.kEl,~2S?I+, &r,orf $x-rer=tion cxzez?ir.q the protection of the Yorld Cul$uraL ar,d iTatrrral Xeritage Zst.=3lishent of an Architectural and Archaeological Photogrammetry 'Unit ir. Ethiopia

ETHIOPIA

' Photogrammetric survey of Lalibela churches

by

Maurice Gory

(6 November 1982 - 2 February 1983)

. United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization (Unesco)

S e rial IT0 : M I / C LT/CH/84/202 ( tm )

. .

. ..

. Assignment Report (Gory) M / C LT/CH/84/202( WHF) Paris, 8 Febrnary 1984

TABU OF COITTDTS

I. BACKGROUND TO LALTBEU SURVEPS

If 0 OBJECTIVES OF THE MISSION

111. WORK ACCOMPLISHED DURING TRAINING AND THE EXTENDED TRAINING PERIOD

nr. SETTIITC UP OF AN ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAl4METRY UNIT

V. PREPARATION OF THE CONSULTANT'S SECOND MISSION

VI. COOPERATION ACREEP4ENT BEZ'IWEXN E?& AI?D THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND SPORTS

VII. CONCUTSION

ANNEX: List of some of the officials met during Mission %

Paragraph Bo.

1 - 7

8 - 9

19 - 12

13 - 42

43 - 45

'46 - 56

.. 57

Page No,

(ii)

. Photo Noal

.PhotcsNos 2 tc 3

Photos Nos 4 & 5

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

"Preparing for photographing Biete Ghiorghis"

"Tagging targets for photographing Biete Gabriel Rufae 1"

"Lack of run-back for photographing Biete Gabriel. Rufael"

Page 90.

16 ,

17

18

I. BAC'XGROUTTD TO ULIBELA SURVZYS

1. Lalibela, whose father settled in Wollo in the twelfth centurj, was a native of Gojjam and a king of the Zagwe dynasty. A contemporaq, it would seem of Genqhis Khan, the Sultan Saladin and the Enperor Bartzosaat the end of the twelfth centurj he had twelve monolithic churches carved out of the andesite bed-rock at Roha,

,, capital of his kingdom:

Biete Medhane Alem, the church of the Saviour of the World; Biete Maryam, the church of Mary; Biete Ikskal, the church of the Cross; Biete Danagel, the church of Danagel; Biete Mikael Golgotha Sellassie, the church of the Archangel St. Nichael and of Mount Golgotha and the crypt of the Trinity; Biete Hawaryat, the grotto of St. Peter and St. Paul; Biete Amanuel, the church of m a n u e l ; Biete Merkurewos, the church of Mercury; Biete Afehem, the chapel of Bethlehem; Biete Gabriel Rufael, the church of the archangels St. Gabriel and St. Raphael; Biete Abba Libanos, the church of F'ather Libanos; Biete Ghiorghis, the church of St. George.

2. According to tradition, Lalibela is buried in the crypt of the Trinity, which is forbidden to the faithful, and the end of the world is engraved on the central pillar of the church of Mary - a text or drawing which no living man has ever seen.

3. until Eh.ncisco Alvarea, head of the Portuguese mission sent from 1520 to 1526 to King Iabna Danagel (1496 - 1540), spoke of the twelve churches and the chapels of the New Jerusalem on his return to m o p e .

With the passage of time, Roha took the name of the king and was forgotten

4. priests, is now the chief town of Iasta, a region in the province of Wollo, whose capital is Dessie. &stern longitude, it is composed of old terraced houses and "tukuls" set between heights of 2,500 and 2,800 metres. crow flies and about TOO kilometres by road.

Lalibela, which has a population of 6000 inhabitants, of whom 1,500 are

Situated approximately on the 12th parallel North by 39 degrees

It is 350 kilometres from Addis Ababa as the

5. In April and May of 1939 Lino Bianchi Barriviera participated in a survey carried out in the Lasta area, and completed the traditional architectural survey of the Lalibela churches which appeared in 1943 in the form of a luxury edition of 16 engravings entitled "Le Chiese monolitiche di Lalibelat'. Doctor Carlo Conti Rossini of the Italian Academy, and the text reproduced in 17 copies comprises 20 pages in a 70 x 65 cm. format.

6. engraving-work by Elio Zacchia), entitled "Le Chiese monolitiche di klibela e altre ne1 Lasta-Uagh in Etiopial'.

The preface was by

In 1948 Barriviera'published a set of 60 etched engravings (incorporating

. .

- 2 -

7. Ir, 1963 a book of 122 pages, in a 16,5 x 24 cm. format, was published by the Istituto per l'0riente and bore the title I'Le chiese in roccia di Lalibelz e .di altri luoghi del Lasta"; it was composed of extracts from Vassegna di Studi EtiopicivP, volumes XVIII and XIX for the years 1962 and 1963, with reduced l:25OO scale reproductions for the site plan, 1:OOO and l:l5OO for the positional plan, l:5OO and 1:200 for the vertical sections of the whole, and 1:lOO and l:5O for the ground plans, axonometric sections and elevations, with details represented in l:5O, l:25, and 1:lO scale reproductions. It is currently the only document available to archaeologists, architects, art historians and research workers.

*

11. OBJEXTIVES OF THE MISSION

8. of four missions called for following the request for technical cooperation made by Ethiopia to Cnesco within the framework of the 1972 Unesco Convention for the protection of' the world cultural and natural heritage.

9. This three-month mission consisted of:

The terms of the contract were defined by the need to carry out the first

(i) collaboration with Ethiopian specialists in the preparation, programming and implementation of field work, together with photogrammetric surveging of the monolithic churches of Lalibela;

(ii) training of local personnel in the various tasks relative to implementation of the survey itself.

111. .WORK ACCOMPLISHED DURING TRAIMNC AND TRE EXTENDED TRAINING PERIOD

10 . At the outset, in View of the limited number of technical personnel at the Ministry of Culture and Sports and the indeterminate nature of-cooperation between CRCCH+ and EW*, the'consultant requested that the minimum personnel needed to complete the work be assigned to the mission, namely: . One Surveyor: the EMA photogrammetrist, Unesco fellowshipholder;

He was not authorized to participate in this work.

One Photogrammetrist:

One Photographer:

the CRCCH surveyor, Unesco fellowshipholder;

from the Ministry of Culture and Sports.

C

i+ Ethiopian Mapping Agency (EMA)

Centre for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (CRCCH)

- 3 -

11 The. following is a summary of work accomplished:

Biete Abba Libanos: South-Fast facade:

2 photographic stations 2 triangulation stations 20 (approx) control points (targets)

k (Given the number of control points, this stereopair can serve as a test in the training of plotting personnel)

Biete lkrlyam: the 4 general facades:

the 3 facades of each of the 3 entrances 10 triangulation stations 30 photographic stations 70 (approx) control points (chalk crosses)

Biete Maskal: South-East facade:

3 triangulation stations 10 photographic stations 20 (approx) control points (chalk crosses)

Biete Ghiorghis: the 4 main facades, divided 0 ,

10 triangulation stations 80 (approx) photographic stations 82 control points (targets)

Biete Danagel (for archives only)

into 12 independent facades :

6 photographic stations

Biete Gabriel Rufael: North-West, South and South-East facades:

posing of a hundred targets (control only valid if photography occurs before rainy season)

12 0 . .

Working Constraints

(i) Doubling of negative plates

In the case of the North-oriented facades, in particular, the calculated differences in exposure time make it necessary to double certain negative plates which have been partially undee, or over-exposed. permit a plotting which the second will complete in point of detail. Since the two exposure stations were the same, the elements of absolute orientation of the plates should also be the same level-bubble of the camera.

The first negative pair should

or , at least, correspond to the accuracy ensured by the

. -

- 4 -

(ii) Application of plates on camera-back

Since none of the negative plates taken by either of the two cameras have been plotted, a first wick test of the application of the plates must be effected on a comparator or stereocomparator. distances separating two opposed fiducial-mark pictures and comparing them with those calibrated in the laboratory and supplied by the manufacturer.

This test will consist of measuring the

SETTING UP OF AN ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PH0TOG:RAMTIIETRY UNIT

13 The setting up of a photogrammGtTk unit which will thereafter be expanded to cover architectural and archaeological photogrammetry calls for the initial assignment of a minimum of personnel and materials to permit completion withln an acceptable period of time of the photogrammetric survey of the Ialibela churches.

14 . further attribution of personnel may subsequently be called for, along with an increase in equipment.

In view of the tasks involved, and the scope of work entrusted to the unit,

Personnel and their fnnctions

(a) Head of the Unit: 1

15. surveying, aerial and terrestrial photograph,,, plate processing, plotting, scribing, draughting, compilation, reproducibles (separations) production materials, printing press and optics, is required,

16.

A good all-round engineer with basic howledge of field and control

He will be in charge of: - planning the needs, projects and work of the Ministry of Culture and Sports;

- planning workshop u-d laboratory work; - controlling the quality, and seeing to the complete exemtian of work;

.- consulting and orienting the users of photogrammetry at different stages of work.

.

(b) Photogrammetrist: 1

A newly-formed engineer or all-round technician with good knowledge of field . 17. and control surveying, aerial and terrestrial photography, plate processing, plottine, scribing, .&aughting and compilation is required.

l8. He :rill be in charge of: - leading field parties and field contrbl 'operations;

- 5 -

- directing terrestrisl photographj; - participating in and controlling the plotting out side field-dark periods. (c) Photoqrauher: 1

19 photography, plate processing, reproducibles. (separations), production materials,

A photographic technician with good knowledge of aerial and terrestrial

diazo printing, printing press, and some familiarity with optics and electricity is required.

20. He will be in charge of:

- terrestrial photography; - processing of plates in the field; - photo processing; - carrying aut reproducibles (separations);

- archiving the negative plates and photographs. ,-

(d) Surveyor: 1

21 0 terrestrial photography and some familiarity with plotting, scribing and drsughting is required.

22 .

An all-round technician with good knowledge of field surveying, aerial and

He will be in charge of:

- carrying m t ground control, traversing, site-plans; ’ ’

- tagging monuments: pre-marked points, control points;- - ensuring in-the-field completion of plotting manuscripts;

- helping to control, scribing and drzughting out side fisld-work periods

(e) Assistant to the Surveyor: 1

A field-worker with some howledge of surveying m d calculztiq and with 23 e ability to drar is required.

24 e He will be in charge of:

- recording readings and other data supplied by the’ surveyor;

- 5 -

- preparirrg growd-points ; - helping to complete field-books and documents; - participating in draughting out side fieldwork periods.

(f) Plotter: 1

25. A technician with good knowledge of analogical plotting, scribing, draughting and some familiarity with analytical plotting and data processing ,recorders, programmes, etc. ) is required. 25 He will be in charge of:

I

- - giving-advice t o photogrammetric users.

piotting aerial and terrestrial photography

(g) Draughtsmen: 2

27 a d scribe and some howledge of document compilation and plotting.

28.

Workers with good stereoscopic visual acuity, ability to draw .

reproducibles, (separations, screen, stripping. . ) , They will be in charge of :

- - compilation of documents.

scribing and draughting the plotting manuscripts;

29 to eight people, with hierarchically wide-ranging, bat complementary wlifications.

The m i n i m needs of the photogrammetric unit in personnel add UP, then,

(ii) Materials

30 accessories, all of which are compatible with one another. p l a d g in the choice of equipment and manufacturers.

Field workers should have access to a wide range of instruments and This calls for careful

(a) Surve;yinp kterial

31. (G.D.R.). this equipment.

This should be compatible with the photographic equipment made by Zeiss-Jena The theodolite bought by the Project in November 1982 is compatible with

32 Where the pursuit of work is concerned, the Project needs to obtain:

- 7 -

- 6 tripods for theodolites (as xell as for caneras); increzse the number of triaods at-aiizbla for use from 3 to 9, a d permit the simltaneuus ssfiying-aut of triangulation and photography from 2 bases (4 stations);

t:is .;rould

- 1 distance-measurement electro-optical apparatus;

- 1 2-metre invar bar with base-plate;

- 4 targets with base-plates, .this would increase the number of base plates available for use from 4 tu 8.

(b) Naterial and Accessories for Terrestrial Photomanhy

33 - 1 special electric charger (0.6 volt) for the batteries of the cameras; - 1 charging bag for loading of plate holders by day;

- - 1 flexible release mechanism of at least 50 cms in length;

1 flash (minimum 1000 joules) for inside and, in certain cases, outside photography;

1 exposure and fiash meter; - - 1 parasol-reflector for the flash; - 1 thread-counter lens;

- 1 centre hole punch.

Field Laboratox

34. - 1 small electric generator permitting recharging of flash and batteries and feeding of the portable printer;

100 metres of flexible electric wire; - . - . Development kit:

3 inox basins for 13 x 18 cm plates; 8 development frames for 13 x 18 cm plates, thus increasing the number available from 4 to 12; 2 drying desks.

.

.

- l'portable printer with accessories;

- 4 tanks for 13 x 18 cm printing.

- 3 -

Plot t in4 Apparatus

35 To ensure that the unit functions effectively this apparatus should be available on a full-time basis. The Wild A.10 Autograph can be used for: - plotting of negatives (plates and films) from 100 mm to 300 mm

f ocal-length cameras; *

- Additional equipment should be foreseen for plotting of stereomodels at

plotting of aerial and terrestrial photography. .i

36. . greatly varying scales.

Draughting Materials and Equipment

37 before work can begin:

In addition to other supplies, the following equipment will be required

- scribing tools; - scribing sheets; - sets of transfer letters; - sets of transfer screens of various intensity.

(f) Materials and Supplies for Printing, Compilation, Press-Plates

38 Acquisition of large-format films should be foreseen.

The unit will need materials to produce reproducibles (separations).

(g) Archives (plate and photo library)

39 reproducibles, scribing sheets and for the stocking of unused plates and films. It should be equipped with:

cupboards for boxes of negatives and unused plates;

carding Furniture for the plotting plates and other large-format document s.

An air-conditioned room will be needed to file negatives, plotting plates,

- - (h)

The UMK 30-1318 camera can be used for both terrestrial and aerial

Material and Accessories for Aerial Photography

40 photography. The aquipnent needed was bought by Unssco at the same time as the camera.

41 . photography. In this connection, a gyroscopic platform will need to be constructed and placed o n the helicopter in order to conform with Ethiopian Civil Air

Provision should be made for the use of a helicopter in large-scale site-

- 9 -

regulations and noms. Yapping Agency will be needed to help complete the following operations:

In addition, the cooperation and advice of the Ethiopian

- - construction, installation and technical approval of the platform;

administrative and financial dealings with the owners of the helicopter; *

z - purchase of films; - handling.of films; - processing of the films and paper printing; - - aerial triangulation of photograp-. The photogrammetric unit will then be able to produce:

- - -

carrying out of ground control points for aerial triangulation;

42

a very large-scale map of Lalibela (scale equal to or less than 1:1,000);

a plotting of church roofs on the same scale a3 for the faczdes;

a trench plan establishing the degree to which these are blocked in order to facilitate the task of cleaning them; - the schematic inventory of old houses and ntuknlsn with a view to their conservation and restoration;

preliminary plan for road deviation and evacuation of waste znd rain water so as to protect the site.

- v. PREPARATION OF THE C0NSULTAFl"S SEZOND IIIISSION

43. training in St. Gall (Switzerland) should have completed the following work befo=.e the start of the consultant's second mission:

Ato Yohannes Shifferaw, one of the Unesco fellowshipholders sent for

Safeguarding of negative plates: (The in-field processing of plates was somewhat rudimentary because of the material conditions prevailing; second time so that they can be safely used and archived without problems) .

all plates should be washed a

Duplication of certain plates: (As a result of the very large range in exposure time,. certain plates will have to be duplicated to obtain a'more accurate definition of details and, if necessaFJ, duplicated a second time to achieve this goal (in the moderately illuminated section

. .. ' .. . . . .. .

.. . . . .

. . . .

- io - in the one case, and in the dark section in the other).

- Printing of a set of each negative of the stereopairs to be used in order to carry over control points; under stereoscope and only on the right-hand photographs, and their identification number placed on the back.

these points will be pin-picked V

- The notebook for calculation of triangulation and control points;

- The file for the plotter including: .

%

the coordinates of triangulation points; the coordinates of control points; the chart of photographic stations for each church; the positional plan of stereopairs for each facade, together with location of control points. - Control of application of plates on camera-back: .

. check sharpness of image in the four angles of the negative with a thread-counter lens; measure the distances between the fiducial marks with a comparator (mono or stereo) or a plotting apparatus, and compare them with the calibration data.

This operation should come within the framework of the cooperation agreement between the Yinistry and the ENA.

- The lack of run-back around the North, East and South facades of Biete

Carrying out of additional control points for the plotting.

44 Ghiorghis make it necessary to increase the number of stereopairs, some of which lack the number of control points for a correct plotting. carried over step by step from well-controlled stereopairs.

These points will be

45 details common to the two stereopairs which will be used as control points for the defective pair. well-controlled stereomodels correctly oriented. Ato Tessfaye Tessema, the second Unesco fellowshipholder and a former photogrammetrist, will help Ato Yohannes in this trial run which should be carried out on a plotting apparatus (Wild A.10 Auto- gr&, rn similar). help with the plotting of the planimetry and altimetry of the stereopairs involved.

The operation, a fairly long one, consists of stereoscopically choosing

The coordinates of these points will be carried over from the

The elements of absolute orientation will need to be noted to

VI . COOPERATION AGREENENT BETC.TEEN ETU AND TRE MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND SPORTS

46 recommended that the agreement specify the modes,of application of the cooperation and aid to be given, with particular attention to:

Details of this agreement should be communicated to Unesco. It is

- 11 -

' .

i

417. .

would to be consi work,

- - -

the kind of plotting apparatus proposed and its equipment;

the beginning and closing dates of availability of the apparatus;

the date of the first redsion and the immobilization period of the apparatus ; -

- -

the preparation of the apparatus for scribing;

the IIumber of plotters made available;

the dates and lengths of time of their availability;

- the hrnishing of scribing shsets;

- - -

the number of cartographic draughtsmen available who can scribe;

dates and length of time of their availability;

the periods of availability of photographic laboratories (the ,

question of whether the photographer of ENA or the Ministry participates is yet to be settled);

the right of access for the Unesco consultant to the workshops where plotting will be carried out;

the right of access to these workshops for the users of plotting work; architects, archaeologists, restorers, painters, art historians, scientific research workers...

- -

i

This interministerial cooperation agreement with financial implications , appear to be an internal affair of the Ethiopian administration which needs settled directly by those concerned, with the role of the Unesco consultant sting of indicating points which are important for the continuation of the and the requirements in men and materials necessary to the accomplishment of

the task.

Constraints Arising out of the ENA-Ministry of Culture Agreement .

48. A number of eventualities suggest themselves in this connection:

(i) ET' agrees to cooperate because the Ministry undertakes all the financing, making available apparatuses, laboratories and personnel;

(ii) The Elinistry, because of a lack of global credits, can only finance this %a.king available" on an item-by-item basis. out this way the consultant will be forced to calculate very accurately the date of each of his interventions in order to follow the work closely;

If matters work

0 . ..I

- 12 -

49

50

(iii) EllA -Gees to cooperate becaus- the work is considered to have major importance in relation to the protection of the national heritage and the reputation of the country, even if no credit from the Ifinistry covers the "making available". give its aid on a piece-meal basis, on dates and for lengths of time decided upon by itself, integrating them into its management planning for personnel, apparatuses and advancement of its work. z In this case, the interventions of the consultant would appear to be only partly worthwhile, especially if we are dealing with successive short-term (2 weeks, for example) availability.

The Ministry no longer has the necessary funds and ENA sticks to its principles,so no plotting work can be done. will be blocked and completion is out of the question. In other words, the technical intervention of the consultant will have proved useless.

EXA will then 4

Here the project

Proposed Resolution of Constraints (Ato Yohannes)

To resolve the situation one can envisage two eventualities:

- .besco bzys. a Wild X.10 kutogrzph xhich xi11 'cs gl-;gn to C2CC:i s= :kt At0 Yohannes can carry out the work himself;

- Ato Yohannes goes abroad to carry out the work with Unesco financing the operation (transport, per diem, travel, renting of zpparatus, monitoring) .

Such propositions suggest the following remarks:

- The purchase of a WILD A-10 would mean that one should foresee the following:

f?mds for its purchase;

h d s for its transport and installation by the manufacturer and a contract for maint enanc e ;

a building for installation of the apparatus and for the personnel who use it;

all personnel and material needed to accomplish drafting and other work for the diagrams in the e-xpectation that the MinistpJ will have the f'unds to pay ETU for its printing work;

in the case of plotting carried out overseas, it will be necessary to find a photogrammetric company which agrees to rent a WTLD A-10 :G= short three-month pericds or on XI even zore limitad ccnthly .. asis.

- 13 - - The cos't of the renting will certainly

b e cause : be higher than that of XU

(i)

(ii)

The EMA apparatuses work with a single plotter for 40 hours a week; Those of the European companies make use of two or sometimes even three plotters who, as a team, work 80 or 120 hours a Week. - The company will, therefore, calculate double the time that Ato

Yohannes spends on the apparatus in order to compensate for the loss of use involved.

Taking over of responsibility for work

51 Given the extent of the cooperation requested, it is possible that EXA will only agree to participate on condition that they assume complete responsibility for at least the photogrammetric work of the Fro ject, while permitting

. the Ministry to retain responsibility for the undertaking as a Whole. Thus, the architectural and archaeological photogrammetry unit would become part of EMA' s department of photogrammetry (as in the case of the French National Geographic Institute).EMA would also take on a supplementary assignment from the Government, the runds for which would be additional to those destined for the first assignment.

52. . It should nat be forgotten that a reform of archaeological reseasch has been under study for some months in governmental spheres, and one should not attempt to anticipate the results of these efforts.

53 senrices of a surveyor, At0 Yohannes; of laboratory technicians with specific specialization; of a vehicle, and two cameras for terrestrial photography. There are no scribing draughtmen or photographers for reproducibles.

In the case of the photogrammetric unit, the Ministry disposes. of the

54 and an important group of surveying appaxatuses, a number of vehicles, plotting and draughting workshops, computers, laboratories for reproducibles and printing, together with a printing press.

55 to the Air Force. As against this, however, it has no terrestrial camera with which to take photographs.. .

ENA has about 500 people, of whom many have participated in field work,

EMA is totally in charge of aerial photography which it contracts out

56 In taking on responsibility for the Project work EMA is likely to require the two UMK cameras to carry out the work needed by the Ministry. Fortunately, this will prove financially advantageous as it will enable other work in metrology to be undertaken and will also permit work to be carried out which would normally necessitate the use of a helicopter. In this way, it will give EMA a de facto monopoly in the country.

- 14 - VII. cohtcLusIoN

5 7. agreement between m4.A and the Ifinistry of Culture and Sports along the lines laid down in the previous paragraphs of this report. come to be, the consultant has presented as clearly as possible in this report the basic data which he was able to obtain, and which should permit him to continue his work. the setting-up of an architectural and archaeological photogrammetry unit in Ehiopia. which have arisen so as to ensure that this Unesco creation will be a success.

The consultant's second mission depends upon receipt of a cooperation 4

Even if this agreement does not

The photogrammetric survey of the Lalibela churches is the first stage in 1

For this reason alone it is vital to deal attentively with the probless

.

- 15 - ANNEX -

List of some officials met during Mission

(1) Ministry of Culture and Sports

i At o Zewde Curmu,

At0 Binyam Bekele,

Ato Tadesse Terfa,

Permanent Secretary , Ministry of Culture and Sports. Director of Foreign Affairs, Department of Culture. Head, Centre for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage.

At o Solomon Woredekal, Head of Lalibela Project.

(2) Ethiopian National Agency for Unesco

At0 Debebe Tegegle, Secret ary4enera1, Ethiopian National Agency for Unesco.

(3) Ethiopian Mapping Agency .

At0 Asfaw Fa,na,

Mr. Kenneth King,

Direct or.

Resident Representative of the United Nations Development Programme, Ethiopia.

Mr. Jean-Pierre Gernay,

Mr. Maohar Ali,

Deputy Resident Representative of the United nations Development Programme, Ethiopia Assistant Resident Representative of the United Nations Development Programme . (Administrat ion) , Ethiopia.

(5) Unesco

Mr. A. Idris, Unesco Representative and Liaison Officer with ECA and OAU.

- 16 - F'HO"0 NO 1

"Preparing for photographing Biete Ghiorghisfl

- 17 -

“Setting of Targets for photographing Biete Gabriel Rufael”

- I8 - PHOTOS NOS 4 & 5

b

"Iack of run-back for photographing Biete Gabriel Rufael"

I '