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ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

BUCCAL ORAL TOPICAL NASAL RECTAL PARENTERAL

GargleLozengeMouthwashPasteSpraySuspension

Tablet

CachetCapsuleElixirExtractLinctusEmulsionGranuleMixturePastillePillPowder (bulk,wrapped)SolutionSuspensionSyrup

TabletTincture

AerosolApplicationCollodionCreamExtractInfusion

JellyLinimentLotionMixtureOintmentPaintPastePoulticePowderSolutionSpiritSpray

Tincture

BougieInsufflationNasal-dropsSpray

EnemaOintmentSuppository

SolutionEmulsionPowderSuspensionInjection

INHALATION

EYE EARS

AerosolInhalationSpray

Eye-dropsEye lotionEyeointment

Ear coneEar-dropsInsufflation

URETHRAL

SUBLINGUAL

VAGINAL

Bougie Tablet Pessary

BUCCAL ORAL NASAL

ADVANT

AGE

S

1. Rapid onset of action2. Avoid 1st pass or

presystemicmetabolism.

3. Can b given tounconscious patients

4. Can b a route foranti-emetic drug

1.Very convenient- patientcn administer d drug byhimself

2.Painless route3.Safe - whn administered

properly4.Economical

1. Large nasal surfacearea due to d coverage ofepithelial surface bynumerous microvilli forrapid absorption

2.High total blood flow3. Lower doses are required4. Avoid 1st-pass

metabolism5.Rapid systemic drug

absorption

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DISADVANTAG

ES

1. Formulation challengeNeed to overcome taste,solubility, dose limitationsof d drug

1.Slow onset of action2.Drug solubility mayb

affected by presence ofother substance in GIT, egcalcium, food, alcohol etc

3.Gastric emptying time isaffected by drugs, food,disease state & postureCauses erratic drugabsorption

4.Sm drugs maybdestroyed by gastricenzymes & othersecretions in GIT. Eginsulin

5.Unsuitable for irritable &unpalatable drugs. Egaspirin

6.Unsuitable for unconsciousor vomiting patients & forimmediate pre-orpostoperative use

7.Drug is subjected tohepatic metabolism b4entering systemiccirculation

RECTAL/VAGINAL PARENTERAL INHALATION

ADVANT

AGES

1. Used in children2.Little 1st pass

metabolism3. Cn b given to vomiting or

unconscious patient

4. Higher therapeuticconcentrations of drug canb achieved

5. For rapid evacuation ofbowel, b4 surgery orexamination

6. Treating vaginal problems

1. Rapid onset of action2. 1st pass metabolism is

avoided3. Useful in emergency

situations

4. Cn b given to unconsciousor vomiting patients

5. Accuracy of dosage isensured

6. Drugs producing gastricirritation cn b given

7. Drugs tat r nt absorbedfrm GIT cn b given

8. Drugs destroyed by gastricacid cn b given

1. Rapid absorption of drugdue to large surface area

2. 1st pass metabolism isavoided

DISADVANTA

G

ES

1. Inconvenient

2. Drug absorption iserratic

3. Irritation orinflammation of rectal /vaginal mucosa can occur

1.Less safe

2.Inconvenient & painful3.Self-administration is

difficult4.Chances of nerve & blood

vessel damage5.Technical person needed6.Dose given is irreversible7.Side effects produced, are

difficult to control8.Expensive9.Danger of infection, if

proper sterilizationtechniques r nt used

1. Limited number of drug to

b given by tis route2. May cause irritation of

pulmonary mucosa3. Inconvenient procedure4. Chances of cardiotoxicity5. May cause systemic side

effect due to rapidabsorption of drug

6. Difficult to regulate dosegiven

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