Routers
description
Transcript of Routers
![Page 1: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Routers
• A router is a computer• Computers have four basic components:
– a CPU, – memory, – interfaces, and – a bus
• The router is a computer that selects the best paths, and manages the switching of packets between two different networks
![Page 2: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Cisco Routers
![Page 3: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Router - internal components
• RAM/DRAM– Stores routing tables, ARP cache, fast-switching
cache, packet buffering (shared RAM), and packet hold queues.
– also provides temporary and/or running memory for the router’s configuration file while the router is powered on.
– RAM content is lost when you power down or restart.
![Page 4: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Router - internal components
• NVRAM – non-volatile RAM– stores a router’s backup/start-up configuration
file; – content remains when you power down or
restart
![Page 5: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Router - internal components
• Flash – erasable, reprogrammable ROM– holds the operating system image and microcode– allows you to update software without removing
and replacing chips on the processor – content remains when you power down or restart– multiple versions of IOS software can be stored in
Flash memory
![Page 6: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Router - internal components
• ROM – contains power-on diagnostics, – a bootstrap program, and – operating system software– software upgrades in ROM require replacing
pluggable chips on the CPU
![Page 7: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Router - internal components
• Interface– network connection through which packets
enter and exit a router– it can be on the motherboard or on a separate
interface module
![Page 8: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Routing
![Page 9: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Router Configuration
• A router is made up of configurable components.
• A router has modes –examining, –maintaining, and –changing the components.
![Page 10: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Router Configuration
• show commands are used for examination.• You use cdp to show entries about
neighbours.• You access other routers by using telnet.• You test network connectivity layer by layer.• Testing commands include ping, trace, telnet, and
debug
![Page 11: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Router Configuration
• A router can be configured from many locations: Upon initial installation, it is configured from the
console terminal. The console terminal is a computer connected to the router through the console port.
It can be connected via modem by using the auxiliary port.
After it is installed on the network, it can be configured from Virtual Terminals 0 through 4.
• Files can also be downloaded from a TFTP server on the network
![Page 12: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Router Modes• Whether accessed from the console or by a Telnet
session through a TTY port, the router can be placed in several modes.
• Each mode provides different functions: – User EXEC mode– Privileged EXEC mode– Set-up mode– Global configuration mode– Other configuration modes
– RXBOOT mode
![Page 13: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Router Modes User EXEC mode
A “look-only” mode in which the user can view some information about the router, but cannot change anything.
Privileged EXEC mode Supports the debugging and testing commands,
detailed examination of the router, manipulation of configuration files, and access to configuration modes.
![Page 14: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Router Modes Set-up mode
Presents an interactive prompted dialog at the console that helps the new user create a first-time basic configuration.
Global configuration mode• Implements powerful one-line commands that
perform simple configuration tasks.
![Page 15: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Router Modes Other configuration modes
Provide more detailed multiple-line configurations.
RXBOOT mode– A maintenance mode that can be used, among
other things, to recover lost passwords.
![Page 16: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Router Status Commands show version
Displays the configuration of the system hardware, the software version, the names and sources of configuration files, and the boot image.
show processes Displays information about the active processes.
![Page 17: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Router Status Commands
show protocols Displays the configured protocols. This command shows the status of all
configured Layer 3 protocols. show mem
Shows statistics about the router’s memory, including memory free pool statistics.
![Page 18: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Router Status Commands
show stacks Monitors the stack use of processes and interrupt
routines and displays the reason for the last system reboot.
show buffers Provides statistics for the buffer pools on the router.
show flash Shows information about the Flash memory device.
![Page 19: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Router Status Commands
show running-config Displays the active configuration file.
show startup-config Displays the backup configuration file.
show interfaces– Displays statistics for all interfaces configured
on the router.
![Page 20: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
• CDP provides a single proprietary command that enables network administrators to access a summary of what the configurations look like on other directly connected routers.
• CDP runs over a data link layer connecting lower physical media and upper-network-layer protocols.
![Page 21: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
CDP
• Because CDP operates at this level, CDP devices that support different network-layer protocols can learn about each other.
• CDP starts up automatically at boot up. CDP can then automatically discover neighbouring Cisco devices running CDP.
![Page 22: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
CDP
• Discovered devices extend beyond those having TCP/IP.
• CDP discovers directly connected Cisco devices regardless of which Layer 3 and 4 protocol suite they run.
![Page 23: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
CDP• CDP provides information about each CDP neighbour device.
Values include the following: Device identifiers—For example, the router’s configured host
name and domain name (if any) Address list—At least one address for SNMP, up to one address
for each protocol supported Port identifier—Such as Ethernet 0, Ethernet 1, and Serial 0 Capabilities list—If, for example, the device acts as a source
route bridge as well as a router Version—Information such as that provided by the local
command show version • Platform—The device’s hardware platform; for example, Cisco
7000
![Page 24: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Cisco Router Configuration
• We have seen– show and– cdp commands
• show startup-config - display the backup configuration file
• show running-config—display active configuration file.
![Page 25: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Cisco Router Configuration
• erase startup-config - deletes the backup configuration file in NVRAM.
• reload - reloads the router, causing it to run through the entire configuration process.
• Setup - to enter setup mode from the privileged EXEC prompt.
![Page 26: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Cisco Router Configuration
• configure terminal—Configures manually from the console terminal.
• copy tftp running-config—Loads configuration information from a network TFTP server.
• copy running-config startup-config— Stores the current configuration from RAM into NVRAM.
![Page 27: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Cisco Router Configuration
• copy running-config tftp — Stores the current configuration from RAM on a network TFTP server.
![Page 28: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Cisco Router Configuration
Router> enablepassword:Router# configure terminalRouter(config)# [configure mode command]• e.g. interface, subinterface, controller, line,
router etc.
![Page 29: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Cisco Router Configuration
• Specific configuration modes:– interface mode - for configuring interfaces– subinterface mode - for configuring multiple virtual
interfaces on a single physical interface– line mode - for configuring the operation of a
terminal line– router mode - for configuring an IP routing protocol– etc.
![Page 30: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Cisco Router Configuration
• Configuring router identificationRouter# config termRouter(config)# hostname LABALABA#ctrl-z : back to privileged exec modeexit : back out one level
![Page 31: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Cisco Router Configuration
• Message of the day bannerLABA(config)#banner motd # message #
• Interface descriptionLABA(config)#interface ethernet 0LABA(config-if)#description my LAN, BG
![Page 32: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Password configuration
• Console password• Virtual terminal password• Privileged exec password
![Page 33: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Console password
LABA(config)#line console 0LABA(config-line)#loginLABA(config-line)#password cisco
![Page 34: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Virtual Terminal password
LABA(config)#line vty 0 4LABA(config-line)#loginLABA(config-line)#password cisco
• Enable PasswordLABA(config)#enable password classor preferLABA(config)#enable secret class
![Page 35: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Configuring interfaces
LABA(config)#int s 0LABA(config-if)#clock rate 56000 • clk rate is set for DCEsLABA(config-if)#bandwidth 56• no clock rate removes clock rate• shut down/no shut down
![Page 36: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Configuring routing protocols
LABA(config)#router ripLABA(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0LABA(config-router)# network 2.0.0.0LABA(config-router)#ctrl-zLABA(config)#ctrl-zLABA#show ip protocolLABA#show ip route [routing table]
![Page 37: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Configuring routing protocols
LABA>show ip interfacesLABA#debug ip rip
![Page 38: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Exercise - Configuring LABA
• Hostname:Router>enapassword:Router#config termRouter(config)#hostname lab-a
![Page 39: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Exercise - Configuring LABA
• Enable secret password - classlab-a(config)#enable secret class
![Page 40: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Exercise - Configuring LABA
• All appropriate interfaces with IP addresses and subnet masks
lab-a(config)#int s 0lab-a(config-if)#ip address 201.100.11.1
255.255.255.0lab-a(config-if)#clockrate 56000lab-a(config-if)#bandwidth 56
![Page 41: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Exercise - Configuring LABA
lab-a(config)#int e 0lab-a(config-if)#ip address 192.5.5.1
255.255.255.0lab-a(config-if)#bandwidth 56lab-a(config)#int e 1lab-a(config-if)#ip address 205.7.5.1
255.255.255.0lab-a(config-if)#bandwidth 56
![Page 42: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Exercise - Configuring LABA
• Configure riplab-a(config)#router riplab-a(config)#network 205.7.5.0lab-a(config)# network 192.5.5.0lab-a(config)# network 201.100.11.0
![Page 43: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Exercise - Configuring LABA
• Console login password - ciscolab-a(config)#line console 0lab-a(config-line)#loginlab-a(config-line)#password cisco
![Page 44: Routers](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56814cb2550346895db9b891/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Exercise - Configuring LABA
• Vty login password - ciscolab-a(config)#line vty 0 4lab-a(config-line)#loginlab-a(config-line)#password cisco