Rocky Kolb Fermilab, Univ. of Chicago, & CERN 16 July 2002
60
Rocky Kolb Fermilab, Univ. of Chicago, & CERN 16 July 2002
description
The matter of the universe. Rocky Kolb Fermilab, Univ. of Chicago, & CERN 16 July 2002. Inner space / Outer space. The matter of the universe?. Galaxies: Building blocks of the (visible) universe. Missing pieces. Dark Matter. NGC253 in Sculptor. R. v. R. v (km/s). observed. 100. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Rocky Kolb Fermilab, Univ. of Chicago, & CERN 16 July 2002
Rocky KolbFermilab, Univ. of Chicago, & CERN
16 July 2002
Rocky KolbFermilab, Univ. of Chicago, & CERN
16 July 2002
Inner space / Outer spaceInner space / Outer spaceInner space / Outer spaceInner space / Outer space
Galaxies: Building blocks of the (visible) universeGalaxies: Building blocks of the (visible) universeGalaxies: Building blocks of the (visible) universeGalaxies: Building blocks of the (visible) universe
The matter of the universe?The matter of the universe?The matter of the universe?The matter of the universe?
Missing piecesMissing piecesMissing piecesMissing pieces
Dark MatterDark Matter
NGC253 in Sculptor
GALAXYmeasure and v R M
measure and v R M
Rv
R
2
2
GMv
R R
2GALAXY
2
GMv
R R
M33 rotation curve
R (kpc)105
v (km/s)
100
50
expectedfromluminous disk
observed
Sofue & Rubin
Rotation curvesRotation curvesRotation curvesRotation curvesCO – central regionsOptical – disksHI – outer disk & halo
Tony Tyson, Lucent
Most of the universe is !Most of the universe is !Most of the universe is !Most of the universe is !
• Modified Newtonian dynamics
• Planets• Mass disadvantaged stars
brown red white
• Black holes
gravitationalmicrolensing
Large Magellanic Cloud
150,000 light years distant
100 million stars
brown dwarf
observer
LMC
Most of the universe is !Most of the universe is !Most of the universe is !Most of the universe is !
• Modified Newtonian dynamics
• Planets• Mass disadvantaged stars
brown red white
• Black holes
gravitationalmicrolensing
• The weight of space
Hubble’s Discovery Paper - 1929Hubble’s Discovery Paper - 1929Hubble’s Discovery Paper - 1929Hubble’s Discovery Paper - 1929s
Riess et al astro-ph/9410054
Hubble’sdata
Lu
min
osi
ty /
So
lar
Lu
min
osi
ty
10
9
9
8
10
4 10
1.6 10
6.4 10
Type Ia Supernovae
-20 0 20 40 60days
Type Ia supernova are standard candlesType Ia supernova are standard candlesType Ia supernova are standard candlesType Ia supernova are standard candles
app
aren
t m
agn
itu
de
[lo
g(d
ista
nce
)]
redshift z
Perlmutter et al. (1998)
z
Type Ia supernova Hubble diagramType Ia supernova Hubble diagramType Ia supernova Hubble diagramType Ia supernova Hubble diagram
Cosmo-illogical constantCosmo-illogical constantCosmo-illogical constantCosmo-illogical constant
Mass density of space:
The unbearable lightness of nothing!
30 -310 g cm
TheTheVacuumVacuum
TheTheVacuumVacuum ofofofof
Quantum UncertaintyQuantum UncertaintyQuantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty
quark
anti particle particle
e+ e-
W+
W-
anti-quark
Nothing has energy:Nothing has energy:
the Higgs potentialthe Higgs potential
Nothing has energy:Nothing has energy:
the Higgs potentialthe Higgs potential The vacuum has a “Higgs potential”
Interaction with the Higgs field potential gives mass to particles like quarks and
electrons.
e,W, Z, quarks …
photon
Billions of Volts
HIGGS METEROFF
E.W
. GU
T
0
0
ELECTROWEAK
0 100 200 300
0 1014 1015 1016
GRAND UNIFIED THEORY
Most of the universe is !Most of the universe is !Most of the universe is !Most of the universe is !
• Modified Newtonian dynamics
• Planets• Mass disadvantaged stars
brown red white
• Black holes
gravitationalmicrolensing
• The weight of space
• Fossil remnant of the big bang
Absolute space, in its own nature,without relation to anything external, remains always similar and immovable.
Isaac Newton1686
Principia
Space and timeare related.
Albert Einstein1905
Space is dynamical (curved, warped, bent, etc.).
Albert Einstein1915
Space expands.
Edwin Hubble1929
The universeis radiant.
Arno PenziasRobert Wilson
1965
T = 3K = - 270 C
Background radiationBackground radiation
- Walt Whitman
• background radiation• virtual particles• Higgs vacuum
Every cubic inch of space is a Every cubic inch of space is a Every cubic inch of space is a Every cubic inch of space is a
Possible futurePossible future
of theof the
universeuniverse
Possible futurePossible future
of theof the
universeuniverse
t
billio
n-b
illion
years
Universe Ends
Swiss adopt euro
tho
usan
d-b
illion
years
Hell Freezes Over
hu
nd
red-b
illion
years
Sun burns out
17-billio
nyears
12-billio
nyears
Today
nan
o-
secon
d
micro
-seco
nd
secon
d
day
year
millen
-n
ium
aeon
1015
1012
109
106
103
1
10-3
Complete historyComplete history
of the universeof the universe
(abridged)(abridged)
Complete historyComplete history
of the universeof the universe
(abridged)(abridged)
t
T(O)
Birth of atomic era
Quasars born
TodayHot as hell
Sun born
Modern laws of GenesisModern laws of Genesis
(10 nonlinear partial differential equations)
Neutrons Protons born
Nuclei (elements) born
nan
o-
secon
d
micro
-seco
nd
secon
d
day
year
millen
-n
ium
aeon
1015
1012
109
106
103
1
10-3
Complete historyComplete history
of the universeof the universe
(abridged)(abridged)
Complete historyComplete history
of the universeof the universe
(abridged)(abridged)
t
T(O)
Atoms born
Quasars born
TodayHot as hell
Sun born
Particle Accelerator = Telescope = Time Machine
CERNCERN
Pisan Accelerator Laboratory Pisan Accelerator Laboratory
Primordial soupPrimordial soup
3X1015 degrees
3,000,000,000,000,000o
4X10-12 seconds
0.000 000 000 004 seconds
Primordial soupPrimordial soup
Caution !!!Caution !!!CONDENSED
50 Earth masses in matter50 Earth masses in antimatter + extra mountain of matter
HOT
CONTENTS
64 billion years of energy output of sun
elementary particles and antiparticles
Primordial soupPrimordial soup
KNOWN INGREDIENTS:56% QUARKS16% GLUONS (STRONG FORCE)
9% ELECTRON-LIKE PARTICLES 9% W’s AND Z’s (WEAK FORCE)
5% NEUTRINOS 2% PHOTONS (ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE) 2% GRAVITONS (GRAVITATIONAL FORCE) 1% HIGGS BOSONS (???)
SECRET INGREDIENT: DARK MATTER
Will Higgs be found inWill Higgs be found inWill Higgs be found inWill Higgs be found in
Director General
Europe (CERN)?
Luciano MaianiMike Witherell
USA (Fermilab)?
Director
or
Prof. Peter Higgs
300,000years
3minutes
4-picoseconds
1-microsecond
atomsform
nucleiform
neutronsprotons
form
primordialsoup
BANG!
Periodic table - chemist Periodic table - chemist Periodic table - chemist Periodic table - chemist
Periodic table - cosmologist Periodic table - cosmologist Periodic table - cosmologist Periodic table - cosmologist
Metals
The Universe Today:The Universe Today:
73% Hydrogen (10-5 deuterium)26% Helium (10-5 3HE) 1% Metals
The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:76% Hydrogen (10-5 deuterium)24% Helium (10-5 3HE)10-8% Lithium
A wimpy ideaA wimpy ideaA wimpy ideaA wimpy idea
• Most of the universe is invisible
• Dominated by the rest mass of an
elementary particle (quantum)– present in the primordial soup– massive– neutral– weakly interacting– slow– stable
W
I
M
P
Neutrinos?Neutrinos?Neutrinos?Neutrinos?
• Neutrinos are known to exist
three active + sterile?
• Massive neutrinos contribute to the mass density
• Neutrinos are strongly suspected to have mass
Neutrinos?Neutrinos?Neutrinos?Neutrinos?
• Neutrinos are known to exist
three active + sterile?
Desperately seekingDesperately seeking
SUSY
Desperately seekingDesperately seeking
SUSY
photons photinos
selectrons electrons
squarks quarks
gravitons gravitinos
wino W
Lightest superpartner stable!
ultrapurematerial
WIMP (300 km s-1)phonons
ionization
Direct detection in Soudan
Direct detection in Soudan
Make wimps in the laboratoryMake wimps in the laboratoryMake wimps in the laboratoryMake wimps in the laboratory
When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it hitched to the rest of the universe.
– John Muir
