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Roma Migration to and from the Czech Republic since the 90’s PhDr. Laura Laubeová Charles...
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Transcript of Roma Migration to and from the Czech Republic since the 90’s PhDr. Laura Laubeová Charles...
Roma Migration to and from the Czech Republic since the 90’s
PhDr. Laura LaubeováCharles University Prague
Summer 2005
Resources (general)
WB (2003) www.worldbank.org/eca/roma
UNDP (2003) http://roma.undp.sk
Liegeois, Jean-Pierre (1994)
Guy, Will (2001, 1975)
Acton, Thomas
Okely, Judithhttp://www.tolerance.cz/courses/monnet/monnet.htm
Resources on migration to and from CZ
Bratinka Report (1997) http://www.vlada.czConception of Roma integration (2002) Lee, Ronald (2000)Gabal, Ivan (2000) http://www.gac.czThe Czech Helsinki Committee (2002)
http://www.helcom.cz/IOM report on Slovak Roma migration to CZ
(Nov. 2003) http://www.iom.cz
Outline
Who are the Roma/ Roma political participationRoma in CZ pre 89
After 89 (discrimination + denial)
Exodus to Canada, Summer 97, and Cz. Government reaction, Fall 97
Migration research (GAC/IOM, Ministry of Interior)
Slovak Roma Immigration, 2000-03
Who are Roma
Origin: linguistics vs Judith Okely
Language Romanes /Romani (Punjabi or Hindi)
Sg. Rom, Dom; pl. Roma; adj. Romani (Romany)
Heterogenous communities (Romungre, Vlach, Sinti,)
12 million Roma throughout the world,
8 -10 m. in Europe, 200 000 in CZ
Population numbers
Slovakia 10%
480,000-520,000 Hungary 5%
550,000-600,000 Czech Rep. 2%
250,000-300,000
Bulgaria 8%
700,000 -800,000 Romania 6%
1,800,000- 2,500,000
(in EU 2007)
Source: ERRC
Political participation
World Romani Congress, London in 1971:16-spoked wheel as their international symbol,
flag (green and blue),
anthem (Roma arise),
proclaimed April 8 international Romani day
Europe's largest transnational minority;
Declaration on "non-territorial" nation
Weblinks:
European Roma Information Office http://www.erionet.org/Home.html
European Roma Rights Centre http://www.errc.org
European Roma Forum http://www.europeanromaforum.org/
Czech Radio http://www.romove.cz
Maria Tereza and Joseph II. (1760- 1784) assimilation, sedentarisation
1927 Act on Nomadic Gypsies (identity cards)Nazi holocaust (200,000 - 1.5 m. died)after WWII: Slovak Roma brought to Sudetenland1958 Act on settlement of nomadic persons (repealed
only in CZ in 97)1965 policy of dispersion and displacement1968 Association of Gypsies/Roma in CS 1978 Charta 77 document1989 recognised as national minority
History
After 1989 1993 Citizenship Law (de facto discrimination), put most
Roma in position of aliens1997 Emigration to Canada, UK → Bratinka report
(www.vlada.cz)1998 UN CERD Concluding observations on CR, "de facto”
segregation in edu (article 5 ICERD)1999 Concept of Romani integration - adopted in 2000 2001 UK Immigration officers in Prg Airport
(CHC Statement 29 Aug. 01), Guy Goodwin-Gill2002 "Conception on Romani Integration", no quota but
equalising measures 2003 Denial by pres. Klaus, BBC Hardtalk
“Exodus” to Canada1996: 150 Czech Roma claimants6 Aug. 1997: TV documentary6 Aug.–8 Oct. 97: 1500 claimants/
“Invasion” , i.e. 6% of all refugee claimants in 97
Re-introduction of visa requirementMigration to UK and other EU countriesBratinka report and Concept of Romani
integration
Overview of research on migration tendencies from CZ GAC 2000 for IOM; Ministry of Interior, Autumn 2002
1. Main motives for migration2. Who leaves3. Relation of Roma towards migration4. How well are Roma informed about situation
abroad and asylum procedures in the target country
5. Forecast of further development6. Number of persons who migrated
1. Main motives for migration
GAC 2000 Bad social
situation of Roma in the CR
They do not feel secure in the CR
Government 2002 Economical reasons Hopeless
economical and social situation in the CR
Discrimination and unequal behaviorExtortion
2. Who leaves
GAC 2000 More active
Roma, who are informed about asylum procedures
Those who have family abroad
Government 2002 Roma who have
rather better than worse position in the social hierarchy.
3. Attitudes of Roma to migration
GAC 2000 Positive, even in
case of unsuccessful result, with which they count and keep social ties in the CR
Government 2002 Positive, even in
case of unsuccessful result
4.Forecast of further development
GAC 2000 Roma will
continue to solve the unsatisfactory state or affairs in the CR through emigration
Government 2002 Roma will continue
to migrate, because it is not possible in the short-term perspective to make provisions, which would improve their status in the CR.
5. How well are Roma informed about situation abroad and asylum procedures in the target country
GAC 2000 Very well,
information is being spread within Roma communities
Government 2002 Very well, in some
aspects Roma migration has elements of organized work, especially in giving information and know-how on asylum procedures.
6. Number of persons who migrated
GAC 2000 Not known, Czech
public administration does not enough information, Roma keep their departures secret
Government 2002 Not known, none of
competent offices has idea how many Roma emigrated, which among other means that state is nor prepared for their massive return.
Slovak Roma migration 00-03
1. Situation in Slovakia, Impact on Czech Republic
2. Migration types3. Push factors4. Pull factors5. Hindering factors6. Starting migration factors:
non-asylum vs asylum7. Proposed solutions
1. Situation in Slovakia and CR380 000-500 000 Roma in Slovakia127 tho in Slovak colonies, shacksECRI 3rd country report (27 Jan 04)
> 1000 asylum claimants in CZ in 2003+ Non- asylum migrationEstimates: 10-14 000 of Slovak immigrants in CR -
not confirmed
ECRIIn Slovakia, racially-motivated violence, including
serious acts of police brutality continues. The Roma minority remains severely disadvantaged in most areas of life, particularly in the fields of housing, employment and education. ECRI also calls for a full, transparent and impartial investigation into the recent allegations concerning sterilisations of Roma women without their full and informed consent
http://www.coe.int/T/E/human_rights/Ecri/
2. Migration types Unregistered migrants Temporary employment migration Asylum seekers Multiple and variable
3. Migration push factors increased numbers of the Roma settlements
and their expansion; high birth-rate reduction of the maximum level of social
benefits provided to one assessed family to 10,500 Slovak crowns (£200/month)
escalation of the usurious practices and their toleration from the part of the state administration bodies
unrealistic expectations based on the approaching EU accession
4. Migration pull factors in CZ
family solidarity increasing number of spatially
segregated localities with a predominantly Roma population (ghetoisation)
opportunities to find employment, including illegal practices
shelter and food provided in the asylum camps
5. Factors hindering migration decreasing kinship solidarity unimplemented liberalization of the housing
market which might offer more affordable accommodation
stagnation at the labour market, especially that of construction work and trenching
continuing competition at the labour market, caused especially by foreigners from the former Soviet Union (in spite of the introduction of visa requirements for the Ukraine)
presence of foreigners in the asylum camps who may incite cultural conflicts
6. Starting migration factorsnon-asylum asylum
Joining the family/ seeking partner
Return to Bohemia Loss of housing Employment migration Better life prospects Domestic violence Usury (“Loan-
sharking”)
“Loan-sharking” connected with loss of housing
Loss of housing Discrimination Return to Bohemia Domestic violence
6. Proposed solutions
Partial absorption (social fieldwork)
Partial repatriation - IOM