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OF

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

TOPIC-

SUBMITTED TO:SUBMITTED BY:MR.harindera singh nitinsindwani ROLLNO: a02

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

TOPIC OF THE RESEARCH

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

HYPOTHESIS

LITERATURE REVIEW

RESEARCH DESIGN

SAMPLING

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

QUESTIONAIRE

RESULTS

INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA

LIMITATIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

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ABSTRACT

The present research will be conducted to investigate the relationship between parents

and adolescents. A retrospective Correlation and Quantitative research design will be

used. Through sampling technique data will be collected from 50 participants (N= 50

respectively) from the schools and colleges of jalandhar. Each subject will be

individually administered the Parent Adolescent Interaction Scale devise by prof.

Harinder Singh .This research will clearly draw a picture and indicate the relationship of

adolescent with their parents. The results will be discussed later in the light of existing

literature revealed from the collected data.

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TOPIC OF THE RESEARCH

Statement of the problem:

The present research is an attempt to investigate the relationship between parents and

adolescent and the conflicts that disrupt this relationship. The term adolescence comes

from the Latin verb adolescere, meaning to grow into maturity (Rogers, 1985). In this

sense, adolescence is a process rather then a time period, a process of achieving the

attitudes and beliefs needed for effective participation in society. Adolescence is

considered to be a period of emotional storm and stress.

Adolescence learns to make choices and commitments, follow through with them, and

stand up independently in the world. Adolescence is a period of transition biological,

psychological, social, economic and social (Papilia& Olds 1992). Relationships differ

from family to family and whether these differences have important consequences for the

developing adolescent. Some parents are stricter than others. Some adolescent are given

great deal of affection, while others are treated more distantly (Steinberg 2002). Conflict

is more likely to surface between adolescent and their mothers than adolescents and their

fathers. This may be partly because mothers have been more closely involved with their

children and may find it harder to give up their involvement. It may also be because

fathers sometimes tend to with draw from their teenage children.

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OBJECTIVES

The objective of the current research is to make the comparison and let us know that

whether the rate of conflict is higher in early adolescence with respect to middle and late

adolescence

HYPOTHYSIS

Ho = DO EARLY ADOLESCENCE HAVE MORE NEGATIVE

RELATIONSHIP WITH THEIR PARENTS THAN THE MIIDDLE AND LATE

ADOLESCENCE?

1. Early adolescent will have more negative relationships with parents than late

adolescent.

2. Middle adolescent will have less negative relationships with parents than early

adolescent.

3. Late adolescent will have less negative relationships with parents than early

adolescen.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

There is empirical data that suggest relationship between parent and adolescents and the

conflicts between them. The present chapter is an attempt to review the relevant

researches in this area.

Steinberg (2002) conducted a research on parent adolescent conflict in early adolescence

with samples of 11-13 years boys and 11-13 years girls and their study revealed

heightened levels of conflict and oppositional behavior during early years of adolescence.

And these conflicts were more between boys and girls with their mothers, but not fathers

during this time.

Furman & Buhrmester (1992) conducted a cross sectional study of age and gender

differences in the adolescent relationship with their parents which was assessed by using

the Network of Relationships Inventory in early (11, 12 &13 years), middle (14,15,16

years) and late adolescent (17, 18 &19years). In contrast to their study more conflicts

were reported greater in early and middle adolescent than in late adolescent for both

genders with their parents.

Lempers, Lempers, and Ho (1991) conducted a study on parent-adolescent conflict in a

sample of 1,100 male and female adolescents, ages 11 to 19. In this study, more conflict

with parents was reported by the early-adolescent group (ages 11, 12, and 13) than either

the mid-adolescent group (ages 14, 15 and 16) or the late-adolescent group (ages 17, 18

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and 19). More parent-adolescent conflict was reported by daughters than sons, especially

with mothers, across the age groups.

Sherin (2002) conducted a study on the characteristics of family process variables and

analyzes the adolescents' perception of parent-adolescent interaction and its influence on

their psychological well-being. Results indicate that a substantial proportion of the 179

adolescent males who perceived parent-adolescent interaction as positive and were

identified as having a stable psychological well-being, than those adolescent males who

did not perceive parent adolescent interaction as positive.

Barber (1994), in his examination of gender within parent-adolescent relationships,

found that there were differences based on both the gender of the adolescent and the

gender of the parent. The mother-daughter relationships seemed to be the most

emotionally active, reporting high levels of both discord and closeness. They also

reported a high level of shared activity compared to the other dyads. The mother-son

relationships also had high levels of discord and closeness, but shared fewer activities.

Relationships between fathers and their sons were found to be emotionally flat compared

to mother-son relationships. The same comparison was found to be true in father-

daughter relationships. Other gender differences have been found in the perceived

amount of conflict.

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RESEARCH DESIGN

SAMPLING

Sampling means, selection of individual is from the population in such a way that every

individual has the equal chance to be taken into the sample population.

(Singh & Nath 2005).

SIMPLE RANDON SAMPLING

Simple random sampling is the basic sampling technique where we select a group of

subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is

chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of

being included in the sample. Every possible sample of a given size has the same chance

of selection (Freund, 1979).

PROCEDURE

The data collected from the participants will be confidential and the consent of

participant will be taken. The respondent will be given specific instruction. Using the

scale each respondent will be assured that data collected is confidential and the

participants will be free to express her without any invasion. Data will be individually

collected and each participant needed to fill the questionnaire.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is a choice of an investigator about the components of his project and

development of certain components of the design. A design of research does not consist

of an ordered sequential step-by-step procedure. It is planning stage of research which is

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usually made logically visualizing itspracticality. The selectionof research components

is done keeping in view of the objectives of the research (Freund 1979).

DATA ANALYSIS

Data analysis will be done by using different statistical procedures and SPSS version 13.0

will be used. The important findings will be discussed on basis of the findings emphasis

on quantitative data and analysis.

DISCUSSION

The important findings will be discussed on early, middle and late adolescence and

comparison will be made between the categories and relevant statistical measures will be

used.

Parenting Techniques

Three types of parenting techniques that are associated with different aspects of the

adolescents social behavior: authoritarian, authoritative and permissive.

a. Authoritarian Parenting

Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the

adolescents to follow the parents directions and to respect work and effort. The

authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the adolescent and allows little

verbal exchange. Authoritarian parenting is associated with adolescents socially

incompetent behavior.

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b. Authoritative Parenting

Authoritative parenting encourages adolescents to be independent but still place limits

and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and- take is allowed and parents are

warm and nurturing toward the adolescent. Authoritative parenting is associated with

adolescents socially competent behavior.

Parent- Adolescent Conflict

Throughout adolescence, individuals experience a period of individuation. During this

time, they develop their own identity and form their own opinions, separate from their

parents. This is a normal process for adolescents. Also, teenagers begin to realize that

their parents are not always right. This is called "de-idealization" of their parents. These

changes are cognitive, occurring within the brain at puberty. During adolescence, young

people develop advances in reasoning. They are more able to think about things

abstractly and logically. Adolescents become interested in concepts such as justice,

fairness, and rights (Galotti et al, 1991). This change in thinking allows teenagers to

question their parents' authority and rules.

Youthful revolt against parents does not always mean rejection. A certain amount of

rebellion is normal: it is an essential preliminary to attaining the independence required

for establishing ones own family. Besides, the overt expression of conflict serves as

catharsis which, if repressed, takes the form of anxiety.

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ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

2.1 Sampling

Sampling is a process of selecting a subset of randomized number of members of the

population of a study and collecting data about their attributes (Collican, 1994).

Sampling is indispensable technique of behavioral research. The research work can not

be undertaken without use of sampling. It is the selection of individuals from the

population so that each individual becomes the subset of the population and has equal

chance to be taken into the sample population (Singh & Nath 2005).

2.2 Sampling Methods

Sampling methods can be classified into probability and non probability sampling

methods.

2.3 Probability Methods

In probability sampling each unit of the population has a probability of being selected as

a unit of the sample. But, this probability varies from one method to another method of

probability sampling.

a. Simple Random Sampling

The individual observations or individuals are chosen in such a way that each has an

equal chance of being selected and each choice is independent of any other choice. This

type of sampling is more rigorous and free from biases.

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b. Systematic Sampling

Using a sampling frame with a random starting point the method is to select every tenth

item thereafter. If every tenth item is included the result is a ten percent sample for

example a sample of one-tenth of the whole population.

c. Cluster Sampling

Cluster sampling is a sampling technique in which the population is divided into different

clusters such that the members within each cluster are dissimilar in terms of their

attributes, but different clusters are similar to each other. This leads to their inference that

each cluster can be treated as a small population which posses all the attributes of the

population.

d. Multistage Sampling

This works in stages, the first stage being the breaking down of the population into a first

set of distinct groups. Of these a number are selected by random methods. Those which

are now left are again broken into sections according to a second characteristics and a

random selection is again made. The process continues until all the necessary stages have

been considered.

2.4 Nonprobability Sampling

In non probability sampling there may be instances that certain units of population will

have zero probability of selection because judgment, biases and convenience of the

interviewers are considered to be the criteria of such sampling.

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a. Convenience Sampling

This is a non-probability sampling method in which the interviewer will decide the

choice of sampling units based on their convenience.

b. Judgment Sampling / Purposive Sampling

The judgment sampling is a non probability sampling in which the sampling units are

selected on the advice of some expert by the intuition/ opinion of the researcher himself.

In the first case, an expert who is familiar with the sampling frame guides the researcher

in selecting the sample units from the sampling frame. In the second case the researcher

applies his/her intuitive judgment and previous experience in selecting the sampling units

from the sampling frame.

c. Quota Sampling

Quota sampling is a non probability sampling in which the population is classified into a

number of groups based on some criteria; say age of the members of population, viz, old

age, middle age, and young age.

d. Snowball Sampling

Snow ball sampling is a restrictive multi stage sampling in which initially certain

numbers of sampling units (respondents) are randomly selected. Later, additional

sampling units are selected based on referral process. This means that the initially

selected respondents provide addresses of additional respondents for the interviewer

(Panneerselvan, 2004). For this particular study purposive sampling was used.

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ANALYZE THE DATA

The questionnaire was designed from structured interview which had been developed by

Dr. Iffat Yaqub Ch. Twenty questions were initially included in the questionnaire. A pilot

study was conducted on twenty Kinnaird College students ranging from 16-21years of

age. Eventually these questionnaires which were administered comprised of 11 questions

and 9 items were deleted on basis of the pilot study conducted which gave similar

information or gave no information.

Formal permission from the schools and colleges was taken. They were told that it would

be face to face interview which would be held in one sitting. The respondents were asked

to mark one response which applied to them. Maximum four options were given within

which one particular response was asked to mark. The respondents who were given the

questionnaire were instructed to answer truthfully as the information was confidential.

The percentages were calculated for each question and each category of responses.

Percentages of all 11 categories were taken out. The purpose of the study was to find the

nature of the relationship.

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RESEARCH DESIGN

The sampling plan was non probability sampling and purposive sampling was used. Data

was obtained from jalandhar schools and colleges Data was obtained from respondents

ranging from class 7 to B.A. Qualitative data was obtained which emphasizes on parent

adolescent relationship. Descriptive research design was used.

Descriptive research is carried out with specific objectives and hence it results in definite

conclusions. (Panneerselvan, 2004).

Instrument

Parent Adolescent Relationship Questionnaire was used. Demographic data was obtained

with the help of the questionnaire. In order to judge type of relationship the adolescent

had with their parents in each stage.

As it was descriptive research, the nature of the research did not require using SPSS.

Telly sheets were marked and on the basis of this percentages were calculated. It was

hypothesized that there is no difference of conflict between early, middle and late

adolescence with parents, which is rejected by the results.

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QUESTIONAIRE INSTRUCTIONS

Indicate which of the following alternatives applies to you. Do not mark more than one

option. Your responses will remain completely confidential.

1. Do you find a harmonious atmosphere at home?

a) Yes b) no c) to some extent

2. Who takes the responsibilities of the house work?

a) Mother b) father c) both d) servants

3. Does your mother contribute in any way to your fathers profession?

a) yes b) no c) some times

4. Does your father consult your mother in all situations?


5. Do you often spend free time at home?


6. Are you often depressed when you are at home?


7. Do you feel that your parents are taking things too seriously all the time?


8. Do you often have a hearty chat with your parents?


9. Who do you confide more at home?

a) father b) mother c) both d) others

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10. Are you unable to discuss certain problems at home?

a) yes b) no c) to some extent

11. Do you think that your parents devote enough time to you?


12. Do you sincerely feel that your parents love you?


13. Can your parents sense your inner feelings, specially when you are

disturbed?


14. If you have to take an important decision, who will you confide in at home?

a) mother b) father c) none d) others

15. Do you find your parents ideas too old fashioned?


16. How often you have a serious argument with parents?

a) frequently b) always c) some times d) never

17. Do you feel that nobody understands you at home?

a) yes b) no c) sometimes

18. Are you often permitted to go out with your friends?

a) never b) always c) sometimes d) rarely

19. If parents have an important decision to take, do they always consult you?


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1. Personal Details:

a) Name: ____________________

b) Age: ______________________

c) Academic level: ___________________

d) No. of brothers with ages: _______________________________________

e) No. of sisters with ages: _______________________________________

f) Address: _____________________________________________

g) Phone no: _______________________

2. Father Details:

a) Occupation: _____________________________

b) Academic qualification: __________________________

c) Monthly income: ____________________________

3. Mother Details:

a) Occupation: _______________________________

b) Academic qualification: ____________________________

c) Monthly income: _________________________________

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Results

3.1. Harmonious atmosphere at home.

Age Yes No To some extent

Early adolescence ( 13-15 years) 30% 45% 25%

Middle adolescence (16-18 years) 32.5% 37.5% 30%

Late adolescence ( 19-21 years) 45% 30% 25%

3.2. Depressed when at home.

Age Yes No Some times

Early adolescence ( 13-15 years) 45% 22.5% 32.5%

Middle adolescence ( 16-18 years) 35% 17.5% 47.5%

Late adolescence ( 19-21 years) 22.5% 45% 32.5%

3.3. Hearty chat with parents.

Age Yes No Sometimes

Early adolescence ( 13-15 years) 52.5% 10% 37.5%

Middle adolescence ( 16-18 years) 55% 10% 35%

Late adolescence ( 19-21 years) 62.5% 22.5% 15%

3.4. Respondents confide in at home.

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3.5. Parents respondents communication.

3. 6. Parents devote enough time.

3. 7. Respondents feel that the parents love them.

3.8. Parents sense respondents feeling when disturbed. `

3. 9. Generation Gap


Early adolescence ( 13-15 years)

45%

40%

15%

Middle adolescence ( 16-18 years)

37.5% 37.5%

25%

Late adolescence ( 19-21 years)

30% 40%

30%


97.5%

0

Middle adolescence ( 16-18 years)90%

10%


87.5%

10%



60%

15% 25%

Middle adolescence (16-18 years) 60% 10%

30%

Late adolescence ( 19-21years) 70%

7.5% 22.5%

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Age

Yes

No To some extent

Early adolescence (13-15 years)

65%

10% 25%

Middle adolescence ( 16-18 years) 45%

20%

35%

Late adolescence (19-21 years) 35%

30%

35%

3.10 Serious arguments with parents

3.11 Perception that nobody understands them at home.

Age

Yes

No Some times

Early adolescence (13-15 years)

50%

30% 20%

Middle adolescence ( 16-18 years) 47.5%

30%

22.5%

Late adolescence (19-21 years) 10%

55%

35%

Age

Freq

uently Always Sometimes Never

Early adolescence ( 13-15 years)50% 5% 25%

20%

Middle adolescence ( 16-18 years)40% 0

30%

30%


45% 0 25%

30%

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INTERPRETATION OF THE FINDINGS

The present study was conducted to investigate parent adolescent relationship. Early

adolescents had more negative relation with parents. The result indicated that 45% of the

early adolescents (13- 15 years) did not have harmonious atmosphere at home this means

that they had more conflict with parents as compared to middle adolescents (16-18 years)

37.5% and late adolescents (19-21 years) is 30%. Adolescence is a period of emotional

storm and stress when they are moving from childhood to adulthood which is called

transitional period that can be disturbed by biological and psychosocial factors which

force the adolescent to adapt and renegotiate to new roles and responsibilities. The

demand for the autonomy increase which give rise to the conflicts. This study shows

similar results to the study conducted byLaursen (1995) who revealed in his study of

conflict in a number of social relationships, adolescents reported having more

disagreement with their mother than with any one else- followed in order by friends,

romantic partners, siblings, fathers, other adults and peers. The middle and the late

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adolescents had developed a better atmosphere at home. They had very little conflict as

they reached maturity.

The result indicated that 45% of the early adolescents (13- 15 years) were depressed

when at home. In our culture the adolescent girls are supposed to spend more time at

home. The findings are supported by study conducted by Flagan (1990) who reported that

parents demand from them to be a responsible person. Parents often expect their

adolescent girls to become mature adults overnight, instead of understanding that the

journey takes 10 to 15 years. Parent-daughter conflict was more intense than parent-son

conflict in early adolescence over the issues of household chores, care of room, meal

choices, table manners, personal appearance and personal autonomy. The peaking of

conflict over these issues in Grades 6 and 7 testifies further to the volatility of parent-

adolescent relationships during the transitional years from preadolescence to adolescence.

The result indicated that 62.5% of late adolescents (19-21 years) had hearty chat with

their parents. On the other hand 55% of middle adolescents (16-18 years) had hearty chat

with their parents and the parents listened to them and also make their points sometimes.

Early adolescents had less hearty chat with their parents as compared to middle and late

adolescents as shown by the result which is 50%. This indicates that the early adolescents

were aloof from their parents.

The findings of the present study indicated that 45% of the early adolescent (13-15 years)

was unable to discuss certain problems at home. The reason behind is that the early

adolescents wanted to have freedom. The parents wanted to have a check on their

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activities which made early adolescents irritable and they tried to keep themselves away

from the parents resulting in less communication and discussion between them. This

study shows similar results to the study conducted by Coltrane (1990) who reported that

in the frequency of the conflict was found in the gender differentiating factor in the

expression of emotions in exchanges between parents and adolescents. It was in the

exchanges between parents and their daughters that the most intense emotions were

exhibited. This parallels the findings on the frequency of conflict, thus representing

consistent and strong evidence of gender-typing in the socialization of young females

along traditional lines in this society. However, 37.5% of middle adolescents (16-18

years) were unable to discuss certain problems at home because as they grew up they

started understanding their parents views and perspective. And when they reached late

adolescents (19- 21 years) with the passage of time they started getting their parents view

more clear than middle and early adolescence and that is proved with their minimum

percentage of 30 %.

The results revealed that 75 % percentage of early adolescents (13-15 years) reported that

they were given enough time by their parents. The reason behind this is that they wanted

them to be connected with them so that they could guide them and their parents could

teach them about right and wrong which they got from their experience. As the family

provides a network of communication, experiences through which the individual learns

the art of speech, interaction, listening and negotiate them, share their feelings. Mothers

were more involved in this case. This study shows similar results to the study conducted

by Reuter & Conger (1995) who found that in both early and late adolescence there is an

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increase in both conflict and closeness reported by adolescents and their mothers. There

is no clear explanation for the variation in results, or for the mutual existence of increased

conflict and closeness within these relationships. Whereas 70% of middle adolescents

(16-18 years) felt that their parents devoted them enough time. At this stage they were

also influenced by the peer group act in their way, more easily influenced by their ideas

and wanted to be like them. The adolescents compare their parents to the ideal standards.

LIMITATIONS

There is a scope for further research on a larger number of the population which was not

possible in this study due to time constraints. Another limitation is that the number of the

institutions included in this research are limited it would be interesting to observe a larger

homogenous sample covering a wider range of institutions. There is a scope for a great

deal of research in this particular field of Adolescence. There is also scope for a

comparative research on samples belonging to different socio economic levels with

reference to parent adolescent relationship.

CONCLUSION

From this research it is obvious and comprehensible that the early adolescent have more

negative relationship with their parents than middle and late adolescent being reasoning

that there is a need of consolidation of the views and perception of both the groups and

which will be amalgamated in the form of understandings and getting the sense of each

other understandings. So, the culmination of good relationship comes only at that time

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