Rookie Patrol First Aid Primary assessment: hazards & ABCs 11 · LIFESAVING SOCIETY 12 SWIM PATROL...
Transcript of Rookie Patrol First Aid Primary assessment: hazards & ABCs 11 · LIFESAVING SOCIETY 12 SWIM PATROL...
Primary assessment:hazards & ABCs Item 11
To assess an unconscious breathing victim with respect to hazards and ABCs.
Purpose
• Victim is classified as an adult. If
alone, rescuer phones Emergency
Medical System (EMS) right
away. If another person is avail-
able, rescuer directs him or her to
phone EMS.
• To establish unresponsiveness,
rescuer may shake shoulder and
ask "Are you OK?" Other tech-
niques are acceptable.
• Rescuer opens airway using
head-tilt/chin-lift technique.
• See suggested learning
activities, p. 81
Notes
❏ Assessment of environment for hazards
❏ Establish unresponsiveness
❏ Activate Emergency Medical System
❏ Position victim (turn if necessary)
❏ Open airway
❏ Check for breathing: look, listen and feel (no more than 10 sec.)
❏ Recovery position for breathing victim
Must See
Demonstrate a primary assessment including hazards and ABCs on an unconscious, breathing victim.
12LIFESAVING SOCIETY SWIM PATROL AWARD GUIDE
Rookie PatrolFirst Aid
Rescue breathingItem 12
To support breathing in an unconscious, non-breathing victim.
Purpose
• Victim is classified as an adult.
Send bystander to phone EMS. If
alone, rescuer phones EMS right
away.
• Rescuer opens airway using
head-tilt/chin-lift technique.
• Rescue breaths: rescuer delivers
normal breaths (each over 1
second) that make chest rise.
• See suggested learning
activities, p. 83-4.
• See Canadian Lifesaving
Manual, Appendix B for guide-
lines on rescue breathing prac-
tice.
Notes
❏ Assessment of environment for hazards
❏ Establish unresponsiveness
❏ Activate Emergency Medical System
❏ Open airway
❏ Check for breathing: look, listen and feel (no more than 10 sec.)
❏ 2 rescue breaths: observe chest rise
❏ Continue rescue breathing and attempt to recruit a CPR-qualified person for assistance
Must See
Demonstrate rescue breathing on a manikin.
13LIFESAVING SOCIETY SWIM PATROL AWARD GUIDE
Rookie PatrolFirst Aid
Rescue breathingItem 13
To support breathing in an unconscious, non-breathing victim.
Purpose
• Victim is classified as an adult.
Send bystander to phone EMS.
If alone, rescuer phones EMS
right away.
• Rescuer opens airway using
head-tilt/chin-lift technique.
• Rescue breaths: rescuer delivers
normal breaths (each over 1
second) that make chest rise.
• See suggested learning
activities, p. 84
• See Canadian Lifesaving
Manual, Appendix B for
guidelines on rescue breathing
practice.
Notes
❏ Assessment of environment for hazards
❏ Establish unresponsiveness
❏ Activate Emergency Medical System
❏ Open airway
❏ Check for breathing: look, listen and feel (no more than 10 sec.)
❏ 2 rescue breaths: observe chest rise
❏ Continue rescue breathing and attempt to recruit a CPR-qualified person for assistance
❏ Ability to clear the airway when victim vomits
Must See
Demonstrate rescue breathing and the ability to manage vomiting.
32LIFESAVING SOCIETY SWIM PATROL AWARD GUIDE
Ranger PatrolFirst Aid
Obstructed airway— conscious victim Item 14
To acquaint lifesavers with the appearance of a conscious victim with an obstructed airway and tointroduce the appropriate lifesaving skills.
Purpose
• Supervise candidates carefully
during training in obstructed
airway techniques. Caution
rescuers to simulate treatment:
misplaced or excessive thrusts
can be dangerous.
• Conscious victim simulates
either mild or severe airway
obstruction. To signal the type
of assistance needed, teach the
universal choking signal.
• Rescuer assumes severe obstruc-
tion if victim nods “yes” when
asked “Are you choking?” or if
victim clutches neck or cannot
speak or breath.
• See suggested learning
activities, p. 84-5.
Notes
❏ Assessment of degree of obstruction – ask: “Are you choking?”
❏ Selection of appropriate procedures
Mild obstruction
❏ Coughing encouraged
❏ Reassurance for victim
Severe obstruction
❏ Shout for help
❏ Careful landmarking
❏ Repeated abdominal thrusts (chest thrusts for pregnant or obese victim) until the airway is clear
❏ If successful, victim directed to see a physician to rule out complications from the obstruction or treatment
Must See
Simulate the appearance and treatment of a conscious victim with an obstructed airway.
33LIFESAVING SOCIETY SWIM PATROL AWARD GUIDE
Ranger PatrolFirst Aid
Obstructed airway — unconscious victim Item 15
To clear airway obstruction and restore normal breathing in an unconscious victim.
Purpose
• Victim is classified as an adult.
Send bystander to phone EMS.
If alone, rescuer phones EMS
right away.
• If practicing this skill item on a
person (versus a manikin) res-
cuers simulate compressions to
prevent injury.
• Victim simulates severe airway
obstruction.
• Candidates should also practice
a sequence that begins with a
conscious victim who becomes
unconscious. Rescuer begins
with ABC assessment of uncon-
scious victim.
• Use of barrier devices is recom-
mended.
• See suggested learning
activities, p. 85
Notes
❏ Assessment of environment for hazards
❏ Establish unresponsiveness
❏ Activate Emergency Medical System
❏ Attempt to recruit a CPR-qualified person for assistance
❏ Open airway
❏ Check for breathing: look, listen, feel (no more than 10 sec.)
❏ If breathing is absent, 2 rescue breaths: observe chest rise
❏ If unsuccessful, reposition airway and re-attempt to ventilate
❏ If unsuccessful, careful landmarking and 30 chest compressions
❏ Foreign body check: look in mouth and if object can be seen, attempt to remove it
❏ Attempt to ventilate: if successful, reassess responsiveness and breathing and treat appropriately
❏ If unsuccessful, repeat sequence (reposition head, re-attempt to ventilate, chest compressions,foreign body check) until successful.
Must See
Simulate the treatment of an unconscious victim with an obstructed airway.
54LIFESAVING SOCIETY SWIM PATROL AWARD GUIDE
Star PatrolFirst Aid
Adult CPRItem 10
To restore breathing and circulation in an unconscious, non-breathing and pulseless victim.
Purpose
• Send bystander to phone EMS. If
alone with an adult victim, res-
cuer phones EMS right away. If
alone with a child or infant vic-
tim, rescuer phones EMS after
about 5 cycles of 30:2 compres-
sions to breaths.
• If an Automated External
Defibrillator (AED) and AED-
trained responder are available,
rescuer should send for them
after activating EMS and assist
the AED responder as directed.
• Rescuer opens airway using
head-tilt/chin-lift technique.
• Rescue breaths: rescuer delivers
normal breaths (each over 1 sec-
ond) that make chest rise.
• Compressions: push hard and
fast allowing chest to recoil
completely between compres-
sions.
• Use of barrier devices is recom-
mended.
• See Canadian LifesavingManual, Appendix B for guide-
lines on rescue breathing
practice.
Reference:CLM Chapter 7.2 The ABC Priorities;7.4 Rescue Breathing;7.5 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Notes
❏ Assessment of environment for hazards
❏ Establish unresponsiveness
❏ Activate Emergency Medical System
❏ Attempt to obtain AED and recruit AED-trained responder if available
❏ Open airway
❏ Check for breathing: look, listen, feel (no more than 10 sec.)
❏ If breathing is absent, 2 rescue breaths: observe chest rise
❏ Careful landmarking and chest compressions (30 compressions: 2 rescue breaths)
❏ CPR continued until EMS takes over treatment, or an AED-trained responder begins treatment with an AED, or the victim begins to move
❏ If victim begins to move, reassess ABCs and treat appropriately
Must See
Demonstrate single rescuer adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a manikin.
11LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze StarFirst Aid
* One-rescuer CPR:adult & child Item 7
To support breathing and circulation in an unconscious, non-breathing, and pulseless victim.
Purpose
• Send bystander to phone EMS. If
alone with an adult victim, res-
cuer phones EMS right away. If
alone with a child or infant vic-
tim, rescuer phones EMS after
about 5 cycles of 30:2 compres-
sions to breaths.
• If an Automated External
Defibrillator (AED) and AED-
trained responder are available,
rescuer should send for them
after activating EMS and assist
the AED responder as directed.
• Rescuer opens airway using
head-tilt/chin-lift technique.
• Rescue breaths: rescuer delivers
normal breaths (each over 1 sec-
ond) that make chest rise.
• Compressions: push hard and
fast allowing chest to recoil
completely between compres-
sions.
• Use of barrier devices is recom-
mended.
• See Canadian LifesavingManual, Appendix B for guide-
lines on rescue breathing
practice.
Reference:CLM Chapter 7.2 The ABC Priorities;7.4 Rescue Breathing;7.5 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Notes
❏ Assessment of environment for hazards
❏ Establish unresponsiveness
❏ Activate Emergency Medical System (EMS)
❏ Attempt to obtain AED and recruit AED-trained responder if available
❏ Open airway
❏ Check for breathing: look, listen, feel (no more than 10 sec.)
❏ If breathing is absent, 2 rescue breaths: observe chest rise
❏ Careful landmarking and chest compressions (30 compressions: 2 rescue breaths)
❏ CPR continued until EMS takes over treatment, or an AED-trained responder begins treatment with an AED, or the victim begins to move
❏ If victim begins to move, reassess ABCs and treat appropriately
Must See
Demonstrate rescue breathing and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a manikin, including:• Adult and child victims• Complications in resuscitation (vomiting)• Adaptations (mouth-to-nose, stoma)
26LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze MedallionFirst Aid
* Obstructed airway:conscious victim Item8a
To enable lifesavers to recognize a conscious victim with an obstructed airway and to perform theappropriate lifesaving techniques.
Purpose
• Supervise candidates carefully
during training in obstructed
airway techniques. Caution
rescuers to simulate treatment
– misplaced or excessive
thrusts can be dangerous.
• Conscious victim simulates
either mild or severe airway
obstruction. To signal the type
of assistance needed, teach the
universal choking signal.
• Rescuer assumes severe
obstruction if victim nods “yes”
when asked “Are you chok-
ing?” or if victim clutches neck
or victim cannot speak or
breath.
Reference:CLM Chapter 7.2 The ABC Priorities;7.3 Coping with Complications during theABCs; 8.3 Airway and Breathing Problems
Notes
❏ Assessment of degree of obstruction – ask, “Are you choking?”
❏ Selection of appropriate procedures:
Mild obstruction
❏ Coughing encouraged
❏ Reassurance for victim
Severe obstruction
❏ Shout for help
❏ Careful landmarking
❏ Repeated abdominal thrusts (chest thrusts for pregnant or obese victim) until the airway is clear
❏ If successful, victim directed to see a physician to rule out complications from the obstruction or the abdominal thrusts
Must See
Simulate the treatment of: • A conscious adult or child with an obstructed airway• Complications – a pregnant woman and a person who is obese
27LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze MedallionFirst Aid
Item8b
To clear an airway obstruction and restore normal breathing in an unconscious victim.
Purpose
• Send bystander to phone EMS. Ifalone with an adult victim, res-cuer phones EMS right away. Ifalone with a child or infant vic-tim, rescuer phones EMS afterabout 5 cycles of 30:2 compres-sions to breaths.
• If an Automated ExternalDefibrillator (AED) and AED-trained responder are available,rescuer should send for themafter activating EMS and assistthe AED responder as directed.
• If practicing this skill item on aperson (versus a manikin) res-cuers simulate compressions toprevent injury.
• Victim simulates severe airwayobstruction.
• Candidates should also practicea sequence that begins with aconscious victim who becomesunconscious. Rescuer beginswith ABC assessment of uncon-scious victim.
• Use of barrier devices is recom-mended.
• See Canadian Lifesaving Manual,Appendix B for guidelines onrescue breathing practice.
Reference:CLM Chapter 7.2 The ABC Priorities;7.3 Coping with Complications during theABCs; 8.3 Airway and Breathing Problems
Notes
❏ Assessment of environment for hazards
❏ Establish unresponsiveness
❏ Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
❏ Attempt to obtain AED and recruit AED-trained responder if available
❏ Open airway
❏ Check for breathing: look, listen, feel (no more than 10 sec.)
❏ If breathing is absent, 2 rescue breaths: observe chest rise
❏ If unsuccessful, reposition airway and re-attempt to ventilate
❏ If unsuccessful, careful landmarking and 30 chest compressions
❏ Foreign body check: look in mouth and if object can be seen, attempt to remove it
❏ Attempt to ventilate: if successful continue CPR sequence
❏ If unsuccessful, repeat sequence (reposition head, re-attempt to ventilate, chest compressions,foreign body check) until successful
Must See
Simulate the treatment of an unconscious adult or child with an obstructed airway.
28LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze MedallionFirst Aid
* Obstructed airway:unconscious victim
* First aid assessment Item 4
To demonstrate proficiency in assessing an injured victim.
Purpose
• This item is designed to empha-
size the principles and proce-
dures of victim assessment.
• Candidates assess both con-
scious and unconscious victims.
• Candidates are not expected to
demonstrate treatment of
injuries.
• Scene survey includes mecha-
nism of injury and assessing
risk of spinal injury.
Reference:CLM Chapter 6.2–6.6 First Aid: TheRescue Process; 7.2 The ABC Priorities
Notes
❏ Evaluation of the rescue scene
❏ Removal of or from danger with assistance as required
❏ Appropriate communication with victim
❏ Appropriate assessment technique for the victim type – conscious versus unconscious
❏ Care taken in moving victim with assistance as required especially if further injuries suspected (for example, spinal injury)
Primary assessment
❏ Level of consciousness
❏ Determine mechanism of injury
❏ Assessment of airway, breathing, circulation (bleeding, and shock)
❏ Check for major bleeding
Secondary assessment
❏ Relevant history (accident, medical, personal)
❏ Taking and recording vital signs (level of consciousness, respiration, pulse, pupils,skin colour and temperature)
❏ Systematic head-to-toe examination
❏ Airway maintained
Must See
Demonstrate primary assessment of a consciousvictim and an unconscious victim, including:• Level of consciousness • Airway• Breathing• Circulation• Major bleeding• Mechanism of injury
Demonstrate secondary assessment of a victimincluding:• Vital signs • Head-to-toe survey• History
43LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze CrossFirst Aid
* One-rescuer CPRItem 5
To support breathing and circulation in an unconscious, non-breathing, and pulseless victim.
Purpose
• Send bystander to phone EMS. Ifalone with an adult victim, res-cuer phones EMS right away. Ifalone with a child or infant vic-tim, rescuer phones EMS afterabout 5 cycles of 30:2 compres-sions to breaths.
• If an Automated ExternalDefibrillator (AED) and AED-trained responder are available,rescuer should send for themafter activating EMS and assistthe AED responder as directed.
• Rescuer opens airway usinghead-tilt/chin-lift technique.
• Rescue breaths: rescuer deliversnormal breaths (each over 1 sec-ond) that make chest rise.
• Compressions: push hard andfast allowing chest to recoilcompletely between compres-sions.
• Use of barrier devices is recom-mended.
• See Canadian Lifesaving Manual,Appendix B for guidelines onrescue breathing practice.
Reference:CLM Chapter 7.2 The ABC Priorities;7.4 Rescue Breathing;7.5 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Notes
❏ Assessment of environment for hazards
❏ Establish unresponsiveness
❏ Activate Emergency Medical System (EMS)
❏ Attempt to obtain AED and recruit AED-trained responder if available
❏ Open airway
❏ Check for breathing: look, listen, feel (no more than 10 sec.)
❏ If breathing is absent, 2 rescue breaths: observe chest rise
❏ Careful landmarking and chest compressions (30 compressions: 2 rescue breaths)
❏ CPR continued until EMS takes over treatment, or an AED-trained responder begins treatment with an AED, or the victim begins to move
❏ If victim begins to move, reassess ABCs and treat appropriately
Must See
Demonstrate rescue breathing and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a manikin, including:• Adult, child, and infant victims• Complications in resuscitation (vomiting)• Adaptations (mouth-to-nose, stoma)
44LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze CrossFirst Aid
* Two-rescuer CPRItem 6
To support breathing and circulation in an unconscious, non-breathing, and pulseless victim.
Purpose
• Two-rescuer CPR: both rescuers
are trained. Two options:
rescuers take turns doing
one-rescuer CPR, or one rescuer
performs chest compressions
while the other does rescue
breathing. Rescuers switch
roles approsimately every 2
minutes (5 cycles of 30:2) to
minimize fatigue. Rescuers
communicate and cooperate in
decision-making and CPR
performance.
• Use of barrier devices is
recommended.
• See Canadian Lifesaving Manual,Appendix B for guidelines on
rescue breathing practice.
Reference:CLM Chapter 7.2 The ABC Priorities;7.4 Rescue Breathing;7.5 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Notes
Rescuer #1
❏ Performs one-rescuer CPR sequence
Rescuer #2
❏ Identifies self as CPR trained and confirms EMS activation
Both rescuers
❏ Continue CPR and switch roles with as little interruption as possible
❏ Continue CPR until EMS takes over, or an AED-trained responder begins treatment withan AED unit, or the victim begins to move
❏ If the victim begins to move, reassess ABCs and treat appropriately
Must See
Demonstrate two-rescuer adult, child, and infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a manikin.
45LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze CrossFirst Aid
* Obstructed airway:conscious adult or child
Item7a
To enable lifesavers to recognize a conscious victim with an obstructed airway and to perform appropriate lifesaving techniques.
Purpose
• Supervise candidates carefully
during training in obstructed air-
way techniques. Caution res-
cuers to simulate abdominal or
chest thrusts. Misplaced or exces-
sive thrusts can be dangerous.
• Conscious victim simulates
either mild or severe airway
obstruction. To signal the type of
assistance needed, teach the
universal choking signal.
• Rescuer assumes severe
obstruction if victim nods “yes”
when asked “Are you chok-
ing?” or if victim clutches neck
or victim cannot speak or
breath.
Reference:CLM Chapter 7.2 The ABC Priorities;7.3 Coping with Complications during theABCs; 8.3 Airway and Breathing Problems
Notes
❏ Assessment of degree of obstruction – ask, “Are you choking?”
❏ Selection of appropriate procedures:
Mild obstruction
❏ Coughing encouraged
❏ Reassurance for victim
Severe obstruction
❏ Shout for help
❏ Careful landmarking
❏ Repeated abdominal thrusts (chest thrusts for pregnant or obese victim) until the airway is clear
❏ If successful, victim directed to see a physician to rule out complications from the obstruction or the abdominal thrusts
Must See
Simulate the treatment of: • A conscious adult or child with an obstructed airway• Complications – a pregnant woman and a person who is obese
46LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze CrossFirst Aid
* Obstructed airway:conscious infant Item7b
To enable lifesavers to recognize a conscious infant with an obstructed airway and to perform appro-priate lifesaving techniques.
Purpose
• Rescuer assumes severe
obstruction if victim cannot
cough or make any sound.
• Use a manikin for safe teaching
and practice.
Reference:CLM Chapter 7.2 The ABC Priorities;7.3 Coping with Complications during theABCs; 8.3 Airway and Breathing Problems
Notes
❏ Assessment of degree of obstruction
❏ Selection of appropriate procedures:
Mild obstruction
❏ Coughing encouraged
❏ Reassurance for victim
Severe obstruction
❏ Shout for help
❏ 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts
❏ Repeat back blows and chest thrusts until object is expelled or infantbecomes unresponsive
❏ If successful, caregiver directed to take victim to see physician to rule outcomplications from the obstruction or treatment
Must See
On a manikin, demonstrate the treatment of a conscious infant with an obstructed airway.
47LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze CrossFirst Aid
* Obstructed airway:unconscious victim Item7c
To clear airway obstruction and restore normal breathing to an unconscious victim.
Purpose
• Send bystander to phone EMS. Ifalone with an adult victim, res-cuer phones EMS right away. Ifalone with a child or infant vic-tim, rescuer phones EMS afterabout 5 cycles of 30:2 compres-sions to breaths.
• If an Automated ExternalDefibrillator (AED) and AED-trained responder are available,rescuer should send for themafter activating EMS and assistthe AED responder as directed.
• If practicing this skill item on aperson (versus a manikin) res-cuers simulate compressions toprevent injury.
• Victim simulates severe airwayobstruction.
• Candidates should also practicea sequence that begins with aconscious victim who becomesunconscious. Rescuer beginswith ABC assessment of uncon-scious victim.
• Use of barrier devices is recom-mended.
• See Canadian Lifesaving Manual,Appendix B for guidelines onrescue breathing practice.
Reference:CLM Chapter 7.2 The ABC Priorities;7.3 Coping with Complications duringthe ABCs; 8.3 Airway and BreathingProblems
Notes
❏ Assessment of environment for hazards
❏ Establish unresponsiveness
❏ Activate Emergency Medical System (EMS)
❏ Attempt to obtain AED and recruit AED-trained responder if available
❏ Open airway
❏ Check for breathing: look, listen, feel (no more than 10 sec.)
❏ If breathing is absent, 2 rescue breaths: observe chest rise
❏ If unsuccessful, reposition airway and re-attempt to ventilate
❏ If unsuccessful, careful landmarking and 30 chest compressions
❏ Foreign body check: look in mouth and if object can be seen, attempt to remove it
❏ Attempt to ventilate: if successful continue CPR sequence
❏ If unsuccessful, repeat sequence (reposition head, re-attempt to ventilate, chest compressions,foreign body check) until successful
Must See
Simulate the treatment of an unwitnessed unconscious adult, child, or infant with an obstructed airway.
48LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze CrossFirst Aid
Spinal injury management Item10
To demonstrate the treatment of a breathing victim with a suspected spinal injury.
Purpose
• This is a skill demonstration,
not a rescue.
• Bystander is trained to the
Bronze Cross level.
• Recognition is based on an
understanding of mechanism of
injury.
• The distance of the carry from
deep to shallow water should
be short (e.g., 5 m).
• Use of a spineboard is not
recommended and must not be
evaluated.
Reference:CLM Chapter 5.10 Rescue Procedures forSpinal Injuries; 7.2 The ABC Priorities;9.3 Swimming Skills
Notes
❏ Quick, accurate recognition and appropriate entry
❏ Immobilization of head and neck
❏ Smooth turnover
❏ Effective carry
❏ Victim assessment – ABCs
❏ Movement of victim minimized throughout
❏ Effective direction of bystander
❏ Activate Emergency Medical System (EMS)
❏ Ability to clear the airway while maintaining immobilization
Must See
Recover and immobilize a face-down breathing victim with a cervical spinal injury found in deep water.Transport to shallow water. Recruit and direct a trained bystander to assist. Demonstrate the abilityto manage vomiting while maintaining immobilization.
51LIFESAVING SOCIETY BRONZE MEDAL AWARDS
Bronze CrossRecognition & Rescue
❏ Quick entry and descent
❏ Rapid ascent
❏ Secure hold on victim during ascent
❏ Protection of airway during ascent and thereafter
❏ Quickest route to point where CPR may be effectively initiated and complications dealt with(side of pool, shallow water, rescue craft)
❏ Victim assessment (ABCs) and effective CPR (See Appendix A for Must Sees)
❏ Ability to deal with complications (vomiting, obstructed airway) at any point in performance
❏ Safe and effective removal with lifeguard or bystander assistance
❏ EMS activated at earliest possible moment
❏ Effective use of barrier devices where appropriate
❏ Appropriate and effective direction of bystanders when applicable
Management of submerged non-breathing victim
Item 3b
To demonstrate effective individual skills in the management of a submerged non-breathing victim.
Purpose
Must See
Demonstrate effective management of a submerged non-breathing victim.
• Emphasis is on the candidate’sindividual skill ability rather thana team response.
• Item is performed without anaid.
• Deep-water rescue breathingshould not be performed unlessall complications can be dealtwith adequately.
• Victim condition may include anycombination of:
• Airway obstruction
• Vomiting
Reference:Canadian Lifesaving Manual, Chapter4 The Rescue of Others; Chapter 7Lifesaving Priorities: The ABCs: Rescuebreathing
Notes
LIFESAVING SOCIETY NATIONAL LIFEGUARD AWARD GUIDE
*National LifeguardCore
6
❏ Quick, accurate recognition and appropriate entry
❏ Smooth rollover performed if necessary
❏ Immobilization of the spine during rollover and throughout (to extent possible)
❏ Victim assessment: level of consciousness and ABCs
❏ Effective CPR if required
❏ EMS activated at earliest possible moment
❏ Ability to deal with complications (vomiting, obstructed airway)
❏ Effective use of barrier devices where appropriate
❏ Stabilization with spineboard or other appropriate device (in-water victim only)
❏ Preparation for transportation and removal (in-water victim only)
❏ Safe removal from water where possible (in-water victim only)
❏ Secondary assessment where feasible
❏ Appropriate and effective direction of bystanders when applicable
Management ofspinal-injured victim Item 3c
To demonstrate effective individual skills in the management of a breathing or non-breathing victimwith a spinal injury.
Purpose
Must See
Demonstrate effective management of a victim with a suspected spinal injury.
National LifeguardCore
Notes
7LIFESAVING SOCIETY NATIONAL LIFEGUARD AWARD GUIDE
*
• Emphasis is on the candidate’sindividual skill and ability ratherthan a team response. The skill isdemonstrated with otherlifeguards as back-up. Design theevaluation activity to permiteach candidate to demonstrateall “Must Sees”.
• Instructors must take care toensure that evaluation resultsrelate directly to a candidate’sskill and not a teamperformance.
• Instructors should NOT evaluatescenarios with only one trainedresponder.
• Types of spinal injuries includecervical and lumbar.
• Victims are located in deep orshallow water, on land, orwalking. Deep-water victims areremoved from shallow waterwhere possible.
• Victim condition might includeany combination of:
• Breathing
• Non-breathing
• Airway obstruction
• Vomiting
• Aim for prompt removal andpreparation for transport.
Reference:Alert Lifeguarding in Action, Chapter 3Aquatic Emergencies: Recognition andIntervention; Chapter 4 LifeguardingSkills and Procedures: Management ofspinal injuries
Canadian Lifesaving Manual, Chapter5 Specialized Lifesaving Skills: Rescueprocedures for spinal injuries
LIFESAVING SOCIETY NATIONAL LIFEGUARD AWARD GUIDE27
❏ Appropriate, safe, and efficient entries
❏ Maintenance of ABCs
❏ Care of victim, especially the head
❏ Choice of removal appropriate for the condition of the victim
❏ Recruitment of other lifeguards or bystanders if necessary
❏ Effective communication with victim and assistants
❏ Safe lifting techniques for rescuer
❏ Effective removal
Entries and removalsItem 6
To use an appropriate entry for the situation and to safely remove a victim from further danger.
Purpose
Must See
Demonstrate entries and removals appropriate to wave pools, slides, catch basins, and other waterparkapparatus.
National LifeguardWaterpark Option
• Encourage candidates to wearanti-skid shoes for maximumgrip in the event that they mustdescend a flume.
• Be aware of potential dangerdue to wall height and theeffects of waves and movingwater.
• Advise candidates to avoidentering a wave pool or catchbasin with anything that couldbe tightened around their neck,especially a whistle on a lanyard.
• Demonstrate an effective beachentry for a wave pool.
• Unassisted removals are not arequirement of this item. Asingle lifeguard may recruitbystanders for assistance.
Reference:Alert: Lifeguarding in Action, Chapter4 Lifeguarding Skills and Procedures;Chapter 13 Waterpark Operation andSafety
Canadian Lifesaving Manual,Chapter 4 The Rescue of Others
Notes
*
LIFESAVING SOCIETY NATIONAL LIFEGUARD AWARD GUIDE29
❏ Quick, accurate recognition and appropriate entry
❏ Smooth rollover performed if necessary
❏ Immobilization of the spine during rollover and throughout (to extent possible)
❏ Victim assessment: level of consciousness and ABCs
❏ Effective CPR if required
❏ EMS activated at earliest possible moment
❏ Ability to deal with complications (vomiting, obstructed airway)
❏ Effective use of barrier devices where appropriate
❏ Stabilization with spineboard or other appropriate device (in-water victim only)
❏ Preparation for transportation and removal (in-water victim only)
❏ Safe removal from water where possible (in-water victim only)
❏ Secondary assessment where feasible
❏ Appropriate and effective direction of bystanders when applicable
❏ Treatment for shock
Spinal injuryItem 8
To recover and immobilize a spinal-injured victim in a difficult location.
Purpose
Must See
As a member of a team, perform a rescue of a victim with a suspected spinal injury who is located in acatch basin, wave pool, channel, stairs, or who has fallen from a height.
National LifeguardWaterpark Option
• In this rescue item, candidatesrespond as part of a team(which may vary in number).Nevertheless, the individual’sperformance is evaluated, notthe performance of the team asa group.
• Use a manikin to practicerecovery of a victim in a flume.
• Alternate the condition of thevictim: conscious or unconscious,breathing or non-breathing, etc.
• Aim for prompt removal fromwater and preparation fortransport.
• A run-out channel may be at thebottom of a high-speed slide orflume.
Reference:Alert Lifeguarding in Action, Chapter 3Aquatic Emergencies: Recognition andIntervention; Chapter 4 LifeguardingSkills and Procedures: Management ofspinal injuries
Canadian Lifesaving Manual, Chapter5 Specialized Lifesaving Skills: Rescueprocedures for spinal injuries
Notes
*
(Appendix A)
• Send bystander to phone EMS. If alone with anadult victim, rescuer phones EMS right away. Ifalone with a child or infant victim, rescuer phonesEMS after about 5 cycles of 30:2 compressions tobreaths.
• If an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) andAED-trained responders are available, rescuershould send for them after activating EMS andassist the AED responder as directed.
• Rescuer opens airway using head-tilt/chin-lifttechnique.
• Rescue breaths: rescuer delivers normal breaths(each over 1 second) that make chest rise.
• Compressions: push hard and fast allowing chestto recoil completely between compressions.
• Two-rescuer CPR. Two options: rescuers taketurns doing one-rescuer CPR, or one rescuerperforms chest compressions while the other doesrescue breathing. Rescuers switch rolesapproximately every 2 minutes (5 cycles of 30:2)to minimize fatigue. Rescuers communicate andcooperate in decision-making and CPRperformance.
• Use of barrier devices is recommended.
Reference:Canadian Lifesaving Manual, Chapters 6, 7 and 8 containresuscitation and first aid technical information
Notes
One rescuer❏ Assessment of environment for hazards❏ Establish unresponsiveness❏ EMS activated at earliest possible moment❏ Attempt to obtain AED and recruit AED-trained personnel if available❏ Open airway❏ Check for breathing: look, listen, feel (no more than 10 sec.)❏ If breathing is absent, 2 rescue breaths: observe chest rise❏ Careful landmarking and chest compressions (30 compressions: 2 rescue breaths)❏ CPR continued until EMS takes over treatment, or an AED-trained responder begins
treatment with an AED, or the victim begins to move❏ If victim begins to move, reassess ABCs and treat appropriately
Two rescuers
Rescuer #1❏ Performs one-rescuer CPR sequence
Rescuer #2❏ Identifies self as CPR trained and confirms EMS activation
Both rescuers❏ Continue CPR and switch roles with as little interruption as possible❏ Continue CPR until EMS takes over, or an AED-trained responder begins treatment
with an AED unit, or the victim begins to move❏ If the victim begins to move, reassess ABCs and treat appropriately
Resuscitation & first aidevaluation criteria
Must See
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
LIFESAVING SOCIETY NATIONAL LIFEGUARD AWARD GUIDE53
Conscious victim
• Conscious victim simulates either mild or severeairway obstruction. To signal the type ofassistance needed, teach the universal chokingsignal.
• Rescuer assumes severe obstruction if victim nods“yes” when asked “Are you choking?” or if victimclutches neck or cannot speak or breath.
Unconscious victim• Send back-up / bystander to phone EMS. If alone
with an adult victim, rescuer phones EMS rightaway. If alone with a child or infant victim,rescuer phones EMS after about 5 cycles of 30:2compressions to breaths.
• If an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) andAED-trained responders are available, rescuershould send for them after activating EMS andassist the AED responder as directed.
• If practicing this skill item on a person (versus amanikin) rescuers simulate compressions toprevent injury.
• Victim simulates severe airway obstruction.• Candidates should also practice a sequence that
begins with a conscious victim who becomesunconscious. Rescuer begins with ABC assessmentof unconscious victim.
• Use of barrier devices is recommended.
Reference:Canadian Lifesaving Manual, Chapters 6, 7 and 8 containresuscitation and first aid technical information
Notes
Conscious adult or child❏ Assessment of degree of
obstruction—ask, “Are you choking?”❏ Selection of appropriate procedures
Mild obstruction❏ Coughing encouraged❏ Reassurance for victim
Severe obstruction❏ Shout for help❏ Careful landmarking❏ Repeated abdominal thrusts (chest
thrusts for pregnant or obese victim)until the airway is clear
❏ If successful, direct victim to see aphysician to rule out complicationsfrom the obstruction or the abdominalthrusts
Conscious infant❏ Assessment of degree of obstruction❏ Selection of appropriate procedures
Mild obstruction❏ Coughing encouraged❏ Reassurance for victim
Severe obstruction❏ Shout for help❏ 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts❏ Repeat back blows and chest thrusts
until object is expelled or infantbecomes unresponsive
❏ If successful, direct caregiver to takevictim to see a physician to rule outcomplications from the obstruction ortreatment
Unconscious victim❏ Assessment of environment for
hazards❏ Establish unresponsiveness❏ Activate Emergency Medical System❏ Attempt to obtain AED and recruit
AED-trained personnel if available❏ Open airway❏ Check for breathing: look, listen, feel
(no more than 10 sec.)❏ If breathing is absent, 2 rescue
breaths: observe chest rise❏ If unsuccessful, reposition airway and
re-attempt to ventilate❏ If unsuccessful, careful landmarking
and 30 chest compressions❏ Foreign body check: look in mouth
and if object can be seen, attempt toremove it
❏ Attempt to ventilate: if successfulcontinue CPR sequence
❏ If unsuccessful, repeat sequence(reposition head, re-attempt toventilate, chest compressions, foreignbody check) until successful
Resuscitation & first aidevaluation criteria
Must See
Airway obstruction
National LifeguardAppendix A
LIFESAVING SOCIETY NATIONAL LIFEGUARD AWARD GUIDE54
Respiratory distress
Asthma
• Candidate should determine history.
• Candidate demonstrates an understanding ofthe recognition and assessment of asthmaticcondition.
• Candidate demonstrates an awareness of“relaxed breathing” as a form of treatment (forexample, using diaphragm inhale through nose,hold, exhale through mouth, and repeat).
Anaphylaxis
• Candidates must ensure that victim self-administersmedication according to prescription or themanufacturer’s directions in the case of anEpiPen®.
• Only the victim’s EpiPen® is used. Do NOTadminister another person’s EpiPen®.
• CAUTION: The black tip on the EpiPen® is an auto-injector and very sensitive.
Reference:Canadian Lifesaving Manual, Chapters 6, 7 and 8 containresuscitation and first aid technical information
Notes
Respiratory distress ❏ Determination of cause of distress
and removal if possible❏ Victim and scene assessment❏ EMS activated if necessary❏ Victim placed in semi-sitting or most
comfortable position❏ Victim reassured❏ Airway and respiration maintained❏ Appropriate use of barrier devices
Anaphylaxis❏ Victim assisted with administration of
medication (EpiPen®) if available
Asthma ❏ Victim assisted with medication
(inhaler)
Hyperventilation❏ Encouragement of pursed lip
breathing
Resuscitation & first aidevaluation criteria
Must See
Respiratory distress
National LifeguardAppendix A
LIFESAVING SOCIETY NATIONAL LIFEGUARD AWARD GUIDE55
Burns
• Type of burns might include:
• First, second, or third degree burns
• Sunburn
• Chemical (dry or wet corrosive chemical)
• Electrical burns
• Stress the importance of barrier devices whendusting off dry chemicals.
• Flush chemical burns for 15–20 min.
Facial injury
• Injuries might include:
• Foreign body in the ear or nose
• Laceration or contusion of eyes
• Chemical splashes in eyes
• Puncture or abrasion of eyes
• Burns to eyes
• Bleeding and fluid from ear
• Broken tooth, loose or displacement of tooth,laceration to mouth
• Nose bleed or broken nose
Suspected head injury
• Suspected head injury refers to an internal injury,not a superficial cut/injury.
• Full documentation report of vital sign checks andany related change. Candidates should be able toexplain reason for documentation.
Seizure
• Candidate should demonstrate knowledge ofdifferent types of seizures and appearance of each(e.g., tonic/clonic; absence).
• Candidate should demonstrate understanding ofthe various stimuli that may cause a seizure (e.g.,lack of sleep, medication, or light, drugs or alcoholabuse, high temperature, head injury, or diabetes).
• Candidate should recognize that there may beother injuries as a result of seizure (e.g., hittingobjects).
Reference:Canadian Lifesaving Manual, Chapters 6, 7 and 8 containresuscitation and first aid technical information
Notes
Burns ❏ Victim and scene assessment❏ EMS activated if necessary❏ Victim removed from source of injury❏ Determination of burn severity❏ Immediate immersion in cool water if
available at the time of injury and ifthe injury is a localized burn
❏ Burn covered with dry sterile dressing❏ Appropriate use of barrier devices
Wet chemical burns❏ Flush with lots of water
Dry chemical burns❏ Dust before flushing with water
Electrical burns❏ Check for entry and exit burns
Facial injury❏ Victim and scene assessment❏ EMS activated if necessary❏ Determination of cause of injury and
removal from the cause if possible❏ Selected treatment appropriate for
the injury❏ Appropriate use of barrier devices
Suspected head injury❏ Victim and scene assessment❏ EMS activated if necessary❏ Immobilization/bandaging if situation
requires (i.e., if no bleeding ordischarge, no bandage required)
❏ Vital signs monitored including levelof consciousness
❏ Appropriate use of barrier devices
Seizure ❏ Victim and scene assessment❏ EMS activated if necessary❏ Recognition of seizure❏ Protection of head❏ Rescuer does not restrain or
immobilize victim or put anything intothe victim’s mouth
❏ Removal of dangers to victim❏ Victim placed in recovery position
after seizure has stopped❏ Appropriate use of barrier devices
Resuscitation & first aidevaluation criteria
Must See
Burns; Facial injury; Suspected head injury; Seizure
National LifeguardAppendix A
LIFESAVING SOCIETY NATIONAL LIFEGUARD AWARD GUIDE58