Rome A Unit in Eight Acts. Act I Establishing the Glorious Republic The story begins in 509 BC when...
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Transcript of Rome A Unit in Eight Acts. Act I Establishing the Glorious Republic The story begins in 509 BC when...
RomeA Unit in Eight Acts
Act I
Establishing the Glorious Republic
•The story begins in 509 BC when the Romans, led by Junius Brutus, drive out the last of the Etruscan kings.
Quiet Beginnings as a City-State
• Along the Tiber river
• Scattered along seven hills
• Rome created the myth of Romulus and Remus, brothers who were protected by a wolf
7 Hills of Rome, yo
• Quirinal Hill• Viminal Hill• Capitoline Hill • Esquiline Hill• Caelin Hill• Palatine Hill• Aventine Hill
First Two Jobs of the Republic
• Create a government to rule the people
• Create an army to maintain independence
Rome’s Republican Government• Legislature Senate 300 members
• All rich PATRICIANS who were elected by fellow patricians who made up about 10% of the free population
• Rome already had such a large population that direct democracy was impossible
• Rome created instead a republic, an indirect democracy
• Executive - Two Consuls– Served one year terms– Elected by the Patricians– Required to agree on all decisions
• A Dictator could be appointed in an emergency, but was allowed to serve only 6 months
Rome’s Social Structure:Three Classes
•Patricians– Rich– Famous, old families– 10% of the free population
•Plebeians– 90% of the free population– Small farmers, merchants, urban poor
• Slaves– Always growing in number as Rome grew and
prospered- Not based on race.
Plebeians Demand a Larger Role
• 494 BC – first Revolt of the Plebes– Won debt cancellation and end to slavery if in
debt– Won the right to elect TRIBUNES, who had the
power to VETO (reject) laws passed by the Senate
• 450 BC – Law of the Twelve Tables– Rome’s first set of written laws, posted for all to
read in Latin
• Plebeian Rights Expand– Right to hold all government jobs– Right to marry Patricians
Rome’s Army• Citizen soldiers
– Volunteers, 18-45 years old– Must supply all their own equipment
• Organized into LEGIONS– 6000 men
• Organized into Cohorts of 600 men•CENTURIONS commanded units of 100
men
• Superb, harsh discipline
Diagram showing a commanderpositioning his troops before a battle.
Legionnaires usingtheir shields tocreate a safe movingbox, the testudo
Roman soldiers and their weapons Roman Standards identifying their legions
Rome Grows beyond its Seven Hills
• Conquers Latium• Conquers the
Etruscans• Conquers the Greeks
in southern Italy • Drives the Gauls and
Celts out of the Po Valley to the North
Rome is Master of the Italian Peninsula
ACT II: The Challenge from Carthage
• Two powerful countries fight for control of the seas, lands and trade in the western Mediterranean
The Punic Wars
• Carthage and Rome• Three rounds• Rome wins all three• End results
– Carthage is destroyed– Rome is master of the western
Mediterranean
The First Punic War
– 264-241 BC– Rome wins– Sicily is now
part of Rome– Carthage
must pay Rome $, called an indemnity
Second Punic WarCarthage has a daring general; crosses the Alps and wins many early battles.
Rome doesn’tseem able todefeat Carthage
Rome findsa brilliantgeneral
Rome builds a fleet and takesthe war toCarthage
It’s all over in 204, at Zama.
Rome wins again!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gbPIyCuGTA
The Opposing Generals
Carthage’s Hannibal
Rome’s Scipio Africanus
Hannibal’s Daring Ventures
Crosses the Alps with elephants
Defeats Roman army at Cannae; 55,000 Roman soldiers killed in 1 day
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1NFrNv0Jis&playnext=1&list=PLFF8C7E6B4EAC6D03&index=7
Results of Second Punic War
• Rome takes Spain from Carthage• Carthage has to pay more money• Carthage gives Rome control of all of its
foreign relations
Third Punic War• Roman Senator Cato desires to destroy Roman Senator Cato desires to destroy
Carthage -Carthage -”Carthago delenda est””Carthago delenda est”– Carthage must be destroyedCarthage must be destroyed
• 146 B.C. Rome destroys and burns Carthage146 B.C. Rome destroys and burns Carthage– Placed salt in soilPlaced salt in soil– Sold remaining people into slaverySold remaining people into slavery
• Rome gains complete control of Western Rome gains complete control of Western MediterraneanMediterranean
Rome Grows Again!All the land in RED has been
added.
Results of the Punic Wars
• Rome is master of the Western Mediterranean
• Enormous stretches of land and large numbers of people have been added.
• Rome has no competition in the west.• Rome is enormously rich because of the
silver mines it develops in Spain.
Act III:Class Conflict and Civil Strife
• Plebes gained more rights• More victories yielded more slaves
– It became harder for plebeian farmers to keep their land
– More landless Plebeians came into Rome, but could not find jobs
• Licinius in 367 BC tried to help the farmer– Farms could not be larger than 300 acres– Landowners had to hire a certain number of
free farm laborers, not use only slaves
Gracchi Brothers• Brothers tried to
reform the land owning system to help the growing number of landless farmers
• The elder Tiberius was killed by angry Patricians, the younger Caius killed himself just before a second group of assassins arrived.
Two approaches to occupying the unemployed
• Marius, elected Consul 7 times, opened up the army to landless men who had no money– Marius had the Roman
Government buy all the equipment for his soldiers
– Rome developed professional soldiers
– Soldiers developed intense loyalty to their generals.
Even the slaves had too much!
• Spartacus leads a massive slave revolt in which more than 70,000 slaves participate.
“Bread and Circuses”• The Roman Senate and the Consuls
adopted this approach to keeping the unemployed masses quiet in Rome– The government bought grain and sold it at
reduced prices to the poor in Rome, so they would not be hungry
– Consuls and generals staged free entertainments – gladiator fights, chariot races – to keep the unemployed off the streets and occupied
Circus Maximus
The Colosseum
Act IV:Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power
• Brilliant general– Soldiers adored him– Conquered all of
Gaul• (Modern day France)
– Made himself and Rome very rich
– First Roman to invade Britain
Julius Caesar• Effective writer
– Wrote Gallic Wars, the story of his conquest of Gaul
– Made sure that all the people in Rome knew of his great accomplishments
Buy the English language version from Amazon today!
Caesar’s Rise, continued
• Powerful politician– Sought to control all power
• Formed the first TRIUMVIRATE (an alliance among three men who ruled Rome) with:– Pompey, the most famous other living
general– Crassus, the richest man in Rome
The First Triumvirate
Crassus dies peacefully
Julius, Pompey and their armies fight it out in Greece. Caesar wins. Pompey flees to Egypt and is killed.
Julius Caesar now rules alone!
• Civic reformer– Added many buildings to Rome– Changed the calendar – we use his calendar
today– Made the government more professional– The people of Rome adored him. So did his
soldiers
Caesar Beautifies the ForumJulian Forum, 2 basilicas, a temple
The many faces of Julius Caesar
The Senate becomes jealous!!
They’re all haters.
• The Senate had declared Julius “Dictator for life” in 45 BC as part of the honors they gave him for sparing lives and defeating Pompey
• Within a year, many in the Senate became jealous and argued that Caesar was trying to become a king
Beware the Ides of March!
E Tu Brute? (And you too,
Brutus?)
Several Senators stab Caesar 23 times as he enters the Senate chamber on March 15, 44 BC
Act V: Rome becomes an EMPIRE
• Three men form a 2nd Triumvirate to govern Rome and hunt down the killers of Julius Caesar:
– Octavius Caesar, Julius’s heir and great nephew
– Marc Antony, Caesar’s assistant commander
– Lepidus, commander of a legion near Rome
2nd Triumvirate
Lepidus
Marc Antony
Octavius Caesar
An Egyptian Queen Makes Allies Rivals
• Enter CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt
• Her guiding rule was to keep her throne and get the best deal for her country from Rome
• Earlier she had became the lover of Julius Caesar and had a child with him
Cleopatra: Picking lovers to Protect Egypt
She sailed the Nile with Julius Caesar and had a son with him
After Caesar was killed, she and her son fled Rome and went back to Egypt.
Who will protect Egypt now, asked Cleopatra?
• She picked Marc Antony. She paid for his ships and his armies.
• She had three children with him
• She led him to divorce his wife to be with her
Cleopatra, you have created a great
enemy!!!!• Marc Antony’s wife, whom he divorced,
was Octavius’s SISTER!!!! ((Oh, my!)• Octavius turns against Marc Antony • Octavius’s commander, Agrippa, defeats
Marc Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.
• Marc Antony kills himself with his own sword
Maybe she really loved him…
• With her lover dead, and Octavius treating her as a captured enemy, Cleopatra commits suicide by having a snake bite her.
• (you couldn’t make this stuff up)
Octavius Caesar Rules Alone
• Peace throughout the Empire• The Senate and the Roman people are
grateful for the peace and prosperity he brings
• He is a serious and effective ruler, Rome and the Empire prosper.
• He beautifies the city• He improves government
The Senate Honors Octavius• They give him a
new title, Emperor, and name– CAESAR
AUGUSTUS• The Senate
dedicates a new altar to him in
Rome: the Ara Pacis
• This sets the foundation for 200 years of peace, known as the PAX ROMANA
Act VI: Christianity
Jesus of Nazareth, its founder
• Religion founded by Jesus of Nazareth, around 29 AD
• He had been born and raised a Jew in Roman Judea, in what is now Israel
• He gathered around him a group of 12 disciples whom he taught for about three years– The best remembered was
PETER
• His message of love, repentance, compassion, and the coming Kingdom of Heaven, drew large crowds
Crucifixion and Resurrection• Pontius Pilate, the
Roman governor, charged him with unsettling the peace in Jerusalem .
• They killed Jesus by hanging him on a wooden cross to die.
• When several women went to prepare the body for burial after the Sabbath, they found only an empty tomb.
• Christians believe in Jesus’ resurrection
Early Christianity and Judaism
• For nearly 50 years after Jesus’ resurrection, his followers were considered a part of Judaism, which had many different sects, or divisions, at that time. They worshipped in the Temple and observed the Jewish food laws. They were known as “Followers of the Nazarene.”
Paul Takes Christianity to Non-Jews
• Paul, an educated Jew from the Asia Minor city of Tarsus, became a follower of Jesus, and argued that Jesus’ message of salvation and eternal life had to be taught to ALL peoples. He got the leaders of the church in Jerusalem, James and Peter, to agree.
• Paul becomes the new church’s greatest missionary
Paul’s three missionary trips
Paul: the first Christian Writer
• Over the years 50-64, Paul wrote more than 10 letters to the churches he had founded and their leaders, with whom he had worked.
• These letters are the earliest writings in the NEW TESTAMENT, the part Christians added to the Old Testament to make the Bible
Christianity Separates from Judaism
• After 72 AD, when the Romans defeated the Jews in the first revolt and had completely destroyed the Temple, followers of Jesus and Jews grew further apart.
• Jesus’ followers were now called “Christians”, the followers of the Christ, the Greek word for the Messiah. There were more non-Jews than Jews in the church congregations.
• The Jews did not accept Jesus as the Messiah. They continued to want a political/military messiah who would drive out the Romans and obtain political freedom for their country.
Destruction of the Temple
Only the Western Wall of the Temple Mount Still Stands
Rome forces Jews out of Jerusalem
the Diaspora• The
scattering of Jews across the Mediterranean
What did the Romans thinkof this new religion?
• As long as it remained a part of Judaism, which the Romans recognized as a very OLD religion, it was protected by law
• As Christianity separated increasingly from Judaism, Rome turned against it. Why?– It was viewed as “new”, and not Jewish; it lost its
legal protection; it was not now considered a religion, it became instead a “superstition”
– Christians would not worship the Emperor, whom the Senate had legally made a god
– Many Christians would not serve in the Roman Army, an action Romans considered unpatriotic.
Rome kills both Paul and Peter
• Peter is crucified upside down in Rome
• Paul is beheaded, according to tradition
Dangerous to be a Christian!
• Many Christians were captured and killed by the Romans between 60 and 300 AD
How was the church organized?
• It copied the hierarchical structure of the Empire.
• The pope is the top official• Below the pope (in order) are:
– Cardinals– Archbishops– Bishops
• The priest is the lowest official at the village level
The Cardinals vote to elect a new Pope
All the cardinals meet in theSistine Chapel in the Vaticanto vote.
White smoke means that a newPope has been elected.
Constantine converts!• Just before his battle to win
control of the Empire, he sees a vision of a cross
• “In hoc signo vinces.” = In this sign you will conquer.
• He makes a promise to God: if I win tomorrow, I will become a Christian.
• He wins and he converts
Constantine ends the persecutions
• In 313 AD, Constantine publishes the Edict of Milan
• It makes Christianity equal to all other religions in the empire
• It ends the persecution of Christians.• It is now safe to be a Christian
The benefits of safety
• Christian gatherings move out of house churches and into formal church buildings
• They adopt the basilica style from the Empire
• Constantine gives land and money to build churches
Early church buildings in Rome
San Giovanni in Lateran with a dedication to Constantine on the front portico
A fourth century house church in Rome
How does the church make decisions?
• Once Christianity was legalized, and the Emperor converted, Constantine and later emperors hosted 8 gatherings of church leaders from around the Mediterranean to decide which religious teachings were correct
• The first of these CHURCH COUNCILS was the Council of Nicea held in 325 AD
Christianity now REQUIRED
• Emperor Theodosius in 394 made Christianity the REQUIRED and ONLY legal religion throughout the empire
• Jupiter, Diana, Isis – all those earlier gods were now banished
Christian tradition marks the burial places of Peter and Paul
Roman Catholics trace the Papacy back to Peter
The Apostle Peterby Jusepe de Ribera
Pope Benedict XVI
Why was Christianity so attractive?
• Christianity taught that God valued all people equally, rich and poor, slave, and free.
• The messages of eternal life, forgiveness for sins, and a personal, empowering God were very powerful.
• The lives of goodness and compassion which the Christians lived showed their love for others and their strong moral values
New Ways to Serve Christ• Men and women, seeking to give their
whole lives to Christ, found ways to live away from the world, alone or in groups
• Men giving their lives to the church were called MONKS and lived in MONASTERIES
• Women giving their lives to the church were called NUNS and lived in CONVENTS
Saints Basil and Benedict
• Each established an organization called an ORDER of Monks and writes the rules they are to live by
• St. Basil, a Greek, writes the guiding rules for Eastern monasticism
• St. Benedict founds the Benedictines
Christianity’s Beliefs• Jesus is the promised Messiah, the Son of God,
who provided forgiveness for sins through his death.
• That death and resurrection assure believers of eternal life after their own physical death
• Through the grace of God, man receives salvation because of his belief in Jesus and his teachings
• Jesus’ message is for all peoples, not just Jews. The message of salvation is to spread to all the world
• “Love one another as I have loved you.”
Act VII:
• Five Good Emperors take Rome to its largest size and greatest power– Nerva– Trajan– Hadrian– Antoninus Pius– Marcus Aurelius
Trajan• A Spaniard, the 1st
ruler not from Rome• Takes the empire to
its largest size• Builds grand forum, 6
story shopping mall, in Rome
Trajan’s Column
Visual monument to his victorious war against the Dacians.
Right in the center of the Forum
Hadrian• Had a wall
constructed that divided Roman Britain from the Picts to the north
• Codified (organized, updated) all Roman law
• Built the Pantheon.
Antoninus Pius• The empire was at
peace• The arts and teaching
were respected• He got along well with
the Senate
Marcus Aurelius• Stoic Philosopher
– Wrote “the Meditations”– “We live for an instant, only
to be swallowed in complete forgetfulness”
• Ruled as a Philosopher-king– Government is a duty and a
service to be done well and honestly
• Fought wars against the Germans and the Parthians
The Pax Romana
• With the death of Marcus Aurelius, the two hundred years of peace, known as the Pax Romana, the Roman Peace, ended
• Lasted from 31 BC to AD 180• Safe trade and economic prosperity• Higher standard of living
Disaster! Emperors stop adopting good men to rule
after them!• Marcus Aurelius
loved his only surviving son, Commodus, so much that he insisted on turning the empire over to him to rule.
• Commodus was a dictator, a killer; many thought him crazy
Commodus in wolf’s head, pretending to be a gladiator
Enemies from Outside and In
• Germanic tribes pushed west and south– They were being pushed by peoples coming in
from the east: the Huns and the Sarmatians– They wanted the better land in the Empire
Barbarians Attack and Invade!Attackers keep coming for 300
years!
Consequences of Falling Population
• Romans became more self-centered, and families had fewer children; – There were not enough men to fill up the
army’s legions;
• Foreigners were hired and paid to fight for Rome– These were called mercenaries.
Armies fight for Generals, Not Rome
• After the death of Marcus Aurelius, the way to become an emperor was to use your army
• Rome’s generals fought one another to get to be emperor
• From 192-284, there were 28 emperors!!!
• There were NO rules about how to pick a new emperor
Economy Worsens• Taxes high to pay for wars and salaries of
mercenaries• Most poor farmers have lost their land;
they take to working as slaves on large farms
• Empire buys crops in the western parts to feed the armies and people in eastern parts of the empire and leaves little for the people
Two Emperors try to Fix the Problems
• Diocletian:– Divides the empire into two parts: East and West– Appoints a senior and a junior ruling part for each
half– Tries to set prices for all products– Farmers must stay on land– All workers must follow their father’s job
• Works for a while until a war develops among three rivals!
Diocletian’s divided Empire
Constantine• Constantine defeats all his rivals• His approach to problems in Rome is to
move away from the city and build a new city in a better, safer position
• He selects the Greek city of Byzantium– He renames it CONSTANTINOPLE and takes
all of the tax money to make it the most beautiful city in the world
Constantinople• A safer location• A city which will make millions from trade• Temples, palaces, race tracks are built
Invasions do not stop! • Constantine and the emperors in the east
do not worry about the invasions in Italy.
Huns & Visigoths• Visigoths, an important Germanic tribe
– Led by Alaric, they rebel against Rome– AD 410 –capture and sack Rome
• Huns, not European– migrated from central Asia– led by Attila, raided eastern empire– terrorized Italy– retreated to eastern Europe after Attila’s death
It’s Over!
• 455 AD– Vandals raid Rome• 476 AD– Odoacer, a German,
overthrows the last emperor of Rome
ACT VIII: Rome’s Contributions
• Law• Republican government• Architecture• Biography, a new kind of historical
writing
Roman Law• Written in Latin, expected people to
read it
• Organized (CODIFIED)
• Man-made, NOT god-made– Meant that man could change it– Laws changed over time
Map of a Court RoomWhat can you name? Their
jobs?
Everything in a court room: a gift from Rome
• Judge• Jury• Witness• Lawyers for the defense• Lawyer for the Prosecution• Presence of the accuser
Roman Legal Principles
• Innocent until proven guilty• Right to an appeal• Right to the presence of the accuser• Right to a trained lawyer• Right to free speech• Laws for business, laws for crimes,
laws for international dealings
Principles of Roman Government
• Checks and Balances– Counsels had to agree– Tribunes could veto Senate laws– Elections held every year
• Power of Protest– Revolt of the Plebes gain more rights for the
Plebes• Rights of citizenship
Roman Writing• Invented new kind of historical writing:
– BIOGRAPHY
• Powerful essays and speeches• Real-time writings of battles and wars• Political satires• Updated natural encyclopedias• Love poems• Epic describing the founding of Rome• Key book on Stoic Philosophy: Marcus Aurelius’
Meditations
Roman Architecture
• THE ARCH