Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh...
Transcript of Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh...
![Page 1: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Routing in Multi-Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh
Networks
Richard Draves, Jitendra Padhye, and Brian Zill
Microsoft Research
![Page 2: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Multi-hop Wireless Networks
Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes
Motivating scenario
Community wireless networks
(Mesh Networks)Battlefield networks
Key challenge Handling mobility, limited power.
Improving Network Capacity
![Page 3: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Multi-Hop Networks with Single Radio
With a single radio, a node can not transmit and receive simultaneously.
![Page 4: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Multi-Hop Networks with Multiple Radios
With two radios tuned to non-interfering channels, a node can transmit and receive simultaneously.
![Page 5: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Other Advantages of Multiple Radios
• Increased robustness due to frequency diversity– e.g. 2.4GHz (802.11b) and 5GHz (802.11a) have
different fading characteristics
• Possible tradeoff between range and data rate– Can be helpful during early deployment
![Page 6: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Existing Routing Metrics are Inadequate
18 Mbps 18 Mbps
2 Mbps
11 Mbps 11 Mbps
Best path: 11 Mbps
Shortest path: 2 Mbps
Path with fastest links: 9 Mbps
![Page 7: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Contributions of Our Paper
• New routing metric for multi-radio mesh networks– Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time (WCETT)
• Implementation of the metric in a link-state routing protocol – Multi-Radio Link-Quality source routing (MR-LQSR)
• Experimental evaluation of WCETT:– 24-node, multi-radio mesh testbed – 2 radios per node, 11a and 11g– Side-by-side comparison with:
• Shortest path (HOP) • ETX (De Couto et. al. MOBICOM 2003)
![Page 8: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Summary of Results
• WCETT makes judicious use of two radios– Over 250% better than HOP– Over 80% better than ETX
• Gains more prominent over shorter paths and in lightly-loaded scenarios
![Page 9: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Outline of the talk
• Design of WCETT
• Experimental results
• Conclusion
![Page 10: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Design of Routing Metric: Assumptions
• No power constraints
• Little or no node mobility– Relatively stable links
• Nodes have one or more 802.11 radios
• Multiple radios on a node are tuned to non-interfering channels– Channel assignment is fixed
![Page 11: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Implementation Framework
• Implemented in a source-routed, link-state protocol– Multi-Radio Link Quality Source Routing (MR-LQSR)
• Nodes discovers links to its neighbors; Measure quality of those links
• Link information floods through the network– Each node has “full knowledge” of the topology
• Sender selects “best path”– Packets are source routed using this path
![Page 12: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Goal for Multi-Radio Routing Metric
Maximize throughput of given flow:
– Prefer high-bandwidth, low-loss links
– When possible, select channel diverse paths
– Prefer shorter paths
![Page 13: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Components of a Routing Metric
• Link Metric: Assign a weight to each link
• Path Metric: Combine metrics of links on path
HOP: Each link has weight 1
HOP: Path Metric = Sum of Link Metrics
ETX: Prefer low-loss links
ETX: Prefer short, low-loss paths
WCETT: Prefer high-bandwidth, low-loss links
WCETT: Prefer short, channel-diverse paths
![Page 14: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Link Metric: Expected Transmission Time (ETT)
• Link loss rate = p– Expected number of transmissions
• Packet size = S, Link bandwidth = B– Each transmission lasts for S/B
• Lower ETT implies better link
ETXBS ETT *?
??
????
p-11
ETX ?
![Page 15: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
ETT: Illustration
18 Mbps10% loss
11 Mbps5% loss
1000 Byte Packet
ETT : 0.77 ms
ETT : 0.89 ms
18 Mbps50% loss
1000 Byte Packet
ETT : 0.77 ms
![Page 16: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Combining Link Metric into Path MetricProposal 1
• Add ETTs of all links on the path• Use the sum as path metric
SETT = Sum of ETTs of links on path
Pro: Favors short paths
Con: Does not favor channel diversity
(Lower SETT implies better path)
![Page 17: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
SETT does not favor channel diversity
6 MbpsNo Loss
6 MbpsNo Loss
6 MbpsNo Loss
6 MbpsNo Loss
1.33ms 1.33ms
1.33ms1.33ms
Path Throughput SETT
Red-Red 3 Mbps 2.66 ms
Red-Blue 6 Mbps 2.66 ms
![Page 18: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Impact of Interference
• Interference reduces throughput
• Throughput of a path is lower if many links are on the same channel– Path metric should be worse for non-diverse paths
• Assumption: All links that are on the same channel interfere with one another– Pessimistic for long paths
![Page 19: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Combining Link Metric into Path MetricProposal 2
• Group links on a path according to channel– Links on same channel interfere
• Add ETTs of links in each group
• Find the group with largest sum. – This is the “bottleneck” group– Too many links, or links with high ETT (“poor quality” links)
• Use this largest sum as the path metric– Lower value implies better path
“Bottleneck Group ETT” (BG-ETT)
![Page 20: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
BG-ETT Example
6 Mbps 6 Mbps
1.33 ms1.33 ms
6 Mbps
1.33 ms
6 Mbps
1.33 ms
6 Mbps
1.33 ms
6 Mbps
1.33 ms
Path Throughput Blue Sum Red Sum BG-ETT
All Red 1.5 Mbps 0 5.33 ms 5.33 ms
1 Blue 2 Mbps 1.33 ms 4 ms 4 ms
Red-Blue 3 Mbps 2.66 ms 2.66 ms 2.66 ms
BG-ETT favors high-throughput, channel-diverse paths.
![Page 21: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
BG-ETT does not favor short paths
6 Mbps 6 Mbps
1.33 ms1.33 ms
6 Mbps
1.33 ms
3-Hop 2 Mbps 0 4 ms 4 ms
Path Throughput Blue Sum Red Sum BG-ETT
6 Mbps 6 Mbps
1.33 ms1.33 ms
6 Mbps
1.33 ms 4 ms
2 Mbps
4-Hop 2 Mbps 4 ms 4 ms 4 ms
S D
S D
![Page 22: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Path Metric: Putting it all together
• SETT favors short paths• BG-ETT favors channel diverse paths
Weighted Cumulative ETT (WCETT)
WCETT = (1-ß) * SETT + ß * BG-ETT
ß is a tunable parameter
Higher value: More preference to channel diversityLower value: More preference to shorter paths
![Page 23: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
How to measure loss rate and bandwidth?
• Loss rate measured using broadcast probes– Similar to ETX– Updated every second
• Bandwidth estimated using periodic packet-pairs– Updated every 5 minutes
![Page 24: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Outline of the talk
• Design of WCETT
• Experimental results
• Conclusion
![Page 25: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Mesh Testbed
23 nodes running Windows XP. Two 802.11a/b/g cards per node: Proxim and NetGear (Autorate)
Diameter: 6-7 hops.
![Page 26: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Experiment Setting
• 2-Minute TCP transfer between 100 randomly selected node pairs (Out of 23x22 = 506)
• Only one transfer active at a time• Performance metric:
– Median throughput of 100 transfers
Baseline (Single Radio)NetGear on 802.11a (Channel 36), Proxim OFF
Two RadioNetGear on 802.11a (Chan 36), Proxim on 802.11g (Chan 10)
(802.11g radios have longer range, lower bandwidth)
![Page 27: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Median Throughput (Baseline, single radio)
WCETT provides performance gain even with one radio.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
WCETT ETX HOP
Th
rou
gh
pu
t (K
bp
s)
![Page 28: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Median Throughput(Two radios)
WCETT makes judicious use of 2nd radio: 86% gain over baseline
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
WCETT (ß = 0.5) ETX HOP
Th
rou
gh
pu
t (K
bp
s)
Single Radio
Two Radios
ETX can not take full advantage of 2nd radioPerformance of HOP worsens with 2nd radio!
![Page 29: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Do all paths benefit equally with WCETT?
Improvement in Median Throughput over Baseline (1 radio)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 2 3 4 >=5
Path Length (with 2 radios)
Per
cen
tag
e
WCETT gains are more prominent for shorter paths
![Page 30: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Impact of ß value
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2 3 4 5 >= 6
Path Length (Hops)
Med
ian
Thro
ughp
ut (
Kbp
s)
ß=0 (No weight to diversity)
ß=0.5
ß=0.9 (High weight to diversity)
Channel diversity is important; especially for shorter paths
![Page 31: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Performance of Two Simultaneous Flows
• 2-Minute TCP transfer between 100 randomly selected node pairs
• Two transfers active at a time
• Two radios: Netgear: 36-a, Proxim: 10-g
• Performance metric: 2 x Median throughput
• Repeat for ETX and WCETT (ß = 0, 0.5, 0.9)
![Page 32: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Two simultaneous flows
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
WCETT(ß=0)
WCETT(ß=0.1)
WCETT(ß=0.5)
WCETT(ß=0.9)
ETX
Med
ian
Th
rou
gh
pu
t (K
bp
s)
WCETT Performs better than ETX
ß = 0: No weight to diversity
ß = 0.9: High weight to diversity
Channel Diversity is importantThroughput better for lower values of ß
![Page 33: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Outline of the talk
• Design of WCETT
• Experimental results
• Conclusion
![Page 34: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Conclusions
• Previously proposed routing metrics are inadequate in multi-radio scenario
• WCETT improves performance by judicious use of 2nd radio– Benefits are more prominent for shorter paths
• Optimal value of ß depends on load
![Page 35: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Future Work
• Continued experimental evaluation in other testbeds– More than two radios– Two 11a or 11g radios
• Automatic selection of ß based on load levels
• Passive inference of loss rate and channel bandwidth
![Page 36: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
For more information
http://research.microsoft.com/mesh/
Source code, binaries, tech reports, …
![Page 37: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Backup Slides
![Page 38: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Impact of Interference
Intuition 1
Impact of interference can be captured by adding ETTs of interfering links
6 Mbps, No Loss 6 Mbps, No Loss
1.33 ms 1.33 ms
Path throughput: 3 Mbps Sum of ETTs: 2.66 ms
![Page 39: Routing in Multi -Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh …cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp07/cse291-d/presentations/...Multi-hop Wireless Networks Stationary Nodes Mobile Nodes Motivating scenario](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063013/5fccb13ef0982016d52600ce/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Why does ETX not do well?
WCETT
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Average Path Length (Hops)
Thro
ughp
ut (M
bps)
ETX
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Average Path Length (Hops)
Thro
ughp
ut (M
bps)
ETX does not take bandwidth and channel diversity into account