Romanticism

Tuesday

•DBQ Questions

•Candide

Romanticism• Linked to nationalism

• Reaction against Enlightenment–Against order;y, rational

approach

• Affected politics and the arts

Characteristics• Emphasis on emotion & passion

– Feeling not thinking

• Emphasis on individualism– Heroic rebels

• Celebration of nature/Environment

• Glorification of past– “good ol’ days”

– Past offered more than future

Read Robin Hood

•Good Old Days

•Where is Sherwood?

•What about Honey?

Goya May……..

Turner Fighting ….

Lady Liberty De…..

The Arts…• Music

–Beethoven- turned away from tightly controlled composition

–Appealed to emotion, heart, soul

–Chopin, Schubert, Verdi, Tchaikovsky

English Writers• Wordsworth- Age & urban

living=nature less beautiful, less imagination

• Lord Byron-Embodied French Revolution

–Rejects old traditions/push for personal liberty

German Writers• Goethe- Faust

–Romantic but condemned excesses

• Schlegel- Lucinde

–Social issues

–Women more than societal norm

The Arts…(more)• Writers: Hugo- Hunchback of

Notre Dame –Dumas- The Three Musketeers –Mary Shelley- Frankenstein

• Painting- emotion dominates–Mood conveyed–Delocroix (Fr) Turner (GB)

Romanticism• Fuels nationalism

–Celebration past glories

–National groups collect writings about their own groups (Grimm Brothers in Germany)

–In art, countries were shown as human figures

Thinking of Rabelais,

Montaigne, and Descartes

Rabelais 1483-1553• Monk- left monastery for medicine• Offered satires on European society

–Ridiculed restrictions on human spirit• Attacks on power of govt.• “Do as you wish”- less rules• Gargantua and Pantagruel (giants)

–Immense appetites–Response to war by govt./king

Classical Economists

Thomas Malthus• 1766 – 1834

• Essay on the Principle of Population

• Condition of working class could not be improved

• Population outstrip food supply

Jeremy Bentham• 1748 – 1832

• The Principles of Morals & Legislation

• Principle of Utility- greatest happiness for greatest number

• Rational govt.- overcome special interests of privileged groups

John Stuart Mill• 1806 – 1873

• Economic laws of production follow natural law

• Society could not later existing distribution of income

Utopian Socialists

Robert Owen• 1771 – 1858

• Humans put in correct surroundings = improved character

• New Lanark- humane industrial environment = possibility of good profit

Charles Fourier• 1772 – 1837

• Phalanxes- communities of liberated living–Replace industrial boredom

• Agrarian life dominated

Louis Blanc• 1811 – 1882

• Organization of Labor

• End competition

• Political reform- give workers vote–Vote improve economic life

–Workshops of workers replace enterprise

Modern Thinkers

Montaigne (1533-1592)• Lived during religious wars• Good friend died- thought about

meaning of life• Invented essays

–Short work on a single subject–Expresses personal view–Wrote on *friendship*, books, doctors– Life led by virtue, no compromises

Reasoning

Inductive

• Derive general principles from fact/specifics

Deductive

• Reasoning from general to specific

Descartes (1596-1650)• Philosopher and mathematician

–Invents analytical geometry–Founds modern philosophy

• Studied astronomy, psychology• Scientific method- deductive reasoning

–Logical conclusion –Not empirical (facts, observation)–Predict human reaction, not science

Descartes (1596-1650)• Discourse on Method

–Thinking founded on mathematical model

–Truth in science–“I think, therefore I am”–Deduced existence of God- God

guaranteed correctness of ideas

• Humans could fully understand world

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)• Father of empirical method (English)

– Must prove to be true– Evolution theory not empirical

• Inductive reasoning (see it)– Scientific Method

• Fighting scholastics on:– All truth is already known Only explain

what exists– Believed- new understanding of nature

Social Darwinism• H. Spencer- English sociologist

– Apply Darwin to economics& politics

– Economic comp= natural selection

– Socially- poor remained poor because they were unfit (Social Darwinism)

• Govt. should not make laws that upset “natural” system of rich & poor

F. Nietzsche• German philosopher

• Took Darwin further– Some humans could and should evolve to

a higher level- use of courage and willpower (Superman)

• Ideas used by Hitler

Nationalists & Imperialists

• Used Darwin & Nietzsche to support view– Nations prove superiority through power,

esp. military power

– Dictators use nationalism against democracy to justify oppressive govt.

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)• Psychoanalysis

• Problems-tied to childhood experiences

• Reason may not determine behavior

• Sexuality basis for disorders– Oedipus Complex

• Dreams release unconscious mind

• Organization of mind- id, ego, superego

Karl Marx

Marx (1818-1883)• German

• More extreme socialism

• Scientific socialism

• Worker w/ F. Engels– Wealthy Englishman

Communist Manifesto• Economic forces are the key to history

– Never enough products- causes social classes to emerge

– Wealthy v. workers

– Class struggle as workers are exploited

Industrial Revolution• Proletariat overthrow the

Bourgeoisie–Form new society based in

communism (complete socialism)

–Factors of production owned by people (as state)

–No private property- all goods & services distributed equally

Effects of Com. Manifesto• Short term- not much

– Widespread revolts of 1848 easily put down

• Long term- felt in 20th century– New socialist parties, labor benefited,

suffrage increased

– Lenin, Mao, Ho Chi Minh, Castro

Effects of Com. Manifesto• Overtime- proved Marx should have

gone beyond econ forces– Religion, nationalities, ethnic loyalties,

democratic reform

Predictions Failed• Gap b/w rich & poor did not widen

– Rich prospered, poor improved position

– Trade & production brought benefits (labor unions)

• Underestimated democratic govts.- made reforms– Voting led to reforms

Monday• Staple Homework• Turn In Homework• DBQ• Calendar• Read and Write 624• Read and Write 626

Changes in the Role of Women

Women in the Industrial Age• Women faced political and social inequality

• Women’s Social and Political Movement

– Organized by Emmeline Pankhurst

– Gain suffrage for women

– Hunger strikes

– Emily Davis- (martyr) jumped in front of King’s carriage

– Police tried to stop women’s protest

– Brought women’s issues to light

Economic Problems• Result of Industrial Rev.

– Women earned ½ as much as men

– Trade unions for men- some stopped women from skilled jobs(better pay)

– Women formed own unions

– Lawmakers helped protect women

– Laws backfired- women fired

New Fields• Late 1800’s- most servants, garment

and textile workers – Mid class- teachers, nursing, library,

social work

– Few medical schools admitted women

– Some all women med schools opened

• 1900’s- shop clerks, office workers (industrial jobs closing)

New Legal Rights• Mid 1800’s- No legal rights No vote

– Money earned not theirs

– Could not sue, make contracts

Suffragist Movement• Early 1848- push for rights• 1888 Inter’l Council for Women• 1900 more militant groups emerge• Women’s Social & Political Union

– Pankhurst– Parades, heckling, hunger strikes, chain

to RR, cut telephone wires

• 1913 Norway grants suffrage

Political Rights• Local, statewide, national level

• Married women gained property rights

• Safety inspectors at female work sites

• Local boards to oversee schools and hospitals