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IPP-115 v4

World Bank and British Government Co-financed

China Poor Rural Community Development (PRCDP)

Rongan County Minority Development Program

PRCDP Project Office of Rongan County, Guangxi Region

CCCC at Sun Yat-sen University

August 2004

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CONTENTS

I. POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONALITIES IN PROJECT AREAS·························· 3

II. History and Culture of Minorities in Project Areas···················································· 5

III. Economy and Means of Livelihood of Minorities in Project Areas ························ 7

IV. Social Organizations of Minorities in Project Areas ·············································· 8

V. Relations between Nationalities in Project Areas······················································· 9

I. POOR SITUATION OF MINORITIES IN PROJECT AREAS AND CAUSE ANALYSIS ·················· 10

(I) Poor Situation of Minorities in Project Areas ······················································ 10

(II) A NALYSIS OF CAUSES OF POVERTY OF MINORITIES················································· 11

VII. MDP FORMULATION BASED ON COUNTY ································································ 13

CHAPTER 2. MINORITIES AND PROJECT IN RONGAN COUNTY·························· 13

I. POSITIVE IMPACTS············································································································ 13

1. Impacts on local living standard ·············································································· 13

II. NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND RELEVANT SUGGESTIONS························································ 15

1. Project execution may impact minority cultures in the region ································· 15

III. SUGGESTIONS FROM MINORITIES VILLAGERS······························································· 16

CHAPTER 3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND IDEAS FOR FORMULATION OF MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ········································································· 17

(I) CONSTITUTION OF PRC AND LAW OF REGIONAL NATIONAL AUTONOMY OF PRC·· 17

(II) MINORITY REGULATIONS/ORDINANCES AT AUTONOMOUS REGION, AUTONOMOUS

COUNTY AND MINORITY XIANG LEVELS············································································· 18

II. GENERAL IDEAS FOR FORMULATION OF RONGAN MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

············································································································································· 19

CHAPTER 4. PARTICIPATION OF MINORITY VILLAGERS IN THE PROJECT ·· 20

SECTION 1. PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ANALYSIS AND PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT PLAN ··········································································································· 20

SECTION 2. EXECUTION, SUPERVISION AND EVALUATION OF PARTICIPATORY PROJECT····· 22

CHAPTER 5. 2005 PROJECT EXECUTION PLAN AND BUDGET ······························ 23

I. FORMATION OF PROJECT PLANNING FOR MINORITY VILLAGES··································· 23

II. YEAR 1 PROJECT EXECUTIVE PLAN AND BUDGET FOR MINORITY VILLAGES ················ 24

CHAPTER 6. BUDGET SUPERVISION AND EVALUATION ········································· 26

II. EVALUATION MECHANISM···························································································· 27

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The World Bank and British Department for International Development stress the importance of the minorities’ present situation of their equal benefits for the project’s execution, as well as the importance of joint development of multiple nationalities, and propose that a key index of result evaluation is the substantial development of the nationalities (especially minorities) in the project areas by participating in the project. Based on the above consideration and the requirements of the World Bank and British Department for International Development, the Foreign-funded Project Management Center at the National Poverty-relief Office entrusted the CCCC at Sun Yat-sen University to formulate the minority development programs (MDP) along with the 6 non-minority autonomous counties involved in the China Poor Rural Community Integrated Development Project (PRCDP). Rongan County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is one of the 6 non-minority autonomous counties. As required by World Bank policy OD4.20, the Rongan Minority Development Program for PRCDP was made out based on the information of the distribution, politics, economy, national culture, participation of the minorities in the project areas of Rongan County investigated and collected. The references to this program came from the existing data and field investigation findings of the province, county and Xiangs (a sub-county administrative region).

Chapter 1. Minority Overview in Project Areas

I. Population and Distribution of Nationalities in Project Areas

Rongan County, Gunagxi is a regional level poor county, where 19 nationalities live, which

are Han, Zhuang, Miao, Yao, Dong, Mulam, Hui, Shui, Buyi, Manchu, Yi, Li, She, Jing,

Tujia, Gaoshan, Maonan, Tibetan and Bai. The PRCDP project involves 45 villages in 13

Xiangs or towns in the county, mostly distributed in remote mountain areas and being

minority centrally inhabited villages. The specific situation is as follows:

Minority Distribution of Villages in Project Areas in Rongan (Unit: Person)

Project area Minority populatio

n

Proportion (%)

Zhuang Dong Miao Yao

Others

Minority village

Dongling 843 93.36 43 800 Yao village Guanxi 1031 60.43 210 23 58 740 Yao village

Mengcun 589 62.93 356 115 106 12 Mainly Zhuang

Shajiang 237 28.76 160 23 8 46

Banlan Town

Sian 1302 68.67 1020 184 98 Zhuang village

Cheping 762 49.00 430 38 58 99 137 Mainly Zhuang

Yayao Xiang

Sutian 542 34.48 365 54 58 65 Dahua 371 32.40 232 70 19 50 Dajiang

Town Taijiang 818 65.91 632 75 62 49 Zhuang village

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Luju 1480 81.01 1454 24 2 Zhuang village

Xingshang

754 74.58 747 4 2 1 Zhuang village

Fushang 226 18.65 191 12 23

Dapo Xiang

Tongshi 977 61.46 888 13 14 62 Zhuang village

Xuncun 399 36.37 339 32 23 5 Chengdong Xiang Yindong 198 29.33 186 5 7

Silang 992 81.31 151 146 683 12 Miao village Daxiang Xiang Yaosong 548 37.48 105 123 242 78 Mainly Miao

Xiaolv 932 87.27 910 7 15 Zhuang village

Mugua 1231 75.66 1072 12 138 9 Zhuang village

Fushi Town

Qixi 820 52.97 820 Zhuang village

Hongri 66 2.31 9 4 30 1 22

Antai 250 31.13 250 Mulam hamlet

Changfeng

24 2.37 9 3 10 2

Dongqi Xiang

Liangcun 182 7.57 155 27

Shouju 685 37.55 659 15 11 Zhuang village

Jizhao 2472 91.45 2472 Zhuang village

Matian 1555 99.23 1553 2 Zhuang village

Siding Town

Shanbei 2360 91.58 2346 14 Zhuang village

Guban 2093 100.00 2093 Zhuang village

Zhongcun

1457 100.00 1445 12 Zhuang village

Ercun 1170 100.00 1170 Zhuang village

Lianglao 1818 100.00 1810 5 3 Zhuang village

Jiangbian 1374 100.00 1370 4 Zhuang village

Yangshan 2011 100.00 2011 Zhuang village

Qiaoban Xiang

Wentang 1547 100.00 1512 17 18 Zhuang village

Guyi 2382 99.50 2362 20 Zhuang village

Shazi 2196 97.90 2196 Zhuang village

Shazi Xiang

Mashan 99 6.77 85 9 5

Yangliu 1577 98.01 1567 10 Zhuang village

Daliang Town

Hudong 126 18.86 60 41 25

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Shimen 80 14.31 67 7 6 Xian 123 5.44 24 29 47 23

Peicun 36 1.61 36 Dongxian

g56 2.58 18 20 16 1

Tantou Xiang

Lingbei 27 1.69 6 8 13

II. History and Culture of Minorities in Project Areas

1. Zhuang nationality

The Zhuang nationality is the largest minority in Rongan County and is the offspring of the

Yue people. “Zhuang” is what this nationality calls itself, transliterated as “Zhuang”.

The Zhuang language is used, which belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch in the Zhuang-Dong

group of the Sino-Tibetan family, and has 3 dialects. The Zhuang people also use Chinese

characters and once used the “Tusu characters” borrowing Chinese characters to record the

Zhuang syllables. The government created the written Zhuang language using Latin letters in

1955 and published a book, and revised the written Zhuang language in 1982.

In history, the Zhuang people were good at planting paddy rice with the rich water resources.

Women are good at weaving and embroidery. The Zhuang cloth and brocade woven are

renowned for exquisite pattern and vivid colors.

Zhuang villages are oriented to the east. The Zhuang people mostly dwell by surname or clan

in railing type buildings, mostly wood or brick-wood structure storied buildings.

The Zhuang people believe in a number of gods and worship ancestors. Chicken divination is

popular. After the Song dynasty, Buddhism and Taoism were introduced in succession and

temples built. Each temple has a shrine for ancestral worship. At many places, wizards and

witches exercise divination.

A Zhuang family is typically a monogamous one. More men settle at their wives’ homes than

the Han nationality. Except the surname of Huang, Zhuang people of the same surname can

marry each other.

Wood coffin and inhumation is practiced among the Zhuang people in the project areas.

The characteristic national festivals include “Feb 2”, “Mar 3”, “Zhongyuan Festival”, “Cattle

Soul Festival” and “Eating Festival”.

2. Miao nationality

The Miao people in the project areas are mainly found in Daxiang, Dajiang, Changan, Banlan,

Fushi Xiangs/Towns. The Miao people in the Guangxi Project Region dwell in suspended

foot houses in stockade mountain villages.

The language belongs to the Miao branch in the Miao-Yao group. The Miao people at Anning

Village under Daxiang Xiang speak the Miao language, scattered Miao people mostly speak

Chinese.

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A Miao family entertains guests with oil tea. Eating oil tea is a mode of social intercourse of

the youth.

The Miao people living together maintain the traditional Miao clothes, those living scattered

have the same clothes as the Han nationality.

In respect of festival, the Miao’s New Year’s Day, Drum Day, Reed Day, Slope Party,

February Sacrifice and New Seedling Festival are the most distinctive.

The marriage is free. Numerous festivals bring opportunities of free love and spouse selection

to the youth. Miao families are monogamous.

Wood coffin and inhumation is practiced. Inhumation is usually done on the first or second

day of death. The body of one deceased unconventionally cannot be carried to the home and

is not buried until 2 years later.

The Miao people believe in multi-god worship and like divination. They think everything on

the earth is dominated by the ghosts and gods, human diseases have arisen from offense to the

ghosts and gods, so they won’t see a doctor in case of a disease but entrust it to divination. At

the Miao villages, the villagers would conduct a “village clearing” sacrifice annually to get

away the fire god. During this period, strangers are not allowed to enter the village. Besides,

the Miao people also worship ancestors very much.

3. Yao nationality

The origin of the Yao people in Rongan County is unknown. Dongling and Guanxi Villages

under Banlan Xiang are inhabited by Yao peope. The Yao people living together speak the

Yao language, the scattered Yao people speak Chinese. The Yao people in the whole county

use Chinese characters and mostly live on high mountains.

When a family member dies, the relatives dress the deceased in a white shroud and put it in a

coffin, then cover the body with a piece of white cloth, ask a Taoist to recite scriptures (to

release the soul from purgatory).

The custom of sworn brother is still prevailing in the Yao nationality.

They worship the natural gods and regard the sun, moon, wind, rain and thunder as gods, and

also worship their own ancestors by setting up a shrine in the main hall of the house.

4. Dong nationality

The Dong people in Rongan live together with the Han nationality and their origin is not

known.

The Dong nationality has its own language that belongs to the Dong-Shui branch in the Dong

-Zhuang group of the Sino-Tibetan family. The Dong people in Rongan use Chinese.

Their houses are mostly fir structure railing type suspended foot storied buildings, most 2-3

floors. The ground floor accommodates poultry and livestock, farm tools and firewood; the

second floor is used as kitchen and hall, the third floor includes bedrooms.

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The Dong people like to eat pickle. Fish culture in paddy field is a characteristic of the Dong

nationality. Oil tea is not only ordinary meal but also a way of social intercourse.

Most customs of the Dong people in Rongan County are the same as the Han nationality.

III. Economy and Means of Livelihood of Minorities in Project Areas

The minorities in the project areas of Rongan County mainly spread in remote mountain areas

with harsh natural conditions, such as the Zhongshan Mountain areas in the north and rocky

mountain areas in the south. The minorities in the project areas of Rongan County mainly deal

with traditional agriculture, and also forestry, fishery and small handicraft. Their crops are

mainly paddy, corn and potato; their cash crops are mainly sugarcane, mulberry and chestnut;

the livestock are mainly pigs and sheep.

The 45 project villages in the project areas have a total cultivated area of 5364ha, and the per

capita cultivated area is 0.07ha only, the wooded area is 51141ha. The villages are relatively

short of water resources, the water supply for the poor villages in the north mountain areas is

mainly brooks, and the water supply for the poor villages in the south rocky mountain areas is

mainly small dew ponds, field water tanks and household water tanks built in recent years.

The economic structure of the minorities is still on a preliminary level, appearing as: 1)

singular planting and breeding structure; most farmers are still growing traditional crops like

paddy, corn, fir and sweet potato, growing traditional livestock like pig, chicken, duck and

cattle; 2) owing to the small output of products, there is seldom economic exchange inside a

community and between communities, the farmers are still at the stage of self-sufficient small

peasant economy; 3) there is almost no added value in farm products, the small amount of

exchange with the outside is still primary products, such as fir, tealeaf, tomato, etc.

1. Zhuang nationality

The Zhuang people in the project region have long-term economic, cultural dealings with the

Han nationality and enjoy a relatively higher production level. The economy is focused on

agriculture, including planting and stockbreeding. The grain planting centers on paddy, corn

and other dry land cereal crops take up a small portion only. The grain is basically self-

sufficient. The stockbreeding covers goat, pig, chicken. In addition, they also deal with

specialties, such as mushroom, Jew’s-ear, honey, dried bamboo shoot, brown bark, especially

fragrant sticky rice, mushroom and sweet herb. The household handicraft includes straw mat

weaving, rain hat and wood ladle making. Second Village under Qiaoban Xiang in Rongan

County is a Zhuang village, where the main source of finance is the agricultural income. The

paddy is self-sufficient. Cash crops include tomato. The stockbreeding is goat breeding. The

traditional handicraft is to weave bamboo hat at leisure time.

2. Miao nationality

The Miao nationality’s economy is focused on farming and forestry, in which the natural

economy is advantaged. The extensive cultivation has made the agriculture less fruitful for a

long period. When farming on a mountain, the Miao people would mostly chop off and burn

out the mountain for seeding. When seedlings have grown up, they would loosen the soil and

weed once or twice. The output of crops is low. Fir is also grown in the field of miscellaneous

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grain crops and inter-planted with tung. After several years, the woodland is entirely covered

by fir, tung is naturally eliminated.

In the Miao areas, extensive cultivation is practiced, in which manual plowing or hoeing other

than cattle plowing is used. Cattle are used in harrowing only. In farming system, single-crop

late rice is practiced, mostly glutinous rice, non-glutinous rice, and sticky rice is grown in dry

fields only. Sowing is done around the Grain Rain, and seedling transplanting is made 40-50

days later, harvest in September. In some high-cold mountain areas, early glutinous rice is

grown around the Tomb-sweeping Day and harvested at the end of August. Since the mode of

production is traditional, the yield is very low, 200-300kg only.

The mode of production of the Miao people in the project areas is extensive. The specialties

include bamboo shoot, mango kernel and nearly 100 varieties of wild medicinal materials, the

crop cultivation mainly covers hybrid paddy rice, glutinous grain, dry grain, rice grain, winter

/autumn common brake. The stockbreeding covers carp, cattle, pig and sheep. Cash crops are

anise and tealeaf.

3. Yao nationality

The Yao people either deal mainly with agriculture and also deal with sideline, or deal mainly

with forestry and also deal with sideline, including fir, bamboo, tung tree, oil tea, brown bark,

medicinal materials, tealeaf, sweet herb, mushroom, Jew’s-ear, honey, etc.

4. Dong nationality

The Dong people mainly deal with agriculture and forestry. The crops planted include paddy

rice in such varieties as glutinous rice, japonica rice and July sticky. Fish cultivation in paddy

field is very prevalent. Dry land crops include millet, corn, potato and dry grain. The forestry

mainly deals with fir, tung tree and oil tea. There is a long history of fir-tung inter-planting. In

addition to farming, men also deal with fishing and hunting, women weave cloth.

Except dealing with farming and forestry, the Dong people also deal with the cottage

industry, especially woodwork and weaving.

IV. Social Organizations of Minorities in Project Areas

At present, the minorities in the project areas have no special social organization and public

affairs are executed in the administrative order of natural village—administrative village—

Xiang. The grassroots organizations include villager meeting and villager team. Since 1989,

the villages in Rongan County have formulated village regulations on public affairs, natural

resources, public properties and interpersonal humans binding on the villagers.

1. Zhuang nationality

The Zhuang nationality in the project region has no special social organization, public affairs

is enforced by natural village-administrative village-Xiang. They pay attention to the kinship,

live together by clan. People of a same clan help each other and sacrifice to ancestors

together. A Zhuang family is in the central patriarchy. 2-3 years after marriage and

childbearing, a son will live apart from his parents and siblings. The parents live together with

unmarried children. When the youngest son has grown up and got married, the method of

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supporting the parents will be negotiated jointly.

2. Miao nationality

Before liberation, the Miao people kept the “bundling” organization in the unit of stockade

village. There is no special social organization left down today. The Miao people live together

by surname via the tie of natural village—administrative village—Xiang.

Monogamous small families have been dominant in the Miao nationality, there are seldom

families with 3, 4 or 5 generations. Brothers will break up the family and live apart after their

marriage. Daily production and life is in the unit of small family. However, different families

often help each other.

3. Yao nationality

In the 1910s, the local administration made rural rules in the form of society to exercise the

government administration. After the foundation of the PRC, the society system lost its role

completely, all government affairs have been put into force in the unit of Xiang, village, team

or brigade.

The custom of sworn brother is still prevailing in the Yao nationality, including swearing with

other nationalities. Sworn brothers advocate personal loyalty, contact often, give gifts, help

and treat frankly each other like brothers. Though they have not been related to the Miao and

Dong nationalities all along, they like to have their children acknowledge Miao, Dong people

as adopted father or mother to enhance their mutual attachments.

4. Dong nationality

In the past, the social organization of the Dong nationality was “Kuan”. Several neighboring

stockade villages make a small Kuan, several small Kuans make a medium Kuan and several

medium Kuans make a big Kuan. This is an alliance composed of villages in a certain region

with nationality as the tie.

Now, the Dong people have kept the habit of living by clan, one surname for one village. The

people of a surname are divided into several branches, helping each other. Dong families is in

monogamy and generally 3 generations live together. When the eldest son has got married and

born a child, he will live apart from his parents and siblings. The parents will live together

with the youngest son, constituting a medium family of grandparents, parents and son. Family

affairs are presided by the father, of if the father has died, by the mother.

V. Relations between Nationalities in Project Areas

Rongan County is inhabited by 19 nationalities, including Han, Zhuang, Miao, Yao, Dong,

Mulam, Hui, Shui, Buyi, Manchu, Yi, Li, She, Jing, Tujia, Gaoshan, Maonan, Tibetan and

Bai. The nationalities can live together and are glad to accept other nationalities’ cultures

while keeping their own traditions, giving rise to a cultural fusion. Having lived together over

a long period, different nationalities have interacted each other and fused socially,

economically, politically, culturally. Despite the certain disparities in economy, the relations

are harmonious and complicated, appearing as:

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1. Minorities in most cross-inhabited areas have frequent economic and cultural dealings.

They can speak several languages in daily life, including the national language and other

nationalities’ languages. Chinese is the main tool of communication between different

nationalities in Rongan County;

2. The minorities in the project region, especially Miao, Yao and Dong, the marriage circle

is smaller and the marriage distance is shorter, mostly inside the nationality or the village

or near the village. There are few cases of intermarriage between different nationalities;

3. The relations between nationalities are harmonious. Several nationalities dwelling at a

same village can get along with each other in house building, wedding and funeral, etc.;

4. There are frequent trading and cultural activities between different nationalities. There

are some traces of interaction in customs.

I. Poor Situation of Minorities in Project Areas and Cause Analysis

(I) Poor Situation of Minorities in Project Areas

The minorities in Rongan County are mostly distributed in remote mountain areas featuring

inconvenient traffic, shortage of natural resources, harsh ecology, severe situation of poverty.

Most of the poor villages in Rongan County are inhabited by minorities. The Xiangs/towns in

the southern rocky mountain area, like Fushi, Dongqi, Siding, Shazi, Banqiao, Daliang and

Tantou, are the areas with the largest Zhuang population. 17 of the 28 poor villages in this

area are poor Zhuang villages; 7 of the 10 administrative villages under Banqiao Xiang—a

Zhuang Xiang—are poor villages. In the north mountain area Xiangs/towns, such as Banlan,

Yayao, Dajiang, Dapo, there are 13 poor villages, including 8 Zhuang villages. Dongling and

Guanxi villages under Banlan Town are Yao villages; Silang, Yaosong Villages under

Daxiang Xiang are minority villages mainly inhabited by Yao people; Yindong Hamlet, Antai

Village under Dongqi Xiang is the sole Mulam natural hamlet in Rongan County.

For example, Guanxi Village, Banlan Town is a Yao village situated in high cold mountain

areas with harsh natural conditions, governing 13 natural hamlets, 405 households and 1706

people, including 1031 Yao people. The grain crops are mainly paddy rice and corn, the

income relies mainly on bamboo planting; 159 people in 38 households are unable to meet the

basic livelihood, 286 people in 68 households can just meet the basic livelihood, 982 people

in 234 households are low-income. By now, 7 natural hamlets do not have highway and 867

people have difficulty in using water. The safe traffic period is about 140 days in a year, and

safe driving is impossible in the rest time. Since the roads are blocked, the bamboo wood

resources cannot be utilized, the agricultural production and bamboo wood processing cannot

be done properly, the farmers’ income is heavily affected. The factors make the economy of

the Yao villagers stagnant, the development, utilization of natural resources is at the primitive

stage and there is serious waste of resources.

The poverty situation of the minorities in Rongan County mainly appear as:

1. Harsh natural conditions

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Most minorities live together in remote mountain areas with harsh natural conditions and very

limited means of production and livelihood, natural resources to be utilized and developed,

such as the southern rocky mountain area. This has greatly impeded the development of these

minority villages.

2. Weak infrastructure, especially traffic infrastructure

Most minorities live in remote mountain areas and originally have the difficulty of intercourse

with the outside. The backward traffic infrastructure has aggravated the primitive situation of

the agricultural production and small household processing, and resulted in great difficulty in

the transport and distribution of farm products. For some villages in remote mountains with

steep mountain roads, even the animal power cannot be used and transport relies mostly on

manual carrying, greatly restricting the development of these minorities.

3. Backward education facilities, low level of health and medicine

The school conditions of the poor minority villages are poor, and the classrooms of the village

primary schools or teaching points are rough. The classrooms of the primary schools at most

poor villages are mud brick structure houses, some schools even do not have a playground.

Since some minority villages are remote, the children have to get to the school after a long

travel carrying their lunch. The teaching staff is insufficient, many schools mainly engage

temporary teachers and the dropout rate of children has been high. The health and medical

level is low. Many villages do not have a village level health station, only 19 poor villages

have a village health room, which are in fact set up by rural doctors at their own homes. Of

the poor villages, there are 20 rural doctors in total. 27 poor villages do not have a rural

doctor, mostly minority villages, which are short of necessary sanitary facilities. There is

prevalent difficulty in seeing a doctor. All common diseases and even infections are frequent.

4. Poor living conditions, poor living standard of farmers

The living conditions of most poor minority villages are still very bad due to the poverty.

Take housing as an example, most houses are mud-brick structure houses, in which human

and livestock live together. The Dong, Miao and Yao people mainly live in wooden houses

that are already out of repair. Events of personal death from house collapse due to rain, flood

and fire occur often. The per capita net income of the poor minority villages is far below the

county’s average level, many poor minorities are still taking corn, sweet potato and taro as

their staple foods.

(II) Analysis of Causes of Poverty of Minorities

A. Cause Analysis by Rongan Officials

1. The natural environment in the project region is harsh, with scanty land resources, most people live in remote mountain areas with inconvenient traffic.

The minorities in Rongan County mostly live in mountain areas, with less land resources and

many seriously desertified rock mountains or earth slopes. Most fields are barren and depend

heavy on climatic conditions; the high mountain areas are chilly in weather, unsuitable for the

growth of crops in winter; there are less water resources, inconvenient in storage and drawing.

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There is heavy dependence on the natural climate, and these areas are often subject to floods,

landslides, droughts and other natural disasters, which have greatly affected the production,

and even endanger the masses’ life.

2. Insufficient investment for development, slow pace of poverty relief, less county fiscal revenue, less input for poverty, less support from the superior.

The GDP of Rongan County in 2000 was 1.155 billion yuan, the per capita GDP 3,604yuan,

the fiscal revenue 44.17 million yuan and the per capita revenue 138yuan. Since the financial

power is limited, it is hard to keep the state organs running and to have fund for poverty relief

development. Since the implementation of the poverty relief development program, the total

poverty relief funds obtained are 31,061,00yuan, with a tendency of decrease year by year.

Since the support fund is very limited, the pace of poverty relief is rather slow.

3. Less opportunities of education receiving by the civilians in the project region, low literacy, less ideas of development, low ability to accept new things.

The education receiving of the minorities is low and their illiteracy and semi illiteracy ratio

high, they are laggard in receiving external information. From the perspective of education

receiving of farmers’ children, some girls have even not attended primary school due to

poverty and long distance from school. Most children can attain the level of “general 6 year

compulsory education”. The senior high schools in project counties are seriously short of

educational resources, few students can be enrolled by senior high schools. Fewer people can

be enrolled by junior colleges. Students unable to continue their study have to return to the

village or work outside, lacking the training on rural vocational skills.

4. Singular source of fiscal income, fragile economic structure, irrational industrial structure, short of stable leading industry.

The minorities in Rongan County mostly deal with the traditional agriculture in a backward

manner. Some minority villages have even followed the mode of production of slash-and-burn

cultivation, vulnerable to natural and manmade disasters, do not have a stable leading

industry, lack a powerful point of economic growth. Many families live on unstable income

and work outside.

5. Backward infrastructure, ill-informed

The infrastructure is rather weak, appearing as lagging water, power supply and road. Many

villages do not have a road. The village roads built are of low standard, vulnerable to natural

disasters. Landslides and rains would affect the use of roads. Since civilians in mountain areas

live in a scattered manner, the direct benefit area of a highway is small. Even at villages with

a highway, a great part of civilians have difficulty in traffic. The transport of materials and

farm products is done by shouldering and carrying on the back with high labor intensity.

Many farm or sideline products cannot be commercialized for this reason, causing difficulty

in their source of income.

B. Cause Analysis by Minority Villagers in Project Areas

Sequencing of Causes of Poverty by Miao Villagers of Silang Village

13

Inconvenient traffic

Many hills, little field

Low literacy Ill-informed Old ideology Fund shortage

***** ** **** *** ** *****

Sequencing of Causes of Poverty by Zhuang Villagers of Second Village

Ill-informed

Inconvenient traffic

No power

Difficulty in water supply

Fund shortage

Lack of technique

Old ideology

Low literacy

** ***** ***** ***** **** **** ** ***

VII. MDP Formulation Based on County

In sum, the minorities in Rongan County are associating frequently with the Han nationality

and living together. Many minorities have lived together for a long period. The differences

between them are mainly embodied in history, language, festivals and other traditional culture

aspects, yet there is very significant consistency in terms of means of livelihood, resources

possession, causes of poverty, present situation of poverty, perception of poverty and ideas for

development. Accordingly, it is more suitable to formulate the MDP based on county.

Chapter 2. Minorities and Project in Rongan County

The project’s goal is to greatly improve the living standard of most poor farmer families in

the project areas, try to make the growth rate of farmer per capita income slightly higher than

the average of Guangxi; significantly improve the infrastructure, social and economic

situation, ecology, production and living conditions, create good conditions for reaching the

well-off level by 2009 utilizing the co-financing of the joint loan of the World Bank and the

British Government in a pattern of comprehensive harnessing and a participatory manner.

I. Positive Impacts

1. Impacts on local living standard

This project includes a large number of productive projects, the selection of which is based on

the local practical situation and the farmers’ own will. Its execution can fully activate the

local minorities to participate in the project, shift the poverty relief effort in the minority areas

from a blood transfusion type to a hematopoietic one, enhance the self-development

capabilities of the minorities, effectively increase the income of the farmers and the

government’s revenue; improve the local standard of living. Meanwhile, the popularization of

advanced agricultural techniques can effectively improve the agro-technical level of the local

farmers and lay a good foundation for future development.

2. Social benefits generated by the project

This project covers rural infrastructure, agricultural integrated development, basic

educational, medical, sanitary conditions construction, organization and capability building.

14

This project’s execution will generate remarkable social benefits, solve the employment

problem of large amounts of surplus labor, increase the per capita income of the farmers,

relieve the poverty of the minority population in the project areas and promote the social

stability, appearing as:

1) The project pays attention to the infrastructure, cultural, educational and sanitary

construction, will effectively improve the production and living conditions, and the

local villagers’ life quality of the Xiangs, towns and people in the projects, provide

necessary conditions for the development of the communities and production.

2) With the diversification of the comprehensive poverty relief and development, the

project will not only broaden sources of income of the poor farmers, but also greatly

foster the self-development capabilities of the communities and the poor farmers

through participatory practice and training.

3) The project will greatly drive the sustainable social, economic growth in the project

areas, the productive projects will absorb the farmers to deal with production at

ease, relieve the social stresses arising from the land reduction due to population

growth.

4) By fully exerting its benefits, the project will provide fruits, timber, livestock, other

products and relevant services to the society, promote the improvement of the life

quality of the masses.

5) Promote the healthy development of the national economy and culture, mobilize the

women to take part in the community construction and self-improvement, and also

accordingly improve their income and family status.

6) The project’s execution and management will always involve minorities and train a

large number of excellent talents with high foreign-funded project design, execution

and management abilities for the local minorities.

7) The project’s successful execution can drive the minority masses to become rich by

technology and labor, and radically drive the development of the minorities, which

is very significant for the steady development of the local society. This project will

also promote the local nationalities to enhance their exchanges and develop friendly

mutual-aid relations.

3. Ecological benefits generated by the project

Since the project mainly includes rural infrastructure construction and agricultural integrated

development, it is little destructive to the environment; it will also gradually improve the

increasingly deteriorating ecology, and bring a benign cycle to the environmental, social and

economic development. After its completion, 2,300ha vegetation will increase in the county,

the forest cover rate will be improved, the objectives of “afforesting barren hills, conserving

soil and water, conserving water sources and regulating the climate” will be met.

4. The project will promote the development of relations between nationalities

15

In the execution of this project, the minority masses will take an active part in the project’s

design, planning, execution and monitoring, which is advantageous to promoting the equality

in participation and benefits between different nationalities. In the course of cooperation, the

friendship between different nationalities can be further boosted. The minority problem today

is essentially a minority development problem. The project can improve the living standard of

the nationalities in this region, solve the conflicts, estrangements arising from the inequality

in economic development, and lay a material foundation for the co-prosperity, equality and

unity of different nationalities.

All the masses in the project areas will have the chance to take part in the project assessment

and planning. The project planning will necessarily reflect the wills and needs of different

nationalities.

On the basis of concern about the main minorities in the projects, the concern about and the

equal treatment to the other minorities that live in the project areas will surely promote the

development and advance of the local minorities.

Giving full consideration to the diversified demands resulting from different religions,

societies and cultures aiming at the local conditions of different project areas will surely

promote the equal development between different nationalities.

II. Negative Impacts and Relevant Suggestions

1. Project execution may impact minority cultures in the region

Rongan County is a multinational habitat, where the minorities maintain their peculiarities in

the course of cultural fusion. As far as it goes, the project’s execution will not directly impact

the cultures of the local minorities, but the executive body should also pay close attention to

this respect in the execution to avoid offense to the right of development of national culture.

2. Farmers may differ in degree of involvement and further differentiate in wealth

The limited project funds make it possible to involve every desirous farmer in the project. In

addition, a few experienced farmers provided with conditions may get more financial support

and grow robust; those with higher learning ability may also profit more. These may lead to a

further differentiation in wealth among the local farmers.

3. Feel of loss of few groups due to less concern about their own interests

For a multinational habitat, the interests of other nationalities should be fully considered in

the project’s execution so that every nationality is benefited. If the smaller nationalities and

the disadvantaged groups in different nationalities cannot be considered, the contradictions

between nationalities and inside a nationality might be created or aggravated, and finally the

goal of coprosperity and joint development of different nationalities cannot be really fulfilled.

4. Potential Adverse Impacts on Living Standard and Environmental Protection

This project includes some economical forest planting projects. The climatic, soil and other

natural factors can affect the whole process from growth, development to maturity of crops,

forests and fruits greatly. If the planting skills are not well learned, the breeding management

16

level low and the sanitary conditions improper, the project’s risks will be increased, leading to

the reduction of the local villagers’ living standard after the project’s execution; in addition,

driven by economic interests, the farmers might enlarge the scale of planting and breeding

blindly to cause certain losses to the local environment.

III. Suggestions from Minorities Villagers

Villagers in the Rongan project areas are eager to develop their household economy and have

shown great interest in and expectations for the project, thinking that PRCDP is a good

opportunity for them to get rich and expecting the project can be executed as soon as possible.

1) Increase the project’s investment in improving rural infrastructure construction

The rural infrastructure at the poor minority villages in Rongan County, such as traffic, water

conservancy, is very backward due to fund shortage. None of the 45 poor villages has a grade

highway and the traffic conditions have become the key obstacle to poverty relief.

The backward infrastructure has greatly restricted the development of the project region and

villagers have shown great concern about the rural infrastructure construction. They hope the

project’s execution practically improve their living environment and think if the infrastructure

cannot be improved, it will be impossible to ship out farm products for sale. Accordingly, they

hope the project can increase the investment in the infrastructure.

2) Increase the investment in culture, health and education

The culture, health and education of the Guangxi Project Region cannot satisfy the need of

community development and have directly affected the life quality of villagers there and even

endangered their personal safety. Students’ long travel to school is also a concern of villagers.

Accordingly, minority villagers also suggest the project pay attention to the construction of

culture, education and health, including setting up village health centers, perfecting village

primary school education, rebuilding dilapidated schoolhouses and strengthening the

qualification of teachers, etc.

3) Villagers’ suggestions on loan and repayment

About the loan’s granting, villagers’ suggestions are:

1. Above all, make clear the degree of poverty and the culture of different families through

investigation. 5-family joint guaranty is proposed. When a family fails to repay the loan,

the other families will assume the liability. The 5-family joint guaranty can also play a

supervisory role.

2. It is also possible to let the Xiang financial service grant the loan. The credit cooperative

is a commercial agency with high interest on commercial operations. The Xiang financial

service has the obligation to serve farmers, so the project loan can also be granted by it.

3. The project loan should not be mortgaged like a bank loan. There is nothing at home for

mortgage.

17

About the loan repayment, villagers’ suggestion is the repayment period should be long

enough, different from small-grant credits. Whether planting or breeding, a certain period is

required to yield the money for repayment.

4) Suggestions on productive projects

Suggestions from minority villagers on productive projects are their respective family

development plans. Each villager has an individual plan for its own family’s development,

which is not necessarily consistent with the project plan. According to the procedure of the

participatory poverty-relief, officials of project offices will collect such ideas extensively,

subject them to scientific demonstration and then discuss projects to be finally executed with

farmers.

Chapter 3. Legal Framework and Ideas for Formulation of Minority

Development Program

I. Legal Framework

Up to now, 133 autonomy regulations, 326 specific regulations, 65 alternative provisions and

supplementary provisions have been issued by the 154 autonomous minority areas of China.

A socialistic national laws and regulations system with the characteristics of China with the

Constitution as the core, the Law of Regional National Autonomy of the PRC as the

backbone, the autonomy regulations and specific regulations as the main contents has come

into being.

After half a century, the national laws and regulations of China now involve every aspect of

the minorities, including politics, economy, culture, education, science and technology, health

and sports. There are both regulations applicable to the regional national autonomy and those

applicable to the minorities living scattered; both the basic laws and regulations enacted by

the Central Government, and those enacted by all levels of local government. A complete

system of national laws and regulations exists now.

The systematic national laws and regulations are playing a more and more important role in

guaranteeing the lawful rights and interests of the minorities, promoting the economic, social

development of the minority areas, maintain the unity of our country and the political

stability, reinforcing the frontier defense, developing the equal, united, mutual-aid socialistic

relations between nationalities.

(I) Constitution of PRC and Law of Regional National Autonomy of PRC

The general rules of the “Constitution of the PRC” stipulate regional national autonomy is a

regional autonomy at places centrally inhabited by minorities under the unified leadership of

the State by setting up autonomous organs, exercising the power of autonomy and practicing

regional national autonomy, embodying the spirit that the State fully respects and guarantees

the right of each minority to manage its internal affairs and the principle that the State sticks

18

to pursuing the equality, unity and co-prosperity among different nationalities. The “Law of

Regional National Autonomy of the PRC” is the basic law to practice the regional national

autonomy system under the Constitution.

The “Electoral Law” prescribes: “Nationwide minorities shall elect their representatives to the

National People’s Congress, the Standing Committee of the NPC shall allocate quotas to the

people’s congress of each province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the

Central Government with reference to the population and distribution of each minority. A

nationality extremely low in population shall have at least 1 representative.” “Autonomous

regions and provinces centrally-inhabited by many minorities shall have an additional 5% of

quota of representatives as decided by the Standing Committee of the NPC.

The “Law of Regional National Autonomy of the PRC” stipulates, autonomous organs shall

guarantee that all nationalities under their jurisdiction enjoy equal rights.

- Right to formulate autonomy regulations and specific ordinances, manage local finance

and economic construction, train and use minority cadres, manage educational, cultural

and scientific undertakings, use and develop national written and spoken languages

- Guarantee equal rights of scattered-living minorities. Scattered-living minorities refer to

minorities living outside regional autonomy areas and those living in these areas but not

practicing national regional autonomy.

- Minorities’ right to use their written and spoken languages

- Minorities’ right of freedom of religion

- Minorities’ right to reserve their customs, to be respected by other nationalities

- Right of minority cadres to take an important proportion in national autonomy areas

- Right of economic development of minority areas and preferential policies

- Minorities’ right to develop their cultural, educational and scientific undertakings

- Minorities’ title to preferential policies on planned parenthood

(II) Minority Regulations/Ordinances at Autonomous Region, Autonomous County and Minority Xiang Levels

According to the Constitution, under the Central People’s Government’s leadership, Guangxi

Zhuang Autonomous Region practices the regional national autonomy system. The People’s

Congress of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, its standing committee and the People’s

Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are the autonomous organs of Guangxi

Zhuang Autonomous Region that exercise autonomy in politics, economics, finance, culture

and education. 12 minority autonomous counties have been established at habitats of the other

minorities, including 6 Yao counties, 1 county for Miao, Dong, Mulao, Maonan nationalities

each, and 2 multinational counties. 63 minority Xiangs have been established. These minority

autonomous places have the power to constitute local regulations and ordinances.

The autonomy of the autonomous region is more embodied in the local legislation. For many

years, the autonomous region people’s congress and its standing committee have successively

enacted the “Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Election of All Levels of the People’s

Congress of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, “Working Regulations for the Xiang,

Minority Xiang, Town People’s Congresses of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”,

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“Implementation Procedures for Land Management of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous

Region”, “Interim Provisions for the Implementation of Protection of Propagation of Marine

Living Resources of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous”, “Management Regulations for Natural

Reserves of Forests and Wild Animals of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, “Interim

Regulations on Environmental Protection of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”,

“Regulations on Planned Parenthood of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, “Regulations

on Education of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, “Regulations on Labor Protection of

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, and have formulated a series of policies and

measures to promote the economic and social development. These have effectively driven the

economic, political and social development of Guangxi.

There are more specific local regulations and bylaws, such as “Management Regulations for

Technical Markets of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, “Management Regulations for

the Protection of Cultural Relics of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, “Management

Regulations for Cultural Markets of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, “Regulations on

Promotion of Mass-run Technological Enterprises of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”,

“Management Regulations for Road Transportation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous

Region”, “Regulations on Comprehensive Harnessing of Public Order of Guangxi Zhuang

Autonomous Region”, “Procedures of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for the

Implementation of the ‘Assurance Law of Women’s Rights and Interests of the PRC’”. A

complete law-rule system has come into being to exercise the power of national autonomy

from all aspects.

The regulations on national autonomy have made legal provisions from the exercise of the

autonomy to the functions of the autonomous organs, from the economic construction to the

finance and taxation, from the cultural construction to the relations between nationalities,

guaranteeing the power of autonomy in the political life of the nationalities in these areas.

Accordingly, the “Multi-nationality Development Program” has a good legal base, and within

the above legal framework, the rights of different ethnic groups in participating in the project

and developing themselves can be guaranteed, and the project and its execution will have a

legal guarantee.

II. General Ideas for Formulation of Rongan Minority Development Program

The idea in formulating the MDP is to consider how to involve the nationalities in the project

areas extensively and benefit them equally by executing the project, so that they can go on a

benign path of sustainable growth.

1. Promote the coordinated development of the economy, ecology and culture in the areas;

2. Promote the improvement of the household standard of living in the areas;

3. Promote the local development of high-quality human resources;

4. Promote the improvement of the agricultural, stockbreeding and technological level of

different nationalities in the areas;

5. Promote and cultivate the market entry ability of the minorities in the areas;

20

6. Promote the participation of the minorities in the areas in the project and its execution,

supervision.

Chapter 4. Participation of Minority Villagers in the Project

The PDCDP will be executed in a participatory approach. The framework of the participatory

approach includes 4 steps, namely, participatory poverty analysis, participatory community

development plan, participatory project execution and participatory supervision/evaluation.

At present, the effort in Rongan County is concentrated on the participatory poverty analysis

and the formulation of the participatory community development plan.

Section 1. Participatory Poverty Analysis and Participatory Community Development Plan

I. Selection of Target Groups

The villages in the project areas of Rongan cover all the 45 poor villages in 13 Xiangs/towns

fixed by the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region pursuant to the standard for poor county in

the new period. The basis of selection is that the 45 poor villages have poor natural

conditions, harsh ecology; high poverty coverage; backward infrastructure and lagging

economy; worse social services; urgent desire to become rich among poor farmers; strong

desire for healthcare and children’s education among women.

In the selection of project farmer families at the minority villages, aim at poor families, try to

cover minority poor families, especially support some potential, capable and open-minded

minority poor families as typical families.

II. Participatory Demand Analysis and Project Planning

The project officials went deep into the project villages in work teams to help the local people

analyze the environmental conditions related to their production and life with their knowledge

using the method of participatory rural assessment (PRA), formulate the future development

plan and take corresponding actions, so as to finally benefit them. The minority villagers have

been involved in the poverty analysis and project planning in the following ways:

1. Villager meeting

Hold many times of villager meetings involving different nationalities, sexes, ages, degrees of

richness and residences to make the contents of PRCDP widely known, summarize and share

the work results, obtain the villagers’ support and cooperation. Write the collected information

(such as issue sequencing, resource distribution layout, seasonal life calendar by sex and farm

work calendar) on a large piece of paper, verify the information, analyze and summarize the

problems, find out a solution together with the villagers.

2. Charting

21

The villagers draw the resource distribution plan of the village, marking the locations of the

communes and the present situation of the rivers and roads on the chart. The work team has

fully discussed the existing problems, difficulties in resource utilization and solutions thereto

with the villagers, with special concern on the activities to be carried out in an area.

Make an analysis of women problem by drawing the seasonal life calendar by sex of different

nationalities, learn the differences of the social genders and the women’s concern about the

project’s activities by investigating the farming activities in different seasons of women and

men of different nationalities and their roles in the family.

3. Farmer interview

Raise questions to the villagers and find answers by means of field or door-to-door interview

to provide a numerical and theoretical basis to the design and analysis of the village planning.

4. Information feedback

Feed the work results arranged, classified and analyzed by the work team and the planning

back to the village to consult the villagers for opinions and suggestions.

Flowchart of Participatory Village-level Planning at Minority Project Village

III. Formulation of Participatory Manual

The PRCDP project requires maintaining a high-quality participatory approach to meet the

requirements of the World Bank and the British Department for International Development,

Hold first villager meeting

involving all nationalities

(Find out problems, issue

sequencing, sex analysis)

Form preliminary framework

and budget Villager sum-up meeting Complete participatory

village-level plan (draft)

(Report, analyze and discuss

project planning with villagers)

Information feedback of participatory village-level

plan to the village

(Discussion, data collation)

(Draw resource distribution

plan)

(Systematic analysis,

discussion and summarization

of collected information)

(Let trainees master PRA)

Interview with farmers of

different nationalities

(Briefly introduce the goals, significance

of PRCDP, objectives of the work team

at the village, activities to becarried out)

Teachers of provincial

PO train trainees

Sum-up Participatory charting

Prepare PRCDP investigation materials,

collect and learn the background of the

village’s national composition, history,

culture, social organization, means of

livelihood, resources, poverty situation

22

especially the requirements of the World Bank’s guarantee clause. Based on the data of the 3

project provinces and the discussion with the provinces, ITAD shall work out a participatory

manual as required by the World Bank and BDID, specifying the basic principles, monitoring

indicators, key steps, recommended methods and tools of the participatory approach and the

typical cases introduced by the provinces to provide guidance to how the county, Xiang/town

and village level project managerial personnel and coordinators should execute and monitor

the participatory approach in the project.

Section 2. Execution, Supervision and Evaluation of Participatory Project

For more extensive and deeper participation of the minority villagers in the project, the future

effort will be concerned about the following points:

I. Participatory Execution of the Project

The target of PRCDP is to involve the minority villagers in all aspects of the health,

education, infrastructure, agricultural subprojects. The future effort shall ensure the operating

principles and procedures (managerial structure, decision-making mechanism, mode of

execution, fund appropriation and purchasing, etc) of the project, adapt the specific social,

cultural traditions of the minorities to the participatory approach, so that the minorities can

participate in the project in an extensive, deep and equal manner and benefit from it.

II. Supervision and Evaluation of Participation Quality of Minority Villagers

The design of the PRCDP monitoring and evaluation system is still at the initial stage. It will

cover the following aspects:

1. Monitor the execution of the participatory approach, including: monitor the villages and

families covered by the participatory approach; monitor the quality of the participatory

approach on the basis of the indicators in the participatory manual.

2. Select minority villages as the trial units of participatory approach monitoring, feed back

the experience and lessons to the project offices of the 3 project provinces.

3. Integrate the information and lessons from the community participatory monitoring and

evaluation campaign at the minority villages.

III. Rolling popularization of Participatory Method

According to some feasible methods and ideas for the staged and rolling popularization of the

participatory approach to be discussed in the participatory manual, more villages, especially

minority villages, in Rongan County will be covered by the participatory method under the

provincial participatory rolling popularization program.

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Chapter 5. 2005 Project Execution Plan and Budget

The project construction of Rongan County includes the agricultural development subproject

centering on planting and breeding; the rural infrastructure project centering on village roads,

human/livestock drinking water, rural farm produce fairs; the education and health subproject

centering on rural basic education and rural basic medicine and health construction; as well as

the organization building and human resources development. The project’s total investment is

RMB50 million.

However, the project coverage of Rongan cannot be finalized. The execution locations of the

hamlet highway and human/livestock drinking water projects will be determined by means of

community participation; the locations of the planting/breeding project will also be selected

by the communities, especially the disadvantaged groups; the locations of technical training,

partial basic education and health will also be determined in this way.

I. Formation of Project Planning for Minority Villages

1. Fix the project areas. According to the PRCDP requirements and the practical situation

of Rongan County, 45 villages in 13 Xiangs/towns, including 28 villages dominated by

minorities, were fixed as the project areas;

2. In each project Xiang, 2 representative villages were selected to conduct the participatory

typical-village village-level planning;

3. Form the project framework of the “Project Proposal”. On the basis of a full collection of

the basic information of the project areas, in conjunction with the farmers’ wills in the

project design at typical villages, the county’s 10-year poverty-relief planning, industrial

planning, national economy development planning, a project framework demonstration

meeting will be held involving Party/political leaders, business departments, specialized

technicians to conduct a full feasibility demonstration of the project, form a preliminary

project framework and fix the rough investment proportions of the subprojects. On this

basis, the business departments shall finalize the contents and scale of the subprojects in

our county and form the project framework of the “Project Proposal” in consideration of

the farmers’ wills, the project areas’ situation, relevant State requirements and technical

standards through field investigation, repeated discussions, sufficient demonstration and

overall balancing;

4. The experts from the Sun Yat-sen University shall carry out a social assessment of the

project areas to further summarize and search for social and cultural differences that need

attention in the process of project planning, such as differences in nationality, gender and

residence, etc;

5. Conduct the participatory village-level planning at 20% of the project villages to provide

a basis for the feasibility study;

6. Plan and design the project contents and scale in the feasibility study report. On the basis

of the participatory village-level planning, with reference to the practical situation and

market conditions of the project areas, the investment proportions, scale of construction,

24

unit investment budget of the subprojects and the return on unit cost of productive

projects have been revised again after repeated demonstration, quite objectively planning

the project contents and scale in the feasibility study report. The whole building process

of the project fully embodies the participatory concept.

7. The farmer development projects planned at the project villages in the county in 2005 are

designed so that the minority farmers can organize productive activities and boost their

development capabilities according their own wills. Pillar project will be formed to raise

the farmers’ income by giving full play to the unique natural advantages and the existing

pillar industry advantages of the county; in the infrastructure subproject, traffic, watery

conservancy and other infrastructure will be constructed to meet the farmers’ needs and

project development; the community development subproject aims to improve the quality

of laborers to ensure the successful practice of the participatory approach at the minority

villages; the education and health subproject is designed for the backward education and

health conditions of the minority villages to gradually improve the population quality of

the minorities.

II. Year 1 Project Executive Plan and Budget for Minority Villages

In Year 1 of project execution of Rongan County, the total investment is RMB10 million.

1. Integrated agricultural development subproject

The investment in the integrated agricultural subproject is RMB4,085,054, including the

edible fungi planting project, tomato planting project, radish planting project, grosvenor

momordica planting project, kumquat planting project, mulberry planting and silkworm

breeding project, cattle breeding project and live pig breeding project. This project adopts the

mode of small-grant credit at the own discretion of the affected farmers. The credit is to be

repaid by the benefited farmers.

The integrated agricultural development subproject mainly includes cash crop planting,

domestic animal breeding, mulberry planting and silkworm breeding, construction of methane

tank, development of ecological agriculture, improvement of land use rate, increase of local

specialties, improvement of the per unit area yield of economic forest, to ensure the farmers

have a stable source of income.

Each subproject has a certain technological base, meets the local production habits, soil and

climate conditions, and is acceptable by the local villagers. The agricultural subproject will be

tailored to the local conditions, planned scientifically, set out rationally for rational utilization

of natural, social and economic resources and enhanced overall benefits.

The execution of the agricultural subproject will be focused on the industrial restructuring. On

the basis of full respect to the farmers’ will, pay attention to the large-scale layout, give rise to

local advantageous industries to accelerate the process of agricultural industrialization.

Through the agro-technical training and guidance, enhance the production techniques, skills

of the farmers while improving their level of planting and breeding to build up the sense of

vitalizing the agriculture and becoming rich with science and technology.

25

Edible fungi, tomato, radish, grosvenor momordica, kumquat are characteristic cash crops that

have good examples of success in the project areas, higher economic value and a certain

technical base, and will produce good benefits, effectively adjust the agricultural structure of

the project areas, form a leading industry and improve the living standard of the minority

villagers in the project areas.

The execution of the whole agricultural project should be focused on the organic combination

of economic, social, ecological benefits. Do not increase the economic benefits and improve

the production, living conditions of the farmers at the cost of social and ecological benefits.

The environmental protection and construction should be constantly strengthened to prevent

environmental pollution, ensure the ecological safety, and realize the healthy, coordinated and

sustainable growth of the agriculture.

Execution Plan of Integrated Agricultural Development Subproject of Rongan in 2005

Content Unit Scale Project coverage Edible fungi

Ha 4.14 Matian, Shanbei, Jizhao, Wentang, Silang, Yaosong, Xuncun

Tomato Ha 31.54Matian, Shanbei, Guban, Zhongcun, Second Village, Lianglao, Jiangbian, Yangshan, Wentang

Radish Ha 37.4 Xuncun, Yindong, Xiaolv, Mugua, Qixi, Xingshang, Hongri, Antai, Changfeng

Grosvenor momordica

Ha 1.53 Dongling, Guanxi, Mengcun, Shajiang, Sian, Cheping, Sutian, Dahua, Taijiang, Liuju, Fushang, Tongshi, Shouju

Kumquat Ha 10.72Mengcun, Guanxi, Dahua, Taijiang, Liuju, Fushang, Tongshi, Shouju

Mulberry &

silkworm Head 26.13

Xuncun, Yindong, Silang, Yaosong, Xiaolv, Mugua, Qixi, Xingshang, Hongri, Antai, Changfeng, Liangcun, Yangliu, Hudong, Shimen, Xian, Peicun, Dongxiang, Lingbei

Cattle breeding

Head 290 Guban, Zhongcun, Guyi, Yangliu, Shimen, Hudong

Pig raising Head 1492 45 poor villages

2. Rural infrastructure construction subproject

The rural infrastructure construction project includes 3 subprojects: village/hamlet highway

project, human/livestock drinking water project and rural farm produce fair project.

The Year 1 investment of the rural infrastructure subproject is RMB1,646,520, mainly used

for the 7km rural highway from Panlong to Dongling to cover 2769 people of 698 families at

the villages of Dongling and Longna. The drinking water project to cover 5 of the 13 project

Xiangs/towns is yet to be targeted.

3. Rural basic education, medical, sanitary construction subproject

The rural basic education, medical, sanitary construction project includes 13 subprojects, in

which the rural basic education subproject includes: compulsory education, book, community

study center, adult education, teacher training, village primary school and village teaching

point; the rural basic medicine and health subproject includes: village doctor training, medical

subsidy for the extremely poor, mother and child healthcare, health education, village health

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station and its supporting medical equipment. By strengthening the infrastructure construction

in respect of education and health and the training of the medical staff, further improve the

school educations and the basic medical and sanitary situation to satisfy the educational,

medical and sanitary needs of the farmers in the project areas.

The Year 1 investment of rural basic education and health is RMB1,764,000, in which the

investment in basic education is RMB1,299,564. 5 classrooms of 300m2 will be built at the

village complete primary schools, built 2 classrooms of 67m2 and 1 of 83m2 at the village

teaching points; purchase 8340 books; invest RMB10,000 at the community study centers; as

well as RMB49900 and RMB81760 in adult education and teacher training respectively.

The Year 1 investment in the rural basic medical and sanitary project is RMB464,444, to

build 7 village health stations and provide 7 sets of medical equipment; invest medical

subsidies of RMB89,590 for the extremely poor (mother/child healthcare and health

education each).

4. Community capability building

The Year 1 investment of rural community capability building is RMB549,000. Of which, the

planning capability training and participatory skill training will cover 81 men-times each, the

village cadre coordination and management capability training and community project

management capability training will cover 31 men-times each, the community financial and

purchase capability training will cover 22 men-times, the farmer planting technical training

and farmer breeding technical training will cover 900 men-times each, and the other farmer

technical training 450 men-times; in the community information communication construction,

45 project villages will be provided with village broadcast TV system, VCD, telephone, etc.,

9 villages will be provided with books and teaching materials; the investment in the village

level planning will be RMB19,500 to cover material costs and subsidy for assistants; the

investment in the participatory execution and monitoring will be RMB95,400, to cover 180

men-times of inter-village exchange, payment to coordinators, subsidy for exemplary and

monitoring families, cost of monitoring materials and statements.

Chapter 6. Budget Supervision and Evaluation

For planning and execution of the project, 3 independent and closely cooperative supervisory

mechanisms are proposed: 1) supervisory mechanism established by the farmers in the project

areas, to supervise the transparency of the project, feedback and complaint; 2) supervision and

evaluation of the project (by the supervisory personnel organized by the World Bank; and 3)

supervision of the Guangxi Regional and Rongan County Project Offices by the supervisory

departments of all levels of government.

To guarantee the project’s execution, monitoring and observations must be made irregularly

every year to learn the progress of execution and provide an observation report to the World

Bank and the Regional Project Office.

The irregular monitoring and observation must be:

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1. Executed by an independent academic institution outside the project region or province;

2. The supervisory and observational organ must be determined by the World Bank and the

Regional Project Office through negotiation;

3. The observation report must be submitted to the World Bank and the Regional Project

Office;

4. The observation results shall be fed back to all levels of project offices timely for timely

rectification.

II. Evaluation Mechanism

The project’s social assessment is an important basis of the project design and establishment,

and also an essential procedure in the project’s execution and supervision. To guarantee the

MDP’s execution, the project assessment shall include the assessment of the Rongan Minority

Development Program’s execution, the understanding of the MDP’s execution, the provision

of an observation report submitted to the World Bank and the Provincial Project Office. The

project’s social assessment must be:

a. Executed by an independent academic institution outside the project region or

province;

b. The supervisory and observational organ must be determined by the World Bank

and the Regional Project Office through negotiation;

c. The observation report must be submitted to the World Bank and the Regional

Project Office;

d. The observation results shall be fed back to all levels of project offices timely for

timely rectification.

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