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Measuring Emo.ons as Indicators of Compassion Erika Rosenberg UC Davis CCARE Nyingma Ins.tute of Tibetan Studies
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Measuring Emo.ons as Indicators of Compassion
Erika Rosenberg UC Davis CCARE
Nyingma Ins.tute of Tibetan Studies
Defining Compassion
Compassion is: – Seeing others in their full predicament; – Feeling connected to their experience and condi.on;
– Wishing that they be free from suffering and pain; that they be well and happy
– Being mo.vated to help them find relief from the suffering
Compassion as an Emergent Process
• Halifax (2012) – Compassion is emergent and enac.ve
• Emerges from affec.ve, aTen.ve, cogni.ve, and embodied processes
• Not directly trainable
Approxima.ng Compassion
• Perhaps it cannot be measured directly – Or maybe we don’t know how to yet
• Which emo.ons might a compassionate person experience?
• Depends on the provoca.on • This is testable
Elici.ng Emo.on
• Naturally occurring contexts • Interview • Laboratory
• Sounds • Films • Pictures • Stories • Tasks
Measuring Emo.on Mul.ple measures required:
– Behavior – Physiology – Self-‐report
Our Paradigm
• Shamatha Project – Experimental study of effects of intensive training in aTen.onal stability and compassion
• Laboratory research • Present par.cipants with a situa.on involving someone suffering – This can take many forms – The obvious and the not so obvious
Emo.on Film Recall Task
Film s.muli: • Scenes of suffering • Documentary footage best
Emo.on Predic.ons
• More sadness • Fewer emo.ons of rejec.on • More touched by suffering, less repulsed
Measures: • Facial expression: Facial Ac.on Coding System • Physiology: ANS, EEG • Self-‐report of emo.on experience
Using FACS
• Describes all facial movement in terms of observable units of ac.on (AUs) – Correspond to underlying muscle group
• A]er coding combina.ons of AUs into emo.on categories
BEHAVIOR START PEAK STOP EVENT CODE
12 B 148.187 149.767 150.586 12B+20B 20 B 148.903 149.471 151.586
17 C 149.948 150.315 152.074
14B+17C+24B+80 24 B 150.241
14 B 150.134 150.334 151.235
80 150.214 152.056
R20 B 152.440 152.640 152.740 R20B 17 B 152.987 153.254
17B+24B 24 B 153.015 153.282 153.782
80 153.662 154.958 15B+80
15 B 154.020
26 D 154.623 155.241 158.335
15C+17D+25C+26D+37 37 155.228 155.595 155.862
25 C 155.332 155.799 158.130
17 D 155.342 156.382
15 C 155.365 156.365
30 B 157.316 157.482 157.783 30B 17 D 158.354 160.124 170.095
4C+6D+7D+11C+15C+17D
6 D 158.561 161.528 169.794
15 C 158.916 160.195 170.095
11 C 159.009 160.560 170.095
4 C 161.143 173.176
7 D 161.161 173.176
FACIAL ACTION CODING: EMOTION INTERPRETATION:
FEAR WITH MASKING SMILE (BACKGROUND SADNESS)
BEHAVIOR START PEAK STOP EVENT CODE
12 B 148.187 149.767 150.586 12B+20B
20 B 148.903 149.471 151.586
17 C 149.948 150.315 152.074
14B+17C+24B+80 24 B 150.241
14 B 150.134 150.334 151.235
80 150.214 152.056
R20 B 152.440 152.640 152.740 R20B 17 B 152.987 153.254
17B+24B 24 B 153.015 153.282 153.782
80 153.662 154.958 15B+80
15 B 154.020
26 D 154.623 155.241 158.335
15C+17D+25C+26D+37 37 155.228 155.595 155.862
25 C 155.332 155.799 158.130
17 D 155.342 156.382
15 C 155.365 156.365
30 B 157.316 157.482 157.783 30B 17 D 158.354 160.124 170.095
4C+6D+7D+11C+15C+17D
6 D 158.561 161.528 169.794
15 C 158.916 160.195 170.095
11 C 159.009 160.560 170.095
4 C 161.143 173.176
7 D 161.161 173.176
FACIAL ACTION CODING: EMOTION INTERPRETATION:
Sad? w/ controls
BEHAVIOR START PEAK STOP EVENT CODE
12 B 148.187 149.767 150.586 12B+20B
20 B 148.903 149.471 151.586
17 C 149.948 150.315 152.074
14B+17C+24B+80 24 B 150.241
14 B 150.134 150.334 151.235
80 150.214 152.056
R20 B 152.440 152.640 152.740 R20B 17 B 152.987 153.254
17B+24B 24 B 153.015 153.282 153.782
80 153.662 154.958 15B+80
15 B 154.020
26 D 154.623 155.241 158.335
15C+17D+25C+26D+37 37 155.228 155.595 155.862
25 C 155.332 155.799 158.130
17 D 155.342 156.382
15 C 155.365 156.365
30 B 157.316 157.482 157.783 30B 17 D 158.354 160.124 170.095
4C+6D+7D+11C+15C+17D
6 D 158.561 161.528 169.794
15 C 158.916 160.195 170.095
11 C 159.009 160.560 170.095
4 C 161.143 173.176
7 D 161.161 173.176
FACIAL ACTION CODING: EMOTION INTERPRETATION:
FEAR
BEHAVIOR START PEAK STOP EVENT CODE
12 B 148.187 149.767 150.586 12B+20B
20 B 148.903 149.471 151.586
17 C 149.948 150.315 152.074
14B+17C+24B+80 24 B 150.241
14 B 150.134 150.334 151.235
80 150.214 152.056
R20 B 152.440 152.640 152.740 R20B 17 B 152.987 153.254 17B+24B 24 B 153.015 153.282 153.782
80 153.662 154.958 15B+80
15 B 154.020
26 D 154.623 155.241 158.335
15C+17D+25C+26D+37 37 155.228 155.595 155.862
25 C 155.332 155.799 158.130
17 D 155.342 156.382
15 C 155.365 156.365
30 B 157.316 157.482 157.783 30B 17 D 158.354 160.124 170.095
4C+6D+7D+11C+15C+17D
6 D 158.561 161.528 169.794
15 C 158.916 160.195 170.095
11 C 159.009 160.560 170.095
4 C 161.143 173.176
7 D 161.161 173.176
FACIAL ACTION CODING: EMOTION INTERPRETATION:
FACIAL CONTROLS
BEHAVIOR START PEAK STOP EVENT CODE
12 B 148.187 149.767 150.586 12B+20B
20 B 148.903 149.471 151.586
17 C 149.948 150.315 152.074
14B+17C+24B+80 24 B 150.241
14 B 150.134 150.334 151.235
80 150.214 152.056
R20 B 152.440 152.640 152.740 R20B 17 B 152.987 153.254
17B+24B 24 B 153.015 153.282 153.782
80 153.662 154.958 15B+80 15 B 154.020
26 D 154.623 155.241 158.335
15C+17D+25C+26D+37 37 155.228 155.595 155.862
25 C 155.332 155.799 158.130
17 D 155.342 156.382
15 C 155.365 156.365
30 B 157.316 157.482 157.783 30B 17 D 158.354 160.124 170.095
4C+6D+7D+11C+15C+17D
6 D 158.561 161.528 169.794
15 C 158.916 160.195 170.095
11 C 159.009 160.560 170.095
4 C 161.143 173.176
7 D 161.161 173.176
FACIAL ACTION CODING: EMOTION INTERPRETATION:
SADNESS
BEHAVIOR START PEAK STOP EVENT CODE
12 B 148.187 149.767 150.586 12B+20B
20 B 148.903 149.471 151.586
17 C 149.948 150.315 152.074
14B+17C+24B+80 24 B 150.241
14 B 150.134 150.334 151.235
80 150.214 152.056
R20 B 152.440 152.640 152.740 R20B 17 B 152.987 153.254
17B+24B 24 B 153.015 153.282 153.782
80 153.662 154.958 15B+80
15 B 154.020
26 D 154.623 155.241 158.335
15C+17D+25C+26D+37 37 155.228 155.595 155.862
25 C 155.332 155.799 158.130
17 D 155.342 156.382
15 C 155.365 156.365
30 B 157.316 157.482 157.783 30B 17 D 158.354 160.124 170.095
4C+6D+7D+11C+15C+17D
6 D 158.561 161.528 169.794
15 C 158.916 160.195 170.095
11 C 159.009 160.560 170.095
4 C 161.143 173.176
7 D 161.161 173.176
FACIAL ACTION CODING: EMOTION INTERPRETATION:
SADNESS
BEHAVIOR START PEAK STOP EVENT CODE
12 B 148.187 149.767 150.586 12B+20B
20 B 148.903 149.471 151.586
17 C 149.948 150.315 152.074
14B+17C+24B+80 24 B 150.241
14 B 150.134 150.334 151.235
80 150.214 152.056
R20 B 152.440 152.640 152.740 R20B 17 B 152.987 153.254
17B+24B 24 B 153.015 153.282 153.782
80 153.662 154.958 15B+80
15 B 154.020
26 D 154.623 155.241 158.335
15C+17D+25C+26D+37 37 155.228 155.595 155.862
25 C 155.332 155.799 158.130
17 D 155.342 156.382
15 C 155.365 156.365
30 B 157.316 157.482 157.783 30B 17 D 158.354 160.124 170.095
4C+6D+7D+11C+15C+17D
6 D 158.561 161.528 169.794
15 C 158.916 160.195 170.095
11 C 159.009 160.560 170.095
4 C 161.143 173.176
7 D 161.161 173.176
FACIAL ACTION CODING: EMOTION INTERPRETATION:
NO INTERPRETATION
BEHAVIOR START PEAK STOP EVENT CODE
12 B 148.187 149.767 150.586 12B+20B
20 B 148.903 149.471 151.586
17 C 149.948 150.315 152.074
14B+17C+24B+80 24 B 150.241
14 B 150.134 150.334 151.235
80 150.214 152.056
R20 B 152.440 152.640 152.740 R20B 17 B 152.987 153.254
17B+24B 24 B 153.015 153.282 153.782
80 153.662 154.958 15B+80
15 B 154.020
26 D 154.623 155.241 158.335
15C+17D+25C+26D+37 37 155.228 155.595 155.862
25 C 155.332 155.799 158.130
17 D 155.342 156.382
15 C 155.365 156.365
30 B 157.316 157.482 157.783 30B 17 D 158.354 160.124 170.095
4C+6D+7D+11C+15C+17D
6 D 158.561 161.528 169.794
15 C 158.916 160.195 170.095
11 C 159.009 160.560 170.095
4 C 161.143 173.176
7 D 161.161 173.176
FACIAL ACTION CODING: EMOTION INTERPRETATION:
SADNESS/GRIEF
Storyboard for emo.on ra.ngs by frame
Summary of Findings
Compared to controls, people who underwent intensive medita.on training : – More likely to show sadness expressions – Less likely to show rejec.on emo.on expressions – The higher their self reports of sympathy:
• The more sadness expressions • The fewer rejec.on emo.ons
A Emo.onal PaTern of Engagement?
• We may well be seeing a paTern of emo.onal changes that support compassionate responding: – empathic responding evidenced by the sadness display
– reduc.ons in the amount of pulling back or pushing others away.
Taken together, this forms a paTern of engagement
Is there a facial expression of compassion?
• Unique signal or not? • Other emo.onal signals that indicate compassion is opera.ng
