Roles IN FAMILY · The family provides the environment within which human values and morals develop...
Transcript of Roles IN FAMILY · The family provides the environment within which human values and morals develop...
Roles IN FAMILY
A Contextual Model of Intercultural Communication
Roles
A role is a person’s relative
position/rank in a group
Roles do not exist in
isolation
Roles relate to other roles
Dictate communication
With whom
About what
How
Roles= expected behaviors
Formal
Defined
CEO
Parent/Grandparent
Congressman
Contractual
Informal
Less explicit
Behaviors must be
learned through
experience
Varies across cultures
Roles
Four dimensions
Personal vs. Impersonal
Formality vs. Informality
Hierarchy
Deviation from ideal role
Family
Social
Occupational
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self Actualization: Living
life to its fullest. Function as
autonomous beings
Esteem Need: The need
for respect or esteem from
self, or others
Belongingness Need: The need to be a part of a
group
Survival Needs: Physiological/Safety
All In The Family Transmits (Samovar and Porter)
Culture Culture is transmitted to the family from the wider cultural context
(environment/history)
Major institutions of a culture are tied together/interact with each other
Family is primary caretaker of cultural values/worldview “Families do not develop their rules, beliefs, and rituals in a vacuum.
The family provides the environment within which human values and morals develop and grow in the new generation; these values and morals cannot exist apart from the family unit.”
Identity “The family is not only the basic unit of society, but also affords the
individual the most important social identity”
Family history
Traditions/customs/language
Culture and ethnicity
All In The Family
Hierarchy
Patriarchal
Matriarchal
Each with its own cultural responsibility
Legitimate roles
Father/Mother
Default roles
Oldest child/Relative
“She wears the pants in the family”
Family roles: Individual/peer work
Role Survey
Work with peer
Choose five roles you each perform
List at least 8 behaviors expected of
you for that role
Compare with your partner
What similarities and differences were
there between you?
Family roles Social/Symbolic
Expectations made clear by culture/religious values
Father & Husband
Leader
Directs family per
roles each holds
Provider
Wage earner
Bill payer
Strength
Disciplinarian
Handyman
Mother & Wife
Follower
Take direction
Nurturer
Teach manners
Taxi driver
Counselor
Listen to problems
Chef
Shopper
Family roles
Social/Symbolic
Expectations made clear by culture/religious values
Ultimately based in trust
Trust
Trust must be earned
Trust develops when
you can predict how another will behave under
certain circumstances
they actually do as expected
Trust is always a gamble
Previous experiences influence ability to trust
All In The Family : Gender Roles
24 months of age: male/female differentiation learned
Often linked to religious beliefs and values Value statements:
She wears the pants in the family
Woe to the house where the hen crows and the rooster is still
Cultural Men: Task functions/superior gender
Dominant role/Income earner/Undisputed authority
Oldest son assumes authority in absence of father
Female: Social and cultural tasks/subservient gender Domestic role/Need protection
Represent purity
Sacrifice self for family/Saintly
Power Bases
Legitimate Power Those elected/chosen
Referent Power Those we allow to have power because we admire them
Expert Power Those with knowledge/experience
Reward Power Those able to reward other’s performance (grades)
Coercive Power Those able to use threats/blackmail
High Status
Shown more deference
Are listened to more often
Asked for advice more often
Rewarded with greater share of goods
Home: Place at the table/size of personal space
Community: Table at restaurant/Name in news
Work: Bigger car/office/salary
Receive more recognition for contributions
High Status people talk more often to other high status people
Are more likely to have a leadership role-person with the highest status is usually the leader
Have more influence than low status people
Low Status
Direct conversation to high status, not low
status people.
Communicate more positive messages to
high status people
More likely to complain about the task they
have been assigned (victim mentality)
Are more likely to have comments ignored
Communicate more irrelevant information
Status
Status is a position in society that carries with it certain distinct behaviors and abilities.
High Status Age/Beauty
Position
Talent (celebrities)
Low Status Age/Beauty
Gender
Introverted/Social unease
Position
Cultural hierarchy application Men = high status
Women = low status
Role is the behavioral
definition required by
persons occupying
certain statuses.
Thus,
Gender Roles are the
behaviors required by
persons occupying the
Male or Female Status
Gender
Gender is part of culture
has its own culture
gender norms
Gender as status:
"tomboys“
"sissies"
The Cause of Gender Roles - Biology
or Culture? most truckers are male, most nurses female
(although there are male nurses and female truckers).
most cooks are women, most chefs are men.
the primary caregivers of children are usually women.
men make more money for the same job than do women.
women as a group consistently score lower on mathematics and science achievement tests men score lower on verbal ability and language facility.
men are prone to aggressive, assertive, inexpressive actions, while women are prone to passive, expressive ones.
Biology Argument
Predetermined appropriate sex based behavior
Thus:
Musculature - women are physically weaker than men
Brain function - women are more verbal, where men are
more oriented to actions
Style - Women are more diplomatic, men are more
direct.
Affection - Women are more nurturing, men are more
instrumental (task oriented)
Culture Argument
Appropriate gender behaviors learned from those around us
Conventional wisdom.
Women are weak
Thousands of years of evolution
Consistent performance of physically less demanding tasks
Women are verbal and scheming
Men social, political, and economic resources.
Women must align themselves with a powerful man to achieve in those arenas.
Women are nurturing
Genetic Difference
Girls "xx“
Boys "xy"
Hormonal Difference
testosterone (aggression) and androgen are higher in males
estrogen and others are higher in women.
Physical differences
Gonadal Difference - ovaries and testes
Genital Difference
Reproductive Difference - babies/cigars.
Brain Function difference.
Differences in motivation
Culture exacerbates differences at birth
Acculturation into the appropriate role
Constant
Powerful
Traditional male and female behavior in American
culture is not traditional in other cultures
“feminine" and "masculine" behaviors are culturally
affected.
Different value placed on gender.
Males most often inherit power
…and keep it (rarely is this not the case).
This is known as PATRIARCHY men have afforded themselves most of the social power
in almost every society known.
Social Learning Theory
Children are rewarded for conforming to their parent's (i.e., society's) expectations
Children are punished for behavior that meets with disapproval. Disapproved behavior is extinguished.