http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/7164-images-from-pompeii-video.htm

How do we know so much about Roman art, especially the wall paintings? Why did they survive when Greek

paintings did not?

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Ancient Rome I:Etruscan Kingdom

Same time as Greek heroic age

Most important culture in Western Mediterranean.. 750-510 BCE

http://www.artic.edu/cleo/index.html

APOLLO or APOLLO OF VEII

Artist: Master sculptor Vulca (?)

Medium: Painted terra cotta

Size: height 5'10"

Date: c. 510–500 BCE

•Etruscan Period

•Part of a group of 4 statues located on top of a temple.

•Technically difficult to create a life size terra cotta (fired clay) statue

•Best surviving rooftop statue

•Energy, excitement, etc,..

•But influence of Greek archaic statuary there in hair, smile

FLASHCARD IMAGE

How are they same? How are they different?

•Typical Etruscan Temple at Veii; ground plan similar to the Greeks

•Apollo appeared on the roof, not the pediment (Who had sculpture friezes in pediment?)

•SITING: Faced south, ENTRANCE: only enter from that way, and built on a podium

•Tuscan order - columns spaced wide, looks heavier due to shorter columns than classical Greek temples

•Eaves projected out to protect the clay - terra cotta walls

•Statues appeared on roofline

•Close to ground, not like Acropolis on hills above Athens

Etruscan Sarcophagus, 520 BCE

Terracotta

Life sized

Latest hair styles, lively hand gestures

How does this compare to Egyptian funerary art?

Inner Coffin of Tutankhamun’s Sarcophagus,

1332 BCE

Etruscan Tomb Art movie

Fowling Scene, Tomb of Nebamum, 1400 BCE (New King.), fragment of wall painting, British Museum

•How does this compare to the tomb paintings of the Etruscans?

Remember Nebamum?

She-Wolf, Artist n/a, Bronze, 500 BCE (Twins added during Renaissance),

FLASHCARD

Mix of naturalism & stylized details

May represent the she-wolf that raised Romulus & Remus of Greek mythology (founded Rome)

Ferocious yet object of sympathy at the same time.

Roman Republic

People saw themselves as heroic, attributed to descendants of gods

How did Romans view artists in their society?

Romans used both bronze casting & marble for sculpture.

Here is an example of the lost wax casting method.

Lost Wax Casting Method

Weary Hercules, bronze statuette, Roman Empire

http://www.artic.edu/cleo/herc/hercMovie.html

Can anyone give an example of an adopted Greek God or Goddess from your readings?

http://www.artic.edu/cleo/index.html

Etruscans preceded Roman kingdom, republic and empire in the Tuscany area. Traders with the Greeks. Bronze Age through about 510 BCE (overthrow)

Rome lasted for 2200 years … 753 BCE to 1453 AD

1. I. Kingdom: 753-510 BCE. Greek heroic age; Rome eventually threw out Etruscan Kings. Paralleled/influenced by Greece.

2. II. Republic - 509-27 BCE, until assassination of Julius Caesar- Pont du Gard bridge & building campaigns

3. III. Empire - 27 BCE - 1453 AD.

First emperor was Augustus Caesar (fka Octavius, J. Caesar’s nephew Brought in Pax Romana, years of peace & prosperity.

Julio-Claudian era with Nero (crazy emperor)-overthrown by Vespasian (built Colosseum). (14-69 CD)

High Empire - included Trajan & Hadrian (Hadrians wall, Trajan’s column) 96-192 CE

Late Empire - Septimus Severus, Caracalla, Diocletian, Constantine. Constantine built the Basilica, and made Christianity the offical religion.

Etruscan and Roman Timeline of Key Rulers

Ancient Rome II

The Roman Republic

509-27 BCE

Threw out the Etruscans

Continued until Julius Caesar assassinated

Title: Head of a man (known as Brutus)

Medium: Bronze, eyes of painted ivory

Size: height 12½" (31.8 cm)

Date: c. mid-3rd century BCE

Republic period

Appears world-weary, he reminds you of????

Head of Senusret III

Yellow quartzite

17¾ X 13½ X 17"

Middle Kingdom

Twelfth Dynasty, c. c. 1836–1818 BCE

More realistic

Looks tired, older

Dynamic King who led 4 expeditions into Nubia; overhauled administration

Orator (Aulus Metellus)

80 BCE (Republican period)

Bronze, 5’11” high

Careful observation & rendering

Completed by an Etruscan artist

Toga worn by Roman officials

According to Pliny the Elder, statues like these were often on top of columns as memorials.

flashcard

Initiation Rites of Cult of Bacchus or Dionysus Mystery Painting,

60 BCE Wall Painting from Pompeii, “Villa of Mysteries”

Cult of Bacchus/Dionysus (god of wine).. Rites on his behalf in private homes… deep red (Pompeiian re) background, scene around walls…flashcard… one of best known wall paintings

Still Life, detail from wall painting in 4th style

Beautifully rendered glass

Shadows make objects appear real and actually in space rather than flat shapes

Reconstructed bedroom from Pompeii

Late 1st century BCE

Floor mosaic-priest offers a basket w/ a snake to a cult image of Isis…

Again initiation rites

Wall paintings city scapes like stage backdrops in intuitive perspective

What are some initiation rites you might see today in our society? In common religions today? On a college campus?

Detail from reconstructed bedroom

Intuitive perspective: objects smaller, less detailed,diagonal lines suggest parallel lines receding in the distance

No single point of view though.

This wall painting from Livia’s villa shows atmospheric perspective…Trompe l’oeil, trick the eye.

Idealized view of the world, distant objects are WHAT????

Wow what a bloodthirsty bunch those emperors were…

Young Woman WRITING

Wall painting from Pompeii

Pointed stylus to write on wax coated tablet, easy to “erase” and start over before using $$ papyrus

Used by kids of homework too.

Why were these paintings so well preserved?

Temple of Fortunus, Republic Period, Rome

(flashcard)

Front columns are Greek, side columns are engaged

Closed in block and podium is Etruscan in influence

Vetruvius admired this temple; wrote 10 books on it.. Also influenced state capitol in Virginia

Romans found common ground with conquered peoples’ religions

Did require sacrifices to town gods, part of community activities that they promoted

This temple illustrates that common ground

Plan of Temple Forum Boarium (Cattle Market), Rome

Note engaged columns and podiums

How was this similar to classical Greek temples?

Highly sophisticated architecture/engineering

Pont Du Gard (flashcard), Nimes, France. 100 BCE REPUBLIC PERIOD

Provided 100 gallons of water a day per family, from Uzes spring 30 miles away.

•Rhythmic harmony & balance

•3 stacked arcades

•Concrete

•Originally aqueduct

•Still used as bridge today

•Fits surroundings with natural unadorned blocks

•ROMAN ARCH INVENTED!!!

Why was the invention of concrete so important?

Denarius with portrait of Julius CaesarRepublican period

Silver coin, widely used

Propaganda value

First time living ruler shown!!

Venus on reverse

Realistic portrait, shows receding hair line

Flashcard Image

II. Early Roman Empire….//videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9798-living-in-the-roman-empire-welcome-to-the-roman-empire-video.htm

http:

Massive empire

More cohesive than Greece

Physical-military superiority, built garrisons & roads

Organizational - system of laws and administration

Psychological - fear of harsh punishment, entertainment for the masses

What are some of Rome’s contributions to the West?

Art - copied from Greece!!!!

Used art/architecture as propaganda (instrumentalism)

Maison Carree, Nimes France, 20 BCE (or 10 AD) Early Imperial Period…(flashcard)

Front columns are Greek, side columns are engaged

Closed in block and podium is Etruscan in influence

Vetruvius admired this temple; wrote 10 books on it.. Also influenced state capitol in Virginia

Romans found common ground with conquered peoples’ religions

Did require sacrifices to town gods, part of community activities that they promoted

This temple illustrates that common ground

Octavius became Caesar Augustus, 1st emperor.-EARLY EMPIRE--Nephew of Julius Caesar

What happened to J. Caesar? (Et tu, Brute?)

Also given title Maximus - High Priest as well as emperor.

Ruled for 60 years w/wife Livia, laid foundation for the Pax Romana (peace, stability, prosperity).

Skilled administrator. During Pax Romana, lots of building programs to improve quality of life for the Empire. “I found Rome a city of brick, and left it a city of Marble.”

Augustus of Primaporta, 20 BCE

Marble, 6’11” (maybe copy of a bronze) flashcard

•Ushered in Roman Empire (1st emperor-Pax Romana)

•Not veristic portraits like Republic.. More like classical Greek style

•Addressing troops like the Orator

•Cloak in folds (Hellenistic)..ties to Cupid (Venus’ son)

•Breastplate shows peaceful negotiation w/Parthians, Sun God, etc

•Now at Vatican in Rome

Augustus, color restored

Political messages

Divinity of Emperor (became a God)

Cult of the Emperor

Mother nature, sky God shown on Breastplate, Apollo & Diana

Augustus ruled for 60 years, but is always shown as young and promoting peaceful negotiation.Who was the patron here?

Altar of Augustan Peace, 13 BCE (Ari Pacis)

Early Imperial

flashcard

Celebrates Augustus as both warrior & peacemaker

Triumphal return to Rome after victory in Gaul and Hispania

Marble

10 m x 11 m

Where are Gaul and Hispania today?

Relief sculptures showing procession and allegory of peace.

Shows Greek influence on figures

Restored by Mussolini 2000 yrs later

Similar to Parthenon frieze from 5th century BCE

Read about these characters in the book.. South side relief

1st- showing children to promote family life & potential heirs

Allegory of Peace, from Ara Pacis, 5’2” highGoddess of Peace (Pax) nurtures cherubs representing Roman people, goddesses of sea and land winds look on representing Roman sea and land bounties

Earth and Sea Personified

Greek columns frame scene; pattern border of Greek key motif

How are the forms (figures) similar to Greek relief sculptures?

Minute details of leaves, natural elements typical of Roman sculpture

Flavian Amphitheatre, 80 CE, Rome, Flashcard

KNOW SIGNIFICANCE/RECOGNIZE/DISCUSS

Flavian Ampitheatre

•Built by Emperor Vespasian -shrewd political move. During the Julio Claudian period, where there were abuses by Nero and Claudius…

•Drained a lake to build; grand place for public displays & entertainment (gladiators, exotic animals imported from their huge empire)

•Give public land back to public.

•Still represents Italy & Rome.