Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08 6.3. 16-18 Intro 2: Introducing the Culture/Discipline Strand:
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Transcript of Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08 6.3. 16-18 Intro 2: Introducing the Culture/Discipline Strand:
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
→ take up questions from yesterday‘s SE session
→ cognitive science approach
→ functionalism, interdisciplinary model
→ problems, diversification
→ your experience with cogsci, interdisciplinarity
→ models of interdisciplinarity +/-
→ interdisciplinarity: limits & alternatives
→ locating cogsci history
→ current challenges & opportunites
bigger picture
received view
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
→ take up questions from yesterday‘s SE session:
→ cognitive science approach
→ functionalism, interdisciplinary model
→ problems, diversification
→ your experience with cogsci, interdisciplinarity
→ models of interdisciplinarity +/-
→ interdisciplinarity: limits & alternatives
→ locating cogsci history
→ current challenges & opportunites
bigger picture
received view
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
The Specific Cognitive Science Take on the Mind
t
he
cog
nit
ive
revo
luti
on
cybernetics
behaviorism
Linguis tics
Philosophy
Psychology
Computer Science
Neu roscience
SocioculturalStudies
Interdisciplinarity
Computer metaphor:
Tinking as rule governedsymbol manipulation
Functionalism
1950ies1940ies 1960ies 1970ies1930ies 20ies
key notion:„representation“
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
On the cognitivist view, symbols are objects that have three aspects: physical, syntactic, semantic.
It is on the strenght of these symbols that cognitivism claims to be able to span the gap that separates the physical world from the world of meaning. Computiation may therfore be described as the central pier of the cognitivst bridge. Cognitivism also assumes that purely formal computations carried out at that syntactic level are materially empodied in the causal processes that occur within the computer insofar as it ist a physical object, and are interpreted at the semantic level on the basis of elementary meanings assigned to the symbols.
Dupuy, J.-P. (1999). The Mechanization of the Mind: On the Origins of Cognitive Science. Princeton, Princeton University Press. p: 5
The „Trick“ of Functionalism to solve the„Mind-Body or Physical World/Meaning Problem
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
The Specific Cognitive Science Take on the Mind: Ambitious Beginnings:
1950ies1940ies 1960ies 1970ies1930ies
t
he
cog
nit
ive
revo
luti
on
cybernetics
behaviorism
L ingu is tics
P h ilosophy
P sychology
C om puter S c ience
N euroscience
S ociocu lturalS tud ies
20ies
Optimism:finally solving problems philosophers & haven‘t been able to deal with…
McCarthy: Modeling vision as a summer project for one of his students
Focus on:language,reasoning„higher“ cogn. functions
Simon: by 1985 “machines will be capable of doing any work that a man can do.”
´67 Minsky: “Within 20 years computers won’t even keep us as pets.”
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
The Specific Cognitive Science Take on the Mind:The Current State of Cognitive Science: Diversification
Classical Cognitive Science
connectionism
cognitive linguistics
…
1980ies 1990ies1950ies1940ies 1960ies 1970ies1920ies 1930ies 2000
t
he
cog
nit
ive
revo
luti
on
cognitiveneuroscience
cybernetics
embodiment
situatedness
behaviorism
a-life
dynamicalsystems
evolutionarypsychology
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
→ take up questions from yesterday‘s SE session:
→ cognitive science approach
→ functionalism, interdisciplinary model
→ problems, diversification
→ your experience with cogsci, interdisciplinarity
→ models of interdisciplinarity +/-
→ interdisciplinarity: limits & alternatives
→ locating cogsci history
→ current challenges & opportunites
bigger picture
received view
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
What do you think/how do you feel about the cognitive science take on the mind?Are the goals once set reached?What are the achievements of Cogsci?How much progress is there?
What are your experiences with CogSci as a Discipline?Is it a Discipline?What are your experiences with its interdisciplinarity?What kind of interdisciplinarity is it, in your opinion? What about your identity?
The Specific Cognitive Science Take on the Mind and the Current State of Cognitive Science:Your Opinion
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
The Specific Cognitive Science Take on the Mind:Change & Diversification through (among other things):
Classical Cognitive Science
connectionism
1980ies 1990ies1950ies1940ies 1960ies 1970ies1920ies 1930ies 2000
t
he
cog
nit
ive
revo
luti
on
cognitiveneuroscience
cybernetics
embodiment
situatedness
behaviorism
- technological progress…
- reacting to problemsdynamicalsystems
But…. at the same time redefining the topic of investigation…e.g. „insect walking“, interest shifting to problems of control… +/-
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
- fragmentation?
- stagnation?
A Pessimist‘s View from within Cognitive Science: Crisis?
„symbol grounding/ frame problemstill firmly in place“
„stagnation in roboticist bottom up approaches:where to from insect walking?“ → scaling problem
„AI is dead“
„no artificial life yet.“
is cognitive neuroscience taking over?
„language, reasoning, etc. far from explained….“
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Representation has been the central issue in artificial intelligence work over the last 15 years only because it has provided an interface between otherwise isolated modules and conference papers (Brooks 1991).
A Critical Look back…. Interdisciplinarity?
L ingu is tics
P h ilosophy
P sychology
C om puter S c ience
N euroscience
S ociocu lturalS tud ies
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
→ take up questions from yesterday‘s SE session:
→ cognitive science approach
→ functionalism, interdisciplinary model
→ problems, diversification
→ your experience with cogsci, interdisciplinarity
→ models of interdisciplinarity +/-
→ interdisciplinarity: limits & alternatives
→ locating cogsci history
→ current challenges & opportunites
bigger picture
received view
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
What models of interdisciplinarity are there?
In how far and how can different disciplinces work together?
What ways of interaction and relating to each other are there?
What are the respective roles of the different disciplines?
Models of Interdisciplinarity: a First Approximation
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08Thagard, P. (2005). Mind. Introduction to Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA, Bradford MIT Press.
Models of Interdisciplinarity: the Jigsaw Puzzle
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08Thagard, P. (2005). Mind. Introduction to Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA, Bradford MIT Press.
Models of Interdisciplinarity: the Jigsaw Puzzle
How are the disciplines related, and what are their respective roles?
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Models of Interdisciplinarity: the Layered Cake
Churchland, P. S. and T. J. Sejnowski (1992). The Computational Brain. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Models of Interdisciplinarity: the Layered Cake
How are the disciplines related, and what are their respective roles?
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Levels of Neuroscience
→ see also early 20th century: unity of science movement
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
biological
cognitive
socio-cultural
mechanisch elektrochemisch
Repräsentation
Normen ...
Models of Interdisciplinarity: the Layered Cake extended
How are the disciplines related, and what are their respective roles?
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
biological
cognitive
socio-cultural
mechanisch elektrochemisch ...
Repräsentation
Normen ...
Models of Interdisciplinarity: the Layered Cake
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
biological
cognitive
socio-cultural
mechanisch elektrochemisch
Repräsentation
Normen ...
Models of Interdisciplinarity: the Layered Cake
relations & roles of disciplines - some keywords: reductionism, eliminativism, non-reductionism, „emergence“
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Men_and_an_Elephant
"Blind monks examining an elephant", an 1888 ukiyo-e print by Hanabusa Itchō.
Models of Interdisciplinarity: 6 Blind Men and Elephant
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
It was six men of HindustanTo learning much inclined,Who went to see the Elephant(Though all of them were blind)That each by observationMight satisfy the mind.
The first approached the ElephantAnd happening to fallAgainst his broad and sturdy sideAt once began to bawl:"Bless me, it seems the ElephantIs very like a wall".
The second, feeling of his tusk,Cried, "Ho! What have we hereSo very round and smooth and sharp?To me 'tis mighty clearThis wonder of an ElephantIs very like a spear".
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
The third approached the animal,And happening to takeThe squirming trunk within his hands,Then boldly up and spake:"I see," quoth he, "the ElephantIs very like a snake."
The Fourth reached out an eager hand,And felt about the knee."What most this wondrous beast is likeIs mighty plain," quoth he;"'Tis clear enough the ElephantIs very like a tree!"
The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear,Said: "E'en the blindest manCan tell what this resembles most;Deny the fact who can,This marvel of an ElephantIs very like a fan!"
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
The Sixth no sooner had begunAbout the beast to grope,Than, seizing on the swinging tailThat fell within his scope,"I see," quoth he, "the ElephantIs very like a rope!"
And so these men of HindustanDisputed loud and long,Each in his own opinionExceeding stiff and strong,Though each was partly in the rightAnd all were in the wrong.
So oft in theologic wars,The disputants, I ween,Rail on in utter ignoranceOf what each other mean,And prate about an ElephantNot one of them has seen!
http://www.noogenesis.com/pineapple/blind_men_elephant.htmlJohn Godfrey Saxe ( 1816-1887)
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
"Blind monks examining an elephant", an 1888 ukiyo-e print by Hanabusa Itchō.
Models of Interdisciplinarity: 6 Blind Men and Elephant
How are the disciplines related, and what are their respective roles?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Men_and_an_Elephant
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
"Blind monks examining an elephant", an 1888 ukiyo-e print by Hanabusa Itchō.
Models of Interdisciplinarity: 6 Blind Men and Elephant
How are the disciplines related, and what are their respective roles?
→ Fleck, Kuhn, …?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Men_and_an_Elephant
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
"Blind monks examining an elephant", an 1888 ukiyo-e print by Hanabusa Itchō.
Models of Interdisciplinarity: 6 Blind Men and Elephant
Different ways of interpretation!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Men_and_an_Elephant
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
"Blind monks examining an elephant", an 1888 ukiyo-e print by Hanabusa Itchō.
Models of Interdisciplinarity: 6 Blind Men and Elephant
Consider what specific Philosophers of Science would say about the story: Popper
FleckKuhnFeyerabend…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Men_and_an_Elephant
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
http://www.noogenesis.com/pineapple/blind_men_elephant.html
Models of Interdisciplinarity: 6 Blind Men and Elephant
But… at least they are all blind …not one blind, one deaf, etc….
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Models of Interdisciplinarity: 6 Blind Men and Elephant
…and at least it is still one elephant, or ist it?
„brain“„mind“
http://www.noogenesis.com/pineapple/blind_men_elephant.html
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
„But…what‘s the cake?“
Models of Interdisciplinarity: the Cake-Slicing Model
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
→ take up questions from yesterday‘s SE session:
→ cognitive science approach
→ functionalism, interdisciplinary model
→ problems, diversification
→ your experience with cogsci, interdisciplinarity
→ models of interdisciplinarity +/-
→ interdisciplinarity: limits & alternatives
→ locating cogsci history
→ current challenges & opportunites
bigger picture
received view
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
interdisciplinarity: vertical
...
AI Ling PhiloNeuro Cogsci
• (+) institutional autonomy, identity
• (-) tale of the ecumenical church → just one more discipline?
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
interdisciplinarity: horizontal
...
AI Ling PhiloNeuro
Cogsci
• interdisciplinary group / sequential disciplinarian / traveller?
• identity? potentially risky. who pays the bills? ;-)
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
→ take up questions from yesterday‘s SE session:
→ cognitive science approach
→ functionalism, interdisciplinary model
→ problems, diversification
→ your experience with cogsci, interdisciplinarity
→ models of interdisciplinarity +/-
→ interdisciplinarity: limits & alternatives
→ locating cogsci history
→ current challenges & opportunites
bigger picture
received view
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
bigger picture: goals
• illustrate challenges & opportunites of modern cogsci
• deepening the concepts/outlook of the previous semester
→ demonstration of the utility of adopting a larger view
• providing a framework for discussing strategies
→ this course→ the study/program curriculum→ individual strategies
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
3 parts
• scope and limits of the interdisciplinary model of cogsci
• discuss opportunity and challenges of pluralism/fragmentation
→ emphasis on strategy
• revisit the history of cognitive science
→ locating paradigms
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
inspired by:
Dupuy, J.-P. (1999). The Mechanization of the Mind: On the Origins of Cognitive Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Howards Gardner’s 5 Principles (1985)
• level of analysis (mental representations) wholly separate from the biological/neurological and from the sociological level
• the electronic computer as the most viable model to how the human mind functions
• de-emphasize certain factors: affects/emotions, historical and cultural factors, background context
• interdisciplinarity• Western philosophy
→ field has changed enormously in the last two decades…
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
interdisciplinary model: more realistic
autonomous frombiology/neuroscience& socio-cultural studies
electronic computeras model for the mind
emotions,background context
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
connotations of “cognitive science“
paradigm
(traditional) community
field of cognitive sciences
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
taking stock
(+) there is much more to be gained even from within the traditional 6 disciplines that is (intentionally) not part of the traditional cogsci approach
(-) getting oriented in even one or two disciplines this is quite hard and takes a veeery long time…
→ challenge of integration remains…
→ partly the strategy of the study program: disciplinary column
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
phase 0: fertile ground
cybernetics
cognitive behaviorism
neurophysiology
… …
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
phase 1a: early institutionalization
computer science (symbol systems)
neuroscience (neurology)linguistics (Chomskean)
psychology(cognitive)
cutting off many of its rich roots was the price that early cognitive science had to pay for passing from an exploratory stage to a full-fledged research program from a cloud to a crystal (Francisco Varela)
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
phase 2: broadening scope
→ connectionism: neural networks (cybernetics) re-enter
→ dynamical systems (cybernetics) re-enter
→ emotion & motivation become hot topics again …
→ autonomous robots (cybernetics) re-enter
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
phase 3: examples
Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
Psychology
Linguistics
Computer Science
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
phase 3: examples
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
(CSCW)
Computer Science
Anthropology
Psychology
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
phase 3: examples
Cognitive Ethology
Animal Psychology
CognitiveScience(!)
Ethology
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
phase 3: examples
ComputationalNeuroscience
Computer Modeling
Physics(applied maths)
Neurobiology
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08time
pluralism /fragmentation!
mainstream cognitive science?
what do you think?
[return to this]
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Locating connectionism (and beyond)
inner tension
cogsci model-toolkit (beyond symbol systems):
connectionist networks, graphs, maps, holograms, dyn. systems, agents, internal models, structured nets …
→ pragmatism, not truth
→ machine learning, etc.
[more about this→ modeling]
→ right tool for the right job
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Locating embodied action
→ importing questions, explanatory strategies and worldviews from biologists into cognitive science
biological sciences
[more about this→ physiology]outer tension 1
→ via robotics
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Locating situated cognition
→ making use of the concerns, worldview, and explanatory strategies of social scientists (and everyone working on environment/ecology)
socio-cultural sciences
outer tension 2 [more about this→ culture]
→ via social informatics
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Locating paradigms
→ nicely explains the nature of these “revolutions“ (embodiment & situatedness)
→ broaden, not supplant traditional cogsci
→ common cause? excesses of cognitivism
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
Locating paradigms
→ nicely explains the nature of these “revolutions“ (embodiment & situatedness)
→ broaden, not supplant traditional cogsci
→ common cause? excesses of cognitivism
recommendation:look beyond situated cognition
recommendation:look beyond embodied action
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
multidisciplinary field strategy
• pragmatic (usually little theoretical integration)
• proven to work
• partly the strategy of the study program: 2nd year
spend more time(+)
easier to work together
decide early on(-)
more narrow approach
• going directly for a new “multidisciplinary master?
Rossmanith, Reichelt SS08
more integrative / intercultural strategy?
• first step: take a step back → bigger picture
• need a set of maps rather than a list
• partly the goal of this seminar: analysis in terms of approaches