Rome. BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT… Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall?...

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Transcript of Rome. BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT… Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall?...

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BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…

Why do empires and civilizations Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall?rise and fall?

Is this fall inevitable? Is this fall inevitable? What makes a great leader?What makes a great leader?

What qualities make a good What qualities make a good leader? – period 10leader? – period 10

Write down at least Write down at least 55 qualities that make a good qualities that make a good leaderleader

FairFair Mentally StrongMentally Strong Good at Foreign AffairsGood at Foreign Affairs MoralsMorals ToughTough WiseWise SociableSociable BraveBrave LoyalLoyal Leadership SkillsLeadership Skills Compassionate Compassionate FunFun

Military IntelligenceMilitary Intelligence Not EarlNot Earl ResponsibleResponsible StrictStrict TrustworthyTrustworthy IntelligentIntelligent RespectfulRespectful StrategicStrategic CourageousCourageous Hard WorkingHard Working Think “Outside the Box”Think “Outside the Box” DangerousDangerous SmartSmart Willing to put People firstWilling to put People first StrongStrong

What qualities make a good What qualities make a good leader? – period 7/8leader? – period 7/8

Write down at least Write down at least 55 qualities that make a good qualities that make a good leaderleader

FairFair Smart - IntelligentSmart - Intelligent CaringCaring Wise – Common SenseWise – Common Sense TrustworthyTrustworthy ToughTough HonestHonest ResponsibleResponsible BraveBrave OrganizedOrganized Keep ControlKeep Control Open to suggestionOpen to suggestion PrudentPrudent

Good JudgmentGood Judgment Strong ReligiousStrong Religious PowerfulPowerful Equal treatment for allEqual treatment for all AggressiveAggressive ReliableReliable RespectedRespected Well likedWell liked ConsiderateConsiderate SupportiveSupportive CourageousCourageous Non-corruptibleNon-corruptible CreativeCreative PatrioticPatriotic

What qualities make a good What qualities make a good leader? – period 5/6leader? – period 5/6

Write down at least Write down at least 55 qualities that make a qualities that make a good leadergood leader

FairFair Good judgmentGood judgment Help PeopleHelp People BraveBrave Have Respect of Have Respect of

PeoplePeople Solve ProblemsSolve Problems PersuasivePersuasive ExperienceExperience

SmartSmart PowerfulPowerful Protect PeopleProtect People Good in tough Good in tough

situationssituations Think things outThink things out Doesn’t give upDoesn’t give up How to controlHow to control Self RespectSelf Respect MoralMoral Quick wittedQuick witted

What qualities make a good What qualities make a good leader? – period 3leader? – period 3

Write down at least Write down at least 55 qualities that make a qualities that make a good leadergood leader

FairFair Knowledge of how city Knowledge of how city

worksworks IntelligentIntelligent ReliableReliable Good strategistGood strategist Good governing skillsGood governing skills Understands the Understands the

peoplepeople Good at militaryGood at military

ConfidentConfident ConvincingConvincing TrustworthyTrustworthy ExperienceExperience Able to make Able to make

prosperousprosperous Ability to defendAbility to defend PowerfulPowerful WiseWise Conflict ResolutionConflict Resolution CourageousCourageous LoyalLoyal UniteUnite

What qualities make a good What qualities make a good leader? – period 2leader? – period 2

Write down at least Write down at least 55 qualities that qualities that make a good leadermake a good leader

FairFair Wise*Wise* Gets stuff doneGets stuff done Need to know what Need to know what

is bestis best Get people to Get people to

followfollow

SmartSmart CourageousCourageous Good Military Good Military

LeaderLeader Leadership skillsLeadership skills ConsistentConsistent

The Roman The Roman RepublicRepublic

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Beginnings of RomeBeginnings of Rome

Legend – Rome Legend – Rome founded by founded by Romulus and Romulus and Remus – 753B.C.Remus – 753B.C.

Sons of Mars (Ares Sons of Mars (Ares in Greek)in Greek)

Abandoned and Abandoned and raised by a wolfraised by a wolf

RomeRome Built on 7 rolling hills at a Built on 7 rolling hills at a

curve on the Tiber rivercurve on the Tiber river 3 Groups influenced the 3 Groups influenced the

region – Latins, Greeks and region – Latins, Greeks and EtruscansEtruscans

Latins were shepherds who Latins were shepherds who wandered across Italy wandered across Italy settling in Rome and settling in Rome and surrounding areasurrounding area

Greek settlements in south Greek settlements in south brought Rome into closer brought Rome into closer contact with Greece and contact with Greece and Greek cultureGreek culture

Etruscans native to Etruscans native to northern Italy metalworkers northern Italy metalworkers and engineersand engineers

Rome – merging culturesRome – merging cultures The Etruscans create a The Etruscans create a

system of writing and system of writing and Romans adopt their Romans adopt their alphabetalphabet

Roman architecture is Roman architecture is influenced by Etruscans influenced by Etruscans especially the archespecially the arch

Romans learn grape and Romans learn grape and olive growing from olive growing from GreeksGreeks

Borrow religious ideas Borrow religious ideas from both:from both: Take Etruscan ritualsTake Etruscan rituals Model gods after Greek Model gods after Greek

godsgods

The RepublicThe Republic

After years of rule by kings the Romans After years of rule by kings the Romans agree to never again be ruled by a kingagree to never again be ruled by a king

They decide to form what they call a They decide to form what they call a RepublicRepublic

What is a Republic?What is a Republic?

Type of governmentType of government Power rests with citizens who vote for Power rests with citizens who vote for

their leaderstheir leaders Similar in many ways to the United StatesSimilar in many ways to the United States

Early RepublicEarly Republic Different groups struggle Different groups struggle

for controlfor control Patricians – wealthy Patricians – wealthy

landownerslandowners Inherited positions by Inherited positions by

birthbirth Plebeians – farmers Plebeians – farmers

artisans and merchantsartisans and merchants While citizens, barred While citizens, barred

from holding most officesfrom holding most offices In time they were In time they were

allowed to elect own allowed to elect own assembly and own assembly and own officials called tribunesofficials called tribunes

Twelve TablesTwelve Tables

Early victory for Early victory for Plebeians was to Plebeians was to get a law code get a law code passedpassed

With laws unwritten With laws unwritten all law was open to all law was open to interpretationinterpretation

Establish the idea Establish the idea that all citizens are that all citizens are protected by lawprotected by law

Government Under Government Under RepublicRepublic

How similar was the Roman How similar was the Roman Republic to the United Republic to the United

States? - ExStates? - ExROMEROME

Two consuls elected Two consuls elected by the assembly for by the assembly for one yearone year

Chief executives of Chief executives of the government and the government and commander-in-chief commander-in-chief of the armyof the army

UNITED STATESUNITED STATES President elected by President elected by

the “people” every the “people” every four yearsfour years

Chief executive of Chief executive of the government and the government and commander-in-chief commander-in-chief of the armyof the army

Rome vs U.S.A. - SenateRome vs U.S.A. - Senate

ROME ROME 300 members300 members Chosen from Chosen from

aristocracy for lifearistocracy for life Controls foreign Controls foreign

and financial and financial policiespolicies

Advises counsulsAdvises counsuls

USAUSA 100 Members100 Members Elected by the Elected by the

people for six year people for six year termsterms

Makes lawsMakes laws Advises president Advises president

on foreign policyon foreign policy

Rome vs U.S.A. - RepRome vs U.S.A. - Rep

RomeRome Centuriate AssemblyCenturiate Assembly

All male citizen All male citizen soldiers are members soldiers are members for lifefor life

Select consuls make Select consuls make lawslaws

Tribal AssemblyTribal Assembly Citizens grouped Citizens grouped

according to where according to where they live elected for they live elected for lifelife

Elects Tribunes & Elects Tribunes & Makes lawsMakes laws

USAUSA House of House of

RepresentativesRepresentatives 435 members435 members Elected by people Elected by people

every two yearsevery two years Makes laws, levy’s Makes laws, levy’s

taxestaxes

Rome vs U.S.A. - courtsRome vs U.S.A. - courts

ROMEROME PraetorsPraetors Eight Judges chosen Eight Judges chosen

by Centuriate by Centuriate AssemblyAssembly

Serve one year termsServe one year terms 2 oversee civil and 2 oversee civil and

criminal courtscriminal courts Other six govern Other six govern

provinces provinces

USAUSA Supreme CourtSupreme Court Nine justices Nine justices

appointed by appointed by presidentpresident

For lifeFor life Highest CourtHighest Court Hears civil and Hears civil and

criminal appeal criminal appeal casescases

Rome vs U.S.A. - LawRome vs U.S.A. - Law

ROMEROME Legal CodeLegal Code The twelve tables – The twelve tables –

a list of rules that a list of rules that are the basis of the are the basis of the Roman legal Roman legal systemsystem

Citizens – Adult Citizens – Adult male landownersmale landowners

USAUSA Legal codeLegal code Constitution – basic Constitution – basic

laws and founding laws and founding principles of the principles of the United StatesUnited States

Citizens – all native Citizens – all native born or naturalized born or naturalized personspersons

The Republic - DictatorsThe Republic - Dictators

In times of crisis the republic could In times of crisis the republic could appoint a dictatorappoint a dictator

A dictator would stay in power for A dictator would stay in power for only six monthsonly six months

Dictators were chosen by consuls and Dictators were chosen by consuls and elected by the Senateelected by the Senate

Do you see any potential problems Do you see any potential problems with this being a law? How could with this being a law? How could people take advantage?people take advantage?

Roman ArmyRoman Army All citizens who owned All citizens who owned

land were required to land were required to serve in the armyserve in the army

Organized into legionsOrganized into legions Legion was 500 foot Legion was 500 foot

soldierssoldiers A group of cavalry would A group of cavalry would

support each legionsupport each legion Within each legion a Within each legion a

group of 80 men was group of 80 men was called a centurycalled a century

Centuries could act Centuries could act independentlyindependently

Rome Conquers the Rome Conquers the MediterraneanMediterranean

After taking Italy, Rome comes into conflict with After taking Italy, Rome comes into conflict with CarthageCarthage

Carthage was an ancient Phoenician city and the Carthage was an ancient Phoenician city and the largest and wealthiest in the arealargest and wealthiest in the area

Carthage Empire: Northern Africa Coast, Southern Carthage Empire: Northern Africa Coast, Southern Spain, Sardinia, Corsica & western SicilySpain, Sardinia, Corsica & western Sicily

The First Punic WarThe First Punic War

Tensions between Rome and Carthage riseTensions between Rome and Carthage rise Beginning in 264 B.C.Beginning in 264 B.C. Carthage was a huge naval powerCarthage was a huge naval power Rome a massive land powerRome a massive land power

First Punic WarFirst Punic War To defeat the Carthaginians Rome built a huge navyTo defeat the Carthaginians Rome built a huge navy Defeated the Carthaginian navy off the coast of SicilyDefeated the Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily Carthage vowed revenge took Spain to make up for Carthage vowed revenge took Spain to make up for

loss of Sicilyloss of Sicily Roman ally in Spain revolts against CarthageRoman ally in Spain revolts against Carthage

Second Punic WarSecond Punic War

Great Carthaginian Great Carthaginian general Hannibal general Hannibal plan attackplan attack

Hannibal moves Hannibal moves across the Alps with across the Alps with huge army – huge army – including battle including battle elephants – 216B.C.elephants – 216B.C.

Rome decided to Rome decided to take Hannibal head take Hannibal head onon

Battle of CannaeBattle of Cannae Rome and Carthage have huge battleRome and Carthage have huge battle Rome loses almost 40,000 menRome loses almost 40,000 men Rome does not surrender, instead raises another Rome does not surrender, instead raises another

armyarmy

Roman victoryRoman victory

Rome gradually recoversRome gradually recovers Hannibal did not have the supplies or Hannibal did not have the supplies or

men to attack citiesmen to attack cities Slowly take back ItalySlowly take back Italy Move into Spain and push Carthage outMove into Spain and push Carthage out Instead of attacking Hannibal in Italy – Instead of attacking Hannibal in Italy –

Rome invade Carthage in 202B.C.Rome invade Carthage in 202B.C. Rome crushes Carthage – now the Rome crushes Carthage – now the

dominate power in the Mediterraneandominate power in the Mediterranean

Third Punic WarThird Punic War

Lasted from 149-146 B.C.Lasted from 149-146 B.C. Much smaller than previous twoMuch smaller than previous two Resulted in complete destruction of city of Resulted in complete destruction of city of

Carthage and taking of all of Carthage Carthage and taking of all of Carthage TerritoryTerritory

Around same timeAround same time

Fighting between Fighting between Rome and Hellenistic Rome and Hellenistic states of Macedoniastates of Macedonia

Four wars between Four wars between 215 and 148 B.C.215 and 148 B.C.

Rome makes Rome makes Macedonia a Macedonia a provinceprovince

Rome now Rome now unchallenged in unchallenged in Mediterranean Mediterranean

Read page 155Read page 155

How did How did Cincinnatus Cincinnatus embody the embody the characteristics of characteristics of an ideal Roman an ideal Roman citizen?citizen?

How is he a How is he a different dictator different dictator than what we think than what we think of dictators today? of dictators today?

Rome Becomes Rome Becomes an Empirean Empire

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Qualities of an EmpireQualities of an Empire Good leaderGood leader LawsLaws PowerPower UnityUnity ConquestsConquests Army - StrongArmy - Strong MonarchyMonarchy LeadershipLeadership MoralsMorals TradeTrade CivilizationCivilization Social StructureSocial Structure

BeliefsBeliefs OrganizationOrganization FoundationFoundation Work togetherWork together PeacefulPeaceful Good govtGood govt Environmentally?Environmentally? FairFair Savage – EnchantingSavage – Enchanting GrowingGrowing LandLand CommunicationCommunication

Qualities of an EmpireQualities of an Empire PowerPower PeoplePeople Strong Gov’tStrong Gov’t ArmyArmy Social StructureSocial Structure LandLand Intelligent PeopleIntelligent People OrderOrder RulerRuler CultureCulture

TradeTrade LanguageLanguage ControlControl Economic StructureEconomic Structure StabilityStability Good gov’tGood gov’t Death Star?Death Star? TechniquesTechniques LeaderLeader

Qualities of an EmpireQualities of an Empire

PowerPower Good leadersGood leaders King – PharaohKing – Pharaoh CommunicationCommunication LawsLaws RisksRisks ProtectionProtection ArmyArmy

Legacy Legacy PeoplePeople LandLand

Qualities of an EmpireQualities of an Empire Good militaryGood military PowerfulPowerful Strong rulerStrong ruler Consistent ruleConsistent rule United ruleUnited rule VastVast Lots of PeopleLots of People People willing to People willing to

followfollow Gov’t TrustworthyGov’t Trustworthy CooperationCooperation

Equal rulingEqual ruling CommitmentCommitment Listen to people Listen to people

outside empireoutside empire Large AreaLarge Area Strong Good Set gov’t Strong Good Set gov’t

educated rulereducated ruler PridePride ImpenetrableImpenetrable ExperiencedExperienced EconomyEconomy

Qualities of an EmpireQualities of an Empire ArmyArmy GovernmentGovernment Strong leader- Strong leader-

EmperorEmperor Good societyGood society Happy peopleHappy people MoneyMoney PeoplePeople Writing systemWriting system

TechnologyTechnology LandLand Rules – LawsRules – Laws EconomyEconomy LoyaltyLoyalty Smiling?Smiling? JobsJobs TradeTrade No CorruptionNo Corruption

BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…

Why do empires and civilizations rise and Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall?fall?

Is this fall inevitable? Is this fall inevitable? What makes a great leader?What makes a great leader?

Problems Arise in RomeProblems Arise in Rome

The Senate in Rome becomes the The Senate in Rome becomes the ruling body of the governmentruling body of the government

Remember: that the senate was Remember: that the senate was wealthy aristocracy and ruled for lifewealthy aristocracy and ruled for life

Senate directed the warsSenate directed the wars Took control of foreign affairsTook control of foreign affairs Took domestic policyTook domestic policy Took financial policyTook financial policy

Problems within the Problems within the SenateSenate

Senate was becoming controlled by a Senate was becoming controlled by a small number of familiessmall number of families

These people represented a small These people represented a small minority of Roman peopleminority of Roman people

Increase in poorIncrease in poor

As large landowners As large landowners grew more powerful grew more powerful small farmers small farmers struggledstruggled

Small farmers Small farmers would lose their would lose their landland

These landless poor These landless poor would flock to the would flock to the citiescities

Tiberius and Gaius Tiberius and Gaius GracchusGracchus

Two brothers come Two brothers come up with a solution to up with a solution to help the poorhelp the poor

Called for vote to Called for vote to have government have government take back land from take back land from large landowners and large landowners and give it back to poor give it back to poor farmersfarmers

Angered at this Angered at this attempt to take their attempt to take their lands they were killedlands they were killed

Changing ArmyChanging Army Marius – seeing a need Marius – seeing a need

to increase the size of to increase the size of the army came up with the army came up with new recruiting of new recruiting of soldierssoldiers

Promised soldiers land Promised soldiers land in exchange for servicein exchange for service

Now individual Now individual generals could recruit generals could recruit their own armiestheir own armies

Soldiers would pledge Soldiers would pledge allegiance to generals allegiance to generals not Romenot Rome

Army now made up of Army now made up of lower class menlower class men

Siege of RomeSiege of Rome

Lucius Cornelius Sulla – General Lucius Cornelius Sulla – General commanding troops in Asia Minorcommanding troops in Asia Minor

When council of plebs tried to transfer When council of plebs tried to transfer control of his armies civil war broke outcontrol of his armies civil war broke out

Sulla eventually takes RomeSulla eventually takes Rome Kills much of his opposition Kills much of his opposition Restores the Republic 82 B.C.Restores the Republic 82 B.C. His example of using an army to seize His example of using an army to seize

power leads to chaospower leads to chaos

Collapse of the RepublicCollapse of the Republic

For 50 years Rome was overtaken by civil For 50 years Rome was overtaken by civil warswars

3 men emerge as victors3 men emerge as victors Crassus, Pompey and Julius CaesarCrassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar

First TriumvirateFirst Triumvirate

Crassus – the richest man in RomeCrassus – the richest man in Rome Pompey – Great general and leader Pompey – Great general and leader

in Spainin Spain Julius Caesar – Great general also in Julius Caesar – Great general also in

SpainSpain Together they ruled outside of RomeTogether they ruled outside of Rome

Falls apartFalls apart

Crassus dies in battleCrassus dies in battle The Senate decided The Senate decided

that they wanted that they wanted PompeyPompey

Asked Caesar to lay Asked Caesar to lay down his commanddown his command

Caesar refusesCaesar refuses Caesar advances on Caesar advances on

Rome – Crossed the Rome – Crossed the RubiconRubicon

Caesar winsCaesar wins Caesar defeated Caesar defeated

Pompey and becomes Pompey and becomes the key figure in Romethe key figure in Rome

He becomes dictator 45 He becomes dictator 45 B.C.B.C.

He gives land to the He gives land to the poorpoor

Increases the senate to Increases the senate to 900 – filling it with his 900 – filling it with his supporterssupporters

He is assassinated in 44 He is assassinated in 44 B.C.B.C.

Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate New struggle for powerNew struggle for power Three men step forwardThree men step forward Octavian – Caesars’ grandnephewOctavian – Caesars’ grandnephew Antony – Caesars’ assistantAntony – Caesars’ assistant Lepidus – commander of Caesars’ cavalry Lepidus – commander of Caesars’ cavalry

Two divide RomeTwo divide Rome

Octavian takes the Octavian takes the EastEast

Antony the WestAntony the West War breaks outWar breaks out Antony allies with Antony allies with

Egypt and CleopatraEgypt and Cleopatra Antony is crushed by Antony is crushed by

OctavianOctavian Antony and Cleopatra Antony and Cleopatra

commit suicidecommit suicide

Octavian = AugustusOctavian = Augustus

Octavian becomes Octavian becomes first Emperorfirst Emperor

Restores the senateRestores the senate Senate gives him the Senate gives him the

title of Augustus title of Augustus (meaning revered (meaning revered one)one)

Senate also makes Senate also makes him commander-in-him commander-in-chief of the army chief of the army imperatorimperator

AugustusAugustus

Maintained a huge standing armyMaintained a huge standing army Stabilized the frontiers of Roman Stabilized the frontiers of Roman

empireempire However lost many battles in However lost many battles in

Germany – learned Rome was not Germany – learned Rome was not unlimited in powerunlimited in power

Sets up government so that he can Sets up government so that he can choose his successorchoose his successor

The early EmpireThe early Empire

First four emperor’s to succeed First four emperor’s to succeed Augustus:Augustus: TiberiusTiberius CaligulaCaligula ClaudiusClaudius NeroNero

TiberiusTiberius

22ndnd Roman Roman EmperorEmperor

Great GeneralGreat General Adopted by Adopted by

Augustus Augustus Served to a very Served to a very

old ageold age

CaligulaCaligula Given power by Given power by

Tiberius with Tiberius’ Tiberius with Tiberius’ grandson Gemellusgrandson Gemellus

Had Gemellus Had Gemellus executedexecuted

Often referred to Often referred to himself as a godhimself as a god

Tried to have his horse Tried to have his horse given political officegiven political office

AssassinatedAssassinated

ClaudiusClaudius

Empire undergoes Empire undergoes major expansionmajor expansion

Did try to please Did try to please the Senate – since the Senate – since his claim to the his claim to the throne was weak throne was weak

He was murderedHe was murdered

NeroNero Stepson to ClaudiusStepson to Claudius Killed many people Killed many people

who were politically who were politically his enemies (even his his enemies (even his own mother)own mother)

Troops revolted Troops revolted against him against him

Early persecutor of Early persecutor of ChristiansChristians

He committed suicide He committed suicide Nero “fiddled while Nero “fiddled while

Rome burned”Rome burned”

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Meaning Roman PeaceMeaning Roman Peace It was the long period of limited It was the long period of limited

expansion and relative peaceexpansion and relative peace Emperors of this period were good Emperors of this period were good

emperorsemperors NervaNerva TrajanTrajan HadrianHadrian Antoninus PiusAntoninus Pius Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius

Under 5 Good EmperorsUnder 5 Good Emperors

Power of the Emperor continued to Power of the Emperor continued to expandexpand

Senate lost more powerSenate lost more power Appointed officials took over running Appointed officials took over running

the governmentthe government Created programs to help peopleCreated programs to help people Built many public works like Built many public works like

aqueducts, roads, bridges and harbors aqueducts, roads, bridges and harbors throughout the provincesthroughout the provinces

Roman RoadsRoman Roads Essential to growth Essential to growth

of the empireof the empire They served as They served as

military freewaysmilitary freeways Allowed for Allowed for

expanded tradeexpanded trade In the Twelve In the Twelve

Tables it states Tables it states that Roads should that Roads should be 8ft wide and 16 be 8ft wide and 16 feet where curvedfeet where curved

Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

Built to supply Built to supply water to cities and water to cities and various sitesvarious sites

One of the greatest One of the greatest engineering feats engineering feats of ancient timesof ancient times

Many are still used Many are still used todaytoday

Also used as Also used as sewerssewers

Extent of Roman EmpireExtent of Roman Empire

Spread of Spread of ChristianityChristianity

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The Message of JesusThe Message of Jesus

Luke 6:27-31Luke 6:27-31 27 ‘But I say to you that listen, Love your 27 ‘But I say to you that listen, Love your

enemies, do good to those who hate you, enemies, do good to those who hate you, 28bless those who curse you, pray for those 28bless those who curse you, pray for those who abuse you. 29If anyone strikes you on who abuse you. 29If anyone strikes you on the cheek, offer the other also; and from the cheek, offer the other also; and from anyone who takes away your coat do not anyone who takes away your coat do not withhold even your shirt. 30Give to everyone withhold even your shirt. 30Give to everyone who begs from you; and if anyone takes away who begs from you; and if anyone takes away your goods, do not ask for them again. 31Do your goods, do not ask for them again. 31Do to others as you would have them do to you. to others as you would have them do to you.

The Message of JesusThe Message of Jesus Matthew 5:3-10 (New International Version)Matthew 5:3-10 (New International Version)   3Blessed are the poor in spirit, 3Blessed are the poor in spirit,

      for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.       for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.  4Blessed are those who mourn,  4Blessed are those who mourn,       for they will be comforted.       for they will be comforted.  5Blessed are the meek,  5Blessed are the meek,       for they will inherit the earth.       for they will inherit the earth.  6Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for  6Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, righteousness,       for they will be filled.       for they will be filled.  7Blessed are the merciful,  7Blessed are the merciful,       for they will be shown mercy.       for they will be shown mercy.  8Blessed are the pure in heart,  8Blessed are the pure in heart,       for they will see God.       for they will see God.  9Blessed are the peacemakers,  9Blessed are the peacemakers,       for they will be called sons of God.       for they will be called sons of God.  10Blessed are those who are persecuted because of  10Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, righteousness,       for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.      for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

The Message of JesusThe Message of Jesus

Matthew 5:39 (New International Matthew 5:39 (New International Version)Version)

39But I tell you, Do not resist an evil 39But I tell you, Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the the right cheek, turn to him the other also.other also.

The Message of JesusThe Message of Jesus Matthew 22: 34-40 Matthew 22: 34-40 The Greatest Commandment The Greatest Commandment   34Hearing that Jesus had silenced the 34Hearing that Jesus had silenced the

Sadducees, the Pharisees got together. 35One Sadducees, the Pharisees got together. 35One of them, an expert in the law, tested him with of them, an expert in the law, tested him with this question:  36"Teacher, which is the this question:  36"Teacher, which is the greatest commandment in the Law?" 37Jesus greatest commandment in the Law?" 37Jesus replied: " 'Love the Lord your God with all your replied: " 'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.'[mind.'[bb] 38This is the first and greatest ] 38This is the first and greatest commandment. 39And the second is like it: commandment. 39And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.'['Love your neighbor as yourself.'[cc] 40All the ] 40All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments."commandments."

The Message of JesusThe Message of Jesus Mark 9: 33-37 Mark 9: 33-37 Who is Greatest? Who is Greatest?   33They came to Capernaum. When he was in the 33They came to Capernaum. When he was in the

house, he asked them, "What were you arguing house, he asked them, "What were you arguing about on the road?" 34But they kept quiet because about on the road?" 34But they kept quiet because on the way they had argued about who was the on the way they had argued about who was the greatest.  35Sitting down, Jesus called the Twelve greatest.  35Sitting down, Jesus called the Twelve and said, "If anyone wants to be first, he must be the and said, "If anyone wants to be first, he must be the very last, and the servant of all." 36He took a little very last, and the servant of all." 36He took a little child and had him stand among them. Taking him in child and had him stand among them. Taking him in his arms, he said to them, 37"Whoever welcomes one his arms, he said to them, 37"Whoever welcomes one of these little children in my name welcomes me; and of these little children in my name welcomes me; and whoever welcomes me does not welcome me but the whoever welcomes me does not welcome me but the one who sent me."one who sent me."

The Message of JesusThe Message of Jesus

John 3:16 - New International John 3:16 - New International VersionVersionFor God so loved the world that he For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. perish but have eternal life.

Question to discussQuestion to discuss

What would you say is the message What would you say is the message of Jesus?of Jesus?

How is the message of Jesus How is the message of Jesus contradictory to much of the history contradictory to much of the history of Rome?of Rome?

Why would this message spread?Why would this message spread?

Spread of Spread of ChristianityChristianity

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BeginningsBeginnings

Jesus is seen as a Jesus is seen as a revolutionaryrevolutionary

Killed by Romans Killed by Romans and Jews - and Jews - CrucifiedCrucified

Rose from deadRose from dead Movement within Movement within

Judaism Judaism Apostles spread Apostles spread

the wordthe word

Matthew 22: 15-22 Paying Taxes to Caesar Matthew 22: 15-22 Paying Taxes to Caesar   15Then the Pharisees went out and laid plans to trap him 15Then the Pharisees went out and laid plans to trap him

in his words. 16They sent their disciples to him along with in his words. 16They sent their disciples to him along with the Herodians. "Teacher," they said, "we know you are a the Herodians. "Teacher," they said, "we know you are a man of integrity and that you teach the way of God in man of integrity and that you teach the way of God in accordance with the truth. You aren't swayed by men, accordance with the truth. You aren't swayed by men, because you pay no attention to who they are. 17Tell us because you pay no attention to who they are. 17Tell us then, what is your opinion? Is it right to pay taxes to then, what is your opinion? Is it right to pay taxes to Caesar or not?"  18But Jesus, knowing their evil intent, Caesar or not?"  18But Jesus, knowing their evil intent, said, "You hypocrites, why are you trying to trap me? said, "You hypocrites, why are you trying to trap me? 19Show me the coin used for paying the tax." They 19Show me the coin used for paying the tax." They brought him a denarius, 20and he asked them, "Whose brought him a denarius, 20and he asked them, "Whose portrait is this? And whose inscription?" portrait is this? And whose inscription?"

  21"Caesar's," they replied. 21"Caesar's," they replied.       Then he said to them, "Give to Caesar what is Caesar's,       Then he said to them, "Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's." and to God what is God's."

  22When they heard this, they were amazed. So they left 22When they heard this, they were amazed. So they left him and went away.him and went away.

Simon PeterSimon Peter Apostles are the early leaders Apostles are the early leaders

of the Churchof the Church Leader of the apostlesLeader of the apostles Becomes the first PopeBecomes the first Pope 17Jesus replied, "Blessed are 17Jesus replied, "Blessed are

you, Simon son of Jonah, for you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by this was not revealed to you by man, but by my Father in man, but by my Father in heaven. 18And I tell you that heaven. 18And I tell you that you are Peter and on this rock I you are Peter and on this rock I will build my church, and the will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not gates of Hades will not overcome it. 19I will give you overcome it. 19I will give you the keys of the kingdom of the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven." earth will be loosed in heaven." 20Then he warned his disciples 20Then he warned his disciples not to tell anyone that he was not to tell anyone that he was the Christ. the Christ.

PeterPeter

Peter goes to Peter goes to RomeRome

Becomes Bishop of Becomes Bishop of RomeRome

Eventually is Eventually is martyredmartyred

Crucified upside Crucified upside downdown

St. PaulSt. Paul Born Saul of TarsusBorn Saul of Tarsus Never met JesusNever met Jesus Was a devout Jew Was a devout Jew Early persecutor of Early persecutor of

ChristiansChristians Knocked from his Knocked from his

horse on the road to horse on the road to Damascus one day Damascus one day and convertedand converted

His teachings make His teachings make up much of New up much of New TestamentTestament

St. PaulSt. Paul Paul teaches that Paul teaches that

Jesus is saviorJesus is savior Son of God sent to Son of God sent to

earth to save earth to save humanityhumanity

Jesus’ death makes up Jesus’ death makes up for all the sin of for all the sin of humanshumans

Wrote many epistlesWrote many epistles Went on four Went on four

missionary journeysmissionary journeys

Journeys of St. PaulJourneys of St. Paul

Paul's first journey as a Christian missionary began when members Paul's first journey as a Christian missionary began when members of the congregation at Antioch selected Paul and Barnabas to take of the congregation at Antioch selected Paul and Barnabas to take the gospel to new places. Setting out from Antioch, they sailed to the gospel to new places. Setting out from Antioch, they sailed to Cyprus, then ventured to regions that lie in what today is Turkey. Cyprus, then ventured to regions that lie in what today is Turkey.

Journeys of St. PaulJourneys of St. Paul

Paul's second journey took him to western Asia Minor and Paul's second journey took him to western Asia Minor and Greece. Departing from Antioch, Paul traveled westward Greece. Departing from Antioch, Paul traveled westward through the regions of Cilicia, Phrygia, and Galatia in what through the regions of Cilicia, Phrygia, and Galatia in what today is the country of Turkey. After arriving at Troas on the today is the country of Turkey. After arriving at Troas on the west coast of Asia Minor, he ventured still further westward, west coast of Asia Minor, he ventured still further westward, bringing the gospel to Europe. bringing the gospel to Europe.

Journeys of St. PaulJourneys of St. Paul

Paul's Third Journey involves a long ministry at Ephesus as Paul's Third Journey involves a long ministry at Ephesus as well as travels to cities in Macedonia and Greece. This phase well as travels to cities in Macedonia and Greece. This phase of his ministry would eventually lead back to Jerusalem of his ministry would eventually lead back to Jerusalem where he would be arrested. Following his arrest, he would where he would be arrested. Following his arrest, he would spend over two years in jail at Caesarea. spend over two years in jail at Caesarea.

Journeys of St. PaulJourneys of St. Paul

Paul's journey to Rome was a sea voyage that began at Caesarea. Paul's journey to Rome was a sea voyage that began at Caesarea. Traveling late in the season, the ship ran into stormy weather Traveling late in the season, the ship ran into stormy weather while seeking shelter on Crete. After weeks at sea, the ship while seeking shelter on Crete. After weeks at sea, the ship brought Paul and the others to Malta. After spending the brought Paul and the others to Malta. After spending the remainder of the winter there, Paul went north to Rome. There he remainder of the winter there, Paul went north to Rome. There he awaited a hearing before the emperor. awaited a hearing before the emperor.

Roman PersecutionRoman Persecution

Initially Romans thought that Christians Initially Romans thought that Christians were a different sect of Judaismwere a different sect of Judaism

Romans generally tolerated different Romans generally tolerated different religions, unless religion caused social religions, unless religion caused social disorderdisorder

Christians seen as harmful because they Christians seen as harmful because they refused to worship State gods and refused to worship State gods and Emperors – because it was thought to Emperors – because it was thought to be harmful to their own salvationbe harmful to their own salvation

Persecutions began during NeroPersecutions began during Nero

Christian MartyrsChristian Martyrs

Nero blamed the Christians for burning RomeNero blamed the Christians for burning Rome Subjected them to cruel deathsSubjected them to cruel deaths But, by the end of 2But, by the end of 2ndnd century persecutions century persecutions

had diminishedhad diminished

Growth of the ChurchGrowth of the Church These persecutions strengthened the churchThese persecutions strengthened the church Caused the church to become organizedCaused the church to become organized And made the followers very committedAnd made the followers very committed By the end of third century Christianity had By the end of third century Christianity had

spread widelyspread widely

Why did it spread?Why did it spread? Was personal and offered salvation (eternal life)Was personal and offered salvation (eternal life) Similar to other religions and seemed familiarSimilar to other religions and seemed familiar Fulfilled the human need to belongFulfilled the human need to belong Attractive to all social classes especially the poorAttractive to all social classes especially the poor

DiocletianDiocletian

Did the last great Did the last great persecution of the persecution of the ChristiansChristians

Admitted that Admitted that Christians could Christians could not be removed by not be removed by forceforce

ConstantineConstantine The first Christian The first Christian

EmperorEmperor Exposed to Christian Exposed to Christian

beliefs as childbeliefs as child Battle of Milvian Battle of Milvian

bridge - Labarumbridge - Labarum Issued edict of Milan Issued edict of Milan

– proclaiming – proclaiming tolerance of tolerance of ChristiansChristians

Baptized at his Baptized at his deathdeath

Official religion of RomeOfficial religion of Rome

Theodosius the Theodosius the GreatGreat

Promoted Nicene Promoted Nicene Trinitarianism Trinitarianism

Which asserted Which asserted that Jesus, the Son, that Jesus, the Son, was equal to the was equal to the Father, one with Father, one with the Father the Father

TomorrowTomorrow

Read 175-178 Page 178 #1, 2 & 6Read 175-178 Page 178 #1, 2 & 6

The FallThe Fall

11-11-0811-11-08

BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…

Why do empires and civilizations Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall?rise and fall?

Is this decline and fall inevitable? Is this decline and fall inevitable?

Decline – Political Decline – Political UpheavalsUpheavals

From 235-284 who ever had the military From 235-284 who ever had the military would be emperorwould be emperor

22 Different emperors22 Different emperors Most killed violentlyMost killed violently

Decline - InvasionsDecline - Invasions

East – Sassanid Persians East – Sassanid Persians North – German tribes pour into North – German tribes pour into

Decline – Economic Decline – Economic ProblemsProblems

Plagues, invasions Plagues, invasions and constant civil and constant civil wars caused a near wars caused a near economic collapseeconomic collapse

Decline in tradeDecline in trade Labor shortageLabor shortage Farm production Farm production

declineddeclined Monetary system Monetary system

began to show began to show signs of collapsesigns of collapse

Decline – Military Decline – Military ProblemsProblems

With invasions With invasions armies were neededarmies were needed

Decline in Decline in population –fewer population –fewer soldierssoldiers

Decline in money – Decline in money – can’t hire soldierscan’t hire soldiers

Had to rely on Had to rely on hiring Germanshiring Germans No loyaltyNo loyalty No understandingNo understanding

New BeginningNew Beginning

Under Constantine and Diocletian – Under Constantine and Diocletian – New StateNew State New Government StructureNew Government Structure Rigid Economic SystemRigid Economic System Rigid Social SystemRigid Social System New State ReligionNew State Religion

Diocletian & ConstantineDiocletian & Constantine

Divided the kingdom up into four Divided the kingdom up into four partsparts

Each had its own rulerEach had its own ruler His military power allowed him to His military power allowed him to

claim high authorityclaim high authority Increased the bureaucracy Increased the bureaucracy Increased army to 500,000 troopsIncreased army to 500,000 troops Doing this however cost moneyDoing this however cost money

ReformsReforms

To combat inflation set price ceilingsTo combat inflation set price ceilings Set minimum wageSet minimum wage Forced people to stay in designated Forced people to stay in designated

occupationsoccupations Basic jobs become hereditaryBasic jobs become hereditary Small farmers become indebted to Small farmers become indebted to

large landownerslarge landowners

Constantine Moves Constantine Moves CapitalCapital

Biggest project of Biggest project of this time was this time was moving the capitalmoving the capital

Moved to Moved to Byzantium – Greek Byzantium – Greek citycity

Then renamed Then renamed ConstantinopleConstantinople

More strategic More strategic locationlocation

FALL!FALL!

Reforms did little in the long runReforms did little in the long run Rome remains divided with two different capitalsRome remains divided with two different capitals Invasions increasedInvasions increased

Visigoths – 378 Visigoths – 378

Visigoths – 410 sacked Visigoths – 410 sacked Rome Rome

444 Huns unite – 452 attack 444 Huns unite – 452 attack RomeRome

Vandals – 455 sacked Vandals – 455 sacked Rome Rome

476 Fall of Western Roman 476 Fall of Western Roman Empire Empire

Reasons why Rome fellReasons why Rome fell

Christianity weakened the military virtuesChristianity weakened the military virtues Roman values declined due to foreign Roman values declined due to foreign

influencesinfluences Lead poisoning lead to mental decline in Lead poisoning lead to mental decline in

populationpopulation Plague wiped out 1/10 of the populationPlague wiped out 1/10 of the population Failed to advance technologically slaveryFailed to advance technologically slavery No workable political systemNo workable political system