Root Structures, Functions, and Growthccag-eh.ucanr.edu/files/241480.pdf · 2/25/2016 · Develop...
Transcript of Root Structures, Functions, and Growthccag-eh.ucanr.edu/files/241480.pdf · 2/25/2016 · Develop...
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Root Structures, Functions, and Growth
Master Gardener Training
Feb. 25, 2016
Chuck Ingels
UC Cooperative Extension, Sacramento County
http://cesacramento.ucanr.edu
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Acknowledgments/ Selected Information Sources
Larry Costello, UCCE
SF & San Mateo
(formerly) Robert Kourik
(and Roots Demystified)
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Root Functions
● Absorption and transport
of water and nutrients
● Storage of starch and
nutrients
● Synthesis of hormones
● Anchorage
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Anatomy of Young Roots
Emerging
lateral
root
Root
hairs
Root
cap
Root
hairs
Cell
elongation
Cell
division
Root cap
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Root Cap
•Covers apical meristem
•Grouping of cells held
within slimy “mucigel”
•Protects & lubricates
root tip as it grows
•Cells slough off
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Root Hairs
•Cells, not roots!
•Greatly increase root
surface area
•Very short lived
Nucleus
Root hair
Seed
Primary root
Root hairs
Root apex
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•Region of soil that is directly influenced by root
secretions (exudates) and soil microbes
•Exudates include amino acids, sugars, & acids
•Functions of exudates:
Protect against pathogens
Obtain nutrients
Stabilize soil aggregates
The Rhizosphere
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Source: Roots Demystified
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Mycorrhizae (“Fungus-Roots”)
•Fungal infection of roots – symbiotic relationship
•Fungi – receive sugars; plants – nutrients & water
Mainly P, but also NH4+, NO3
-, and K+
•Poor growth without myc. where nutrients limited
•Lacking only in sedges & brassicas (cabbage fam.)
•Soil inoculation helpful only in poor/disturbed soils
•Two main types: Ecto- and endo-mycorrhizae
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Mycorrhizal Fungi Ecto-Mycorrhizae
•Grow on trees in pine, oak,
beech, birch, and willow families
•Grow outside and between cells
of young roots
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•Most important is vesicular-
arbuscular myc. (VAM)
•80% of plant species
•Most crops (monocots & dicots),
hardwoods, non-pine conifers
Mycorrhizal Fungi Endo-Mycorrhizae
• Infection directly
into root cells
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Mycorrhizae
Poor growth of
forest trees without
mycorrhizae where
nutrients limited
But not necessary to
add to garden soils!
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Depth of Rooting (Majority of Roots)
Turf – 8 to 12 in.
Shrubs - Small – 1 ft.
- Large – 2 ft.
Trees - Small – 2 ft.
- Large – 3 ft.
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Turf Root Depths
Source: Roots Demystified
Most water &
nutrients taken
from 8-12”
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Field Bindweed (morning glory) Roots capable of budding at great depths
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Fibrous Roots vs. Taproot
Barley
Fava bean Clover
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Suckering from Raspberry Roots
Bamboo
root
barrier,
FOHC
2013
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Tree Root Growth
Mimics Top
Growth
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Tree Root Growth
NO!!
Mimics Top
Growth
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Typical Tree Root Growth Apple
Source: Understanding Roots
1 m
Sandy soil Loam soil
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Source: Understanding Roots
Typical Tree Root Growth Apricot
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Actual Root Growth of Mature Trees Cherry (27 yrs.) and Hazelnut (20 yrs.)
Heavier
(clay) soil
Lighter
(sandy) soil
Source:
Understanding
Roots
1 m
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Root System and Drip Irrigation Stone Pine
Source: Understanding Roots
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1. Tap
2. Oblique (Heart)
3. Lateral
4. Sinker
5. Fine
Types of Roots in Trees
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Tap
root Oblique
root
Lateral
root Sinker
root Fine
roots
Types of Roots in Trees
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Coast live oak (Q. agrifolia)
Year 1 Year 2
• First root to emerge from the
seed
• Rapid growth when young
• Other roots originate from it
• Many are <3 ft deep
1. Tap Root
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Trunk
Lateral
roots
Original tap root
Live oak Generally, tap roots do not persist.
One study: Tap roots found in only
2% of 697 trees inspected
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Lateral
Tap or
oblique? Oblique
root
2. Oblique (Heart) Roots
•Develop from the tap root or
shallow lateral roots
•Grow downward & outward
•Few fine roots
• Important role in anchorage
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• Develop from tap root, form
network of long, untapered roots
similar to ropes
• Branching, many fine roots at ends
• Water absorption and anchorage
• With trunk tissues, form “trunk
flare” or root buttress
• Majority of root system of most
species
3. Lateral Roots
Ash
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Lateral
Roots
Sinker
roots • Arise along lateral roots, typically
within the drip line, near the trunk
• Grow vertically, vary in length
• Active in water and mineral
absorption
• Provide anchorage
4. Sinker Roots
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• Small diameter (up to 2 mm)
• Often near soil surface
• Branch many times to form
masses of thousands of roots
• Relatively short lived; some
develop into lateral roots
• Most water and mineral
absorption; large surface area
with root hairs
5. Fine Roots
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Roots Find the Best Soil
Bed by
redwood
tree
Compost
holding
area
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Lateral Root Development from Fine Roots
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Lateral roots develop from cut roots as well; variability
among species
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Arise from trunks and branches
Adventitious Roots
Grape trunk hit
by lawn sprinkler
Air layering –
Rubber tree
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Most roots are in surface 3 ft of soil. Uncommon for
trees to root to depths greater than 6 ft.
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Deeper Rooting in Dry Areas
Engelmann oak (Q. engelmannii)
San Diego Co.
Blue oak (Q. douglasii)
Sacramento Co.
Roots have been found
up to 75 ft. deep
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Avoiding Roots and Pipes
Pneumatic excavation
would have prevented
damage
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4 ft.
Roots 12” below
soil surface
Root System of Mature Gingko Tree Considered Deep Rooted
Soil line
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From E. Gilman
From root excavations:
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Tree Protection Zone to Drip Line Is That Wide Enough?
!
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Infrastructure Damage by Tree Roots
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the good…
Tree-Based Strategies Matching Species with Planting Space
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…the bad…
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….the really bad
Fremont poplar
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Surface Roots in Lawns
Sycamore
(London plane)
Liquidambar
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the trend
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Siting Your Tree Sacramento Tree Foundation
“Plant (large trees) at least 8 feet from
sidewalks and driveways, 15 feet (now 17 feet)
from home foundations and swimming pools,
and 6 feet from fences.”
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Root Damage To Foundation Too?
Chinese hackberry
Root cut Drip line
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Factors affecting impact: Size &
number of roots, species, age,
condition, proximity to trunk
Tree-Based Strategies Root Pruning
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Structural Failure from Pruning Roots
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Callery pear in
5’ x 5’ cutout
Magnolia in a 28’’
wide planting strip
Reducing Infrastructure Damage Provide Adequate Space for Trees
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and even better
better
9 x 12 ft.
20 ft.
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Curving
sidewalks Pop-Outs
Tree
Islands
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Reducing Infrastructure Damage Grind Down the Concrete
● Liability issues with
raised sections
● Grinding temporary
– will continue to lift
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Reducing Infrastructure Damage Root Barriers
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Reducing Infrastructure Damage Root Barrier Problems
Roots also grow under
barrier, then up
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Linear barrier installed
after root pruning Barrier
Roots under
concrete
Barrier Too Low!
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Root-Control Devices
•Tend to be most effective in soils where
they are least needed:
In well-drained, non-compacted soils
•Tend to be least effective where most
needed:
Where poor soil aeration or compaction
encourages shallow rooting
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Girdled Roots
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Kinked and Twisted Roots
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Straighten roots (preferable) or cut them
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Pots to Direct Roots Downward
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Pots to Direct Roots Downward Still can get rootbound
Soak to
bare-root
Kiwi
vine
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Pots to Direct Roots Downward Bare-root (winter), spread roots
Kiwi
vine
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Causes and Effects of Unhealthy Roots
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Tree Watering Basin
Dead roots
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Root-Knot Nematodes
•Problem in sandy soils
•Plants stunted
Lettuce
Tomato
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Root Diseases
Damping Off
of Seedlings
Fusarium Wilt
of Tomato
Root Rot of
Gerbera
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Crown Gall -FOHC
•Bacteria enter at wounds
•Can come from nursery
•Stunts/kills tree
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Oak Root Fungus Armellaria mellea
Rhizomorphs
(“Shoestring
fungus”)
ORF
Mushrooms
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Phytophthora Crown & Root Rot
Peach
Avocado
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Phytophthora Crown Rot
Drip emitters
(pink flags)
were never
moved away
from trunk
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Questions?