Introduction• Kingdom: Plantae• Class: Magnoliopsida • Family: Rosaceae • Genus: Rosa

• Roses are the most popular cut-flower world wide.• The rose has been a symbol of love, beauty, even

war and politics.• More than 30000 species of rose exist in world.

Out of these 30000, in Pakistan 11000 to 12000 are present.

• Rosaceae is the third largest plant family in both world distribution and economic importance.

History• The rose is one of the most admired and universally

recognizable flowers in existence.• The rose has a long heritage in literature, art, movies,

history, and sports.• According to fossil evidence, the rose is 35 million years

old. • Garden cultivation of the rose began about 5,000 years

ago, probably in China.• It wasn’t until the late 18th century that cultivation of

roses were introduced to Europe from China.

Importance and Uses• Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for

their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. • Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for

other utilitarian purposes such as game cover. • Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and

commercial cut flowers.• Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil.• Rose water, made as a byproduct of rose oil production.• Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and

marmalade.• Roses are also used in herbal and folk medicine.

Rose Color Meaning• Red ~ Love, Passion, Respect, Courage• White ~ Innocence, Purity, Secrecy• Yellow ~ Joy, Friendship• Coral ~ Desire• Light Pink ~ Grace, Gladness, Joy• Dark Pink ~ Thankfulness• Lavender ~ Enchantment, Love at first Sight• Orange ~ Fascination

Climate• Day temperature of 25°C and a night

temperature of 10°C, are good for high quality roses.

• The optimum temperature for standard carnation is 15°–20°C.

• Clay soils, warm temperatures are always preferred.

• The site chosen should be free from weeds, nematodes or soil-borne pathogens.

Planting• Roses require loamy, well drained soil. • They are planted in the circular pits about 60- 90

cm across and 60 -75 cm deep. • Remove all the broken and bruised leaves while

planting the plant. • Roses require atleast six hours of direct sunlight

for the growth. • The best time to plant the Rose plants rests

between September to October.

Cont…• The rose plant needs cutting from time to time. It

requires manures and fertilizers at the time of planting.

• Watering: Rose should be given one or two deep soaks per week to encourage deep rooting and drought resistance.

• Mulching is also done for protection against hot sun and to keep the weeds down. Example: Bark mulch, peat moss, well rotted compost etc…

Pruning• The best time to prune is in the early spring just

as you see the new growth beginning to bud. Pruning is done to:• Encourage new growth and bloom • Remove dead wood • Improve air circulation • Shape the plant

There are 3 methods of Pruning:

• Hard Pruning

• Moderate Pruning • Light Pruning

Classification of Roses

Roses are divided into three classes:

• Species Roses

• Old Garden Roses

• Modern Roses

Types of Roses

• Hybrid Tea Roses • Floribunda• Grandifloras• Modern Shrub Roses• Climbing Roses• Miniature Roses

Floribunda• Known for its large

clusters of medium sized blooms that cover the rose bush all season long.

• The plant is generally hardy and easy to grow and maintain.

• It usually grows to about 3 feet tall.

Grandifloras• They are similar to

hybrid teas.• It has a unique ability

to grow clusters of large hybrid tea-type flowers on strong straight stems.

• Plants are large and grow to about 6-9 feet tall.

Propagation

• Seeds• Cuttings• Layering• Grafting

Diseases

• Black Spot• Botrytis• Powdery Mildew• Rust• Rose Mosaic

Black Spot

• It is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae.• The spots, which may be as much as 12mm

across, are generally circular and have an irregular edge often with a yellow halo.

• Spray of Thiophanatemethyl(0.1%) is effective for its control.

Powdery Mildew

• It is caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca pannosa.

• This disease can cause young leaves to curl and turn purple. Young canes may be distorted and dwarfed.

• It can be controlled by the lime- sulphur spray.

Pests

• Aphids

• Two Spotted Mite

• Thrips

• Root Knot Nematode

Aphids• Aphids are soft bodied

insects 1-2mm long. Often green but occasionally light-brown.

• They feed on the sap of the plant by piercing the plant cells via a proboscis.

Thrips• Thrips are slim-winged insects

1mm in length, resembling fine black slivers of wood.

• Flowers are often left looking bruised and lustreless.

World Leading Rose Exporters• The Netherlands, with about 8000 hectares of land

under Rose cultivation, is the global leader in Rose cultivation.

Post Harvest Handling• 1. Grading• 2. Leaf Removal• 3. Bunching• 4. Recutting• 5. Hydration• 6. Special Treatments• 7. Packing• 8. Precooling• 9. Cold Storage• 10. Delivery to Market