RomanticismRomanticism

Romanticism 101Romanticism 101 1750 – 18701750 – 1870

Romanticism represented an artistic Romanticism represented an artistic and intellectual rebellion against the and intellectual rebellion against the logic and reason of Neo-Classicism.logic and reason of Neo-Classicism.

Romanticism emphasized intuition, Romanticism emphasized intuition, imagination, and emotion.imagination, and emotion.

RomanticismRomanticismVisual ArtVisual Art

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Art during the Romantic Period Art during the Romantic Period

reflected a return to a love of nature reflected a return to a love of nature and an appreciation of freedom, and an appreciation of freedom, emotion, sentimentality, and emotion, sentimentality, and spontaneity.spontaneity.

Eugène Delacroix. Liberty Leading the People. 1830. Oil on canvas. 260 × 325 cm, 102.4 × 128.0 in. Louvre, Paris.

Romantic Art 101Romantic Art 101 PhilosophyPhilosophy

Intuition, emotion, and imaginationIntuition, emotion, and imagination InspirationInspiration

Medieval and Baroque ErasMedieval and Baroque Eras ColorColor

Unrestrained, deep, rich shadesUnrestrained, deep, rich shades SubjectsSubjects

Legends, nature, violenceLegends, nature, violence

Romantic Art 101Romantic Art 101 GenresGenres

Narratives of heroic struggle, Narratives of heroic struggle, landscapes, wild animalslandscapes, wild animals

TechniqueTechnique Quick brushstrokes, strong light-Quick brushstrokes, strong light-

and-shade contrastsand-shade contrasts CompositionComposition

Use of diagonalUse of diagonal

J.M.W. Turner, The fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, 1838; Oil on canvas, National Gallery, London.

Romantic Art 101Romantic Art 101 PaintingPainting

Most common art form during the Most common art form during the Romantic EraRomantic Era

SculptureSculpture Strongly influenced by the Neo-Strongly influenced by the Neo-

Classical styleClassical style Swirling fabrics, strong facial Swirling fabrics, strong facial

expressions, and dynamic compositionsexpressions, and dynamic compositions

Romantic Art 101Romantic Art 101 ArchitectureArchitecture

Revival of the Gothic style and a variety Revival of the Gothic style and a variety of influences, including Neo-Classical of influences, including Neo-Classical and the exotic styles from India and the and the exotic styles from India and the Middle East.Middle East.

The “romantic” style was left behind as The “romantic” style was left behind as the architect started to become more the architect started to become more focused on the turn of the 20focused on the turn of the 20thth century century

Romantic Art 101Romantic Art 101 PhotographyPhotography

Debuted in the mid-19Debuted in the mid-19thth century with the century with the introduction of the daguerreotype:introduction of the daguerreotype:

the image is exposed directlythe image is exposed directly onto a mirror-polished onto a mirror-polished surface of silver bearing a surface of silver bearing a coating of silver halide coating of silver halide particles deposited by particles deposited by iodine vapor.iodine vapor. Predecessors took hours Predecessors took hours to expose to expose

Innovations in ArtInnovations in Art The Machine AgeThe Machine Age

Wider range of colors became available Wider range of colors became available with the use of chemical pigments. with the use of chemical pigments. Before, artists used earth colors where Before, artists used earth colors where pigments came from minerals in the pigments came from minerals in the earth.earth.

Invention of the collapsible tin tube for Invention of the collapsible tin tube for paint which made the artist’s studio more paint which made the artist’s studio more portable.portable.

Francisco GoyaFrancisco Goya 1746 – 18281746 – 1828

Lifelong rebelLifelong rebel

regarded both as the regarded both as the last of the Old Masters last of the Old Masters and as the first of the and as the first of the modernsmoderns

Fits no “category”Fits no “category”

Francisco Goya. The Family of Charles IV, 1800 . Oil on canvas.

Francisco GoyaFrancisco Goya Romantic PainterRomantic Painter

combining passion and emotional spirit combining passion and emotional spirit with the influence of war and turmoil in with the influence of war and turmoil in his Spanish homeland.his Spanish homeland.

Modern PainterModern Painter nightmarish visions exposing the evil nightmarish visions exposing the evil

human nature and original technique or human nature and original technique or slashing brushstrokesslashing brushstrokes

Francisco GoyaFrancisco Goya A near-fatal illness left him totally deaf in A near-fatal illness left him totally deaf in

1792. during recovery, he was left 1792. during recovery, he was left isolated from society where he began to isolated from society where he began to paint demons of his inner fantasy world.paint demons of his inner fantasy world.

““The Third of May, 1808The Third of May, 1808” is a response ” is a response to the slaughter of 5,000 Spanish to the slaughter of 5,000 Spanish civilians (who revolted against the civilians (who revolted against the French army).French army).

Francisco Goya. The Third of May 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 х 345 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Francisco GoyaFrancisco Goya In other paintings of that time, warfare In other paintings of that time, warfare

was always presented as a glorious was always presented as a glorious pageant and soldiers as heroes. Goya pageant and soldiers as heroes. Goya contrasted the victims faces and contrasted the victims faces and despairing gestures with the faceless, despairing gestures with the faceless, machine-like figures of the firing squad.machine-like figures of the firing squad.

Even though he was deaf, Goya was still Even though he was deaf, Goya was still able to passionately communicate his able to passionately communicate his strong feelings about the brutality and strong feelings about the brutality and dehumanization of war. dehumanization of war.

Francisco GoyaFrancisco Goya Black paintingsBlack paintings

Paintings of satire he did on the walls of Paintings of satire he did on the walls of his villa, Quinta del Sordo (house of the his villa, Quinta del Sordo (house of the Deaf).Deaf).

Fourteen large murals in black, brown, Fourteen large murals in black, brown, and gray.and gray.

Died in France, in self-imposed exile.Died in France, in self-imposed exile.

Saturn Devouring his Son, 1819.

The title, like all those given to the Black Paintings, was assigned by others after Goya's death.

John ConstableJohn Constable 1776 – 18371776 – 1837

Was not well-received Was not well-received until later in his career.until later in his career.

Known for his landscape Known for his landscape paintingspaintings Believed landscapes Believed landscapes

should be based on should be based on observationobservation

John Constable.John Constable.Dedham ValeDedham Vale1802.1802.Oil on canvas.Oil on canvas.145 x 122 cm.145 x 122 cm.Victoria and Albert Victoria and Albert

Museum, London. Museum, London.

John Constable. The Hay Wain. 1821. Oil on canvas. 130 × 185 cm, 51.2 × 72.8 in. Nation Gallery, London..

John Constable. Salisbury Cathedral. 1825. Oil on canvas.

John Constable. Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows. 1829. Oil on canvas. 151.8 × 189.9 cm. Nation Gallery, London..

RomanticismRomanticismMusicMusic

Richard WagnerRichard Wagner 1813 – 18831813 – 1883

German composer German composer known for his known for his operas or “musical operas or “musical dramas”dramas”

Considered as a Considered as a self-taught musicianself-taught musician

Wagner’s VisionWagner’s Vision Wrote several essays describing his Wrote several essays describing his

ideas on operasideas on operas

““The Artwork of the Future”The Artwork of the Future” in 1849 in 1849 and and “Opera un Drama”“Opera un Drama” in 1850 in 1850 Idea of Gesamtkunstwerk, which is Idea of Gesamtkunstwerk, which is

German for "total," "integrated," or German for "total," "integrated," or "complete artwork""complete artwork"

The Ring CycleThe Ring Cycle Der Ring Nibelungen or Der Ring Nibelungen or “The Ring of the “The Ring of the

Nibelung” Nibelung” www.utexas.edu/courses/wagner/home.htmlwww.utexas.edu/courses/wagner/home.html

Four piece opera Wagner started in 1853 Four piece opera Wagner started in 1853 while in exile. while in exile.

14 ½ hours long14 ½ hours long Was not completed until 1876 when it Was not completed until 1876 when it

premiered at the premiered at the Bayreuth Festpielhaus.Bayreuth Festpielhaus. Even though is was a successful artistic piece, it Even though is was a successful artistic piece, it

was a financial disaster because of the money was a financial disaster because of the money put into it.put into it.

Tristan and IsoldeTristan and Isolde Opera which halted Wagner’s work on Opera which halted Wagner’s work on

The Ring Cycle.The Ring Cycle.

Written in 1856 and premiered in 1865.Written in 1856 and premiered in 1865.

Inspired by his emotions and affair with Inspired by his emotions and affair with Mathilde Wesendonk, the wife of a Swiss Mathilde Wesendonk, the wife of a Swiss industrialist and one of Wagner’s industrialist and one of Wagner’s patrons.patrons.

Wagner’s VisionWagner’s Vision Wagner was critical of the opera of his Wagner was critical of the opera of his

time which he felt emphasized the music time which he felt emphasized the music too heavily and did not contain quality too heavily and did not contain quality drama. He placed great importance on drama. He placed great importance on "mood setting" elements, such as a "mood setting" elements, such as a darkened theater, sound effects, and darkened theater, sound effects, and seating arrangements which focused the seating arrangements which focused the attention of the audience on the stage, attention of the audience on the stage, completely immersing them in the completely immersing them in the imaginary world of the music drama. imaginary world of the music drama.

Wagner’s VisionWagner’s Vision Wagner spent much time and money to Wagner spent much time and money to

build an opera house suitable to stage build an opera house suitable to stage his work. his work. Bayreuth Festpielhaus or “Festival House”Bayreuth Festpielhaus or “Festival House”

Recessed orchestra pit that puts the orchestra Recessed orchestra pit that puts the orchestra completely out of sight from the audience so completely out of sight from the audience so that they could concentrate just on the stage.that they could concentrate just on the stage.

Double proscenium that gave the illusion of Double proscenium that gave the illusion of more space between the audience and the more space between the audience and the stage.stage.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 1840 – 18931840 – 1893

Russian composerRussian composer

Known for his Known for his contributions to contributions to classical balletclassical ballet

Tchaikovsky - ChildhoodTchaikovsky - Childhood Interested in music Interested in music

at an early age but at an early age but his parents his parents encouraged him to encouraged him to be a lawyer. His be a lawyer. His first composition first composition was written at age was written at age 4, for his mother. 4, for his mother. He began piano He began piano lessons at age 5. lessons at age 5.

Tchaikovsky - YouthTchaikovsky - Youth Attended law school for 9 years, Attended law school for 9 years,

where he began composing. He also where he began composing. He also sang in the choir. He graduated law sang in the choir. He graduated law school and became a law clerk. school and became a law clerk. After 4 years he resigned to attend After 4 years he resigned to attend the St. Petersburg Conservatory to the St. Petersburg Conservatory to study harmony, composition, form, study harmony, composition, form, orchestration, flute and organ. He orchestration, flute and organ. He graduated after 3 years. graduated after 3 years.

Tchaikovsky’s MusicTchaikovsky’s Music His compositions contained many His compositions contained many

Russian folk tunes.Russian folk tunes. His music was very nationalistic.His music was very nationalistic. He wrote:He wrote:

3 ballets3 ballets 11 operas11 operas 8 symphonies8 symphonies 4 orchestral suites4 orchestral suites Many other worksMany other works

Tchaikovsky - WorksTchaikovsky - Works Swan LakeSwan Lake

His first ballet. His first ballet. Completed in 1875.Completed in 1875.

The Sleeping BeautyThe Sleeping Beauty Commissioned ballet in 1889Commissioned ballet in 1889

The NutcrackerThe Nutcracker Most celebrated work.Most celebrated work. 18901890

TchaikovskyTchaikovsky Tchaikovsky’s music caused ballet to Tchaikovsky’s music caused ballet to

become an entity all it’s own. It no become an entity all it’s own. It no longer was a part of opera but longer was a part of opera but became a separate art form. This became a separate art form. This was due to the connection was due to the connection Tchaikovsky created between the Tchaikovsky created between the music and the dance.music and the dance.

RomanticismRomanticismDanceDance

Golden Age of BalletGolden Age of Ballet La SylphideLa Sylphide

world’s oldest romantic balletworld’s oldest romantic ballet first performed in Paris in 1832first performed in Paris in 1832 defined changes in theme, style, defined changes in theme, style,

technique and costumetechnique and costume

Golden Age of BalletGolden Age of Ballet 18321832

Ballerinas started to wear calf-length Ballerinas started to wear calf-length tutus and pointe shoes to tutus and pointe shoes to communicate a sense of communicate a sense of weightlessness and grace while male weightlessness and grace while male dancers were there just to assist.dancers were there just to assist.

Golden Age of BalletGolden Age of Ballet 18621862

Marius Petipa is named choreographer-Marius Petipa is named choreographer-in-chief of the St. Petersburg Imperial in-chief of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatre where he produces 60 full length Theatre where he produces 60 full length ballets, including ballets, including Sleeping BeautySleeping Beauty and and Swan Lake. Petipa introduces dramatic . Petipa introduces dramatic changes to the form, integrating music, changes to the form, integrating music, set and costumes.set and costumes.

Shifting the focus from the prima Shifting the focus from the prima ballerina to the powerful male dance.ballerina to the powerful male dance.

RomanticismRomanticismTheatreTheatre

Romantic TheatreRomantic Theatre Appreciation for folklore and the Appreciation for folklore and the

translation and rise in popularity of translation and rise in popularity of ShakespeareShakespeare

Rise in American TheatreRise in American Theatre Continental Congress banned Continental Congress banned

theatre during the Revolutionary theatre during the Revolutionary War. After the war, theatres were War. After the war, theatres were built but not without objections from built but not without objections from the Puritans. High religious people the Puritans. High religious people saw the theatre as a devilish saw the theatre as a devilish diversion and believed most actors diversion and believed most actors to be “universally vicious.”to be “universally vicious.”

Rise in American TheatreRise in American Theatre The popularity of stars came about from The popularity of stars came about from

the tendency for theatre companies to the tendency for theatre companies to tour. Sometimes performances had to tour. Sometimes performances had to be held in dining rooms or barns where be held in dining rooms or barns where no proper theatre existed in towns.no proper theatre existed in towns.

The Golden Age of Theatre is considered The Golden Age of Theatre is considered to be about 1890-1910 when there were to be about 1890-1910 when there were 420 theatre companies touring.420 theatre companies touring.

MelodramaMelodrama relies heavily on sensationalism and relies heavily on sensationalism and

sentimentality.sentimentality.

tends to feature:tends to feature: action more than motivationaction more than motivation stock charactersstock characters strict view of morality in which good strict view of morality in which good

triumphs over evil triumphs over evil

MelodramaMelodrama FormulaFormula

1.1. a villain poses a threata villain poses a threat2.2. the hero escapes the threat (or the hero escapes the threat (or

rescues the heroine) rescues the heroine) 3.3. there is a happy ending. there is a happy ending.