Roles of a Manager

8/8/2019 Roles of a Manager

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ROLES OF AROLES OF AMANAGERMANAGERROLES OF AROLES OF AMANAGERMANAGER>Every manager has to act on his capacity in interpersonal>Every manager has to act on his capacity in interpersonal

rolesroles>Every manager has to act in his information roles>Every manager has to act in his information roles

>every manager has to make decisions>every manager has to make decisions


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ROLES OF A MANAGER Decision Making Role;- The manager act as

entrepreneur, he initiate now products,

and have the vision about the organization.Act as a disturbance handle. Act as aresource a locator. Act as a negotiator

MENAGERIAL SKILLS; These are

technical skills, human skills and conceptualskills.


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ORGANIZATION

BEHAVIOR Is a field of study that investigate the

impact, that individuals, groups andstructure _____ for the purpose ofapplying such knowledge towards improvingthe organization.

NOTE; there is in specialist in OB, but OBis the know of dynamics

OB is the applied behavioral science thatis built upon contribution from number ofdisciplines. These are Psychology,sociology, sociopsychology, politics

(political science) and even statistics.


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ORGANIZATION

BEHAVIOR Psychology;- is the science that fix the

measure/explains and sometimes changes thebehavior of human and other animals

Sociology;- Is the study of people in relation totheir fell human being (is the study of groups) Anthropology;- Is the study of social claims about

human being and their activities. Political Science;- the study of behavior of

individuals and groups within political environment God give all the easy problems to physists This

is becau7se in OB human behavior is very complex.


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A SUNDERSTAND OB IN

ORGANIZATIONSApproaches to understand causes ofbehavior

I} Cognitive approach

ii} Re-enforcement approach

B= is a function of personality

characteristics and environmentcharacteristics

B=Is a function of interaction between aperson and environment.

B= f(P & E)


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COGNITIVE APPROACH Heavily emphasizes the role of personal characteristics acting in

environment. It contains mental activities such as thinking,knowing, and understanding and mental concepts such as attitudesexpectations and beliefs.

COGNITIVE ELEMENTS;- cognitive and re-enforcement theoristsagreed that behavior is initiated by stimulus ,a physical objectwhich affects the person someway, however cognitive theory ismost with what occurs between stimulus and the response prcisor how the stimulus is processed by a person.

Cognitive- Assume things based on our experiences A cognition- is the basic unit of cognitive theory and it is internal

representation of experience which occurs between stimulus and

response and which can affect that response.


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COGNITIVE

STRUCTURE According to cognitive theory, cognition do not

exist in isolation instead it associate withmodified and amodified by other cognitions, This

association and relationships among cognitions,developing a cognitive structure or system. Theexact nature of the cognitive system depend upontwo things

i) The characteristics of the stimulus which are

processed into cognitions. ii) The experience of the individual.


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PROPERTIES OF

COGNITIVE STRUCTURE A system composed of two cognition i\s simple.

While the system composed of many cognition iscomplex.

A system unity or consonance. If the systemcontains cognitions that are contradictory, thesystem is low is consonance. If everything theexecutive knows about a union is a pleasant orderogationaly that system is highly consonant

Interconnectedness of the system or the degreeon which it is integrated with other system, whenmany cognitive systems are interrelated theyform ideology, when there is no or littleinterconnectedness among cognitive system the

person is said to be compartmentalized system.


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COGNITIVE STRUCTURES[FUNCTIONS OF COGNITIVE

STRUCTURE] Meaning occurs when a new cognition is related to an existing

cognitive system. The cognition acquires certain attributesdepending on how it interact with one or more cognitive systems.

A motional or affective consequences. It may generate feelings oflike, dislike, good or bad. If a new food you are given result instimulating and pleasant taste you may feel good about the foodand also about the person who gave it to you

Attitudes, when a cognitive system about something acquiresaffective component , an attitude toward that object is found, likethe thing before you experience it and or vise versa


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COGNITIVE STRUCTURES[FUNCTIONS OF COGNITIVE

STRUCTURE] Motivation, the relevance of cognitive theory to analysis and

understand of observable human behaviors lies on themotivation of behavior. First behavior is said to consist not

only overt action but also internal factors such as thoughts,emotions, perceptions, and needs. Second behavior is said tobe generated by consistencies which arise in cognitivestructure, un inconsistence generates both feeling andtension, which are reduced by behavior and thus behaviorcan include overt action or reorganization of the cognitivestructure.


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RE-ENFORCEMENT

APPROACH When a stimulus is occur it isfollowed by response it will depend on

outcome. Re-enforcement approachemphasis on environment.[ B= f(P &E)]

Grew out of the experimentalanalysis of behavior by twodistinguished psychologists (Pavlov &Edward Thorndike)


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RE-ENFORCEMENT

APPROACH Pavlov Theory, did investigation on

Dog, by which a particular response

(Salvation by a dog) was condition fora previously unrelated similar thering of a bell by associating, he

provided the dog a peace of meat andthe bell was rang.


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RE-ENFORCEMENT

APPROACH Thorndike- On learning lead him to postulate his

famous law of effect. He is also attempt toexplain the association between a particularstimulus and response. Thorndike law which steelserves as basis for contemporary modals of re-enforcement. It can be paraphrased as follows

If a behavior response to a particular situation isrewarded, that response is more likely to berepeated. If a particular behavior response to a

stimulus is not rewarded or is punished thatresponse is less likely to be repeated.


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RE-ENFORCEMENT

APPROACH Re-enforcement theory tends to stress the apathy of the

equation behavior is the function of personalcharacteristics times environment characteristics.

Apathy- is one characteristics which distinct it from

cognitive characteristics, which tends to press moreemphasis of the environment of the equation, where ascognitive.T places great deal of factors influencingindividual

Responses Stimulus Outcome Where an observable response/stimulus/lead to understandable

response which is forced by some means outcome.


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RE-ENFORCEMENT

CONCEPT Stimulus- is anything that happens to

change the behavior of an individual. A

stimulus must be physical or materialobservable and measurable. All stimulusare found in the environment of theindividual. Everything outside the

individual, people as well as objectsconstitutes the environment.


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RE-ENFORCEMENT

CONCEPT Response- is any change in behavior

of an individual. In re-enforcement

approach a response occurs becauseof a stimulus, thus a stimulus alwaysproduce response and response is

always brought about by a stimulus.


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RE-ENFORCEMENT

CONCEPT Re-enforcement- is any outcome of a

response which results in increasing therelationships between response andstimulus which produce it, that is re-enforcer increases the probability that,the stimulus will elict the same responseagain. There are two types of re-enforcer

these are positive and negative re-emforcer


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RE-ENFORCEMENT

CONCEPT +ve re-enforcer; is an outcome of response which

strengthen the association between the response andstimulus which produce it, whenever the outcome ispresented or occurs.

-ve re-enforcement; is an outcome which when removedstrengthen the association between the response andstimulus which produce it. If an individual is experiencingsomething unpleasant and his response to a certain stimuluscauses unpleasant experience to stop. The associationbetween the stimulus and his response will be strengthen.The determinant of unpleasant experience is called

negative re-enforcement.


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RE-ENFORCEMENT

CONCEPT Punishment- is either withholding of the reward

or the application of unpleasant stimulus in anattempt to extinguish a response. As +ve re-

enforcement is the administration of the reward.Punishment can be the withholding of the reward,and ve re-enforcement is the of an unpleasantstimulus. The object of re-enforcement is tostrengthen a response in contrast the object of

punishment is to weaken/extinguish the response


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Possible Consequences of

Punishment It can effectively stop the behavior Behavior is replaced by another

undesirable behavior All behaviors stop Offenders learn to hide the behavior Offenders become hostile to the punisher

Behavior is in advertently re-enforced byintentension.


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Characteristics of

Effect of Punishment Immediate; occurs right after the

behavior occur

Savior; In inflicts physical orphysiological pain on offender

Continuous; It occur everytime the

behavior occur.


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Comparing the Two

Approach CAUSES OF BEHAVIOR; In cognitive

approach change in behavior arise fromimbalances or inconsistencies in thecognitive structure which can result fromperceptions of the environment. The re-enforcement approach holds that behavioris determined by environmental stimulus

both prior to the behavior (either a leastor discriminating subsequent it.


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Comparing the Two

Approach PROCESS; the cognitive approach holds that

cognition that have knowledge and beingdemodefied by the existing cognitive structure,that imbalances on inconsistence, in the structuregenerate behavior to reduce thoseinconsistencies. In re-enforcement approach theenvironment act on the individual a least aresponse which is determined by geneticendowment and past effacement history. Thenature of the environment reaction to thatresponse (+ve & -ve or neutral) determines theindividuals future behavior tendency.

Roles of a Manager

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