• Ross is experiencing a lot of anxiety. He is losing a lot of weight and he continuously feels cold.

• Duncan feels really faint sometimes. He has difficulty forming sentences and feels dumb. He finds drinking a glass of orange juice or eating something helps.

• Karen wanders what drives the metamorphosis of some animals.

• Christina wanders why she feels crazy sometimes when she is in love.

HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS

• Maintenance of internal conditions in the body

• influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies

• E.g. regulates mood, growth, and development

Hormones:

STEROID HORMONES

STEROID HORMONES IN ACTION

www.conncoll.edu/academics/departments/biology/humanphysanims/endo-sterhorm.html

PEPTIDE HORMONES

• Peptides and Amines: Peptides are secreted by the pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver and kidneys while amines (derived from tyrosine) are secreted by the thyroid and the adrenal medulla.

PEPTIDE HORMONES IN ACTION

EXOCRINE GLANDS

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

PITUITARY GLAND (THE MASTER)

• anterior lobe is glandular

OXYTOCIN

http://www.swissinfo.org/xobix_media/images/sri/2005/sriimg20050602_5838771_1.jpg

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

ENDORPHINS AND ENKEPHALINS

ABNORMALITIES

THYROID GLAND

Thyroxine:•

Calcitonin:

Regulation of Thyroxine Production

HYPERTHYROIDISM

• Increased metabolism

• Feel hot

• Lose weight

• Fatigue but have trouble sleeping

• Trembling hands

• Irregular heartbeat

• Irritable and easily upset

HYPOTHYROIDISM

• Low metabolism rate therefore weight gain

• Weakness

• Fatigue

• Coarse dry hair

• Cold intolerance

• Irritability and depression

• Memory loss

OTHER ABNORMALITIES

PARATHYROID GLAND

• Four tiny glands embedded in thyroid

• produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcium Regulation

OSTERIOPEROSIS

ADRENAL GLANDS

CORTISOL

EPINEPHRIN• Central role in short-term response to stress• Causes increase heart rate, stroke volume, dilates pupils, constricts arterioles in skin and dilates arterioles in leg muscles, elevates blood sugar, suppressive effect on the immune system.

NOREPINEPHRINE• activated during stress• plays a role in attention and focus, depression, • ADD/ADHD medication increases it

Stress response is short-term

spinal cord (cross section)

sympathetic fibres

adrenalinenoradrenaline

adrenal medulla

Stress response:. heartbeat and blood pressure increase . blood glucose level rises. breathing rate increases. muscles become energized. digestive system shuts down

Stress response is long-term

neurosecretory cells produce releasing hormone

anterior pituitary secretes ACTH

glucocorticoids

mineralocorticoids

adrenal cortex

Stress response:. protein and fat metabolism occur instead ofglucose breakdown. reduction of inflammation; immune cells are suppressed. sodium ions and water are re-absorbed by kidney. blood volume and pressure increase

PINEAL GLAND

THYMUS GLAND

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN FETUS