Role of Faculty in Reinventing Indian Higher Education, A Vision for 2030
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Transcript of Role of Faculty in Reinventing Indian Higher Education, A Vision for 2030
Devi Ahilya Vishwa VidyalayaTeachers’ Day (September 5, 2014)
Role of Faculty in Reinventing Indian Higher Education
A Vision for 2030
Dr. H. ChaturvediDirector, BIMTECH
Outline1. Where Do We Stand in the 21st Century As a Nation?
2. How Do We Perceive India as a Knowledge Society?
3. What Milestones have We Achieved During the last 67 Years? (Status of Indian Higher Education)
4. Reinventing Indian Higher Education – A Vision for 2030
5. What Ails Indian Higher Education?
6. What Can Be Done For Indian Higher Education by 2030?
7. What Can An Individual Faculty Do?
8. How Can We become “Engaged” Scholars? – A Model of Engaged Scholarship
9. Our Icons
1. Where Do We Stand in the 21st Century As A
Nation?
India : From ancient roots to global routes
Soft power: Reaching out to the world
Tradition of peace and tolerance, cultural and scholarly interactions
India was considered the richest country on Earth until the
time of the British in the early 17th Century
Are the wheels of time turning…..?
Now, in the 21st century, the elephant is poised for switching genes and acquire the traits of a tiger
Will the tiger roar?
• The second most populous country and the world’s largest democracy,
population: 1.27 bn 1.72bn in 2060;
• A mosaic of multi-cultural, multi-religion and multi-lingual (23 official and
352 regional languages) societies - living in peace and harmony;
• An all-inclusive society with the minorities and weaker sections -
constitutionally protected.
THE IDEA OF INDIA
India celebrates its diversity
"Oneness amongst men,
the advancement of unity in diversity –
this has been the core religion of India.”
- Rabindranath Tagore
THE ADVANCE OF INDIA
Among world’s fast growing economies - since 2000
Increasing per capita income - $5032 p.a. on PPP basis
Impressive framework of socio-economic inclusion
Worlds 2nd largest system of education and pool of S & T persons
Galloping mobile phone market (<900M); 200M internet users
India’s ICT infrastructure – largest bandwidth capacity
THE OTHER INDIA: EMBRACING CONTRADICTIONS
• Highest English speaking population vs majority of world’s illiterates
• 300 Million middle class vs almost equal below poverty line (BPL)
• High (3rd) in ‘Forbes’ list of billionaires (55) vs 134 on UNDP- HDI
• Launched ‘Mangalyaan’ vs inability to provide safe drinking water
• Promising IT and pharma hub vs home to 40% of world’s child brides
• Legacy of Buddha and Gandhi vs unacceptable violence/corruption
2. How Do We Perceive India as a Knowledge
Society?
Role & Purpose of Education in the 21st Century
“The aim of education is not the acquisition ofinformation, although important, or acquisition oftechnical skills, though essential in modern society, butthe development of that bent of mind, that attitude ofreason, that spirit of democracy which will make usresponsible citizens” - Dr S. Radhakrishnan
“No man should escape our universities without knowing how little he knows”
- J Robert Oppenheimer
Three Pillars of Knowledge Domain
Human resources – educated, skilled workforce
Cutting edge R & D - Seamless approach to knowledge
Sustainable cycle of innovations
“Arth Karicheye Vidya”: Create Wealth from Knowledge- Kautilya (350-283 BC)
Humancapital
Knowledgecapital
Socio-economic development
HE
S&T
Policy
HUMAN CAPITAL - THE INDIAN CONTEXT
An exceptionally young & vibrant nation – ‘YOUNGISTAN’
population below the age of 30 : 54% (Median age 26.5 y)
Resilient people, skilled in adaptive innovations
An exploding education system - 20-25 M;
Inadequate investment ~ 4% of GDP; HE ~1%
Imperatives of people as a renewable resource for competitive edge, knowledge creation and innovation
“Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another”
- G. K. Chesterton
Idea deficit, quality issues, missing navigational tools, skill gaps,
unemployablity….
Re-purposing Education
Evolving role
Traditional role
Encouraging professional growth and
satisfying individual aspirations
To meet the human resource needs – work
force for nation building
Repository of nation’s scholarly resources
To create a pool of enlightened citizenry
• Building human capacity for competitive edge
• Fusion of legitimate life goals with values
• Training and grasping the ideas of
sustainability
• To shape a more inclusive and equitable
world order – Global citizenry
‘World of work’
New learning paradigms
• Digital learning – leaps in access and content
• 24x7 and life long learning (one India school-house)
• Synergizing formal and informal learning
"to teach is to model and demonstrate, to learn is to practice and reflect”
• Sniffing, blending disciplinary flavors & skills
• Flexi-learning - options to switch
Think it – Learn itEnabling technologies…
3D printing, virtual expt.,augmented reality….
Connectivity
Access
Content
The illiterates of 21st century will not be those who donot know how to read and write, but those who donot know how to Learn, Un-Learn and Re-Learn
-Alwyn Toffler in ‘Future Shock
3. What Milestones have WeAchieved During the last 67 years?(Status of Indian Higher Education)
Growth of Universities and Colleges
Year Universities Colleges
1950-511960-611970-711980-811990-912000-012010-112011-12
355
103133190256634
700+
6951542360447227346
1688533023
35000+
India’s GER (1950-2020)
0.40%
11% 11.89% 12.74% 13.58%15%
19%
25.20%
30%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
1950-51 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2011-12 2012-13 2017-18 2020-21
GER for Male and Female
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
Male Female
22.80%
15.80%
GER of Select Countries
20%
30%
15%
83%
57%
71%
62%
77%
68%
34%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Average Age in 2020
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Europe USA Japan India
47
40
46
29
Transaction From Higher Secondary to Higher Education
61.46% 61.69%
67.55%
58.00%
59.00%
60.00%
61.00%
62.00%
63.00%
64.00%
65.00%
66.00%
67.00%
68.00%
69.00%
2007 2008 2009
65667013
7496
4036 4270
5064
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
12th Pass-outs (in 000's)
in HEI (in 000's)
Students Transiting From Higher Secondary to Higher Education
Growth of Teaching Staff in Universities and Colleges
Year No. of TeachingStaff
Fold Increase
1950-511960-611970-711980-811990-912000-012010-11
2354959073
128876193341263125411628816966
02.535.478.21
11.1717.4834.69
Student-Teacher Ratio in Selected Countries
0 5 10 15 20 25
United States
United Kingdom
Sweden
Russian Federation
India
China
Canada
Brazil
Argentina
13.6
18
9.5
18.1
24
16.8
17.4
22.2
16.3
Proportion of Universities and Colleges accredited by NAAC
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Eligible and not accredited Eligible and accredited
76%
24%
Universities
Proportion of Universities and Colleges accredited by NAAC
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Eligible and not accredited Eligible and accredited
83%
17%
Colleges
4. Reinventing Indian Higher EducationA Vision for 2030
• India has augmented its GER 50% while also reducing disparity in GER across states to 5 percentage points
• 25 Indian universities are among the global top 200, going from none two decades ago
• In the last 20 years alone, 6 Indian intellectuals have been awarded the Nobal Prize across categories
• India is a regional hub for higher education, attracting global learners from all over the world
• India is the single largest provider of global talent, with one in four graduates in the world being a product of the Indian system
Contd…
• India is among the top five countries globally in research output, its research capabilities boosted by annual R&D spends totaling over US$ 140 billion
• India is the fourth cycle of its research excellence framework, with at least a 100 of Indian universities competing with the global best
• The Indian higher education system is needs-blind, with all eligible students receiving financial aid. Two-thirds of all government spending towards higher education is spent on individuals, including faculty and students
• India’s massive open online courses, started by several elite research universities, collectively enroll 60% of the world’s entire student population
• Indian higher education institutions are governed by the highest standards of ethics and accountability, with every single one of them being peer-reviewed and accredited
India will have the largest population in the world, in the higher education age
bracket by 2030
Increasing urbanization and income levels will drive demand for higher
education
India is expected to become the most populous country by 2030
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
India China US Indonesia Brazil
1,461 1,391
366
275 224
Population in 2030 (in million)
Its population, aged between 18-23 years is expected to reach 142 million by 2030, accounting for 10% of the total global population
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
133
137
140
142 142
Estimated population inthe age group of 18-23years (in million)
CAGR 0.3%
India’s urban population is expected to grow faster than its overall population and is estimated to account for 41% by 2030
32%
41%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2011 2013
Growth Urban Population (in million)
Growth Urban Population(in million)
CAGR 2.4%
India’s real GDP per capita is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.9%, higher than emerging market’s average of 5.4% and global avg of 4%
3,4393,784
5,190
7,099
9,090
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
2013 2015 2020 2025 2030
Real GDP per capita in2030 (in US$ billion at 2005PPP)
CAGR 5.9%
India’s economy is expected to grow at a fast pace; industry
and services sectors will further dominate the economy
India is expected to be the fastest growing economy in the World over the next 15-20 years
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
China US India Japan Brazil
6.60%
2.50%
6.70%
1.10%
3.90%
Real GDP in 2030 (in US$billion at 2005 PPP)
Industry and Services Sectors are expected to contribute ~92% of India’s GDP by 2030
15%
28%
57%
8%
24%
68%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Agriculture Industry Services
FY 10
FY 30
GDP : Share estimates by sector (Percentage)
Industry and Service Sectors in India would require a gross
incremental workforce of ~250 million by 2030; India could
potentially emerge as a global supplier of skilled manpower
While the net incremental workforce required in the industry and service sectors is ~145 million, the gross incremental manpower needed is estimated at ~250 million given retirements/drop outs
0
50
100
150
200
250
Agriculture Industry Services
245
99116
212
191
169
FY 10
FY 30
Employment estimated by Sector (in million)
With a median age of 32 years in 2030
39
42
49
52
37
44
43
32
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
United States
United Kingdom
Germany
Japan
Iran
Russia
China
India
Brazil
Projected median age in years (2030)
Projected median age inyears (2030)
47Mn
19Mn 7
Mn
3Mn
5Mn
3Mn
India
Bangladesh
PakistanIran
Brazil
Mexico
Philippines
5Mn
4MnVietnam
2Mn
Turkey
Figure 2: Potential surplus population in working age group (2020)
-10Mn
China
-6Mn
Russia
5Mn
Indonesia
1Mn
Malaysia
0Mn
Ireland
Israel
0Mn
Future Demographic Map
Iraq
2Mn
-1Mn
CzechRepublic
Note: Potential workforce surplus is calculated keeping the ratio of working population (age group 15 – 59) to total population constant and under the assumption that this ratio needs to be broadly constant to support economic growth. Therefore, India will have 47 Million more people in the working age group/total population by 2020 compared to today, while France will have a deficit of 3 Million people in the working age group compared to today.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau; BCG Analysis
4Mn
Egypt
-17MnUS
-2 MnUK
-2 Mn
Italy
-3 MnFrance-9 Mn Japan
-0.5 Mn
Australia
-3 MnSpain
-3 MnGermany
5. What Ails Indian Higher Education?
Existing deficiency
• Significant disparities in higher education across genders, social groups and geographies
• Low employability of graduates perceived by industry
• Lagging behind other countries in university rankings and research output
Curricula and pedagogy
• Outdated curricula not reflecting the requirements of dynamic market environment
Faculty• Vacant faculty positions, even in top institutions • Inadequate teacher training• High student teacher ratios
Research
• Low focus on research, even in top institutions
• Lack of industry involvement to drive industry oriented research
International Partnerships
• High quality partnerships with foreign institutions restricted to a few institutions
Infrastructure
• Most institutions not meeting infrastructure norms
• Upkeep and maintenance is poor
• Allocated funding for infrastructure development not being utilized effectively
Funding
• Public Spending on higher education is not sufficient
• Low government spending on research relative to other countries
Governance / Leadership
• Multiple regulatory bodies with duplication and ambiguity of regulations
• Regulatory bodies are unable to transfer themselves as bodies for nurturing higher education
6. What Can Be Done By 2030?
Critical Need of A Differentiated System of Institutions
Research-focused
institutions
Career-focused institutions
Foundation institutions
High-quality institutions with research and innovation as the prime focusCritical role in addressing intellectual imperatives
Institutions offering technical/professional courses, with a focus on producing industry-ready graduatesCritical role in addressing economic imperatives
Institutions offering a wide range of courses aimed at providing a well-rounded and holistic education to India’s masses Imparting skills that are relevant to the local industry/communityCritical role in addressing social imperatives
Curricula and Pedagogy
• Adopt a learner-centered paradigm of education• Introduce multi-disciplinary, industry oriented,
entrepreneurship, and skill-based courses• Include course on social science and general
awareness for social development• Encourage lifelong learning for professionals• Provide students the choice of entry/exit from
the higher education system• Adopt new pedagogical techniques: blended
learning, flipped classroom, experiential learning
Faculty
• Ease faculty recruitment norms and offer incentive for attracting faculty
• Retain high-quality faculty by implementing tenure based and rewards-based system
• Incentivize/facilitate faculty development and exchange program with top end institutions
Research
• Attract best-in-class faculty to conduct research
• Adopt the mentor model to develop research capabilities in Indian institutions
• Promote collaborations with national andinternational institutions, industry, and researchcenter for generating high-quality basic andapplied research
• Encourage community-focused/development oriented research at academics institutions
Partnerships
• Strengthen industry-academia linkages acrossall aspects of the education value chain, fromcurricula and faculty to infrastructure,research, and placements.
• Encourage tie-ups between higher educationinstitutions and provider of skill-based trainingto conduct skilling modules
Infrastructure
• Target capacity enhancement for socially and geographically-deficient segments
• Incentivize high-quality private and foreign participation
• Widen access through virtual classrooms and MOOCS
• Leverage Government initiatives in technology such as NKN, NMEICT and NPTEL
Funding
• Provide competitive access to public research grant to all institutions
• Encourage corporate and alumni funding
• Link public funding to institutional performance
• Promote individual based funding
Governance/Leadership
• Simplify the regulatory framework, moveincreasingly towards autonomy and selfregulation of institutions, introduce mandatoryaccreditation
• Enforce mandatory disclosure of key financial andoperational information by all institutions, createa centralized repository of all info related tohigher education in India
• Provide a thrust to internationalization ofleadership, separate ownership and managementfor effective governance
7. What Can An Individual Faculty do?
•View yourself as more than a teacher
- Instead, as an “engaged scholar”
•Benchmark against the best- Continuous improvement
- Stretch targets, deliberate practice
•Focus & Strategic Intent- A burning desire to be known as an expert in that field
•Manage your time judiciously- Align teaching, research and writing
8. How Can We become “engaged” Scholars?A Model of Engaged Scholarship
Academic Journals
IMPACT
Research
Exec Ed Programs
Conferences
Thought Leadership
PostGraduate Programs
Books
Practitioner Journals
Professional Activity
Faculty Chairs
Board Positions
Relevance
InsightRigor
Doctoral Program
UnderGraduate Programs
9. Our IconsLet us Resolve To follow Footsteps of
Eminent Educationists Who Have Build Indian Education Brick-by-brick, Layer-by
layer !
Rabindra Nath TagorePt Madan Mohan
MalviyaDr S Radhakrishnan
Maulana AbulKalam Azad
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Sir AshutoshMukherjee
Dr C D Deshmukh Dr D S Kothari Dr K N Raj
AcharyaNarendra Dev
Dr ZakirHussain
Dr Shanti SwarupBhatnagar
Thank you !