Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Fredrick Griffith Irwin...
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Famous Scientists-Below is a list of scientists we learned about this chapter. Give a brief explanation of their experiment or what they did for genetic research. Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Fredrick Griffith Irwin Chargraff Martha Hershey and Alfred Chase Messelson and Stahl Avery, MacLeod and McCarthy Briefly describe conjugation, transformation and transduction in bacteria. What is the ultimate goal of all three of them?
Transcript of Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Fredrick Griffith Irwin...
FamousScientists-Belowisalistofscientistswelearnedaboutthischapter.Giveabriefexplanationoftheirexperimentorwhattheydidforgeneticresearch.RosalindFranklinWatsonandCrickFredrickGriffithIrwinChargraffMarthaHersheyandAlfredChaseMesselsonandStahlAvery,MacLeodandMcCarthyBrieflydescribeconjugation,transformationandtransductioninbacteria.Whatistheultimategoalofallthreeofthem?
Howdidyouusetransformationinthelab?Howarethebacteriadifferent?Howwilltheylookonanutrientagarplate?AgarAgarwithampicillinAgarwithkanamycinEcoliEcoliw/amprEcoliw/kamrWhyisthefirstcolumnnotausefulcomparison?DNAandDNAReplicationListthebasicpartsofanucleotide.Howcanyoutellthe5’and3’endsofaDNAstrand?
HowisDNAdifferentfromRNA?WhatdeterminesthefactthatDNAhasanoverallnegativecharge?HowdoesgelelectrophoresisworkandwhatisneededtobreakuptheDNAintofragments?WhendoesacellreplicateitsDNA?WheredothenucleotidescomefromthatwillultimatelyformthenewDNAstrandcomefrom?Isitpossiblethenewnucleotideswillshowupineachofthenewstrands?Explain.Howaretheleadingandlaggingstrandsdifferent?
CompletelydescribeDNAreplication.Besuretoincludewordslike:DNAPolymeraseIII,RNAPrimase,RNAPrimer,DNAPolymeraseI,OkasakiFragments,Nucleotides,Helicase,Topoisomerase,HydrogenBonds,Antiparallel,Semi-conservativeandDNALigase.WhatcanbesaidabouteachnewDNAmolecule?HowcanthePolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)beusedtospeedthisprocessup(replication)?
HowdoesPCRworkifyouonlystartwithasmallsampleofDNA?ProteinSynthesisWhatistheprocessoftranscription?Wheredoesitoccurandwhatenzymeisnecessary?Howistranscriptioninprokaryotesandeukaryotesdifferent?HowisthemRNAcopied?Whatisthedifferencebetweenthecodingandtemplatestrand?WhichonedoestheRNApolymerasebindto?
WhatispremRNA?Whyisitabitofahassleineukaryotes?Whatisthedifferencebetweenanintronandanexonandwhatistheenzymecalledthatcutsouttheunwantedportions?
HowelseismRNAprocessedbeforeitleavesthenucleus?IftheDNAisTACCCACACTTTmRNA_______________________________AminoAcids_______________________________Whatistranslation?TypesofMutationsNonsenseMissenseSilentDeletion/Insertion/Frameshift
GeneExpressioninProkaryotesOperons Inducible-Therepressorproteinthatismadebytheregulatorygeneisintheoperator.TheRNApolymerasecannotpassandthegenesarenotcodedfor.If
asubstanceistherethatneedstogetbrokendown(ex-lactosesothebacteriacangetthemuchneededglucose),themoleculewillfitintotherepressorproteinandalteritallostericallyandultimatelyremoveit,allowingtheRNApolymerasetotranscribethemRNAandcodeforthegenetobreakdownthegivenmolecule.
Inthisexamplealloftheenzymescodedforintheoperonwillallowlactosetobebrokendownandthebacteriacellcanusetheglucose.
Repressible-TherepressorproteinthatismadebytheregulatorygeneisNOTinthe
operator.TheRNApolymerasecanpassandthegenesarecodedfor.Thiswillcontinuebecausethecellismakingenzymesthathelpitbuildspecificmolecules(tryptophanissynthesizedinthetrpoperon).Oncethecellhasmadeenoughofthedesiredmolecule,theextrawillfitintotherepressorproteinandalteritallosterically.ThischangewillallowtherepressorproteintofitintotheoperatorandtheRNApolymerasewillnolongerbeabletotranscribethemRNAandcodeforthosespecificenzymes.
TherepressorproteinisNOTintheoperatorsotheRNApolymerasecantranscribethegenes.Onceenoughofasubstance(trp)ispresent,therepressorproteinisalteredsoitFITSintotheoperatorandblocksthetranscription.
GeneExpressioninEukaryotesHowisDNAcondensed?Howdoesgeneregulationleadtodifferentiation?HowdomethylationandacetylationaffectthecondensationofDNA?Whathappenswhenthecelldoesnotneedtheextraproteins/enzymesithas?Namethetwostepsthatarenecessary.
