ROOTS OF ROOTS OF MODERN MODERN

ARCHITECTURE IIARCHITECTURE II

The Arts & Crafts The Arts & Crafts Movement:Movement: In England, there were still men In England, there were still men

of great influence who resisted of great influence who resisted the use of iron in architecture.the use of iron in architecture.

Such men as John Ruskin and Such men as John Ruskin and William Morris set out to William Morris set out to rejuvenate art and architecture rejuvenate art and architecture by returning to Medieval by returning to Medieval conditions...conditions...

The Arts & Crafts The Arts & Crafts Movement:Movement: French architects like Viollet - French architects like Viollet -

Le - duc equated iron roofed Le - duc equated iron roofed structures to sheds.structures to sheds.

Products were overly Products were overly ornamented and those architects ornamented and those architects had violent reactions to this type had violent reactions to this type of construction.of construction.

The Arts & Crafts The Arts & Crafts Movement:Movement: The solution that Viollet The solution that Viollet

proposed was to recapture the proposed was to recapture the romantic world of Medieval romantic world of Medieval craftsmencraftsmen

The Arts & Crafts The Arts & Crafts Movement:Movement: The Arts & Crafts Movement, as The Arts & Crafts Movement, as

it is so called, set out to, and for it is so called, set out to, and for sixty years, provide a nostalgic sixty years, provide a nostalgic postscript to country house postscript to country house architecture. architecture.

The Red House:The Red House:

Commissioned by Morris, Philip Commissioned by Morris, Philip Web built the Red House at Web built the Red House at Bexley Heath in Kent.Bexley Heath in Kent.

The Red House:The Red House:

The house was to represent a The house was to represent a protest against industrialism protest against industrialism through its:through its:

InformalityInformality Absence of decorationAbsence of decoration Simple vernacularSimple vernacular

The Red House:The Red House:

The emphasis on basic form, The emphasis on basic form, sound materials and good sound materials and good craftsmanship had great appeal craftsmanship had great appeal to architects who in turn to architects who in turn contributed to a poetic phase of contributed to a poetic phase of European architecture.European architecture.

The Art Nouveau:The Art Nouveau:

Country house architecture was Country house architecture was an attempt to move away from an attempt to move away from Historicism.Historicism.

The Art Nouveau (New art) was The Art Nouveau (New art) was a refinement of that philosophya refinement of that philosophy

The Art Nouveau:The Art Nouveau:

Appearing in the latter part of Appearing in the latter part of the 19th century, this movement the 19th century, this movement principally began in the applied principally began in the applied artsarts

The Art Nouveau:The Art Nouveau:

The movement’s main focus The movement’s main focus comprised of ornamentation comprised of ornamentation inspired by nature.inspired by nature.

This attitude was a departure This attitude was a departure and a liberation from historic and a liberation from historic imitation.imitation.

The Art Nouveau:The Art Nouveau:

The favorite ornamental motif The favorite ornamental motif were the sensuous curves found were the sensuous curves found in:in:

Natural formas of plantsNatural formas of plants The seaThe sea Flowing hairFlowing hair

The Art Nouveau:The Art Nouveau:

The new expression was found The new expression was found everywhere:everywhere:

LampsLamps FurnitureFurniture Posters and drawingsPosters and drawings FabricsFabrics Type faces & trinketsType faces & trinkets

The Link with The Link with Architecture:Architecture: This process of stylization placed This process of stylization placed

emphasis on clarity and purity of emphasis on clarity and purity of line.line.

This brought about its link with This brought about its link with architecturearchitecture

Belgium:Belgium:

Architects Henry Van der Velde Architects Henry Van der Velde and Victor Horta became the and Victor Horta became the principal proponents of the Art principal proponents of the Art Nouveau.Nouveau.

Horta experimented with flexible Horta experimented with flexible free curving forms. He applied free curving forms. He applied this technique to his architecture.this technique to his architecture.

Spain & Gaudi:Spain & Gaudi:

Around the same time, Antonio Around the same time, Antonio Gaudi in Barcelona Spain explored Gaudi in Barcelona Spain explored similar ideas in what he called a similar ideas in what he called a “biological style”.“biological style”.

In his Sagrada Familia, Gaudi In his Sagrada Familia, Gaudi created free flowing plastic created free flowing plastic shapes that appeared to have shapes that appeared to have been molded out of clay from been molded out of clay from almost pure sculpture.almost pure sculpture.

Spain & Gaudi:Spain & Gaudi:

Gaudi’s work has frequently Gaudi’s work has frequently been referred to as “Fantastic been referred to as “Fantastic Architecture”Architecture”

Other Architects:Other Architects:

Louis Sullivan in America created Louis Sullivan in America created not only new architecture, but used not only new architecture, but used ductile metal.ductile metal.

Rennie Makintosh in Scotland was Rennie Makintosh in Scotland was not influenced by the flexible not influenced by the flexible ornamental line. His “School of Art” ornamental line. His “School of Art” in Glasgow is an example of a in Glasgow is an example of a strongly strongly personalpersonal and historically and historically developed structure.. developed structure..

Last thoughts on the Art Last thoughts on the Art Nouveau:Nouveau: These New expressions of These New expressions of

design were the outward design were the outward manifestation of the great manifestation of the great dissatisfaction that existed dissatisfaction that existed among designers.among designers.

Historical dressing for a time Historical dressing for a time was a strong way of was a strong way of representing architecture.representing architecture.

Last thoughts on the Art Last thoughts on the Art Nouveau:Nouveau: The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution

stimulated the need for a new stimulated the need for a new way to apply architecture.way to apply architecture.

It was necessary to purge society It was necessary to purge society from historical reference with from historical reference with regard to architecture and give regard to architecture and give architecture a new relevance to architecture a new relevance to contemporary technology.contemporary technology.

Last thoughts on the Art Last thoughts on the Art Nouveau:Nouveau: The Art Nouveau was a The Art Nouveau was a

PROTEST and not the PROTEST and not the foundation from which 20th foundation from which 20th century architecture was century architecture was formed.formed.

It left as quickly as it came…….It left as quickly as it came…….