Role of BioFuels in Global Warming Mitigation in India
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Transcript of Role of BioFuels in Global Warming Mitigation in India
Role of Bio-Fuels in the Indian Transport Sector
Regional Workshop Climate Change Mitigation in the
Transport Sector
Aditi DassWinrock International India
ADB, May 24-25, 2006
Winrock International India (WII) An independent, not for profit organization established
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Kavardha, Chattisgarh (Project Office)
Bangalore, Karnataka(Project Office)
Biofuel Options in India• Biodiesel - non-edible tree borne
(TBOs) seeds– Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) – Jatropha curcas (Ratan Jyot) – Azadirachta Indica (Neem)– Shorea robusta (Sal)
• Bioethanol – molasses: a byproduct of sugar industry
BiodieselBiodiesel
Government Actions on Biodiesel
Year Agency/ Body
Actions
2002 Government of India
Committee on Development of Biofuels (CDB) constituted within the Planning Commission
April 2003
Planning Commission
CDB recommended adoption of biofuels program - bio-diesel produced from oil bearing seeds of jatropha curcas as substitute for HSDPhase I - demonstration project 5 years
– jatropha cultivation in 0.4 mh especially in wastelands – State Forest Departments, under supervision of MoEF, State Departments of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj and Agriculture would be involved.
Phase II - self expansion of biodiesel program
Contd….
Government Actions on Biodiesel
Year Agency/ Body Actions
August 2003
Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
Identified as the nodal ministry. In addition, biodiesel development boards have been formed in various states
January 2005
MoRD DPR for the pilot phase (Jatropha plantations on 400,000 ha).
October 2005
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG).
Bio-diesel purchase policy announced. •From 2006, oil companies to purchase biodiesel at Rs.25/litre for blending with diesel, through 20 purchase centres•The biodiesel should meet the norms set by the Bureau of Indian Standards•Extent of blending to increase from 5% to 20% in phases
State level policies and activities
Andhra Pradesh o Jatropha plantation on 40,000 acres during 2005-06o Free seedling material to Jatropha cultivation farmers o Grant to BPL (below poverty line) families to cover plantation cost o INR 9.85 million for R & D on biofuel o Reduction in value added tax (VAT) to the biodiesel industries
Uttaranchalo Uttaranchal Biofuel Board created to coordinate biofuel activities.o Plantation of Jatropha is being taken up on un-irrigated degraded forest-land
o Plantation during 2004-05: 360 Hao Plantation during 2005-06:10,000 Hao Plantation planned till 2012: 200,000 Ha
o State Government signed agreement with private company to process 600,000 tonnes of Jatropha seeds to bio-diesel
State level policies and activities
Chattisgarh• Biofuel development authority from 26th January, 2005 under the Chattisgarh Renewable Energy Development Agency• 80 million Jatropha seedlings planted during 2005 • Target for 2006 - 160 million Jatropha seedlings• Most of these plantations are on government wasteland and fallow land• Pilot demonstration plantation in 300 acres of land of farmers in each district.
KSRTC experience: use of pongamia oil in buses
• Trials of 10% oil blend in 2 new buses taken up in 2004 • Performance compared with 2 new diesel buses running
on same route.• Initial problems in achieving proper mixing of pongamia
oil with diesel solved by adding an enzyme-based additive • Cost of additive is INR 2200/litre and 1 litre of additive
added in 6000 litres of fuel.• 12.5% mileage improvement observed in comparison with
diesel buses• Slightly higher maintenance costs as fuel filters replaced
after every 8,000 km (10,000 km on diesel operation)• Current market price of pongamia oil is INR 28/litre
compared to price of diesel at INR 37/litre.• Overall saving of INR 3/litre by using blended diesel
Biodiesel Resources• Tree borne oil seeds• More than 300 different species of trees
producing oil-bearing seeds. Current utilization of non-edible oilseeds is very low
Oil source
Botanical name
Potential quantity (t/yr)
Current utilization (t/yr)
% ofutilization
Rice-bran
Oryza sativa
474,000 101,000 21
Sal Shorea robusta
720,000 23,000 3
Neem Melia azadirachta
400,000 20,000 5
Karanja Pongamia pinnata
135,000 81,000 6
Source: Subramanian et. al, 2005
Wasteland AvailabilitySource Area
(mha)Estimate/scientific
National Commission on Agriculture (NCA-1976)
175.00 E
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
38.40 E
Ministry of Agriculture (1982) 175.00 E
Department of Environment and Forests (B.B. Vohra)
95.00 E
National Wasteland Development Board (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 1985)
123.00 E
National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, ICAR-1994
187.00 E
Society for Promotion of Wasteland Development (SPWD-1984)
129.58 E
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA-2000)
63.85 S
Diesel and Biodiesel DemandYear Diese
l DmdMMT
Bio-diesel (5%) MMT
Bio-diesel (10%)MMT
Bio-diesel (20%)MMT
2001-02
39.81 1.99 3.98 7.96
2006-07
52.33 2.62 5.23 10.47
2011-12
66.90 3.35 6.69 13.38
2020-21
111.92
5.60 11.20 22.38
2030-31
202.84
10.14 20.28 40.56
Potential vis-à-vis different yield levelsYield level (ton of seeds/ year )
Production (63.85 Mha)
1 13.77
2 27.54
3 41.31
4 55.08
5 68.9438 Mha of wasteland required for 20% blending by 2030 with yield of 5 tons/ha
Ethanol
Ethanol
Ethanol• Production from following sources
– Sugarcane - Major source of ethanol production in India. Average sugarcane productivity is about 70 MT per/ ha and ethanol productivity is 70 lt/ 1 MT of sugarcane.
– Sugar beet: Sugar beet cultivation and its processing to ethanol needs to be promoted in the country
– Starch (grain, corn etc) - Corn oil is edible and its use in India for production of ethanol is not economically feasible.
– Cellulosic biomass: currently, economics are not favourable.
Government Actions on Ethanol
Year Agency/ Body
Actions
1979 Ministry of Petroleum, Chemicals and Fertilisers
Constituted an interdepartmental committee to look at the opportunities for blending of alcohol with petrol
IIP, Dehradun
Trials were conducted on ethanol-petrol mix at three locations
2001 MoPNG Launched pilot projects to test the feasibility of doping petrol with 5% ethanol.
2002 MoPNG Allow the sale of 5% ethanol doping
2002 - 03
GOI surcharge @ Rs 6/lt on petrol compared to Rs. 5.25/ lt on ethanol doped petrol
2003 GOI E5 made mandatory in 9 states and 4 UTs AP, Gujarat, UP, TN, Karnataka, Mah, Punjab, Haryana, Goa, UT - Damman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Chandigarh, Pondicherry
(contd..)
Government Actions on Ethanol
Year
Agency/ Body
Actions
2004
Petroleum Ministry
Doping of ethanol made mandatory under following conditions:
1. Price of indigenous ethanol should be comparable to price of indigenous ethanol for alternative uses.
2. Delivery price of ethanol at the location should be comparable to the import parity price of petrol at that location
2. Indigenous delivery price of ethanol at a particular location is comparable to the IPP of petrol at that location.
2005
Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA)
ISMA were acting as nodal agencies for oil industry and sugar industry respectively.
Ethanol ProductionYear Ethanol
ProductionM lt
Potable UseM Lt
Industry UseM lt
Other useM lt
Surplus M lt
1999-00
1654.0 622.7 518.9 57.6 455.8
2001-02
1775.2 647.8 539.8 59.9 527.7
2003-04
1969.2 693.7 578.0 70.0 627.5
2006-07
2300.4 765.2 631.4 81.0 822.8
• gasoline dmd expected to increase from 7.9 MT to 16.4 MT in 2016-17• current availability of molasses and alcohol is adequate to meet this requirement after addressing the needs of chemical industry and potable sectors
Biofuel as Transportation Fuel
Markets for biofuels as transportation fuel
Biodiesel• Commercial biodiesel production is yet to start• Current usage is limited to trials on vehicles and lab
experiments • Current market price of biodiesel varies from INR 55 -
110/ lt• Cost of Jatropha biodiesel is high (INR 80-110/lt) as
Jatropha seeds are in high demand for raising new plantations
Bio-ethanol • During Mar 2003 to Sep 2004, 0.37 billion liters of
ethanol purchased by the oil industry as part of the 5% ethanol blending program
• During 2003-04, sugar cane production went down due to drought and ethanol producers were unable to meet demand of oil companies
• During 2003-05, ethanol prices increased from INR 15.50/l to INR 19.50/lt
Increase in the prices of petrol and diesel
(as of August 2005)
•Retail prices in Delhi
Date Price of Indian basket of crude (US$/ barrel)
Petrol* (INR/litre)
Diesel* (INR./litre)
01.04.2003
27.09 33.49 22.12
01.04.2004
31.86 33.70 21.74
01.04.2005
50.16 37.99 28.22
01.07.2005
54.23 40.49 28.45
01.08.2005
54.14 40.49 28.45
Petrol/Diesel price build up in Delhi
August 12, 2005Sl. No
Elements of pricing Value (Petrol) (INR)
Value (Diesel) (INR)
1 Ex-storage point price (from depots, terminals)
17.969 19.672
2 Freight and other charges, etc.
00.143 00.134
3 Sales Tax, Surcharge on ST, Excise Duty, Cess and other statutory levies
21.530 08.135
4 Dealer commission 00.848 00.509
5 Total retail selling price per litre
40.490 28.45053% of the prices of petrol and 28.50% of the prices of diesel are due to taxes, duties, cess, etc
Bio-fuel price
Ethanol INR 19.55/ lt molasses (INR 5,000/ ton in 2004), stabilize around INR
2,500/ ton during 2005 ethanol at around INR 19/ lt. alcohol beverage manufacturers (40-45% of molasses), are
shifting towards grain-based alcohol
Biodiesel INR 55-110/ lt, artificially high prices expected to come down as harvest from the new
plantations would become available projected prices of biodiesel in various studies ranges from
INR 16 – 50/ lt.
Food Security• Food grain production increased from average of
187 MT during Five Year Plan Period (1992-97) to 202 MT per annum during IX Plan period (1997 – 2002), although average area under food grain production had remained constant at around 122 mha
• Increase food production by over 50% in the next two decades
• Appx. 56% is arable land, used only for about 3 months during the monsoon period. Adequate energy for irrigation, enable production of current levels of food grains, fruits and vegetables from a smaller area by multiple cropping
contd …
Issues/ Concerns
Energy• About 125,000 villages in India are non-electrified/
poor, erratic and unreliable supply and farmers depend on diesel pump-sets for irrigation
• Biofuels can help substitute a part of this
Environmental sustainability of biofuel• Environmental impacts of biofuels need to be
studied in detail• Experiments in India on biodiesel use in vehicles
have shown reduction in some important air pollutants
Issues/ Concerns
• Generation of new employment opportunities in raising, reaping and processing of biofuel crops
• Addition to the renewable energy options for decentralised distributed generation (DDG) of electricity and for motive power applications (water pumping, milling, etc.) in energy deficient rural India
• Greening of wastelands and regeneration of degraded forest-lands, thereby helping in ecorestoration and preventing further land degradation
• Better environmental performance through reduction in vehicular pollution and GHG emissions
• Biofuels in vehicles results in reduction of SO2, particulate matter, CO, etc.
Benefits of biofuel
Biofuel in India - Challenges
Produce large quantities of biofuels at prices competitive with fossil fuel products
• Deal with issue of land ownership. The land ceiling laws vary from state to state, for which resources need to be mobilized as per different kinds of farming.
• Putting in place the back-to-back arrangements from farmer to expeller to bio-diesel manufacturer to final consumers is necessary for the successful implementation of the bio-diesel policy.
• Financial viability of the biodiesel is yet to be proven. The varied experience in yield levels and crop management practices has led to hesitation for planting biofuel crops
Thank you !
Life cycle analysis for various fuels
Source: Central Pollution Control Board, GOI, 2002
Biodiesel: pilot trials and lab-scale experiments
• Daimler Chrysler carried out trials with 100% Jatropha biodiesel on Mercedes-Benz C220 CDI car during 2004. Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI) supplied 1,200 litres of Jatropha biodiesel for the trials. Covered 6,000 km successfully with average mileage of 13.5 km/litre
• Trail by Indian railways on diesel locomotive using 5,000 litres of imported soybean biodiesel blends (B10, B20, B50, B100) during April-May 2004
• State Road Transport Corporations of Haryana, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Indian vehicle manufacturers - Tata Motors, and Mahindra & Mahindra carrying out trials with biodiesel blends.
Bio-diesel emissions compared to conventional diesel
Emissions B100 B20
Regulated Emissions
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -93% -30%
Carbon Monoxide -50% -20%
Particulate Matter -30% -22%
NOx +13% +2%
Non-Regulated Emissions
Sulphates -100% -20%*
Polyciclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)** -80% -13%
NPAH (Nitrated PAHs)** -90% -50%***
Ozone Potential of Speciated HC -50% -10%
Life-Cycle Emissions
Carbon Dioxide (LCA) -80%
Sulphur Dioxide (LCA) -100%
Bioethanol Resourcs
Year
Area (000 ha)
Yield (t/ha)
1950-51
1,707 32.10
1960-61
2,415 45.50
1970-71
2,615 48.30
1980-81
2,667 57.80
1990-91
3,686 65.40
1995-96
4,147 67.80
2002-03
4,361 64.60
•Area under sugar cane production > 2.5 times since 1950-51• In recent years both area and yield stagnated
Source: Singh J P, 2004
• 1.77 billion litres ethanol produced in 2001-02; 70% (potable/ industrial use), balance 0.53 billion litres for fuel• Dependence on single source – sugarcane molasses. •Availability expected to increase as the alcohol beverage manufacturers (40-45% of molasses), shifting towards grain-based alcohol. • Commercial production of alternate crops, like sweet sorghum, Cellulose materials etc