&es

28策 4< &= .< sa+%^< >< &hae+t C< &haa+

7'&n$ s&heme# to p'an# amoo s'ips for writin* (hen&e$ “to re&ord$6 “to ma+ea rem of6

3adi&a' 8 (u

29勳 4< xn .< +%n<ö$ isao=1L >< h%nv C< fGn

4erit$ honor$ meritorio%s a&hie)ement

Synonym<‰ (@; 3adi&a' 9 (]

;:轉 4< Hh%n (# Hh%In (2 .< teneö >< eons C< yLn (# y%n(2

To t%rn$ to re)o')e

2 3e)o'%tion$ spin$ sta*e$ 'e)e'$ promotion P

Rere$ meanin* `2 (“sta*e$6 “'e)e'$6 or “promotion6 is ein* %sed in ate&hni&a' mi'itary sense 3adi&a' 59 ([

@@8a 尙Ê 4< shIn* sh% .< sh0shoH'うH' >< san* seo상 C< se%hn*sy

Se&retariat (hi*h-'e)e' *o)ernment %rea%



This &ommon %rea%&rati& term %ses meanin* @@8-2 of尙(“to esteem$6 “tohonor6

;郎 4< 'n* .< r0¢þ >< 'an*] C< 'Vhn*

,ad$ oy$ yo%n* *ent'eman P

2 Chief$ head (%sed in %rea%&rati& tit'es P

4eanin* `2 o&&%rs first$ in &o%p'et 2:# meanin* ` o&&%rs in &o%p'et 293adi&a' @; ("

;2借 4< i= .< shaシャ$ sha+aシャ<$ karu5M >< &haw C< e

To orrow

3adi&a' 9 (<

;;駝 4< t%M .< daダ >< ta¤ C< tVh

Came'

3adi&a' 8F (Ó

285a 6x 4< *U xiGn* .< +o+y0U'う >< *o hyan*z’ C< *% hY%n*

Rome )i''a*e# home

This term emp'oys meanin* @FA-2 of 鄉

;A郭 4< *%0 .< +a+%ˆ<$ kuruwaくM> >< *wa+y C< *wo+

City wa''s# o%ter &ity wa''s

N'tho%*h this term is %sed )a*%e'y to refer to &ity wa''s in *enera'$ itsometimes desi*nates o%ter defense wor+s$ as opposed to - (;F5$ the &itywa'' proper 3adi&a' @; (z

;5扶 4< fL .< f%4$ tasukeruI2{M >< %| C< fUh

To s%pport$ to prop %p$ to aid# to 'ean on



3adi&a' @A («

;@妝 4< Hh%Gn* .< sh0シýþ$ yosoou‚‰Lう >< an*장 C< 0n*

To p%t on ma+e%p$ to adorn onese'f# adornment

This word often appears as the &hara&ter } 3adi&a' ;8 (E

;F磨 4< mV .< miõ$ migakuÿく$ suru2M$ toguとŠ >< ma~ C<mVh (to whet# moh (whetstone

To r%$ to s&rape$ to po'ish$ to sharpen$ to whet# whetstone

3adi&a' 2 (²

;8霍 4< h%V .< +a+%ˆ< >< *wa+y C< fo+

Zgnomatopoeti& for the sharpenin* of a +nife[

n an&ient Chinese$ this word wo%'d ha)e ended in a *'otta' stop$ prod%&in*somethin* &'oser to a “hwa+6 so%ndm%&h more appropriate than themodern 4andarin pron%n&iation 3adi&a' F; (•

;9向 4< xiIn* .< +0Œþ$ +y0Cýþ$ mukauN5う >< hyan*’ C<he%n*

To fa&e# pre)io%s'y，re&ent'y

or more on this &hara&ter and its %sa*e$ see note on 鄉 (@FA Ns this&hara&ter &an ha)e oth tempora' and spatia' si*nifi&an&e DonOt &onf%se itwith 尙(@@8ca'tho%*h 'iterary Chinese writers sometimes did 3adi&a' ;:(]

A:豬 4< Hh .< &hoチý >< eoC C< y

7i*

3adi&a' 52 (€

A開 4< +Gi .< +aiˆû$ hirakuBb%く$ akuQく$ et& >< *ae C<h0i



To open# open$ opened

3adi&a' @9 (ù

A2閣 4< *1 .< +a+%ˆ< >< *a+‚ C< *o+

3oom$ &hamer$ pa)i'ion

3adi&a' @9 (ù

A;床 4< &h%n* .< sh0シýþ$ tokoと >< san*상 C< &hVhn*

Co%&h$ ed$ raised dais

This word a'so appears fre%ent'y as ƒ 3adi&a' 5; (~

AA脫 4< t%0 .< dats%ダñ$ nugu„Š >< ta'… C< ty%t

To remo)e$ to ta+e off$ to shed# to es&ape Zfrom a diffi&%'t sit%ation[

3adi&a' ;: (†

A5 4< po .< h0‡þ >< poˆ C< pV%h

,on* *own$ 'on* roe

3adi&a' A5 (

A@! 4< Hho .< &ha+%(“く$ kiruUM >< &ha+‰$ eoC C< e%+

To wear$ to p%t on Z&'othes[

3adi&a' A: (Š

AF" 4< iU .< +yC;þ$ furuKM >< *%‹ C< *a%h

g'd$ pre)io%s$ former 3adi&a' ;A (Œ

A8$ 4< &h%Gn* .< s0Kþ$ madoN› >< &han*– C< &hY%n*



Window

3adi&a' @ (_

A9& 4< /n .< in|ö >< in C< an

Side tresses$ hair at the temp'es

3adi&a' 9: (Ž$ “hair6

5:( 4< h%G .< +eP$ +aˆ$ hanaG7 >< hwa C< fG

'ower

3adi&a' A: (

5:a (à 4< h%G h%n* .< +a+05う >< hwa hwan*_ C<fG wVhn*

"'ower ye''ow6(a ye''ow ma+e%p powder spread on the forehead

5) 4< +In .< +anˆö$ miruÿM >< *an‘ C< hon

To see$ to 'oo+ at

3adi&a' :9 (»

52+ 4< In .< hanハö$ anVö$ tomona%と_7う >< an’ C<%hn

Companion# to a&&ompany

3adi&a' 9 (<

FA9a *+ 4< h%X In .< +aan5“6 >< hwa an’ C< fM %hn

Nrmy &h%ms# army s%adron (a * &onsisted of fi)e men

5;- 4< h%n* .< +0Œþ >< hwan*_ C< wVhn*

Nfraid$ s%rprised$ astonished



3adi&a' @ (x

95a E郎 4< n 'n* .< or0&'jう >< nyeo ran*”^ C< ne%ih 'Vhn*

?o%n* woman (possi'y with a p%nnin* sense< “fema'e oy6

5A0 4< xiMn* .< y0þ$ osuL2 >< %n* C< hUhn*

iri'e$ mas&%'ine# ma'e (of a spe&ies

3adi&a' F2 (–

551 4< tU .< toト$ usagiう18 >< to토 C< to%

3ait$ hare

3adi&a' : (S

5@2 4< io .< +ya+%Cャ<$ ashiQH >< *a+‚ C< *e%+

oot$ 'e*

3adi&a' ;: (†

5F3 4< p .< o+%[<$ utsuうつ >< a+— C< po+

To eat$ to stri+e$ to po%nd

Rere$ this &hara&ter is part of a inome 3adi&a' @A («

5Fa 3ô 4< p sh%V .< ossa+%˜%1く >< a+ sa+—` C< po+ so+

To 'eap ao%t (b

This term seems to e a poeti& inome$ %t its meanin* is %n&'ear See ;2Fe'ow

584 4< &E .< shiシ$ mes%-2 >< a„ C< &h

ema'e (of a spe&ies



Wherea s 0 (5A is %ite often %sed fi*%rati)e'y (o'd$ stron*$ for&ef%'$et&$ 4 tends to e %sed on'y as a te&hni&a' indi&ation of fema'e *ender orsex 3adi&a' F2 (–

596 4< mE .< meigû$ mayo%ÿ“‚う >< miƒ C< mIih

To wander$ to e 'ost

3adi&a' @2 (™

@:8 4< sh%Gn* .< s0Kþ >< ssan*š C< sY%n*

7air$ &o%p'e

3adi&a' F2 (–

COMMENTARY ;2 ote on sty'e and metri&s< This a''ad was &omposed sometimeetween the fo%rt and sixth &ent%ries$ in north China (then s%fferin* %nder aseries of short-'i)ed and )io'ent non-Chinese dynasties t is written in ear'yChinese a''ad sty'e$ with fo'+-'i+e repetition and dia'o*%e Those who +now4andarin wi'' a'so noti&e that in this 'atest of 'esson text we ha)e st%died$there appear many of the words (espe&ia''y &o''o%ia' expressions that arefo%nd e)en today in ordinary spee&h

4ost Chinese poems are written in &o%p'ets (with e)en 'ines rhymin*$ andpoems tend to e written ex&'%si)e'y in 'ines of either fi)e &hara&ters orse)en &hara&ters Rowe)er$ fo'+ poetry sometimes )aries its 'ine 'en*thsWhereas this a''ad is asi&a''y written in fi)e-&hara&ter 'ines$ there are extra&hara&ters in &o%p'ets 2$ A$ 2:$ 2$ 2A$ 29$ and ;

The rhyme &han*es se)era' times in the &o%rse of this poem# modern4andarin pron%n&iation$ tho%*h often different from the an&ient Chinese$ sti''a''ows one to more or 'ess hear the &han*es 3hyme *ro%ps here fa'' into thefo''owin* &o%p'ets< -A$ 5-@$ F-8$ 9-2$ ;-A$ 5-F$ 8-29$ and ;:-;

;22 ¾E¾‘¿(&o%p'et ;< The f'exii'ity of the &hara&ter E 'eads to someami*%ity of meanin* here and in fo''owin* 'ines Rere$ it s%**ests someoser)er addressin* 木蘭< “ as+ yo%$ *ir'$ is there somethin*jsomeone yo%Orethin+in* ofb6 This possii'ity is made more 'i+e'y y the o&&asiona's%stit%tion of E for the &hara&ter Ó (525



Sin&e ¿ &an mean “to 'on* for6 as we'' as “to thin+ ao%t6 (espe&ia''y inpoetry$ it is 'i+e'y that the spea+er is as+in* 木蘭 if she is thin+in* of anasent 'o)er (gther a''ads of this era des&rie 'one'y women thin+in* oftheir asent 'o)ers or h%sands as they wor+ o)er their 'ooms

;2; ËË有Ìy(&o%p'et @< 3ed%p'i&ation of a no%n (espe&ia''y in poetry is%sed to emphasiHe in&'%si)ity< “!)ery sin*'e s&ro''6 Sin&e e)ery fami'y wasre%ired to &ontri%te an a'e-odied man to the army$ there is no one in 木蘭Os fami'y who &an *o ex&ept her father

;2A 策勳十G轉(&o%p'et 9< “Rer re&orded merit Zshowed[ twe')e de*rees6 This refers to meritorio%s deeds that res%'ted in promotionin the &o%rse of

the war$ 木蘭 has een promoted twe')e times ote a'so that 強 is %sed herein an ear'y &o''o%ia' sense$ meanin* “o)er$6 “and more6 ,ess &o''o%ia''iterary Chinese wo%'d ha)e %sed " (;: instead

;25木蘭7h(&o%p'ets 2:-2< These 'ines are 木蘭Os spee&h to the –Çote the inside o+e with the reader in the 'ast 'ine< “To see me$ yo%r sonj'adhome6

;2@ 開我東閣ù(&o%p'et 25< N'tho%*h the fo'+ sty'e is often )ery s'oppy in theway it %ses prono%ns$ the %se of 我 here s%**ests that 木蘭 is spea+in* now(and it is 'i+e'y that she is spea+in* %nti' the end of the poem

;2F 0123ô(&o%p'ets ;:-;< Rere$ we ha)e referen&e to some it ofrait 'ore that is no 'on*er +nown The main point is o)io%s$ tho%*h<Whereas those who +now raits we'' may e a'e to dete&t the differen&e inthe sexes$ when theyOre r%nnin* to*ether in the fie'ds$ no one &an te'' thema'e from the fema'e

Voca!"a#$ %&n'sµ(8F- ·(F9; ¸(8A8- and 8A8-; Q(5A5- Ã(282

Å(FA Ñ(522 ¹(A9@-2 Â(@25-; Õ(85A-

×(2A5 ä(59: å(222 ë(925ì(@-

ï(98A ð(F5@-2 ò(9AA-; O(:A9t(58;-



÷(9: ø(A:; ýþ(@;;a$ ,F æ(822明(5A8-5

^(:5還(98#(8;;理(AA%(9A

½(:F@5(@AF›(FFF:(;5Aô(8@9

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ii 借勳床À扶Âô)脫蘭ÖÚâ郎郭閣Í48Û&éÈ(2;

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Unit 6Lessons 33—40

Zhuangzi: The "Autumn Waters"莊子秋水

The Zhuāngzǐ莊子 is attributed to a philosopher of the fourth century B..!.and his disciples. "t is a #uch longer $or% than the 孟子. The current te&t isdi'ided into three parts( the 內篇 )*inner chapters+,- se'en in nu#ber the外

篇 )*outer chapters+,- fifteen in nu#ber and the 雜篇 )/#iscellaneouschapters+,- ele'en in nu#ber. enerally spea%ing- the /inner chapters/ aresaid to be by 莊子 hi#self- the outer chapters are by his *school-+ and the#iscellaneous chapters are frag#ents fro# 'arious sources that so#eho$found their $ay into the $or%. 1o$e'er- the real circu#stances of theco#pilation of this $or% are #uch #ore co#plicated2the te&t see#s to ha'e

been a du#ping ground for all sorts of philosophical ideas that $ere 'aguelyrelated to those of 莊子. e $ill be reading the *utu#n aters+秋水 chapter-$hich is the se'enteenth and hence- one of the /outer/ chapters. lthoughprobably not by 莊子 hi#self- it is $ritten in the style of the *inner chapters+and is one of the #ost ad#ired parts of the boo%.

The style of the莊子 is difficult the author)s, en5oy playing $ith the la$s ofclassical synta&- engaging in parado&- and generally $riting in a lo6uacious#anner that is probably #eant to i#itate real speech. "f " $ere to $rite athorough co##entary on our lessons- " $ould probably end up translating thete&ts line by line. The best things to do $hen approaching the 莊子 is to %eepthe rules of gra##ar in your head but don7t follo$ the# rigidly- don7t be put

off by particles that see# to be there for no good reason- and loo% first forthe o'erall shape of the sentence and the argu#ent as clues to the #eaning.

Lesson 33莊子秋水)8,

秋水時至，百川灌河。涇流之大，兩涘渚崖之間，不辯牛馬。於!河"#$%&，'(

)之*+,-.。/流012，至於34，1506，不7水8。於!河"9:;5<，

=>?@0ABCDEFG之BCHIJ百'+K.@L。MN之OPQRSNTIUV

WXI0Y"Z之[L，9\]^_`Na子之bcP，\d至於子之efgh，\i7

j於大k之lQm34@BCDno不p'F於4L，q於rP_st不p'F於uL，v於時P_wx不p'F於JL，y於zP。`{|於崖涘，}於大4，~•{€Q{

p‚F大ƒh。()之水，K大於4C„川…之，不•†時‡0不ˆ_‰Š‹之，不•†

時Œ0不r。秋不Ž，水不•。;‘’河之流，不p+“”。0\T'%–L，

%'—˜於(™0š›於œ_\-(™之間，žŸŸ¡之-大¢P。k£¤7U，¥

¦'%–§¨4之-(™之間P，不©ª«之-大¬¤§®¯之-4內，不©°±之-

大²¤§³´之”，O之„_µ¶·!。µ¸¹º_»¼之½¾，¿À之½Á，µ¶·!。

;—„´P，不©ÂÃ之-於馬Ä¤§ÅÆ之½Ç，ÈÉ之½Ê，Ëµ之½Ì，Íx之



½Î，,hQ"ZÏ之'+Ð，VWF之'+Ñ。;%–P，不©{?之%–於水

¤§m

The dialogue bet$een the 9i'er !arl and 9uo of the :orthern ;ea #a%es upthe first t$o<thirds of the chapter- and the first four lessons of this unit. Theargu#ent is sophisticated and rather difficult to follo$ an !nglish language

su##ary of it #ay be found after Lesson 3=.

VOCABULARY (6!#$3>0c. 莊子 ?( zhuāng zǐ @( sAshiÒÓÔ ( 5ang5aÕÖ ( 5Ang 5C

Zhuangzi )the philosopher,.

88=8.川 ?( chuān @( sen×Ø- %a$aÙÚ ( cheonÛ ( chyDn

;trea#.

9adical 4E )川,.

88=F.涇 ?( 5Gng @( %eiÜÝ- %yAÞßà ( gyeongá ( gGng

To flo$ $ithout obstruction unobstructed current.

9adical H> )水,

88=3.涘 ?( sI @( shiâ ( saã ( 5ih

9i'erban%.

9adical H> )水,.

88=4.渚 ?( zhJ @( shoâß- nagisaäåæ ( 5eoç ( 5yK

"slet- sandbar.

9adical H> )水,.

88=>.崖 ?( y @( gaièÝ- gakeéê ( aeë ( ngMaih

liff- high ban% $all li#it- border- boundary.9adical 4= )¢,.

88==.辯 ?( biMn @( benìØ- wakimaeruÚíîïð ( byeonñ ( bihn

To distinguish- to #a%e out debate- discussion.



This character is often used interchangeably $ithò)80F0,. The presence ofthe ó ele#ent here indicates that this $ord is used #ore regularly to #ean*to #a%e distinctions in speech+—that is- *to argue-+ *to debate.+ 9adical8=0 )ô,.

H>Hc. 河" ?( hN bO @( %aha%uÙõö ( ha bae%÷ø ( hPh baa%

*9i'er !arQ+ )god of the Rello$ 9i'er,.

88=E.: ?( &un @( sen×Ø- megurasuùúûü ( seoný ( syShn

To spin- to turn- to re'ol'e.

9adical E0 )k,.

3H8a. 5< ?( #iMn #S @( #en#o%uùþÿö ( #yeon #o%면목 (#ihn #uh%

ace.

88=H.> ?( yng @( yAヨà ( yang양 ( yUuhng

Vcean- sea- 'ast stretch of $ater.

9adical H> )水,.

WH8a. EF ?( yX yJ @( yagoやご ( ya eo야어 ( yNh yKh

9ustic saying- pro'erb.

F0=d."Z ?( bO yC @( ha%uiõöい ( bae% iø ( baa% yIh

Boyi.

recluse $ho refused to ser'e the 周 dynasty because he re#ained loyal tothe 商 he $as often ad#ired by onfucians. 1e $ent to li'e as a her#it in the#ountains- $here he e'entually star'ed to death.

88=W.a ?( dJ @( toト- tsuツ- #iruみð ( do도 ( dOu

To obser'e- to gaze at.

9adical 80W )<,.

88E0.o ?( $ā @( aア- kaeruÙïð- kawazuÙÚず ( $a와 ( $ā



rog.

9adical 84F )虫,.

88E8.q ?( 5D @( %Aコà- kakawaruÙÙÚð ( gu구 ( %Yui

To restrain，to restrict，to li#it to hold to stubbornly.

9adical =4 )手,.

88EF.r ?( &D @( %yoÞß- %oコ ( heo허 ( hYui

8. !#pty.

F. Locality，place of residence.

1ere- the second #eaning is i#plied )r is substituted for墟,. The first#eaning occurs in line 80. 9adical 848 )虍,.

88E3.t ?( chOng @(chūチュà- #ushiむÔ ( chung충 ( chShng

"nsect- bug.

This character is often used interchangeably $ith the radical alone )虫,.9adical 84F )虫,.

88E4.u ?( bGng @( hyAÞßà- kōriこお ( bing! ( bGng

"ce.

9adical 8>)",.

88E>.v ?( dJ @( to%uト#- atsushi$%Ô ( do%& ( dD%

8. To restrict- to ha#per.

F. Large- substantial，generous.

3. ;erious.

9adical 88H )',.

88E=.w ?( 6D @( %yo%uÞß#- magaruîéð- mageruî(ð ( go%) ( %D%

ur'ed cra#ped，one<sided $rongdoing- /croo%ed，，beha'ior.

9adical E3 )B,.



88EE.y ?( shS @( so%u*#- tabaneru+,-ð- tsukaneru%Ù-ð ( so%. ( chD%

To tie up- to bind.

9adical E> )¡,.

88EH.€ ?( ch[u @( shDâュà- minikuiみ/öい ( chu0 ( chu

\gly- unsightly- disgraceful inferiority.

9adical 8=4 )1,.

88EW.ˆ ?( yCng @( ei2Ý- michiruみ3ð- mitsuruみ%ð ( yeong4 (yIhng

To fill

9adical 80H )5,.

88H0.‰ ?( $Xi @( bi6- oお ( #i7 ( #Nih

Tail.

1ere- this character is part of a place<na#e. 9adical 44 )8,.

88Hoa.‰Š ?( $Xi l] @( biryo9: ( #i lyeo7; ( #Nih lUuih

The Xil^ roc%.

#ythical roc% $here $ater drains out of the ocean.

88H8.’ ?( 5iāng @( %Aコà ( gang< ( gAng

9i'er )the southern ter#, the Rangtze 9i'er.

"f a $riter $ants to be #ore specific- he $ill use i’ to designate the Rangtze. 9adical H> )水,.

88HF.“ ?( ling @( ryA=ßà- hakaruõÙð ( lyang> ( lUuhng

To #easure.

9adical 8== )?,.

88H3.— ?( bǐ )8, bI )F, @( hi@- kabauÙ,Ó- kuraberuöûAð ( biB ( bNi )8, bei )F,

8. To co#pare.



F. To protect- to lodge )used for C,.

The second #eaning is used here the first #eaning occurs in line 8>. 9adicalH8 )—,.

8>>c. ¦' ?( &G yǐ @(nanzo motteäþDÿEF ( hae iGH ( hMih yCh1o$. _6uestion phrase`

This ter# has the sa#e #eaning as†'.o#pare $ith ¦+)8>>a- Lesson >,and ¦I )8>>b- Lesson E,.

88H4.ª ?( lXi @( raiJÝ ( noeK ( leuih

ile of roc%s. 9adical 88F ),.

88H4a. ª« ?( lXi %Ang @( rai%DûいöÓ ( noe gongKL ( leuih hDngnthill- s#all hole.

88H>.° ?( tC @( teiMÝ ( 5eN ( tMih

Tare )a %ind of $ild grass that produces an edible grain,. 9adical 88> )O,.

88H=.² ?( cāng @( sA- %ura ( changP ( chAng

;torehouse- granary. 9adical W )µ,.

88HE.º ?( zhAu @( shDâュà ( 5uQ ( 5āu

ro'ince- district.

9adical 4E )川,.

43oa. ¹º ?( 5iJ zhAu @( %yDshDíRÓÔRÓ ( gu 5u구Q ( gu 5āu

The :ine ro'inces )i.e.- all of hina,.

88HH.¿ ?( zhAu @( shDâュà- funeS- ( 5uQ ( 5āu

Boat.

9adical 83E )¿,.



88HW.Á ?( tAng @( tsuツ- tsūjiru%ÓTð- tōruUおð- etc. ( tongV (tDng

8. To pass through- to ha'e access to- to co##unicate $ith.

F. To be successful success.

3. \nity.9adical 8=F )W,.

88W0.Â ?( ho @( gAXà ( hoY ( hPuh

8. 1air.

F. ?artial- bra'e- heroic.

?eaning 8- used here- is an error for Z )W4H,. 9adical 8>F )[,.

88W8.Æ ?( dI @( teiMÝ ( 5eN ( dai

eity supre#e deity e#peror.

"n the pre<i#perial period- this character could be applied to ancient sagelyrulers )see ÅÆ belo$,. 1o$e'erit did not beco#e a set ter# for an earthlyruler until the establish#ent of the \ e#pire. 9adical >0 )],.

HFEb.ÅÆ ?( $J dI @( goteiご+い ( o 5e N ( gh dai

The i'e !#perors.

i'e legendary rulers $ho are credited as the founders of ci'ilization. The list'aries depending on the authority citing the group- but Rao _ and ;hun are al$ays included.

F=0a. ÈÉ ?( sān $ng @( san7AæþおÓ ( sa# $angab ( sāa#$Phng

The Three ings.

The founders of the s- 商- and 周 dynasties.

88WF.Í ?( rUn @( 5incØ- nindØ- makasuîÙü- makaseruîÙeð (i#f ( yah#

9esponsible to ta%e responsibility to entrust to hold an office duty- tas%.9adical W )µ,.

88W3.Î ?( lo @( rAgà ( noh ( lPuh



To toil at- to #a%e an effort.

9adical 8W )i,.

88W4.Ñ ?( bO @( ha%uj#- ba%uk# ( ba%l ( bo%

Learned- broad in learning.

9adical F4 )m,.

CO%%&'TARY 33.8 .涇流之大，兩涘渚崖之間不辯牛馬 )l. 8,( The first phrase is a topic fordiscussion( *s for the greatness of the unobstructed flo$.+ The secondphrase describes the greatness- so you #ay $ant to add so#ething li%e *it$as such that+ or /it $as so great that.+兩涘渚崖之間 is a place<topic thestyle is 'erbose here and gi'es a good e&a#ple of the style of the 莊子· it

lo'es to pile $ords on top of one another. "f one had to co#e up $ith a literaltranslation- one #ight say( /"n bet$een the sandbars and cliffs of the t$oban%s./ This is an elaborate $ay of saying /fro# either side of the ri'er./ Thepoint of the entire sentence is that the floods $ere great enough to e&pandthe ban%s of the ri'er considerably on either side- so that if you $ere on oneside of the ri'er loo%ing to the opposite ban%- you $ould not be able to tell ahorse fro# a co$.

33.F. '()之*+,-. )l. F,( /1e too% all the beauty of the $orld to bee&clusi'ely in hi#self-/ that is- he thought he $as the only #ar'elous thing in

the $orld.

33.3. 於!)l. 3,( good e&a#ple of the nonspecific )e'en chatty, use ofparticles in the 莊子. ! ser'es no real purpose here other than as a 'aguesentence pauser- perhaps reflecting so#e 6uality of oral speech.P is alsoused fre6uently in this $ay.

33.4. :;5<)l. 3,( The use of : here is a little puzzling- since it usually#eans /to turn-/ /to re'ol'e./ :or#ally this phrase should #ean /he turned

his face-/ but the ri'er god is already loo%ing out to sea. "t could possibly#ean /to turn his face fro# side to side./ . . raha# thin%s that : #eans/to scre$ up the face-/ that is- to ha'e an e&pression of irritation or disgust-but " cannot disco'er any precedent for this interpretation.

33.>. @)l.3,( here is a proper na#e- the na#e of a sea god. Throughout thissection- he is referred to as 34@- /9uo of the :orthern ;ea./



33.=. IJ百'+K.@L)l. 4,( The final L here is probably a 'ague topic#ar%er- setting off the end of the pro'erb )alternati'ely- the pro'erb couldsi#ply be an inco#plete sentence- andL could only #ean *a person$ho+,. The phrase di'ides into t$o parts( IJ百 #eans *to hear the ay a

hundred _ti#es`.+ The second part co##ences $ith the 'erb '+- *toconsider-+ *to belie'e.+ K.@ is an idio#atic in'ersion ofK@Œ- *no one isas good as hi#self7 )/hi#self+ here refers bac% to the original sub5ect of thesentence,. ;ince K is a negati'e $ord- it replaces

in the e&pression不@- *not as good as./ The $hole phrase can be translatedas follo$s( /"f one hears the ay a hundred ti#es- he then belie'es that noone is as good as hi#self./ The ri'er god uses this e&pression to describe aperson $ho has so#e #inor acco#plish#ent but nonetheless thin%s hi#selfsuperior to e'eryone around hi#.

33.E. NTIUVW之I0Y"Z之[L)ll. 4<>,( /" ha'e heard of people )L, $hobelittled the fa#e of onfucius and scorned the righteousness of "Z./ I could also #ean /learning-/ /%no$ledge/ )i.e.- $hat one hears,.

33.H. 至於子之e)l. >,( e here can be interpreted in the specialized sense of*gate of a teacher-+ so that 至於e can #ean *beco#e the disciple of.+

33.W. 7j於大k之l )l. =,( :otice that the author inserts an unnecessary7 passi'e #ar%er in order to e#phasize the passi'e structure.

33.80.{p‚F大ƒ )ll. H<W,( The passi'ep $ith the co'erb

#a%es this phrase a little difficult to translate coherently. Literally- it says-*Rou $ill be possible $ith _#e` to spea% of the reat rinciple-/ that is- *" canno$ spea% of the reat rinciple $ith you.+ 9e'ie$ E.3 for this structure.

33.88.不•†時‡0不ˆ )8. W,( The phrase

• is fre6uently used in literary hinese to e#phasize the inability to %no$-

and so#eti#es to gi'e the idea of *ne'er+ *" don7t %no$ $hen _the process ofri'ers flo$ing into the sea` e'er stops _i.e.- *the process ne'er stops+`- andyet the ocean ne'er fills up./

33.8F.秋不Ž，水不• )l. 80,( *"t does not change in spring or autu#n- andit does not %no$ flood or drought.+ "n both phrases- antony# co#pounds )秋-水, are placed in the front. The ocean is so 'ast that seasonal changes in$ater flo$ and te#porary disasters ha'e no effect on it.



33<F0. "ZÏ之'+Ð)l. "E,( *"Z refused it _i.e.- the hu#an $orld` in order to#a%e his fa#e.+ 莊子 here #eans that e'en though"Z see#ingly re5ectedthe hu#an $orld- because the action of re5ection only had significance $ithinthe conte&t of hu#an 'alues- it $as #erely a $ay of #a%ing a reputation forhi#self in that sa#e hu#an $orld—thus he $as 5ust as #uch a part of the

hu#an $orld as onfucius.

33.F8.{?之%–於水¤)88. 8E<8H,( /you 5ust no$ are considering yourselfgreat in relation to $aterri'ers/ :ote that the no#inalizing 之 particleco#es after the ad'erb #ore properly the phrase should read{之?%–.

Voa)u*ar+ ,ints

Charater List

i. ÍÎÑ川ºÆw—’ˆ¿rÁ)83,ii. ²u‰崖:y渚atÂ辯€“)83,

iii. q>v)3,

i'.涇涘ª°o)>,

Lesson 3#莊子秋水)F,

河"BCD$f\大(™0ŸZÃ，p¤§m34@BCDo。S´，“pc，時p‡，

qpr，s9pt。t大•}於uv_tŸ0不w，大0不–，•“pc。xy`t_tz0不{，|0不}，•時p‡。~¤ˆr_t•0不&，€0不Ì，•q之prP。

¤‚ƒ_t¾0不„，…0不†，•s9之不ptP。µ之½•不@;½不•，;¾

之時不@¾之時_';至Ÿ‡c;至大之ˆ，t‰Š0不‹%•P。I}之，¥†

'•ZÃ之Œ'W至之Ž§¥†'•(™之Œ'c至大之ˆ§m河"BCD之L‘

BCH至’p˜，至大不p“。M^”¤§m34@BCDS%6大L，不,_%大

6L，不。S’，Ÿ之P。–，大之—P。t˜™，š之GP。S’›L，œ於

G˜LP。p˜L，”之½不‹qP_ 不p“L，”之½不‹cP。p'óL，´之›P_p'žŸL，´之’P。ó之½不‹，ž之½不‹~ŸL，不œ’›!。t大

µ之2，不|¤µ，不–Ë¡_¢不+£，不¤e¥_¦§]Ê，不–Ï¨_©!不ª

µ，不–¼¤i，不¤«¬。2¤®，不–¯˜_+-°n，不¤±²。之³´不Œ

'+µ，¶·不Œ'+¸。•d之不p+q，大之不p+Ž。IBCHJµ不I，至

¹不 •，大µp.。Mºq之至PQm

VOCABULARY (-.//0$88W>.x ?( zhUng @( shAâßà- akashi$ÙÔ ( 5eung» ( 5ing

To 'erify assured proof.



9adical 84W )ó,.

88W=.y ?( &iMng @( %Aコà- %yAÞßà ( hyang¼ ( heung

To #a%e clear.

9adical EF)½,.

88WE.z ?( yo @( yAヨà- harukaniõðÙ/ ( yo¾ ( yIuh

ar- distant _in ti#e or space`.

9adical 8=F )¿,.

88WH.{ ?( #Un @( #onÀØ- modaeruÿÁïð ( #inÂ ( #uhn

Bored- depressed- frustrated- $orried.

9adical =8 )Ã,.

88WW.| ?( duO @( tatsuÄツ- tachiÄチ- hirouÅÆÓ ( talÇ ( 5yut

To pluc%- to pic% up.

1ere- this $ord is directed to$ard so#ething so close in ti#e that one canal#ost *pic% it up.+ 9adical =4 )手,.

8F00.È ?( 6I @( %iÞ- tsumadatsu%îæ% ( giÉ ( %Nih

To stand on tiptoes _in anticipation`.

9adical 8>E )Œ,.

8F08.‚ ?( tn @( tanÄØ ( tanÊ ( tan

Le'el- un'arying.

9adical 3F )Ë,.

8F08a. ‚ƒ ?( tn tK @( tanto ( tan doÊ ( tan tPuh The le'el road )#etaphorical for a cal# life,.

8F0F.ˆ ?( yS @( i%iÝÞ ( yeo%Ì ( $ih%

;cope- real#.

9adical 3F )Ë,.



8F03. ?( &I @( saiÍÝ- hosoiÎÒい- komakaiこîÙい ( seÏ ( sai

Tiny- slender.

9adical 8F0 )Ð,.

8F04.Ž ?( nC @( geiÑÝ- kagiriÙå ( yeÒ ( ngMih

To distinguish distinction- border- point of de#arcation.

9adical W )µ,.

8F0>.” ?( 6Cng @( 5Acßà ( 5eongÓ ( chIhng

8. onditions- circu#stances.

F. eelings- e#otions- passions.

The first #eaning )used here, is #ore co##on in philosophical $riting- but ingeneral #eaning F is #ore co##on. 9adical =8 )Ã,.

8F0=. ?( $Yi @( bi6- #iÔ ( #i7 ( #Uih

Tiny too s#all to see subtle- #ysterious.

9adical =0 )Õ,.

8F0E.Ö ?( fK @( hA×à- fuØ- buÙ ( buÚ ( fD

!nor#ous- gigantic.

9adical 3F )Ë,.

8F0H.— ?( yGn @( inÝØ ( eunÛ ( yān

8. reat- large- flourishing.

F. The ;hang 商 dynasty )alternati'e na#e,.

9adical EW )Ü,.

8F0W.› ?( cD @( so* ( 5oÝ ( yGn

8. oarse- poor 6uality.

F. Large- i##ense.

The second #eaning is relati'ely rare- though it is the one used in this te&t.9adical 88W )±,.



8F80. ?( lSn @( rongØ- ronjiruÆþTð ( "onÞ ( leuhn

To discuss- to debate.

9adical 84W )ó,.

8F88.¤ ?( 5iMn @( sen×Ø- iyashiiいやÔい- iyashimuいやÔむ ( cheonÛ ( 5ihn

Baseborn- of lo$ social status to despise- to consider base.

9adical 8>4 )ß,.

8F8F.¥ ?( lI @( reiàÝ ( yeÒ ( daih

;er'ant.

9adical 8E8 )á- *to reach to+,.

4=0a. e¥ ?( #Nn lI @( #onreiÿþâい ( #un yeãÒ ( #Shn daih

ate%eeper- porter.

8F83.¦ ?( huP @( %aä ( h$aå ( fo

ealth- goods.

9adical 8>4 )ß,.

8F84.¬ ?( $D @( uà ( o ( $D

irty- polluted sinful- corrupt.

9adical H> )水,.

8F8>. ?( shD @( shuâュ- kotoniこU/ ( suæ ( sySh

ifferent- distinct special- e&ceptional.

9adical EH )ç,.

8F8=.± ?( nIng @( neièÝ ( nyeongé ( nihng

To flatter.

9adical W )µ,.



888E.² ?( chn @( tenMØ- hetsurauê%ûÓ ( cheo#ë ( chC#

To flatter.

9adical 84W )ó,.

8F8H.³ ?( 5uN @( sha%uâì# ( 5a%í ( 5eu%

1igh station noble title official office.

9adical HE )î,.

8F8W.µ ?( 6uMn @( %anäØ- susumeruüüùð ( g$onï ( hyun

To persuade persuasion.

9adical 8W )i,.

8FF0.· ?( chǐ @( chiチ- hajiõT- hajiruõTð ( chið ( chC

;ha#e to be asha#ed.

9adical =8 )Ã,.

3H=a. ºq ?( yuY fUn @( ya%ubunやöñþ ( ya% bunòó ( yeu% fahn

To agree to one7s allotted fate.

CO%%&'TARY 34.8. \大(™0ŸZÃ )l. 8,( Throughout this lesson- note again the use of sizeand 6uantity $ords in the putati'e sense( S- *to consider big+ Ÿ- *toconsider s#all+ *w to consider fe$insignificant+–)#ost i#portant of all,-/to #a%e a big deal out of-/ /to consider significant./

34.F. s9pt)l. F,( /!ndings and beginnings ha'e no precedence-/ that is- itis i#possible to guess $hen a process $ill begin or end si#ply by seeing ho$for#er processes began and ended. t here has the #eaning of FH><F-referring to past acti'ity or precedence.

34.3. t大•...)l. F,( This phrase introduces a series of phrases connected tothe pre'ious descriptions of things. 1ere- /reat no$ledge/ )probablyrelated to the idea of /reat ;cope/ 大k #entioned in the last lesson,obser'es the $orld in se'eral $ays.



34.4. }於uv_tŸ0不w，大0不–，•“pc)ll. F<3,( " $ill guide you throughthe first part so that you can see the pattern. /"t _reat no$ledge` obser'esboth distant and near conse6uently- though a thing be s#all it $ill notconsider it insignificant- and though a thing be great it $ill not consider itsignificant _thus` it %no$s that #easuring _things` has no ending./ The idea

here is that you can ne'er stop #easuring things- because #easuring isbased co#pletely on relati'e categories for e&a#ple- so#ething #ay be bigone ti#e and then s#all the ne&t- depending on $hat you are co#paring itto.

34.>. ';至Ÿ‡c;至大之ˆ)8. =,( The spea%er has no$ s$itched o'er todiscussing a person $ho does not possess大•( /s for _one $ho` #a%es useof )', _the standpoint of` the s#allest to see% to fatho# the real# of thegreatest..../

34.=. %•)l. E, is 'ague. !ither )8, he $ill be able to /obtain hi#self-/ that is-understand hi#self or- )F, he $ill be able to /get _things` for hi#self-/ that is-figure out the #eaning of the $orld for hi#self.

34.E. 之L‘BCD至’p˜，至大不p“。

)88. H<W,( The 9i'er !arl no$ puts for$ard a proposition( /Those in the $orld$ho deliberate _i.e.- philosophers and the li%e` say that the s#allest thing hasno for#- and the biggest thing cannot be enco#passed./ )The author uses ’ here in a so#e$hat peculiar sense- to #ean /#inute-/ /tiny./, The ;ea. od

denies this proposition $ith an argu#ent that is difficult to #a%e out precisely)the te&t #ay be corrupt,. 1ere is the ;ea od7s argu#ent put forth in thefollo$ing lines )based in part on . . raha#7s interpretation,(

8. "t is true that $hen you loo% at so#ething 'ery big fro# a s#all standpoint-it #ay be too big to see li%e$ise- if you loo% at so#ething 'ery s#all fro# abig standpoint- _it #ay be too s#all to see. This is $hat $e #ean by theter#s’ and– )there is no $ay to %no$ $hy the author uses this characterfor the second ter# $hen later on he uses ›,.

F. 1o$e'er- these are relati'e ter#s.t˜™，š之GP( *onse6uently- asfor the con'enience of #a%ing distinctions- this is _so#ething` possessed bycircu#stances-/ that is- #a%ing distinctions is so#ething $e do for our o$ncon'enience and can change as the situation changes. š之GP is best readas š之½GP.

3. ?oreo'er- $hen $e use ter#s li%e ’ and›- $e are tal%ing about thingsthat are still tied to physical ob5ects that $e can concei'e of in our #inds andcon'ey in $ords $e relate the# to actual ob5ects that ha'e for# )G˜L,.

They #ay be too big or too s#all to see- but $e can still concei'e of the#.



4. 1o$e'er- if you are tal%ing about the /for#less/p˜ and *that $hichcannot be enco#passed/ 不p“- you are tal%ing about things that can nolonger be co#prehended by the hu#an #ind- not si#ply things that are 'erys#all or 'ery big. )"t is li%ely that the author here is tal%ing about theinfinitesi#al and the infinite.,

34.H. S%6大L不, )ll. W<80,( *:o$ then- if you loo% at the big fro# thepoint of 'ie$ of the tiny- then _the big thing $ill see#` to not end-/ that is-so#eti#es things $ill see# to be infinite- but they do so only because one7sperspecti'e #a%es the# appear that $ay.

34.W. p'óL )l. 8F,( 1ere- a passi'e p pattern is interrupted by a co'erband its ob5ect. 1ence- $e ha'e pL- *a discussable thing+ p'óL- *adiscussable by #eans of $ords thing.+ The phrasep'žŸL has the sa#epattern.

34.80. 不œ’›!)l. 83,( *Vne does not deter#ine categories of 'ery s#all or'ery big in the#-/ that is- they ha'e transcended or gone beyond such finite#easure#ents of size.œ )80W,- $hich tends to ha'e #eanings connected tothe idea of /appoint#ent/ or *set ti#e-/ here has a 'aguer sense of *todeter#ine-+ *to appoint.+

34.88. t大µ之2...)ll. 83<84,7 This passage to the end of the chapter #aysee# a non se6uitur. hat does a discussion of the beha'ior of the *reat

?an/ ha'e to do $ith #etaphysical categories of size analyzed earlieronse6uently- so#e ha'e assu#ed that the rest of this lesson7s te&t hasbeen interpolated and ha'e re#o'ed it. 1o$e'er- if the author is atte#ptingto sho$ ho$ our #ental categories are con'entional and arbitrary- then hecan also clai# that our beha'ior in the $orld should not be based on absoluteand unchanging standards as $ell.

This passage sets the pattern for the ne&t se'eral lines. irst- a type ofconduct is described- follo$ed by a phrase or phrases that suggest that the/reat ?an/ is not arrogant enough to brag of his o$n conduct or to conde#nanyone $ho does the opposite. 1ence- $e ha'e /or this reason- as for theconduct of the reat ?an- it does not issue forth _#anifest itself` in har#ingothers- but it does not #a%e #uch of bene'olence and %indness./

34.8F. ©!不ªµ，不–¼¤i，不¤«¬)l. 8>,( /hen he $or%s at so#ething-he does not borro$ anyone else7s _labor` ho$e'er- he doesn7t #a%e a bigdeal o'er the fact that he eats fro# his labor _i.e.- earns his food by $or%ing`-and he doesn7t denigrate the greedy or corrupt./ "t is not clear ho$ this lastclause fits in perhaps the author #eans th greedy and corrupt are adept at



#a%ing others do their $or% for the#. There is also another possibility( ;incethis is the only ite# in the list that consists of three clauses rather than t$o-there #ight originally ha'e been a phrase before 不¤«¬ that got left out atso# stage in the copying of the te&t.

34.83. +-°n，不¤ô² )l. 8=,( /"f his beha'ior lies $ith follo$ing the cro$dnonetheless he does not despise the flatterers./ "n ter#s of hinese rhetoric-this probabl #eans that he is content to be a co##oner and yet does notdespise those $ho flatter th ruler in order to gain high status or office.

Voa)u*ar+ ,intsZ)W4H, Ã)E0F, o)W>8, “)88HF,p)H3=<8,

r)803W<F,9)HH4,w)>4=<8,ˆ)EEW,r)88EF<8,

&)4=,Ì)34,ƒ)>0=<F,„)40F<F,†)W,‰)88>W,Š)4EE,W)W0E,)H40,’)HF=,

)F=3<8,^)800<F,™)WEF<3,š)=3=,œ)80W<8,

大µ)80>a- L8=, )EWE,¡)F=>,¢)3=W,§)W3>,

®)800F,¯)>W><4,˜)343<F,´)HF3,¶)EF8,

d)8>8<F,q)=3<F,

Charater Listi. µ·”—¤z)W,

ii. ¬³¦)4,

iii. ±ˆ²¥)4,

i'.Ž‚õ{|ö›x})W,

Lesson 3-莊子秋水)3,

河"BCD@´之外，@´之內，÷至0Žø¤§÷至0ŽŸ大§m34@BCD'J}

之，´pø¤_'´}之，%ø0ù¤_'®}之，ø¤不-.。'ú}之，û;½大0

大之，f„´K不大_û;½Ÿ0Ÿ之，f„´K不Ÿ。•(™之+°±P，•ZÃ之+

ü¢P，fú”ah。'ý}之，û;½G0G之，f„´K不G_û;½p0p之，f

„´K不p。•1þ之ùÿ0不p'ùp，fýqWh。'趣}之，û;½$0$之，f

„´K不$_û;½d0d之，f„´K不d。•_桀之%$0ùd，f趣操ah。昔L

_`¨0Æ，之噲¨0絕_湯武Ê0É，白公Ê0滅。I}之，Ê¨之禮，_桀之2，



ø¤G時，p'+rP。梁麗p'衝城，0不p'窒穴_ó器P。騏驥驊騮·½0馳

千?，捕鼠不如狸牲_ó技P。!"#$，~ZÃ，%|&<0不7ü¢_ó'P。

tBC()0pd，)*0pŠ¤§(™之ƒ，„´之”LPQž)(0p™，

)œ0p_;不p2h。$RF0不+，d,f-PQÆÉ.，È/0_ú;時，

1;®L，O之2S_3;時，/;®L，O之[之4。55¤河"Q6÷•ø¤之e，

Ÿ大之l

VOCABULARY (//!/-$8FF8.ú ?( chā )difference, cG )une'en, @( shiâ- saÍ ( cha7 ( chā)difference, chG )une'en,

ifference- gap une'en.

9adical 4H )8,.

8FFF.ü ?( 6iD @( %yDÞュà- %u#- o%aおÙ ( gu구 ( yāu

1ill.

9adical 8 )·,.

8FF8a. ú” ?( chā shJ @( sa no sDæ9üÓ ( cha sa%7: ( chā sou

alculation )lit.- *counting+, of difference.

8FF3.趣 ?( 6S @( shuâュ- omomukiおÿむí ( ch$i; ( cheuireference- bias- tendency interesting- a#using- pleasant.

9adical 8>= )<,.

8FF4._ ?( yo @( gyA=ßà ( yo¾ ( yIuh

!#peror Rao.

legendary sage<%ing of ancient ti#es. 9adical 3F )Ë,.

8FF>.桀 ?( 5iN @( %etsuÜツ ( geol> ( giht

_ing` @ie.

ic%ed last ruler of the s dynasty. 9adical E> )¡,.

8FF=.操 ?( cāo @( sA*à- ayatsuru$や%ð ( 5oÝ ( chAu



To grasp- to hold.

9adical =4 )手,.

8FF3a.趣操 ?( 6S cāo @( shu no sAÔR9ÒÓ ( ch$i 5o; ( cheui chAu

The selection )lit.- *grasping+, of preferences.

8FFE.` ?( shSn @( shunâュØ ( sun? ( seun

_!#peror` ;hun.

jirtuous successor to_. 9adical 83= )@,.

8FFH.噲 ?( %uMi @( %aiäÝ ( %$aeA ( faai

uai. _a proper na#e`

ruler of B he surrendered the throne to 之 $ith disastrous results. ;ee 3>.Ebelo$. 9adical 30 )C,.

8FFW.武 ?( $J @( #uD- buÙ ( #uE ( #Ouh

8. _ing` u )'irtuous founder of the 周 dynasty,.

F. ?ilitary- #artial

?any $ould consider 武7s father- ing en F- the true founder- but 武 $asthe leader $ho actually o'erthre$ the 商 dynasty. 9adical EE )‡,.

HWEa. 白公 ?( bO gAng @( ha%u%AõöこÓ ( bae% gongøL ( baah%gDng

Lord Bo.

noble#an $ho re'olted against the ing of G and $as defeated. :ote(there is a tradition in ?andarin of reading the character 白 as bO $hen it is apart of a na#e consult F.E.

8F30.麗 ?( lI @( reiàÝ- raiJÝ ( lyeo; ( laih

8. Beautiful- lo'ely.

F. 9after.

This character is used here in #eaning F，in $hich it substitutes for H.9adical 8WH )I,.



8F38.衝 ?( chAng @( shAâßà- tsuku%ö ( chung충 ( chDng

To stri%e- to hit- to pound.

9adical 844 )2,.

8F3F.窒 ?( zhI @( chitsuチツ ( 5ilJ ( 5aht

To stop up- to bloc%.

9adical 88= )穴,.

8F33.騏 ?( 6C @( %iÞ ( giÉ ( %Uih

ar% blue horse.

1ere- this character is part of a horse7s na#e. 9adical 8HE )馬,.

8F33a. 騏驥 ?( 6C 5I @( %i%iíí ( gi giÉÉ ( %Uih %ei

ki5i. _a proper na#e`

This horse $as #entioned in Lesson E by an abbre'iated na#e )驥 F3=,. 1eis also fa#ous for being one of the eight horses that ing ?u K of the周 e#ployed during his legendary tra'els to the est. 9adical 8HE )馬,.

8F34.驊 ?( hu @( %aä ( h$aå ( $Mh

)Ter# for a good horse,.

1ere- this character is used in the na#e of a horse. 9adical 8HE )馬,.

8F3>.騮 ?( liK @( ryD=ュà ( lyuL ( lMuh

)Ter# for a good horse,.

1ere- this character is used in the na#e of a horse. 9adical 8HE )馬,.

8F34a. 驊騮 ?( hu liK @( %aryDÙRÓ ( h$a ryuåL ( $Mh

1ualiu. _a proper na#e`

nother of KÉs horses. 9adical 8HE )馬,.

8F3=.捕 ?( bJ @( buÙ- ho×- toraeruUûïð- toruUð ( poM (bouh

To catch- to apprehend.



9adical =4 )手,.

8F3E.鼠 ?( shJ @( so*- nezumi-ずみ ( seoN ( syK

9at- #ouse.

9adical F0H )鼠,.

8F3H.狸 ?( lC @( ri=- tanuki+Oí ( liP ( lUih

Badger.

Though this character is used in the #odern hinese co#pound for *fo&+Q狸)so that so#e readers #ista%e it for such in this passage,- it here refers to thehinese badger2an ani#al so#e$hat rese#bling the :orth #ericanraccoon in appearance and beha'ior. "t is a close relati'e of the @apanesetanu%i- $hich is $ritten $ith the sa#e character. 9adical W4 )R,.

8F3W.S ?( shYng @( sei×Ý- shAâßà ( seongT ( sāng

easel.

9adical W4 )R,.

8F40.技 ?( 5I @( gi=- wazaÚU ( giÉ ( geih

rt- techni6ue.

9adical =4 )手,.

8F48.V ?( chG @( shiâ ( chið ( chG

V$l

9adical 8W= )W,.

8F4F.! ?( &iD @( %yuXà ( hyuY ( yāu

V$l.

V! is a synony# co#pound. 9adical 8W= )W,.

8F43.# ?( cuA @( satsuÍツ- tsumamu%îむ ( ch$alZ ( chyut

To snatch.

9adical =4 )手,.



8F44.$ ?( zo @( sA*à- nomi9み ( 5oÝ ( 5Ou

lea.

9adical 84F )虫,.

8F4>.& ?( chYn @( shinâØ- ikaruいÙð ( 5in[ ( chān

To open the eyes $ide to glare to be furious.

9adical 80W )<,.

8F4=., ?( yK @( gu\- orokashiiおÆÙÔい ( u] ( ySh

oolish- decei'ed- stupid.

9adical =8 )Ã,.

8F4E.- ?( $D @( fuØ- buÙ- shiiruÔいð ( #uE ( #Puh

alse to be decepti'e.

9adical 84W )ó,.

8F4H.. ?( shMn )8, chn )F, @( sen×Ø- zen^Ø- yuzuru_ずð ( seoný ( sihn )8, si# )F,

8. To abdicate.

F. To #editate #editation.

?eaning F is a sinicization of the ;ans%rit dhyana and does not occur untilthe arri'al of Buddhis# in hina. 9adical 883 )`,.

8F4W./ ?( dMi @( taiÄÝ ( daea ( doih

8. eneration- era reign- dynasty.

F. To trade- to e&change- to replace.

9adical W )µ,.

F=0b.È/ ?( sān dMi @( santaiæþ+い ( sa# daea ( sāa# doih

The Three ynasties.

This ter# refers to thes- 商- and 周 dynasties. o#pare it $ithÈÉ)F=0a-Lesson 33,- $hich refers to the founders of the Three ynasties.



8F>0.0 ?( 5I @( %eiÜÝ- tsugu%ú ( gyeb ( gai

To continue- to inherit.

9adical 8F0 )Ð,.

8F>8.2 ?( cuMn @( sanÍØ ( chanc ( saan

To usurp.

9adical 88H )',.

CO%%&'TARY 3>.8. @´之外，@´之內)l. 8,( lthough@ has the #eaning of *if+ here- $henthe character is repeated li%e this in t$o contrasting phrases- it #eans/$hether... or....+

3>.F. 'J}之...)l. F,( The follo$ing phrases are a little obscure. " $ill illustratetheir #eaning )in true 莊子 fashion, $ith a $hi#sical e&a#ple. The ay doesnot see anything significant about sil'er$are- and it doesn7t pri'ilege %ni'eso'er spoons- or for%s o'er %ni'es. The sil'er$are ite#s the#sel'es- ho$e'er-tend to see the#sel'es as #ost i#portant( *e spoons are far superior tothose stupid for%s./ 1o$e'er- the coo% )identified here as ®, 'alues eachite# based on its utility2that is- heshe does not consider a utensil to ha'eany intrinsic 'alue( *This for% is good for stabbing- this %nife for cutting-/ andso forth.

3>.3. û;½大0大之，f„´K不大 )l. 3,( The first of se'eral si#ilar phrases. The general point to all of the# is this( "f you define a certain thing based on

a relati'e 6uality it possesses )and all 6ualities are relati'e,- then one #ightagree )relati'ely spea%ing, that all things can be defined by that 6uality.Literally- the sentence reads( *if you go by its that<$hich<is<considered<bigand consider it big _i.e.- if you use as your standard of 5udg#ent the 6uality init that is considered *big+`- then a#ong all the things in the $orld there isnothing that is not big./

3>.4. ú”ah)l. >,( :otice that ú” is placed at the beginning of the phrase-though it is the i#plied ob5ect of the 'erb a( *then as for the calculation ofdifference- $e #ay see _it`.+ Best to translate this phrase as the passi'e( *thecalculation of difference is seen.+

3>.>. 'ý}之，û;½G0G之，f„´K不G )l. >,( *"f you obser'e it fro# thepoint of 'ie$ of #erit- then if you go by the 6uality in it that possesses



_#erit` and consider it to ha'e _#erit`- then a#ong all the things of the $orldthere is nothing that does not possess _#erit`./ :ote that )8, the second G #ust be ta%en as a putati'e 'erb #eaning *to consider _so#ething` topossess-/ and )F, the patternK不G 'iolates the general rule thatG isnegated and replaced by p2he 'iolation here co#es about through the need

to #aintain parallelis# stylistically.

3>.=. •_桀之%$0ùd，f趣操ah )l. W,( *"f $e %no$ that _ and 桀 considered the#sel'es to be right and considered each other to be $rong-then the selection of preferences is seen.+

3>.E. 昔L_`¨0Æ，之噲¨0絕 )ll. H<W,( _ and - t$o of the greatestlegendary rulers of pri#ordial hina- are both said to ha'e abdicated theirthrones to the #ost talented person a'ailable- rather than to their o$n sons(_ abdicated to - $hereas ` abdicated tod- $ho ended the practice ofabdication by passing the throne to his o$n son )and thus beginning thes dynasty,. These legends of abdication beca#e the focus of political debate inhinese philosophy( as it best for the e#pire for rulers to choose talentedsuccessors or to establish a #ore stable hereditary line This issue e#ergedlater in the person of 之- a #inister of the state of B in the fourth centuryB..!. 1e persuaded 噲- the ruler of B- to abdicate the throne in i#itation ofthe ancient sage rulers- but the result $as anarchy rather than stability.

These t$o phrases are so#e$hat a$%$ard to translate cause of thesuccinctness of the style $riters $ill often use allusions in a 'ague $aybecause they assu#e they are #erely re#inding their readers of so#ethingthey already %no$. Æ $ould be used as a 'erb here( /continued the rule of

e#perors./-絕 si#ilarly refers to a /se'ering/ of coherent rule inB.

3>.H. ()pd，)*0pŠ¤§(™之ƒ，„´之”LP )ll. 8F<83,( *oyou no doubt ta%e 7right7- as your teacher and consider m$rong to be nothing-and ta%e 7go'erning7 as your teacher and consider 7chaos7to be nothing Thisis not yet understanding the principles of hea'en and earth- and theconditions of all the things of the $orld./

3>.W. ;不p2h)8. i4,( /"ts i#practicability _lit.- its not<able<to<be<

practiced, is clear.，，

3>.80. $RF0不+，d,f-P)ll. 84<8>,( *"f it is thus _and yet` #oreo'er youspea% _in this #anner` and do not gi'e it up- then if you are not foolish youare being decepti'e./



3>.88.ÆÉ.，È/çe0 )l. 8>,( This is another phrase that is a$%$ard totranslate. By saying . the author doesn7t #ean that there aredifferent

kinds of abdications- but rather that the appropriateness of abdication#anifests itself differently $ith different rulers. The sa#e use applies to0 as$ell- $hich here refers to the inheritance of the throne by fa#ily #e#bers

after the death of the ruler.

Voa)u*ar+ ,ints÷)W0=<8,Ž)80F4,ø)H8,¤)8F88,°)88H>,

±)80=W,a)88=W,ý)=83,d)8>8<F,昔)80F3,

湯)FF3<F,絕)FF>, 梁)H>8<F,城)3E>,穴)80>F,

)8F8>,器)4WE<F,驥)F3=,馳)E3>,不如)4a- L4,

")FHF, %)E4F, ))F0><F,ƒ)44,”)80F><8,

)EE8<F,1)==,/)40,®)800F,5)=F8,

6)8W><F,

Charater Listi. ü/_,武0`)E,

ii. ú操桀衝趣麗)=,

iii. .騏V鼠)4,

i'.噲技捕#S狸&窒2$-騮驊!)84,

Lesson 36 莊子秋水 )4,

河"BCD$fN†+¤§†不+¤§\Ïš趣+，\sf†§m34@BCD'J}之，

†ø†¤§Oÿg。pq0h，‚J大i_†U†–，Ojk_p·02，‚Jlú。

m¤@¯之Gn，;po¹_pp¤@q之Gr，;pos_tt¤;@¨k之pc，;

p½uˆ。vw„´，;xyz§Opk。„´·{，x|xi§Jps9，´G…¾，

不};~，·r·•，不€¤;˜_不p‚，時不p‡，ƒ„ˆr，sfG9。½'

F大[之k，„´之ƒP。´之¾P，@…@馳，p¢0不Ž，p時0不†。†+¤§†+¤§S‡%ˆ。m河"BCD$f†ø於J‰§m34@BCD•JLŠ‹於ƒ_

‹於ƒLŠ於Œ_於ŒL不'´.。至¹LC]‹Ž，水]‹，‘]‹，

’“]‹”。dO;之P_ó~¤–—，˜於†s，™於š›，K之‹P。tBC

H(-內，µ-外，¹-¤(。M•¤µ之2，œ¤(，€¤•，ž0Ÿ，ÿ¡0F

¢。mBCD†O(§†Oµ§m34@BCD牛馬¨Œ，O(_£馬¤，¥牛¦，

Oµ。tBCHp'µ滅(，p't滅§，p'•¨Ð_™©0ª€，Oÿ;«。Mm



VOCABULARY (/-/./1#$8F>F.g ?( yn @( en2Ø ( yeon¬ ( hCn

V'erflo$- e&tre#es.

9adical 844 )2,.

=Ha. ÿg ?( fn yn @( han7enõþïþ ( ban yeon¬ ( fan hCn

Vpposites going to e&tre#es ), the re'ersalreturn of o'erflo$ing ),.

This ter# is debated and is open to interpretation.

8F>3.i ?( 5in @( %enÜØ ( geon® ( gCn

ifficulty- trouble.

9adical 8>E )Œ,.

>HEa. jk ?( &iU shG @( shashiÔ¯Ô ( sa siã° ( 5eh sG

ycles of fading and flourishing )lit.- spreading,.

or k see WEW.

8=>a. lú ?( cYn cG @( shinshiÔþÔ ( cha# chi±ð ( chāa# chG

\ne'en at odds.:ote the distincti'e ?andarin pronunciation in this co#pound.

8F>4.p ?( yOu @( yAヨà ( yu¾ ( yMuh

ar<reaching- i#partial- generous.

9adical 8F0 )Ð,.

8F>>.r ?( shU @( shaâì ( saã ( sNh

od of the soil altar to the god of the soil.

9adical 883 )`,.

8F>=.t ?( fMn @( hanjØ- u%abuÓÙñ ( beo#² ( faan

To float- to drift broad- #easureless )li%e a flood,.



9adical H> )水,.

4>F. ¨k ?( sI fāng @( shihAÔÎÓ ( sa bangã ( sei fAng

The four directions in all directions.

8F>E.u ?( zhXn @( shinâØ ( 5in[ ( 5n

e#arcated borders of a field.

9adical 80F )³,.

8F>H.y ?( chNng @( 5Acßà- shAÔ:Ó- u%eruÓêð ( seung (sIhng

To recei'e _aid or support`.

9adical =4 )手,.

8F>W.} ?( shI @( 5ic- tano#u+9む ( si° ( chCh

To depend on- to rely on.

9adical =8 )Ã,.

8F=0.• ?( #n @( #anµØ- #itsuruみ%ð ( #an¶ ( #Khn

ull filled up.

9adical H> )水,.

8F=8.ƒ ?( &iāo @( shAâßà- kesuêü- kieruíïð ( so· ( sGu

To destroy- to erase- to e&tinguish to 'anish.

9adical H> )水,.

8F=8a. ƒ„ ?( &iāo &G @( shAso%uÔ:ÓÒö ( so si%·¸ ( sGu sG%

ycles of dying and li'ing cycles of breathing.

8F=F.… ?( zhPu @( shDâュà ( ch$i; ( 5aauh

To rush- to gallop.

9adical 8HE )馬,.



8F=3.Ž ?( rU @( netsuèツ- atsui$%い ( yeol¹ ( yiht

To heat to burn.

9adical H= ),.

8F=4. ?( nI @( de%iºÞ- oboreruお»âð ( nyo¼ ( nG%

To dro$n.

9adical H> )水,.

8F=>.‘ ?( shJ @( shoâß- atsusa$%æ- atsui$%い ( seoN ( syK

1eat )fro# the $eather,.

9adical EF )½,.

8F==. ?( bO @( ha%uj#- usuiÓüい ( ba%l ( boh%

Thin to #a%e light of- to consider uni#portant.

9adical 840 )½,

H=a. š› ?( 6S5iS @( %yoshDí:ÔRÓ ( geo ch$i¾; ( heui 5auh

oings and co#ings failure and success.

8F=E. ?( zhC @( te%iMÞ ( cheo%¿ ( 5aa% To falter- to hesitate.

9adical 8>E )Œ,.

8F=H.ž ?( zhK @( cho%uチß# ( cho%À ( 5uh%

To falter- to hesitate.

andÁ occur #ost often as a t$o<character bino#e. 9adical 8>E )Œ,

8F=W.Ÿ ?( 6D @( %utsu#ツ- kogomuこごむ ( gulÂ ( $āt

To bend $rongdoing to be $ronged.

9adical 44 )8,.

8FE0. ?( shYn @( shinâØ- nobiru99ð- nobosu9»ü ( sinÃ (sān



To stretch.

This character is a different 'ersion ofÄ)EFH,. 9adical W )µ,.

8FE8.£ ?( luP @( ra%uJ# ( na%Å ( loh%

8. To fall

F. To halter- to bridle.

Though #eaning F is used herein a substitution forÆ- #eaning 8 is theone you should learn. 9adical 840 )Ç,.

8FEF.¥ ?( chuān @( sen×Ø- ugatsuÓé% ( cheonÛ ( chyDn

To pierce.

9adical 88=.

8FE3.¦ ?( bC @( bi6- hanaõä ( biB ( beih

:ose.

9adical F0W )¦,.

8FE4.È ?( &Sn @( 5uncュØ- 5un5iruTRþTð ( sun? ( sYun

8. To die or co##it suicide for one s lord.

F. To see%- to follo$.

"n #eaning F this character is used for É. 9adical EH )ç,.

CO%%&'TARY 3=.8. \Ïš趣+)l. 8,( *"f " refuse or accept things if " prefer the# or discardthe#./

3=.F. †ø†¤§Oÿg。pq0h，‚J大i )l. F,( These phrases and #any ofthe prases that follo$ are $ritten in the aphoristic style characteristic of

Taoist *$isdo# literature )for e&a#ple- you #ay find so#e rese#blanceshere to the poetic rhyth#s of the Laozi Ê子- if you7'e read that te&t before,.:otice ho$ e'erything is balanced in parallel structures #any of the linesalso rhy#e )although one cannot al$ays detect the rhy#e in ?andarinpronunciation,. " $ill render these phrases to help get you started( /hat isnoble hat is base This is called mopposites going to e&tre#e7 do notrestrain your aspirations- or else you $ill be in great trouble $ith the ay./"ncidentally-0 he is a substitution for{)808E<F,- *you+ )here- possessi'e( 0



h- *your aspirations+,. hat #any of these phrases actually #ean is open tointerpretation.

3=.3. m¤@¯之Gn )l. 3,( This is a rhetorical structure a literal translation

produces a strange nu#ber of sentences( /Be sole#nQ Li%e the state7spossessing a ruler./ hereas the #eaning is #ore or less *Be sole#n li%e theruler of a state-/ the use of the no#inalize sentence¯之Gn )rather than thesi#pler ¯之n, is probably #eant to e#phasize the lord7s beha'ior in the $ayhe treats his state. Li%e$ise-q之Gr in the ne&t sentence probably puts thee#phasis not si#ply on the god of the soil- but on his beha'ior during thesacrifice itself. These subtleties are 'ery difficult to e&press in !nglish. :oticethe differences in the t$o #ain !nglish translations( atson si#ply ignoresthe structure for the sa%e of fluency( *Be stern li%e the ruler of a state—hegrants no pri'ate fa'or./ raha# tries to e&press the structure( /;ternQ s alord to his state- no pri'ate fa'ours./

3=.4. vw„´，;xyz )8. >,( This phrase continues the passage7s e#phasison the necessity of treating others $ith i#partiality. *!6ually cherish all thethings in the $orld then- $hich of the# $ould recei'e your shelter/ That is-no one specific person $ould recei'e your shelter2e'eryone $ould recei'e it-or no one. 1ere-;x $ould #ean /$hich of the#-/ and the ter# can beconsidered analogous to ;·- *one of the#+ )E3c- Lesson FE,.

3=.>. 不p‚ )l. =,( The 'erb ‚ here has its basic #eaning of *to raise-/ butthe ideal is to *hold up/ the years so that they do not continue to progress.

3=.=. p¢0不Ž )l. H,( This phrase contains an idio#atic double negati'e(/there is no #o'e#ent _that it` then doesn7t change-+ that isit changese'ery ti#e it #o'es.

3=.E. • JLŠ‹於ƒ )l. 80,( "t is often difficult in philosophical argu#ents todeter#ine i##ediately ho$ Š is functioning. ;o#eti#es it gi'es thepreconditions that #ust e&ist before a goal can be obtained( *"n order toachie'e - one #ust do B.+ 1ere- ho$e'er- the #eaning is opposite( *"f one

can do - then one certainly $ill be able to do B./ The point here can be #ade clearer through another $hi#sical e&a#ple. "f

you understand physics )an e&a#ple of J,- then you7ll understand the la$ ofgra'ity )ƒ, if you understand gra'ity- then you7ll understand applicablecircu#stances or contingencies )Œ, $here gra'ity applies )e.g.- if you see ahea'y safe hanging fro# a fraying rope- you %no$ it $ill soon fall,. "f youunderstand these contingencies- then you $on7t let things har# you )i.e.- you$on7t stand under the safe,.



3=.H. dO;之P，ó~¤–— )ll. 88<8F,( /"t is not that " #ean that he #a%eslight of these things _rather- this` #eans that he e&a#ines closely safety anddanger./

3=.W. •¤µ之2)ll. 83,( This and the follo$ing phrases are also $ritten inaphoristic style and are open to interpretation. Vne tentati'e suggestion( /"fyou are %no$ledgeable about hu#an conduct- and you root yourself in71ea'en7 and find your place in 7obtaining7 _but see follo$ing note - then e'enif you hesitate- or find yourself bent o'er or stretched out- you7ll still be ableto return to the essential and spea% of the ulti#ate/ _or /your $ords $illreach the ulti#ate/`. 9egardless ho$ you translate it- the passage does see#to argue that #aintaining a lin% $ith ( $ill allo$ one to deal $ith the'agaries of e'eryday life. "n the follo$ing lines- it beco#es clear that ( is/the natural/ or /the pre<ci'ilized-/ $hereas µ is /the artificial./

3=.80. €¤• )l. 83,( This phrase is potentially proble#atic- since it #eans/find one7s place in gainprofit./ \sually• as a noun is denigrated in Taoist$riting- because it i#plies a preoccupation $ith $orldly gain. onse6uently-so#e co##entators feel that the • here is a #ista%e for¹.

Voa)u*ar+ ,ints趣)8FF3,f†)=EEa- L8H, ø)H8,q)88E8,o)40E,

q)48>, s)84,k)F8F<4,ˆ)80FF,v)8088,

w)>3><8,x)H80, z)=3>, {)80F<F,|)W=4,

r)88E8<F,€)3H3,ˆ)88EW,)8F80,馳)E3>,

†)H=F, ˆ)=W0<8,‹)HF4, )EWE, )E4W,

)W08, ’)W3H, “)W3W, ”)=>><F,˜)EW=<8,

†)W, œ)E4, ¡)=FF<F,§)F<F,™)>8F,

©)8038,«)4F4,

Charater Listi. Ÿy•r£)=,

ii. ‘Ž¥i)4,

iii. }tƒg…¦)E,

i'.Èupž)=,



2ummar+ o Lessons 33!368. The !arl of the Rello$ 9i'er- pleased $ith his po$er- is suddenly confused$hen he reaches the sea and realizes that his great size is nothing co#pared$ith that of the ocean. This confusion puts his #ind in a state of readiness- sothat he is prepared to discuss the relati'ity of conceptual categories $ith the

sea god.

F. The sea god de'alues the category of /greatness/ by pointing out thate'en the sea is s#all $hen seen in the conte&t of the uni'erse. 1e then#o'es fro# a discussion of abstract categories to a discussion of hu#ansociety )a #o'e often #ade by 莊子 and his disciples,—perhaps socialrelations- politics- and philosophy- concerned as they are $ith hu#an#atters- deal $ith only a 'ery s#all part of the uni'erse at large )this is an/anti<onfucian/ #o'e,.

3. The earl no$ as%s( oes this #ean that there are absolute categories- but$e #ust be careful to realize the full scale of things :o- says the sea god-categories are always relati'e. nd since e'erything is relati'e- a $ise person$ill %eep hi#self open to change and not be upset $hen things don7t follo$predictable patterns. fter all- one7s o$n life is insignificant in relation toother things. "f one tries to base e'erything on absolute categories- he $illonly end by confusing hi#self.

4. "n a rather sophisticated digression- the earl as%s about the conceptions ofthe infinitesi#al and the infinite. hen $e tal% about the s#allest and largest

things $e can concei'e of- are these in fact infinitesi#al and infinite )or- ashe puts it- /$ithout for#/ and *unable to be enco#passed/, :o- says the seagod- as long as $e can conceive of the size of a thing- no #atter ho$ big ors#all it is fro# our perspecti'e- it is still finite. The infinitesi#al and theinfinite are beyond hu#an conception and are independent of any corporealentity.

>. The sea god then goes on to continue the lesson relati'ity offers for hu#anconduct( The $ise #an will follo$ a code of conduct- but he $ill not boast ofhis conduct- nor $ill he #a%e it an absolute code that he e&pects others to

follo$.

=. The 9i'er !arl- ho$e'er- still finds that he #ust #a%e 5udg#ents- and as%s$hat procedure he should follo$. The sea god suggests that different

5udg#ents $ill result fro# different perspecti'es( "t isn7t so #uch that oneshould not #a%e 5udg#ents at all- but rather that $hen one does #a%e the#-one should be a$are that such 5udg#ents are rooted in contingent factors



present only in that situation. Vpposites are dependent on each other toco#e into e&istence different things are good for different tas%s. 1istory7slessons are not absolute- but rooted in circu#stances.

E. The 9i'er !arl is no$ co#pletely frustrated- because he feels that thecontingency of circu#stances $ill #a%e it i#possible for hi# to e'er #a%eany decisions or choices. The sea god tells hi# that if he re#ains aloof and astolerant as possible a#ong all the possible choices- he can *go $ith the flo$/and pic% $hat see#s best at any gi'en #o#ent. The i#portant thing is to nottry to deliberately change things or alter the forces of transfor#ation. "f the$ise #an acts in this $ayhe $ill beco#e a sort of /#agician-/ see#inglyindifferent to the constraints of the physical cos#os2or rather- he $ill re#ainindifferent to the forces of change and $ill be happy in the#. The i#portantthing abo'e all is to not be /deliberate/ or try to 'iolate the naturalinclinations of things.

Lesson 31莊子秋水)>,

ËÌÍ，ÍÌÎ，ÎÌÏ，ÏÌ<，<ÌÃ。ËOÐBCD\'·ŒÑÒ02，Óp如h。

`子之Ô„Œ，Õf†§mÍBCD不$。子不7SÖL¤§×f大L如Ø，ŸL如Ù，

雜0)L不pÚ”P。`Ó¢\(Û，0不•;½'$。mÍOÎBCD\'nŒ2，0

不Ü子之pŒ，†P§mÎBCDS(Û之½¢，†pÝ‰§\–ÞŒßQmÎOÏBC

DÓ¢\àá02，fG©P。`子ââ$ã於34，ââ$ä於å4，0©pG，†

P§mÏBCD$，Óââ$ã於340ä於å4P，$0æNfÚN，çNèÚN。é

$，Sê大¡，ë大ìL，íN‹P，t'nŸ不Ú+大ÚP。+大ÚL，íîµ‹之。

VOCABULARY (/1-./4$8FE>.Ë ?( %uC @( %iÞ ( giÉ ( %$Mih

The ui.

#ythological beast said to ha'e only one leg. 9adical 3> )ï,.

8FE=.Í

?( &in @( %enÜØ

- genÑØ

( hyeonð

( yIhn?illipede.

9adical 84F )虫,.

8FEE.Ï ?( fYng @( fDØà- %azeÙñ ( pungò ( fDng

ind- breeze.



9adical 8HF )Ï,.

8FEH.Ñ ?( chXn @( chinチØ ( cha#± ( ch#

1op along- li#p.

9adical 8>E )Œ,.

8FEW.Ò ?( chuA @( ta%uÄ# ( ta%ó ( cheu%

1op along- li#p.

ÑÒ is a synony# co#pound. 9adical 8>E )Œ,.

8FH0.Ö ?( tuP @( daô- tsuba%, ( taõ ( tNuh

To spit spittle.

9adical 30 )C,.

8FH8.× ?( pYn @( funØØ- fu%uSö ( bunó ( pan

To spit- to e#it 'iolently.

9adical 30 ),.

8FHF.Ù ?( $S @( #uD- %irií ( #uE ( #ouh

og- #ist.9adical 8E3 )ö,.

8FH3.雜 ?( z @( zA÷à- zatsuøツ- #a5iruîTð ( 5apù ( 5aahp

To be #i&ed together.

9adical 8EF )ú,.

=d. (Û ?( tiān 5G @( ten%iFþí ( cheon giÛÉ ( tGn gYi

:atural capability.

This #eaning is deri'ed fro# the generalized use ofÛ )H4H<F, to #ean*#echanis#+ hence- this ter# is literally /1ea'en_<endo$ed` #echanis#./

8FH4.à ?(5ǐ se%i×Þ ( cheo%¿ ( 5e%

bone- spine.



9adical 830 )û,.

8FH>.á ?( &iN @( %yoÞßà ( hyeopü ( hip

9ibs

9adical 830 )û,.

8FH=.â ?( pNng @( hA×à ( bongý ( fShng- pShng

8. Tu#ble$eed- arte#isia plant.

F. Boo#ing- roaring. _ono#atopoetic`

9adical 840 )Ç,.

8FHE

?( zhǐ @( shiâ- yubi_9- sasuæü ( 5iþ ( 5C

inger to point to to head to$ard.

1ere- the sense of this character is /to hold up a finger against/· that is- the$ind cannot *blo$ o'er+ one7s finger. 9adical =4 )手,.

8FHH.ç ?( 6iD )8, yOu )F, @( shAâßà fumuSむ )F, ( chu0 (chāu )8, yMuh )F,

8. The loach )a %ind of fish,.

F. To tra#ple.

?eaning F- used here- is a substitution forÿ. 9adical 8W> )魚,.

8FHW.ë ?( fYi @( hi@- tobuUñ ( biB ( fYi

To fly.

This character is a nonstandard 'ersion of飛 used here in a causati'e sense.9adical 84F )虫,.

CO%%&'TARY 3E.8. The 秋水 chapter here proceeds to gi'e a series of short anecdotes. "t isli%ely that the original editor of the 莊子 had a large body of #iscellaneous#aterial that he added to longer te&ts $hene'er he thought there $as asi#ilarity in content. ?ost of these anecdotes see# to e#phasize )8, therelati'ity of hu#an %no$ledge and of conceptual categories- )F, the



i#portance of being content $ith one7s fate- and )3, the dangers caused byli#itations in one7s perspecti'e.

3E.F. Ó如h)l. F,( 1ere- it see#s li%ely that theË is boasting of his ability to

get along $ith one leg and is surprised at the success of the #illipede. Thus-#ost readers ta%e it as *as for #e- there is nothing that co#es up to _#e`+)although the usual $ay of e&pressing this idea $ould ha'e been KÓ如,. Thisis thus a 'ariant of the 不如 pattern )4.=,.

3E.3. Ó重i\àá02，fG©P )l. =,( :ote the use of f here- $hichintroduces a reason or cause.©)*to rese#ble-+ *to i#itate+ 33H, is also usedin an unusual $ay and is probably best interpreted as *a physical for#/ )i.e.-so#ething that rese#bles bodies in general,. /" go by #o'ing #y bac%boneand ribs2_but` then " ha'e a physical for# _unli%e you`./

3E.4. 'nŸ不Ú+大Ú)l. W,( mm" #a%e the #ultitude of little non<'ictories into abig 'ictory./

Voa)u*ar+ ,intsÌ)"0=>,Î)"03=,Ó)8>=<F,Ø)"0F=,Ú)FE0,

Ü)FW=<8,¢)3=W,–)=F0<8,ã)83F,ê)W>4,

ì)H4,î)8E,

Charater Listi. æ雜Ï)3,

ii. âÙ)F,

iii. Ë)8,

i'.Ö×àáÑ Íëç)W,

Lesson 34

莊子秋水)=,

孔子遊於匡，宋µ“之”匝，0絃歌不惙。子路ä7BCD†S子之娛P§m孔子BCD來Q\F6。N諱c久h，0不免，§P。‡Á久h，0不•，時P。3_`之時0()pcµ，d••P。3桀紂之時0()pÁµ，d•€P。時š適$。S水2不避Ð龍L，漁S之勇P。陸2不避兕虎L，獵S之勇P。白刃交於前，6…@¾L 烈x之勇P。•c之G§，•Á之G時，大b0不!L，îµ之勇P。I，¶hQ\§G½"h。mp#†，$L%，ÏBCD'&虎P，t“之。`dP，'Ï0(。m



VOCABULARY (/0.303$8FW0.匡 ?( %uāng @( %yA ( g$ang) ( hAng

uang. _a place<na#e`

:a#e of a territory- part of 宋.9adical FF )*,.

8FW8.宋 ?( sPng @( sA*à ( song+ ( sung

The state of ;ong.

:a#e of an early hinese state- located 5ust north of G.9adical 40 ),,.

8FWF.匝 ?( zā @( sA*à ( 5apù ( 5aap

To go around a surrounding circle.

9adical FF )-,.

8FW3.絃 ?( &in @( genÑØ- itoいU ( hyeonð ( yIhn

;tring a stringed instru#ent.

1ere- this character is used as a 'erb( /to play an instru#ent./ 9adical 8F0)Ð,.

8FW4.惙 ?( chuP @( tetsuMツ yamuやむ )F, ( cheolÇ ( 5yut

8. To be grie'ed- to be distraught.

F. To stop.

1ere- #eaning F is a substitution for.. 9adical =8 )/,.

FWb. 子路 ?( zǐ lS @( shiroÔÆ ( 5a roÖ0 ( 5C louh

Zilu.

Vne of 孔子s #ost fa#ous disciples his full na#e $asVI and his politena#e $as 子路. :ote that 孔子 later addresses hi# by his personal na#e.

8FW>.娛 ?( yK @( goX- tanoshimu+9Ôむ ( o ( ySh

leasure- en5oy#ent to en5oy to be happy.

9adical 3H )6,.



8FW=.諱 ?( huI @( %iÞ- imuいむ ( h$i1 ( $ih

@o a'oid，to see% to a'oid.

9adical 84W )ó,

8FWE.紂 ?( zhPu @( chDチュà ( 5uQ ( 5auh

_ing` Zhou.

ic%ed last ruler of the 商 dynasty. 9adical 8F0 )Ð,.

8FWH.Ð ?( 5iāo @( %Aコà ( gyo2 ( gāau

9i'er serpent.

9adical 84F )虫,.

8FWW.漁 ?( yK @( gyo=ß- ryA=ßà- sunadoruüä3ð- isaruいæð (eo어 ( ySh

ishing fisher#an.

9adical H> )水,.

8300.陸 ?( lS @( ro%ug#- ri%u=#- okaおÙ ( yu%4 ( luh%

dry land.

9adical 8E0 ),.

8308.兕 ?( sI @( shiâ- 5ic ( si° ( 5ih

9hinoceros.

hinese illustrations picture the ani#al this character designates #ore as asort of fierce $ild bull. 9adical 80 ),.

830F.虎 ?( hJ @( %oコ- toraUû ( hoY ( fK

Tiger.

9adical 848 )虍,.

8303. ?( lCn @( rin=Ø- nozomu9Dむ ( li#5 ( lMh#

To be on the edge of to o'erloo% te#porary.

9adical 838 )6,.



H3=a. p#† ?( $K 5ǐ hN @(ikubaku mo naku shiteいö,öÿäöÔF (#u gi haEÉ÷ ( #Puh gNi hPh

n no ti#e at all- soon.

Vb'iously- this phrase $ill also appear as 7#†

>E8a. 虎 ?( yng hJ @( yA %o8Óこ ( yang ho양Y ( yUuhng fK

Rang 1u.

notorious ad'enturer.

CO%%&'TARY 3H.8. The 莊子 en5oys telling stories about孔子. ;o#eti#es it #a%es fun of

hi# so#eti# it appropriates hi# as a sage of special $isdo# $ith aperspecti'e 6uite different fro that of a con'entional9. This anecdote is anelaboration of an enig#atic passage in the collection of onfucius7 aphoris#s-the Analects F- that states that the ?aster )onfucius, /$as put in #ortaldanger/ in 匡. Later accounts suggest that this occurred because $hiletra'eling he $as #ista%en for an unsa'ory ad'enturer fro# : by the na#e of虎.

3H.F. 0絃歌惙 )l. 8,( Because #ost readers %no$ the story alluded to here-there is little chance they $ould be confused by this other$ise a#biguous

passage. onte&t e'entually #a%es it clear to us( The people of 宋 arebesieging the house that onfucius presently occupies- but he sho$s noalar#- instead playing his zither and singing.

3H.3. †S子之娛)ll. 8<F,( rhetorical pattern e6ui'alent to S子†娛- but #orestrongly stated.

3H.4. I- ¶hQ )l. E,( /Rou- be cal#Q/ I here is the personal na#e of子路.;eeFWb.¶- /to d$ell-/ /to reside-/ has to be e&panded to so#ething li%e /be still-//be cal#./

3H.>. \§G½"h )8. E,( /"n #y fate there is that $hich is _already`controlled-/ that is- there are so#e things " can do nothing about. Theh suggests /already/ here.



Voa)u*ar+ ,ints遊)FHE, 歌)80WF,6)8W><F,Á)88HW<F,_)8FF4,

`)8FFE,桀)8FF>,š)=3=,適)4F><3,避)3FW,

龍)=W8, 勇)34H, 獵)E3E, 白)HWE,刃)H=E,

交)=00<3,烈)=E3,î)8E,()EH=,

Charater Listi. 宋虎陸)4,

ii. 娛漁紂ÍÐ)>,

iii. 匡)8,

i'.兕匝惙諱)4,

Lesson 3莊子秋水)E,

公;龍<於=>BCD龍U?@É之J，i0Ë[之2。AB˜，CD白，$不$，p不p。E百l之•，cnC之辯。\%'+至‹Œ。`\I莊子之ó，F!˜之。不•之不Ü‚，•之]@‚。 \p½G\H，I<;k。m公子>JK大„，L(0jBCD子Õ不ISMn之o¤§O14之NBCH\O‚Q|P梁¤nQ之R，äS¤TU之崖。V水fWXYZ，[\f]Œ滅^。_`a‚bc，K\‹@P。RSd·e之水，0ffMn之O，è至hQS子¦不時來ä}¤§M14之NgŒä，0hiŒjh。於kl0m，n之4BCHS千?之u，不Œ'‚;大。千o之p，不Œ'¢;q。d之時m¹r，0水]+st。湯之時uv，0崖+sw。S不+x久y†，不'–

U%(L，è14之大OP。M於zn之oI之，適適${，||$%€P。RS•不•d之}，0ž~}於莊子之ó，žÔ•€¢，商馳河P，Š不ÚÍh。RS•不•¢‚之ó0%適·時之£L，dzn之o‚§ƒk„…†0‡大ˆ，påp3，‰$¨Š，‹於不Œ。p1pþ，9於Ž，ÿ於大Á。子~||$0‡之'~，之'辯，Þ‘’(，Þ“æ™P，不èŸ¤Q子”hQR子Õ不IS–—子之2於˜™‚§•¯‹，¥€;t2h，š›0…œ。`子不š，子之t，€子之ž。m公;龍CŸ0不A，‚0不)，~¡0<。

VOCABULARY (30#.3-4$

8304.; ?( sDn @( son*Ø- magoî

ご ( son¢ ( syDn

randson- grandchild.

1ere- the character is part of a t$o<character surna#e-公;- *grandson of thedu%e.+ This is typical of so#e early surna#es- $hich see# to ha'e beengranted to relati'es of royal fa#ilies once they $ere no longer eligible toinherit noble positions. 9adical 3W )子,.



804c. 公;龍 ?( gong sun long @( %Ason ryDこÓ ÒþR ( gong sonryong

ongsun Long.

:a#e of a pro#inent logician and philosopher. The logicians- li%e the ;ophists

in ancient reece- $ere fa#ous for being #ore interested in the technicalside of argu#entation and persuasion than in unco'ering philosophical$isdo#.莊子 $as influenced by their lo'e of parado&- but he $as also criticalof the# he felt that their #anipulation of language de#onstrated that it $asulti#ately inade6uate as a tool to con'ey reality- and that ulti#ate reality laybeyond language. 公;龍 beca#e #ost notorious for his parado&白馬d馬- *a$hite horse is not a horse./

830>.> ?( #Ou @( bA£à ( #o¤ ( #Muh

Barley.

This character is relati'ely rare- e&cept in na#es )as it is used here,. 9adicalW3 )牛,.

4WFa. => ?( $Ui #Ou @( gi bAå»Ó ( $i #o¥¤ ( ngaih #Muh

?ou of ei.

:a#e of a = prince. Later in the te&t he is referred to as公子>- *rince ?ou.+

830=.D ?( 5iān @( %enÜØ- kataiÙ+い ( gyeon¦ ( gGn

1ard- unyielding.

9adical 3F )Ë,.

830E.F ?( #ng @( bA£à ( #ang§ ( #Phng

To be confused di#- hard to #a%e out.

This character is one of a series of descripti'e $ords in literary hinese thatcan describe both one7s surroundings and one7s #ental state. 9adical 840 )Ç,.

830H.H ?( huI @( %aiäÝ- kuchibashiö3,Ô ( h$e ( fui

Bea%.

1ere- this $ord is used co#ically to describe the #outh. 9adical 30 )C,.

830W.K ?( 5G @( %iÞ- tsukue%öï ( g$e© ( gYi

r#rest.



long- narro$- bench<shaped piece of furniture used to lean on $hile sittingon a #at. 9adical E> )¡,.

>Hoa.JK ?( yǐn 5G @(ki wo yoruíª8ð ( eun g$eÛ© ( yn gYi

To lean on an ar#rest. This #eaning ofJ tends to occur al#ost e&clusi'ely in the e&pressionJK.

8380.z ?( %n @( %anäØ- %onコØ ( ga#« ( h#

a'ed in- cru#bling.

9adical 3F )Ë,.

8388.P ?( tiMo @( chAチßà- haneruõ-ð- tobuUñ ( do도 ( tiu

To leap- to 5u#p.

9adical 8>E )Œ,.

8388a. P梁 ?( tiMo ling @( chAryA3:Ó:Ó ( do ryang도> ( tiulUuhng

To hop about )often in a superior or boasting #anner,. _idio#atic phrase`

838F.Q ?( hn @( %anäØ ( han¬ ( hPhn

ell ri# railing around a $ell

9adical E> )¡,.

8383.S ?( &iD @( %yDÞュà- yasumuやüむ- ikouいこÓ ( hyuY (yāu

To rest.

9adical W )µ,.

8384.T ?( 6uY @(Üツ- kakuÙö- kakeruÙêð ( gyeol ( %yut

To lac% to be #issing.

9adical 8F8 )®- *pot+,.

838>.U ?( zhPu @( shDâュà ( chu0 ( 5au



Tile.

9adical WH )¯- *tile+,.

838=.X ?( yU @( e%i2Þ ( ae%° ( yih%

r#pits.

9adical 830 )û,.

838E.Z ?( yC @( iÝ- otogaiおUéい- ago$ご ( iH ( yIh

hin- 5a$.

9adical 8H8 )±,.

838H.[ ?( 5uN @( %etsuÜツ ( g$ol² ( %yut

To slip- to stu#ble.

9adical 8>E )Œ,.

838W.\ ?( nC @( deiºÝ- doro3Æ ( ni³ ( nMih

?ud- #ire- dirt.

9adical H> )水,.

83F0.´ ?( #P @( botsu£ツ- #otsuÀツ- bossuru»Eüð ( #olµ (#uht

To sin%.

:ote( The #odern ?andarin use of this character )i.e.-]G, does not occur inliterary hinese. 9adical H> )水,.

83F8.^ ?( fD @( fuØ ( buÚ ( fD

1eel

9adical 8>E )Œ,.

83FF.` ?( hn @( %anäØ ( han¬ ( hPhn

?os6uito lar'a.

9adical 84F )虫,.



83F3.a ?( &iU @( %aiäÝ- %aniÙ/ ( haeG ( haih

rab.

9adical 84F )虫,.

83F4.b ?( %Y @( %aä ( g$a¶ ( fA

lass- order- series.

1ere- this character is used in a co#pound. 9adical 88> )O,.

83F>.c ?( d[u @( toト ( du· ( du

ou ) dry #easure#ent- usually translated as *pec%+,. 1ere- this characteris used in a co#pound. 9adical =H )c,.

83F4a. bc ?( %Y d[u @( %atoÙU ( g$a du¶· ( fA du

adpole.

83F=.e ?( huP @( ga%uè#- %a%uä# ( ha% ( %o%

9a'ine hole.

9adical 3F )Ë,.

83FE.f ?( %uM @( %oコ- %aä- matagaruî+éð ( g$a¶ ( %$ā

To bestride- to occupy.

9adical 8>E )Œ,.

83FH.¹ ?( zhI @( chiチ ( chið ( 5ih

To stay at peace cal#.

9adical 8>E )Œ,.

83FW.i ?( &G @( shitsuâツ- hizaÅU ( seulº ( sātnee.

9adical 830 )û,.

8330.j ?( zhC @( chitsuチツ ( 5ip» ( 5āp

To 5a#- to get stuc%.



9adical 8F0 )Ð,.

8338.k ?( 6Dn @( shunâュØ ( 5un¼ ( sYun

To hesitate- to fall bac%.

1ere- this character is part of a co#pound. 9adical 8=F )W,.

833F.l ?( &Kn @( 5uncュØ- meguruùúð ( sun? ( chUuhn

To patrol- to #a%e rounds.

1ere- this character is part of a co#pound. 9adical 8=F )W,.

8338a. kl ?( 6Dn &Kn @( shun5unÔRþTRþ ( 5un sun¼? ( sYunchUuhn

To hesitate- to fall bac%- to $ithdra$.

8333.m ?( 6uU @( %ya%uÞì#- shirizokuÔDö ( ga%½ ( %eu%

To $ithdra$- to #o'e bac%.

9adical F= )¾,.

8334.o ?( rUn @( 5incØ ( in¿ ( yahn

*atho#+ )#easure#ent for height or depth- e6ual to appro&i#ately = feet,9adical W )µ,.

833>.d ?( yJ @( uà ( u] ( yKh

_!#peror` Ru.

ncient sage<ruler- controller of the floods and founder of the s. 9adical 884)À,.

833=.r ?( lMo @( ryA=ßà- rAgà ( lyoÁ ( louh

1ea'y rains floods.

9adical H> )水,.

833E.

?( sJn @( son*Ø- sonsuruÒþüð ( son¢ ( syKn



Loss- di#inish#ent to lose.

9adical =4 )手,.

4F>a. 適適$ ?( tI tI rn @( te%ite%izenFíFíñþ ( 5eo% 5eo% yeonÂÂ

¬ ( tG% tG% yIhn To be startled. ;ee 3W.E belo$.

833H.| ?( guG @( %iÞ ( gyuÃ ( %$āi

o#pass- rule to regulate-to #easure.

9adical 84E )7,.

833Ha. ||$ ?( guG guG rn @( %i%izenííñþ ( gyu gyu yeonÃÃ¬

( %$āi %$āi %$āi To be at a loss nit<pic%ing- o'erparticular.

;ee 3W.E belo$.

833W.• ?( $Nn @( bunÙØ- kaÙ ( #unã ( #ān

?os6uito.

9adical 84F )虫,.

8340. ?( 5S @( %yoÞß ( geo¾ ( geuih

entipede fly.

1ere- this character is part of a co#pound. 9adical 84F )虫,.

WHFa. 商 ?( shāng 5S @( shA%yoÔ:Óí: ( sang geoÄ¾ ( sYung

?illipede

8348.‚ ?( #iMo @( #yA ( #yoÅ ( #iuh

?ar'elous- #ysterious- e&ceptional.

9adical 3H )6,.

834F.Æ ?( cǐ @( shiâ- fumuSむ ( cha ( chC

To tread on- to tra#ple on.



9adical 8>E )Œ,.

8343.† ?( 6un @( sen×Ø- izumiいずみ ( cheonÛ ( chyShn

ree%- spring- strea#.

9adical H> )水,.

>HFb.…† ?( hung 6un @( %AsenこÓ×Ø- yo#i8み ( h$ang cheonÇÛ ( $Phng chyShn

The Rello$ ;prings )the under$orld,.

8344.‡ ?( dYng @( tAトà- noboru9»ð ( deungÈ ( dāng

To cli#b- to ascend.

9adical 80> )É,.

834>.ˆ ?( hung @( %Aコà- AÊà ( h$angÇ ( $Phng

;upre#e- e&alted the e#peror.

9adical 80= )白,.

80>d.大ˆ ?( dM hung @( tai%A+いこÓ ( dae h$angaÇ ( daaih$Phng

The s%y.

This ter# is a poetic e&pression.

834=.‰ ?( shI @( se%i×Þ- sha%uâì# ( seo%Ë ( sG%

Vpen- spacious- spread out.

9adical 3E )大,.

834E.‹ ?( lKn @( rin=Ø- shizumuÔずむ ( lyunÌ ( lUuhn

!ngulfed- sun%- lost.

9adical H> )水,.

834H.Œ ?( cU @( so%u*#- hakaruõÙð ( cheu%Í ( chāa%

To predict- to fatho#.



9adical H> )Ei,.

834W.Ž ?( #Cng @( #eiÎÝ- #yAÔßà ( #yeongÏ ( #Chng

ar%- obscure- unseen #ysterious #ystery.

9adical 84 )Ð,.

83>0.’ ?( %uG @( %iÞ- ukagauÓÙéÓ ( gyuÃ ( %$āi

To peer at- to loo% at secretly.

9adical 88= )穴,.

83>8.“ ?( zhuG @( suiÑÝ- kirií ( chu0 ( 5Yui

$l

9adical 8=E )ú,.

>H>a. – ?( shPu lCng @( 5uryATR:Ó ( su neungæÒ ( sauhlIhng

;houling.

to$n located in B.

308b.—子 ?( yKzǐ @( yoshi8Ô ( yeo 5aÓÖ ( ySh 5C

Roung boy.

This ter# is rare.

83>F.˜ ?( hn @( %anäØ ( hanÔ ( hPhn

1an. _a place<na#e` )\sed in place<na#e belo$.,

9adical 8=3 )Õ,.

83>3.™ ?( dān @( tanÄØ ( danÖ ( dāanan. _a place<na#e` )\sed in place<na#e belo$.,

9adical 8=3 )Õ,.

83>Fa. ˜™ ?( hn dān @( %antanÙþ+þ ( han danÔÖ ( hPhndāan



1andan.

city that $as the capital of ×.

83>4.š ?( pK @( ho× ( poM ( pPuh

)\sed in bino#e co#pound belo$.,

9adical F0 )Ø,.

83>>.› ?( fK @( fu%uØ# ( bo%Ù ( baah%

)\sed in bino#e co#pound belo$.,

9adical F0 )Ø,.

83>4a. šÚ ?( pK fK @( hofu%uÎSö ( po bo%MÙ ( pPuh baah%

To cra$l on the hands and %nees.

83>=.ž ?( yU @( gyA=ßà ( eopÛ ( yihp

Vccupation- profession.

9adical E> ),.

83>E.Ÿ ?( 6D @( %aä ( geo¾ ( %Yui

To gape.9adical 30 )C,.

83>H.¡ ?( yI @( itsuÝツ ( ilÜ ( yaht

To $ithdra$ to let go liberated- free<spirited.

9adical 8=F )¿,.

Commentar+

3W.8. D白 )l. F, $ere set e&a#ples e#ployed by logicians to discuss theinherent 6ualities a physical substances. *To distinguish hard and $hite+#eant to engage in logical debate.

3W.F. $不$，p不p)l. F,( *" said that $hat $as not true $as true- and $hat$as n feasible $as feasible.+



3W.3.

• 之不Ü‚，•之]@‚ )l. 3,( This is a sentence incorporating t$o indirect6uestions. n indirect 6uestion structure is relati'ely rare in literary hinese-

but it bears so#e attention. Rou #ay re#e#ber thatindirect statements

)8F.>, tend to follo$ a 'erb of %no$ing or perception- are no#inalized by 之-and usually close $ith a P(

N•\Ý之ÞGP。" %no$ that the kin ar#y is about to in'ade hu.

Indirect questions are #ar%ed by a final 6uestion particle- rather than byP."nstead of describing an e'ent or fact that is percei'ed or %no$n by thesub5ect- they #erely infor# the reader that the sub5ect %no$s the truth of ane'ent or fact. n indirect 6uestion can be represented in !nglish by/$hether/(

N•\Ý之ÞG‚。" %no$ $hether the kin ar#y is about to in'ade hu.

o not be confused by the fact that sentences that contain indirect 6uestionsend $ith a 6uestion particle2they aren7t 6uestions per se.

"n our lesson te&t here- $e ha'e

• go'erning t$o indirect 6uestions(

•之不Ü‚( " don7t %no$ $hether #y discussions do not co#e up _to his`. _不•`•之]@‚( _" don7t %no$` $hether #y %no$ledge doesn7t co#pare $ith his.

]@ can of course be analyzed as不之@不@之- *not as good as it.+

;ince the 不• controls t$o contrasting possibilities- $e ha'e a *$hether...or...+ sentence( *" don7t %no$ $hether #y discussions do not co#e up to his-or $hether #y %no$ledge doesn7t co#pare $ith his./公;龍 is unsure $hetherthe difficulty he has understanding 莊子 is because his understanding ofargu#entation ),is inade6uate- or because his le'el of %no$ledge )•, isinade6uate.

3W.4. 子Õ不ISzn之o¤ )ll. 4<>,( *1a'e you alone not heard about that frogin a cru#bling $ell+ 子Õ不I is used at ti#es to introduce a parable or fablethe i#plication of the phrase is *are you the only one clueless enough not to

ha'e heard the fa#ous story of .+ The use of the de#onstrati'eS

)8W0<3,also suggests the introduction of an e&a#ple or parableq2co#pare LessonF4- line 4( É•Sß¤. or yet another e&a#ple- see this lesson7s te&t- lines8E<8H( R子Õ不IS–—子之?2於˜™‚.

3W.>. S子¦不時來ä}¤)ll. E<H,( 1ere- a rhetorical 6uestion ¦不 )*$hy don7tyou...+ sa#e as †不, fuses $ith the e&pression 不時 )*anyti#e+ 4b- Lesson8W, because t$o 不 in a ro$ )i.e.-¦不不時à$ould be a$%$ard.



3W.=. n之4B )l. W,( *told hi# about the sea- saying....+ :ote the si#ilaritiesbet$een this parable and the account in Lesson 33( @ust as the sea god hadto describe the ine&haustibility of the sea to the 9i'er !arl- so the sea turtlehas to describe the sea to the $ell frog.

3W.E. 0水]+st)l. 80,( *and yet the $ater did not because of it _lit.- *for itssa%e/` add to its increasing./ :ote )8,] as a fusion of不之- $hich #eans thatthe co'erb + has its ob5ect preceding it in an idio#atic in'ersion- and )F, theuse of s to indicate co#parati'e increase or decrease )4E<3,.

3W.H. 不+x久y†，不'–U%(L)l. 88,( These parallel sentences are sayingthe sa#e sort of thing. roperly spea%ing-' should be used in both clausesinstead- the author presses + into a function 'ery close to' so that he

doesn7t ha'e to repeat the sa#e $ord in both clauses )this is a ruleso#eti#es follo$ed in constructing parallel patterns,. *To not for either ashort or long period of ti#e #o'e or shift- nor for either a great bit or little bitad'ance or recede./

3W.W. 適適$，||$)l. 8F,( ood e&a#ples of ho$ nuances of bino#esbeco#e lost. 適 _nor#ally #eans *to go-+ *to be appropriate-+ and| nor#ally #eans *co#pass-+ *rule.+ 1ere- they are used in a strange #anner-and the best the traditional co##entators can do is say- *適適 is the #annerof being surprised or frightened- and|| is the #anner of being at a loss%€

.+ Vb'iously- they are si#ply e&trapolating #eanings fro# the 'erbs thesead'erbial bino#es #odify.

3W.80.RS•不•d之}，0ž~}於莊子之ó)ll.8 F<83,( /?oreo'er- if you%no$ that you don7t understand the borders of 7$hat is7 and 7$hat isn7t-7 andyet you still $ant to obser'e Zhuangzi7s $ords ....+ The prince no$ dri'es thepoint ho#e—公;龍 should realize that he doesn7t ha'e the ability tounderstand莊子)no #ore than the frog can understand the turtle,.

3W.88.RS•不•¢‚之ó0%適·時之£L)l. 84,( /?oreo'er- if you %no$ that

you don7t %no$ ho$ to discuss _his` #ost #ysterious $ords and _instead`pursue a #o#ent7s profit....+ The prince suggests that 公;龍7s ability ise#ployed only as a profession )$hich he later defines by the ter# ž, he canuse his logic and philosophy to #a%e #oney for hi#self )as a teacher andad'iser,- but he cannot use the# to understand the cos#os as profoundly as莊子 does.



3W.8F. RƒkÆ…†0‡大ˆ )ll. 84<8>,( /?oreo'er- that one _i.e.-莊子` happensto be treading the Rello$ ;prings and cli#bing up to the 1ea'ens./

3W.83.?2於˜á)ll. 8E<8H,( /studied ho$ to $al% in˜™.+!'idently- the

inhabitants of the city $al%ed in an attracti'e- sinuous #anner that othersatte#pted to i#itate.

Voa)u*ar+ ,ints?)EHF, A)4W3<8- 4W3<F, E)44E,辯)88>>,‹)HF4,)8F80,

G)8848,L)WW4,o)88E0,N)HEE,崖)88=>,V)WH4,

W)F33, _)8WH, d)FH4, p)WF, t)=3F,

x)>84, y)W=F, €)HWH, 馳)E3>,Í)88WF,})=04<F,

適)4F><4,

Š)8H=,

)E0>,

Á)88HW<3,

)80>=,

)=43<F,

‘)88F,

)8FHE,)FW3,)8F=,

Charater Listi. S;wž´†‡ˆd)W,

ii. ŽmDe‚c\’F|¡âh,

iii. ‹ŒbTiPf[˜Zâ80,

i'.oš›ãHM‰KQr>UjXä•aåf„lk™“)F>,

Lesson #0莊子秋水)H,

莊子æ於ç水，GÉÔ大Sèµ”@!，BCDé'ê內ëhQm莊子Yì不í，BCD\IGGîï，…ŒÈ千ðh，É]ñ0ò之óô之R。ïL，˜;…+õö0ø¤§

˜;¾0÷‰於ƒ®¤§mè大SBCD˜¾0÷‰ƒ®。m莊子BCD”hQ\÷‰於ƒ®。m

ø子ù梁，莊子”7之。ùOø子BCD莊子來，~/子ùQm於ø子ú，û於¯®È

½È"。莊子”7之，BCDåkGW，;Ð+üý，子•之¤§Süý，þ於å40飛於34，dÿ桐不‡，d練實不¼，d醴†不飲。於V•腐鼠，ü鶸‘之，L06之BC

H嚇QM`子~'子之梁¯0嚇N‰§m

莊子‚ø子遊於濠梁之R。莊子BCD鯈魚|遊°容，魚之OP。mø子BCD子d魚，

–•魚之O§m莊子BCD子dN，–•N不•魚之O§mø子BCDNd子，‡不•子h。子‡d魚P，子之不•魚之O全hQm莊子BCD'循;œ。子BH汝–•魚OM云L，既Œ•\•之0<N。N•之濠RPQm



Voa)u*ar+ (3-.31#$83>W.æ ?( diMo @( chAチßà- tsuru%ð ( 5oÝ ( diu

To fish _$ith a line and hoo%`.

9adical 8=E )金,.

83=0.ì ?( gān @( %anäØ- saoæお ( gan¬ ( gAn

ishing pole.

9adical 88H )',.

83=8.ï ?( guG @( %iÞ- %inÞØ- kameÙù ( g$i귀 ( g$āi

Tortoise.

9adical F83 )ï,.

83=F.] ?( 5Gn @( %inÞØ- habaõ, ( geon® ( gān

erchief cloth head turban.

1ere- this character is used as a 'erb( *to $rap in a cloth.+ 9adical >0 )],.

83=3.ñ ?( sI @( suÑ- shiâ- keê ( saã ( 5ih

Bo&- trun%.1ere- this character is used as a 'erb( *to put in a trun%.+ 9adical 88H )',.

=>c. ø子 ?( huI zǐ @( eshiïÔ ( hye 5a혜Ö ( $aih 5C

?aster 1ui.

:a#e of a philosopher and friend of莊子 li%e 公;龍 )804c- Lesson 3W,- he isassociated $ith the logician school.

83=4.û ?( sAu @( sA*à- sagasuæéü ( suæ ( su To search.

9adical =4 )手,.

83=>.ü ?( yuān @( en2Ø ( $on원 ( yDn

_art of a na#e )see belo$,.`



9adical 8W= )W,.

83==.鶵 ?( chK @( sDÑà ( chu0 ( chPh

hic%- fledgling.

1ere- this character is part of a bird7s na#e. 9adical 8W= )W,.

83=>a. ü鶵 ?( yuān chK @( ensDïþüÓ ( $on chu원0 ( yDn

*hoeni&.+

This #ythological bird ne'er beca#e fa#ous in hinese lore- but latertraditions identify it as being the sa#e as the 鳳凰 )usually translated as/phoeni&/,.

83=E.ÿ ?( $K @( goX ( o ( gh_art of a tree na#e )see belo$,.`

9adical E> )¡,.

83=H.桐 ?( tOng @( dAドà ( dong동 ( tShng

_art of a tree na#e )see belo$,.`

9adical E> )¡,.

83=Ea. ÿ桐 ?( $K tOng @( godAご3Ó ( o dong 동 ( gh tShng

The pa$lonia tree.

se#itropical tree $ith large lea'es rese#bling those of the banana plant itis related to the beech.

83=W.練 ?( liMn @( renàØ ( lyeon련 ( lihn

8 To train- to practice.

F. ine 6uality ba#boo )used for 楝,

?eaning F is i#plied here- but you should learn #eaning 8 for thischaracter. 9adical 8F0.)Ð,.

83E0.醴 ?( lǐ @( reiàÝ- raiJÝ ( lye례 ( lih

;$eet )of li6uids,.

9adical 8=4 )1,.



83E8.腐 ?( fJ @( fuØ- kusareruöæâð ( buÚ ( fuh

9otten- decaying.

9adical 830 )û,.

83EF.嚇 ?( hU @( %a%uÙö ( hyeo%혁 ( haa%

;hoo- scat- _i#perati'e`

9adical 30 ),

83E3.濠 ?( ho @( gAXà ( hoY ( hPuh

The 1ao 9i'er.

9adical H> )水,.

83E4.鯈 ?( chOu @( choチß ( 5oÝ ( yMuh

?inno$.

9adical 8W> )魚,.

=F>a. °容 ?( cOng rOng @( shAyAÒÓ8Ó ( 5ong yong종용 ( chShngyShng

t ones ease- co#fortably cal#- tran6uil.

rhy#ing bino#e.

Commentar+40.8. ”@!)l.8,( The e#issaries are announcing in advance $hat the ing ofhu $ishes to tell 莊子 thus- e'en though this is not a typical #eaning of thecharacter-@ is best ta%en as /to announce/ here. o#pare !nglish usage- /tofor$ard a #essage./

40.F. é'ê內ëh)l. 8,( This is the euphe#istic language of re6uest( /" $ish toburden you $ith _affairs` $ithin the borders-/ that is- " $ish to e#ploy you in#y go'ern#ent. Vf course- 莊子 ta%es the sense of /burden/ literally.

40.3. 子之不•魚之O全h)ll.83<84,(全)8=E, is used here in an al#ost technicallogical sense- #eaning /decisi'ely pro'en/ )deri'ed fro# the sense of /to beco#plete/,.



40.4. 子B汝–C魚O云L)ll. 84<8=,( :ote the use of 云)E=F, here( "tso#eti#es co#es at the end of a phrase to #ar% the end of the 6uotation)/end 6uote/, or gestures 'aguely to$ard the rest of the thought )/etcetera/,.

/Rou said 7how do you %no$ that the fish are happy7 and so forth./ The 5o%ehere is that by phrasing the 6uestion in this $ay- ø子 supposedly ad#its that

莊子 did %no$ and only $anted to %no$how he %ne$. Later- the 5o%e rests onthe #ultiple #eanings of – as both /ho$/ and /$here./ "t is nearlyi#possible to con'ey the pun in !nglish- though the rather archaic $ord/$hence/ )#eaning both /fro# $here/ and /ho$/, $or%s so#e$hat( /hencedo you %no$ the fish are happy/

Voa)u*ar+ ,intsç)>E0, 大S)80>b- LFF, ê)3EH,ë)>E>,í)>3F<8,

ð)W0><F,ò)=WE,ó)80=E,˜)EW=<3,õ)H8E,

÷)H=H, ‰)88H0,ƒ)>0=<8,/â8F4W<F,飛)88F3,

實)33W<8,†)8343,V)8F48,鼠)8F3E,L)W44,

梁)H>8<8 and H>8<3, 全)8=E,循)43,

Charater Listi. ]桐練æï )>,

iii. ÿ)8,

i'.嚇û濠ì!腐醴鯈ü鶵)80,

Rouzer, Paul - A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese

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