ROMANTIC PERIOD IN ENGLISH LITERATURE: 1798-1832
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ROMANTIC PERIOD IN ENGLISH LITERATURE: 1798-1832
A BRIEF OVERVIEW
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SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONTEXT
PERIOD OF GREAT CHANGE IN ENGLAND:
AGRICULTURAL - POWERFUL
LANDHOLDING ARISTOCRACY
GIVING WAY TO MODERN INDUSTRIAL
NATION OF LARGE-SCALE EMPLOYERS & A
GROWING, RESTLESS MIDDLE CLASS.
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AMERICAN & FRENCH REVOLUTIONS -
IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF THE
POLITICAL LANDSCAPE.
REVOLUTIONS - THREATS TO EXISTING
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
PERIOD OF CHANGE (cont.)
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PERIOD OF CHANGE (cont.)
POLITICAL REPRESSION IN ENGLAND
NEEDED CHANGES – DUE TO
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
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PERIOD OF CHANGE (cont.)
MILL TOWNS GREW
THE LANDSCAPE - SUBDIVIDED
FACTORIES SPEWED POLLUTION OVER
SLUMS
THE POPULATION - DIVIDED INTO RICH &
POOR.
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LACK OF REFORM
NO REFORMS – philosophy of LAISSEZ-FAIRE (“LET ALONE”) prevailed.
Lack of reforms caused the Romantic poets to turn to a more private, spontaneous, lyric poetry that championed the cause of the “common man”
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LACK OF REFORM (cont.)
CONSEQUENCES
LOW WAGES
HORRIBLE WORKING CONDITIONS
LARGE-SCALE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN
& CHILDREN IN BRUTALLY HARD
OCCUPATIONS (SUCH AS COAL MINING).
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LACK OF REFORM (cont.)
IN THE FACE OF TECHNOLOGICAL UN-
EMPLOYMENT & POVERTY, WORKERS
COULD NOT VOTE
RESORT TO PROTESTS & RIOTS
INCUR FURTHER REPRESSION
THE POOR SUFFERED
THE LEISURE CLASS PROSPERED.
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PLIGHT OF WOMEN
WOMEN OF ALL CLASSES
REGARDED AS INFERIOR TO MEN
UNDEREDUCATED
LIMITED VOCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
STRICT CODE OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
ALMOST NO LEGAL RIGHTS.
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PLIGHT OF WOMEN (cont.)
THE CAUSE OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS WAS
LARGELY IGNORED.
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ROMANTICISM
Embraced imagination and naturalness
Turned away from 18th century emphasis on
reason and artifice
Fascination with youth and innocence
Question tradition and authority
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ROMANTICISM (cont.)
ROMANTIC POETS –
REJECTED PUBLIC, FORMAL, AND WITTY
WORKS OF THE PREVIOUS CENTURY
EMBRACED PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
EMOTIONS
SIMPLE ,UNADORNED LANGUAGE
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ROMANTIC POETS (cont.) LYRIC FORM TO EXPRESS, FEELINGS,
SELF-REVOLATION, & IMAGINATION DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDE TOWARD
AUDIENCE, “ A MAN SPEAKING TO MEN.” TURNED TO AN INNER DREAM WORLD TO
BLOCK OUT THE UGLY INDUSTRIAL AGE THEY LIVED IN
INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY SYMPATHIZED WITH REBELS
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ROMANTIC POETS (cont.) NATURE – TRANSFORMATIVE NATURE – HUMAN MIND “MIRRORED”
THE OTHER’S CREATIVE PROPERTIES
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POETIC THEORY & PRACTICE
WORDSWORTH TRIED TO ARTICULATE
THE SPIRIT OF THE NEW POETRY IN
THE PREFACE TO LYRICAL BALLADS
(1800, 1802).
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CONCEPT OF POETRY
POETRY WAS SEEN AS THE “SPONTA-
NEOUS OVERFLOW OF POWERFUL
FEELINGS”
THE ESSENCE OF POETRY WAS THE MIND,
EMOTIONS, & IMAGINATION OF THE POET
(NOT THE OUTER WORLD).
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POETRY & THE POET
FIRST-PERSON LYRIC POEM BECAME
THE MAJOR ROMANTIC LITERARY
FORM, WITH “I” OFTEN REFERRING
DIRECTLY TO THE POET.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF BE-
CAME A MAJOR TOPIC OF ROMANTIC
POETRY.
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POETRY & THE POET (cont.)
POETS OFTEN SAW THEMSELVES AS PROPHETS IN A TIME OF CRISIS, REVISING THE PROMISE OF DIVINE REDEMPTION IN TERMS OF A “HEAVEN” ON EARTH.
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POETIC SPONTANEITY, FREEDOM
Initial act of poetic composition must:
Arise from impulse;
Be free from the rules inherited from the past
Rely on instinct, intuition, and feeling
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NATURE
Accurate observation & description of wild
nature important because,
Serves as a stimulus to thinking
Contributes to the resolution of personal problems
Resolution of crises
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NATURE (cont.)
LANDSCAPE
GIVEN HUMAN QUALITIES OR
SEEN AS A SYSTEM OF SYMBOLS
REVEALING THE NATURE OF GOD.
CLOSENESS TO NATURE WAS SEEN AS
BRINGING OUT HUMANITY’S INNATE
GOODNESS.
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GLORIFICATION OF THE COMMONPLACE
HUMBLE, RUSTIC SUBJECT MATTER &
PLAIN STYLE BECAME THE PRINCIPAL
SUBJECT & MEDIUM OF POETRY.
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THE COMMONPLACE (cont.)
POETS SOUGHT TO REFRESH READERS’
SENSE OF WONDER ABOUT THE
ORDINARY THINGS OF EXISTENCE, TO
MAKE THE “OLD” WORLD SEEM NEW.
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THE SUPERNATURAL & STRANGE
MANY ROMANTIC POEMS: EXPLORE THE REALM OF MYSTERY &
MAGIC
INCORPORATE MATERIALS FROM FOLKLORE & SUPERSTITION
OFTEN SET IN DISTANT OR FARAWAY PLACES
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THE STRANGE (cont.)
RENEWED INTEREST IN THE MIDDLE
AGES (AND THE BALLAD FORM) AS A
BEAUTIFUL, EXOTIC, MYSTERIOUS
BYGONE ERA.
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THE STRANGE (cont.)
THERE WAS ALSO GREAT INTEREST IN
UNUSUAL MODES OF EXPERIENCE, VISIONARY STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS HYPNOTISM DREAMS DRUG-INDUCED STATES, AND SO FORTH.
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THE STRANGE (cont.) GOTHIC
Eerie and supernatural elements Stories set in gloomy, medieval castles Intention – make readers, blood run cold Expressed a sense of helplessness about:
Things beyond control Revolutions in Europe Industrialization’s economic changes
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INDIVIDUALISM & STRIVING
HUMAN BEINGS WERE SEEN AS ESSEN-
TIALLY NOBLE & GOOD (THOUGH COR-
RUPTED BY SOCIETY)
POSSESSING GREAT POWER & POTENTIAL
THAT HAD FORMERLY BEEN ASCRIBED
ONLY TO GOD.
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INDIVIDUALISM (cont.)
THERE WAS EMPHASIS ON BELIEF IN DEMOCRATIC IDEALS CONCERN FOR HUMAN LIBERTY A GREAT OUTCRY AGAINST VARIOUS
FORMS OF TYRANNY.
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INDIVIDUALISM (cont.)
THE HUMAN MIND WAS SEEN AS
CREATING (AT LEAST IN PART) THE WORLD
AROUND IT
HAVING ACCESS TO THE INFINITE VIA THE
FACULTY OF IMAGINATION.
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INDIVIDUALISM (cont.)
REFUSING TO ACCEPT LIMITATIONS,
HUMAN BEINGS SET INFINITE,
INACCESSIBLE GOALS, THUS MAKING
FAILURE & IMPERFECTION GLORIOUS
ACCOMPLISHMENTS.
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INDIVIDUALISM (cont.)
REFUSAL TO ACCEPT LIMITATIONS
FOUND EXPRESSION IN BOLD POETIC
EXPERIMENTATION.
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INDIVIDUALISM (cont.)
MANY WRITERS ISOLATED THEMSELVES
FROM SOCIETY TO FOCUS ON THEIR
INDIVIDUAL VISION.
THEME OF EXILE WAS COMMON - THE
ROMANTIC NON-CONFORMIST OFTEN
SEEN AS A GREAT SINNER OR OUTLAW.
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INDIVIDUALISM (cont) BYRONIC HERO
“Mad, bad, and dangerous to know.” – Lady Caroline Lamb, speaking of George Gordon, Lord Byron
“A man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of deep and strong affection.”
Reckless, wounded manhood
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ROMANTIC POETS Dominated by six poets:
William Blake Samuel Taylor Coleridge William Wordsworth Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats George Gordon, Lord Byron
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William Blake
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William Wordsworth
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Samuel Taylor Coleridge
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
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John Keats
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George Gordon, Lord Byron
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