Ron Wyzga, SC. D., FASA Senior Technical Executive AWMA Annual Meeting June 25, 2014
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Ron Wyzga, SC. D., FASA Senior Technical Executive
AWMA Annual MeetingJune 25, 2014
Commentary on the Critical Review Public Health and Components of Particulate Matter:
The Changing Assessment of Black Carbon
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Critical Review
• Good compendium of literature• Rightfully points to role for BC• Needs to go beyond BC
– other components– surrogacy– BC, OC as mixtures
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Rohr – Wyzga Paper
• Reviewed literature through February 2012
• Epidemiology, toxicological, human clinical studies
• Acute studies only (exposures ≤ 1 week)
• No judgments about study methods, analyses
• Studies had to consider at last 2 components and PM2.5
• Quantitative results were presented
• Considered the most significant positive result
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Results – Epidemiological Studies Overall
• 39 studies considered PM2.5 and at least 2 components
• CVD response
21/39 significant association and at least with PM or component
2/39 significant association with PM, but not component
17/39 significant association with components, but not PM
Carbon-containing components gave more significant associations than PM2.5
24/28 studies considering carbon-containing particles found significant associations
9/35 studies considering sulfates found significant associations
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Results Epidemiological Studies II
• Respiratory responses
15/26 studies for carbon-containing particles
12/27 studies for sulfates
• Asthma
7/20 studies for carbon
• Not much consideration of metals in epi studies– Ni, V, Cu, Si, K found greatest effects
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Limitations/Caveats
•Considered any significant positive results
•Methodologies not evaluated
•No consideration of measurement error
•Multiple comparison issue
•Surrogacy issue
•Two pollutant models not addressed
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Ito et al Results
150 Cities(components)
64 Cities (components)
YearWarm
SeasonCold
SeasonYear
WarmSeason
Cold Season
PM2.5 x x x x - x
Sulfate - - - - - x
OC x x x x - x
EC x - x x - x
Nitrate x - - - x -
x = statistically significant
150 Cities(components)
64 Cities (components)
YearWarm
SeasonCold
SeasonYear
WarmSeason
Cold Season
x - x x x x
- - - x x -
x x x x x -
x - x x - x
- - - - - -
CVD Hospitalizations Respiratory Hospitalizations
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Overall Conclusion
• No major component is exonerated
• More evidence for carbon-containing particles– Definition needs to be clarified– Need to go beyond EC
• Some concern for metals, especially Ni, V with cardiovascular and respiratory; Al, Si with respiratory endpoints
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Health Analyses of Thermal Desorption Data
Atlanta & Birmingham (2006 - 2009), Dallas (2006 – 2007)
Health Data:– Medicare enrollees (>64 yr)– Total emergency CVD and respiratory related hospital admissions
Air Pollution Data:– PM2.5 condensed-phase primary OC species (TD-GCMS)
grouped by their chemical structure• At least 75% non-missing observations• At least 50% above the LOD• IQR/median > 0.3• All criteria satisfied in all 3 cities
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Thermal Desorption Data: Atlanta, Birmingham, Dallas Combined Total CVD
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Conclusions
• EC, OC are mixtures
• Some components may be more important in predicting health effects than others
• Need more detailed measurements to unravel air pollution – health issue
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Possibilities for EC
• EC bad actor• EC, others bad actors• EC + other bad actors• EC a surrogate