Rosids : Fabids
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Transcript of Rosids : Fabids
Rosids: Fabids
Spring 2014
Fig. 8.1
Rosids – Major Points• Comprise about 25% of all angiosperms
• Includes two main clades: fabids and malvids
• Main support for monophyly from molecular data
• No clear morphological synapomorphies, but tendencies to have perianths with unfused parts and a stamen merosity > calyx or corolla, although there are many exceptions
• Extreme variation in habit (trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, etc.) as well as extensive proliferation of floral syndromes, including wind, insect, bird, and bat pollination
• Transition from apocarpy to syncarpy as seen before; fusion and embellishment of floral parts
Fig. 8.30
Core Eudicots: The RosidsFabids:
Order Malpighiales Order Fabales Order Rosales Order Cucurbitales Order Fagales
Malvids: Order Brassicales Order Malvales Order Sapindales
Core Eudicots: The Rosids - FabidsOrder Malpighiales
Euphorbiaceae* – SpurgesSalicaceae* – Willows and poplars Violaceae – Violets
Order FabalesFabaceae* – Beans
Order RosalesRosaceae* – RosesMoraceae – Figs, mulberriesUlmaceae – Elms
Order CucurbitalesCurcurbitaceae* – Cucumbers, squashesBegoniaceae – Begonias
Order FagalesBetulaceae – BirchesFagaceae* – Oaks, beeches, chestnutsJuglandaceae – Walnuts, hickories
*Family required for recognition
Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae
(The Spurge Family)• Widespread, but most diverse in tropical regions• Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, sometimes
succulent; leaves usually alternate• Diversity: ca. 6,300 species in 218-245 genera• Flowers: Unisexual; sepals 2-6; petals 0-5; carpels
usually 3, ovule 1 per locule; styles usually 3 and sometimes divided; inflorescences often highly modified; fruit a schizocarp, seeds usually arillate
• Significant features: Often with latex/laticifers (toxic)
• Special uses: rubber (Hevea), cassava/manioc (Manihot), poinsettia (Euphorbia), ornamentals
• Required family; required genus: Euphorbia
Unisexual flowers in Euphorbiaceae
female male
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia• Ca. 2,400 species• White latex (usually)• One female and few to many male
flowers aggregated into a cyathium (one type of false flower or pseudanthium)
• Cyathium subtended by modified leaves (cyathophylls)
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia cyathium
From the EuphorbiaPBI website
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia
Digital Flowers
Euphorbiaceae
castor bean ~ poisonous seeds
• Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis)
Euphorbiaceae
• Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
Euphorbiaceae• Tapioca, Cassava (Manihot)
Manihot esculentacassava, tapioca
Euphorbiaceae
• Tung oil (Aleurites)
Aleurites fordiitung-oil tree
Rosids-Fabids:Malpighiales: Salicaceae
(The Willow or Poplar Family)• Widespread, from tropical to north temperate and
boreal regions• Trees or shrubs• Diversity: 1,200 species in 54-55 genera• Flowers: bisexual or unisexual; sepals 3-8; petals 3-
8; stamens 2-∞; carpels 2-4, connate, in superior ovary; fruit variable
• Significant features: leaves simple, often with salicoid teeth; salicin in most; includes what was formerly called the “Flacourtiaceae”
• Special uses: lumber, shade trees, ornamentals• Required family
Salicaceae: Salix
-bud scale single-catkins usually erect or ascending-flowers unisexual-each flower with 1-4 basal nectar glands-stamens 1-12-mainly insect pollination
Salicaceae: Populus
-bud scales several, overlapping-catkins arching or drooping-flowers unisexual-each flower with a basal cup-like disk-stamens 8-numerous-wind-pollination
Rosids-Fabids:Malpighiales: Violaceae
(The Violet Family)• Widespread, but predominantly herbs of
temperate regions• Herbs, shrubs, or trees• Diversity: 700-800 species in 23-24 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5; petals 5; 5 connivent
stamens; carpels usually 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule
• Significant features: Zygomorphy, nectar spurs; floral cleistogamy
• Special uses: Violets grown primarily as ornamentals
• Family not required
Violaceae: zygomorphic flowers
connivent stamens
nectar spur
Violaceae: dual breeding systems-spring flowers open-pollinated, summer flowers remaining closed (cleistogamous)
Rosids-Fabids:Fabales: Fabaceae
(The Legume Family)• Nearly cosmopolitan• Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with usually alternate, stipulate, pinnately to
palmately compound leaves (sometimes unifoliolate or simple)• Diversity: 19,500 species, 720-730 genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of
angiosperms• Flowers: a short, cup-like hypanthium present; sepals & petals usually 5,
free or connate; petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated (banner), the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart; stamens 5 or 10-many, if connate then monadelphous or diadelphous; carpel 1, on a short stalk (gynophore); fruit is a legume (Duh!) but sometimes modified
• Significant features: High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids, often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria; leaf and leaflet pulvinuses well developed; endosperm often lacking; wide range of floral diversity Special uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover, ornamentals (Mimosa, Bauhinia); lumber, dyes, resins
• Required family; required taxa: Mimosoideae, “Caesalpinioideae”, Faboideae
Fabaceae vegetative characters
root nodules pulvinus
compound leaves
Fabaceae floral charactersDiadelphous stamens: 9 + 1
Marginal (parietal) placentation
Perigynous flower, short hypanthium
gynophore
Fabaceae fruit and seed characters
non-endospermous seeds at maturity
legumes,loments,
etc.
Mimosoideae
Leaves usuallytwice pinnatelycompound
Fls actinomorphic,petals valvate, distinct or basallyfused
Stamens 10-many,distinct or basallyfused
“Caesalpinioideae”
Leaves usually oncepinnately or twicepinnately compound
Fls + weakly zygomorphic,upper petal usually innermost; petals distinct
Stamens 5 or 10, distinct
Faboideae
Leaves pinnatelycompound to trifoliolate
Fls zygomorphic,upper petal (banner)outermost; welldefined wings and keel
Stamens 10,monadelphous ordiadelphous
Fabaceae – Subfamily Mimosoideae
Albizia julibrissin
Acacia sp.
Fabaceae: MimosoideaeActinomorphictubular flowers in heads
many stamens, not fused
Albizia julibrissinmimosa, silktree
Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: Mimosa
Bullhorn acacias: “My enemy’s enemy is my friend.”
Tropical dry forest
elaiosomes
stipular spines
extrafloral nectaries
Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
Senna obtusifoliasicklepod
pulvinus
Stamens not fused-10 or fewer
zygomorphic flower
Fabaceae – Subfamily “Caesalpinioideae”
Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
Cercis canadensis - redbud
Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
Honey locust (Gleditsia)
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Lathyrussweet-pea
Digital Flowers
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Crotalaria spectabilis
showy rattleboxbacterial root nodule
monadelphous stamens
Petals unequal:• banner• wings• keel
Fabaceae – Subfamily Faboideae
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Glycine (Soybean)
Beans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, etc.
extraordinaryeconomic importance
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Trifolium(Clover)
Medicago (sweet clover)
Rosids-Fabids:Rosales: Rosaceae
(The Rose Family)• Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere• Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants)• Diversity: 2,500-3,000 species in 85-90 genera• Flowers: Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present;
sepals 5; petals 5; stamens usually numerous; carpels 1 to many, apocarpous or syncarpous; ovary superior or inferior; fruit can be a follicle, achene, pome, drupe, or associated with expanded receptacle
• Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within family; leaves alternate, stipules present
• Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries), ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber, perfumery
• Required family
Rosaceae: Rosa
Rosaceae: Rubus
Rosaceae: Prunus
Rosaceae: Malus and Pyrus
Rosids-Fabids:Rosales: Moraceae
(The Fig Family)• Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions• Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs)• Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera• Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous; tepals 0-4 or 5
(-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; inflorescences cymose, highly modified, compact, receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a multiple fruit structure (syconium).
• Significant features: laticifers/latex throughout the plant
• Special uses: figs (Ficus), mulberries (Morus), breadfruit (Artocarpus), ornamentals, e.g. osage orange (Maclura)
• Family not required
Moraceae
Ficus carica – Cultivated Fig
Morus rubra - Mulberry
Maclura pomifera Osage orange
Artocarpus(breadfruit)
Dorstenia
Moraceae: Ficus-shrubs or trees-about 800 species worldwide-flowers minute, borne inside the syconium-wasp-pollinated-possible keystone species in tropical forests
Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig Wasp
Rosids-Fabids:Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae
(The Cucumber or Squash Family)• Widespread in the tropics and subtropics, a few in temperate
regions• Herbaceous or soft woody vines with scabrous stems and
palmately veined/lobed leaves and usually with tendrils• Diversity: 900 species in 118-122 genera• Flowers: hypanthium present; sepals & petals 5, usually
connate; stamens 3-5; carpels usually 3; ovary half-inferior or inferior; fruit usually a berry (with hardened rind a pepo); seeds flattened, the seed coat with several layers
• Significant features: wide range of floral diversity, “toothed” leaves lacking stipules; female flowers epiperigynous
• Special uses: cucumbers (Cucumis), pumpkins, gourds, and squashes (Cucurbita), watermelons (Citrullus) etc. are eaten for fruits and seeds; Luffa, some ornamentals
• Required family
Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbitagourds, squashes, pumpkin
Rosids-Fabids:Fagales: Fagaceae
(The Oak and Beech Family)
• Widespread, in tropical to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere
• Trees and shrubs• Diversity: 670-970 species in 7 genera• Flowers: Unisexual (monoecious); tepals usually 6
and reduced, inconspicuous; stamens 4-many; carpels 3 (-12), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a nut, associated with a spiny or scaly cupule
• Significant features: Male inflorescences in dangling catkins; female inflorescences in sessile clusters
• Special uses: edible nuts (chestnuts), lumber, tannin, cork; ornamental trees
• Required family