Robustness of Steel Joints in Fire: Temperature...

1

1

Robustness of Steel Joints in Fire: Robustness of Steel Joints in Fire: Temperature Development Temperature Development and and

Structural Fire BehaviourStructural Fire Behaviour

Y C Wang, C G BaileyY C Wang, C G BaileyY C Wang, C G BaileyY C Wang, C G Bailey and X H Daiand X H Daiand X H Daiand X H Dai

School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering

The University of Manchester, UKThe University of Manchester, UKThe University of Manchester, UKThe University of Manchester, UK

2

2

Main contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contents

�� PartPart--1: Joint temperature development1: Joint temperature development

Effects of partial fire protection on temperature Effects of partial fire protection on temperature development in steel joints protected using development in steel joints protected using intumescentintumescent coatingcoating

�� PartPart--2: Structural fire 2: Structural fire behaviourbehaviour

Failure modes and joint tying forces of typical Failure modes and joint tying forces of typical steel beamsteel beam--column joint assemblies under column joint assemblies under elevated temperatureelevated temperature

3

3

PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development

joint typesjoint typesjoint typesjoint typesjoint typesjoint typesjoint typesjoint types

(a) Flush endplate joint

(c) Fin plate joint (d) Web cleat joint

(b) Flexible endplate joint

Column: UC254x254x89 Length 1000mm.

Beam: UB305x165x40 Length 605mm, 485mm.

Slab: 1000x1000mm Overall depth 130mm.

4

4


ffffffffire protection optionsire protection optionsire protection optionsire protection optionsire protection optionsire protection optionsire protection optionsire protection options

(c) protected bolts(b) unprotected bolts

(a) No protection

(a)(a) Completely unprotected joint Completely unprotected joint assembly.assembly.

(b)(b) Partial protection in joint zone: Partial protection in joint zone: Leaving the bolts unprotected in Leaving the bolts unprotected in a protected joint.a protected joint.

(c)(c) Partially protected beams.Partially protected beams.

(d)(d) Fully protected joint zone.Fully protected joint zone.

5

5


conclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by tests

�� Whether or not protecting bolts had little Whether or not protecting bolts had little

influence on temperatures in other connection influence on temperatures in other connection

components in a protected joint. components in a protected joint.

�� In a protected joint with unprotected bolts, the In a protected joint with unprotected bolts, the

unprotected bolt temperatures were higher than unprotected bolt temperatures were higher than

those with full bolt protection, but still much those with full bolt protection, but still much

lower than bolt temperatures in a completely lower than bolt temperatures in a completely

unprotected joint. unprotected joint.

�� Protecting the beam for 400mm is sufficient to Protecting the beam for 400mm is sufficient to

achieve full protection to the joint.achieve full protection to the joint.

6

6


Simple prediction methodSimple prediction methodSimple prediction methodSimple prediction methodSimple prediction methodSimple prediction methodSimple prediction methodSimple prediction method

( )pp fp up fp e

T T T T F= + − ⋅

•• Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated

by assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protected

•• Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately

calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:

andandandandandandandandup

T fpT Calculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation method

Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate

calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio

of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the

total surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connection

eF

(1 )up e e pQ F A F Q A⋅ ⋅ + − ⋅ ⋅

7

7

PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour

TTTTTTTTest arrangementest arrangementest arrangementest arrangementest arrangementest arrangementest arrangementest arrangement

8

8


Specimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test set--------upupupupupupupup

(a) Fin plate

(b) Web cleat

(c) Flexible end plate

(d) Flush end plate

(e) Extended end plate

Loads: 40kN

9

9


Details of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensions

Fire test ID Connection component

dimension (mm)

Column section Beam section

Test-1: fin plate 150x130x10

Test-2: flexible endplate 150x130x8

Test-3: flush endplate 150x200x8

Test-4: web cleat 90x150x10 (depth: 130)

Test-5: extended endplate 150x250x8

UC 254x254x73

Test-6: fin plate 150x130x10

Test-7: flexible endplate 150x130x8

Test-8: flush endplate 150x200x8

Test-9: web cleat 90x150x10 (depth: 130)

Test-10: extended endplate 150x250x8

Uc152x152x23

UB 178x102x19

10

10


Fail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate joint

(a) Test-1, colum: UC254x254x73; beam: UB178x102x19

(b) Test-6, column: UC152x152x23; beam: UB178x102x19

11

11


Tying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate joint

�� max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp

when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force

developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 748C 748C 748C 748C 748C 748C 748C 748C

and 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733C

�� max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps

when max when max when max when max when max when max when max when max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary

force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed:

760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C

�� max max max max max max max max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary forces forces forces forces forces forces forces forces

developeddevelopeddevelopeddevelopeddevelopeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped 47.3kN 47.3kN 47.3kN 47.3kN 47.3kN 47.3kN 47.3kN 47.3kN

and 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kN

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Max temperature at beam bottom flange (C)

Ty

ing

fo

rce

(k

N)

Test-1

Test-6

12

12


Fail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate joint

(a) Test-2, column: UC254x254x73; beam: UB178x102x19


13

13


Tying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate joint

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900


Ty

ing

fo

rce

(k

N)

Test-2

Test-7

�� max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp









developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN


14

14


Temperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two joints

�� Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature

measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right

joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much

higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that

in left jointin left jointin left jointin left jointin left jointin left jointin left jointin left joint0

200

400

600

800

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Fire time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

Left connection

Right connection

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Fire time (minutes)

Ap

plied

lo

ad

(kN

)

Right jack

Left jack

15

15


Fail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate joint



16

16


Tying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate joint










developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN


-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900


Tyin

g f

orc

e (

kN

)

Test-3

Test-8

17

17


Temperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two joints

�� Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in left jointleft jointleft jointleft jointleft jointleft jointleft jointleft joint

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Fire time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

Lef t connection

Right connection

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Fire time (minutes)

Ap

plied

lo

ad

s (

KN

)

Right jack

Left jack

18

18


Fail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat joint



19

19


Tying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat joint

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900


Tyin

g f

orc

e (

kN

)

Test-4

Test-9

�� max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 743C 743C 743C 743C 743C 743C 743C 743C and 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721C

�� max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps when max when max when max when max when max when max when max when max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary force force force force force force force force developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: 767C 767C 767C 767C 767C 767C 767C 767C and 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733C

�� max max max max max max max max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenaryforces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN

20

20


Fail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate joint



21

21


Tying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate joint

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900


Ty

ing

fo

rce

(k

N)

Test-5

Test-10

�� max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 755C 755C 755C 755C 755C 755C 755C 755C and 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742C

�� max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps when max when max when max when max when max when max when max when max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenaryforce developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: 818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C

�� max max max max max max max max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary forces forces forces forces forces forces forces forces developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN and 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kN

22

22-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900


Ty

ing

fo

rce

(k

N)

Test-6: fin plate

Test-7: flexible endplateTest-8: flush endplate

Test-9: web cleatTest-10: extended endplate


Tying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperature

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900


Tyin

g fo

rce (kN

)

Test-1: fin plate

Test-2: flexible endplate

Test-3: flush endplate

Test-4: web cleat

Test-5: extended endplate

�� MMMMMMMMax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature


developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: 748 (fin),748 (fin),748 (fin),748 (fin),748 (fin),748 (fin),748 (fin),748 (fin),

728(flexible), 728(flexible), 728(flexible), 728(flexible), 728(flexible), 728(flexible), 728(flexible), 728(flexible), 728(flush),728(flush),728(flush),728(flush),728(flush),728(flush),728(flush),728(flush),

743(cleat),743(cleat),743(cleat),743(cleat),743(cleat),743(cleat),743(cleat),743(cleat), 755(extended 755(extended 755(extended 755(extended 755(extended 755(extended 755(extended 755(extended

plate)plate)plate)plate)plate)plate)plate)plate)

�� MMMMMMMMax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature

when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force

developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: 733 (fin),733 (fin),733 (fin),733 (fin),733 (fin),733 (fin),733 (fin),733 (fin),

700(flexible), 700(flexible), 700(flexible), 700(flexible), 700(flexible), 700(flexible), 700(flexible), 700(flexible), 706(flush),706(flush),706(flush),706(flush),706(flush),706(flush),706(flush),706(flush),

721(cleat),721(cleat),721(cleat),721(cleat),721(cleat),721(cleat),721(cleat),721(cleat), 744(extended 744(extended 744(extended 744(extended 744(extended 744(extended 744(extended 744(extended

plate)plate)plate)plate)plate)plate)plate)plate)

23

23


General cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral conclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusions

�� Various Various Various Various Various Various Various Various possible possible possible possible possible possible possible possible joint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observed

�� Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.

�� SpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimens with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended endplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, survivedddddddd higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is small (small (small (small (small (small (small (small (less thanless thanless thanless thanless thanless thanless thanless than 5050505050505050°°°°°°°°C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).

�� The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small ((((((((less less less less less less less less thanthanthanthanthanthanthanthan 3030303030303030°°°°°°°°C)C)C)C)C)C)C)C). However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary forces.forces.forces.forces.forces.forces.forces.forces.

�� It would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedjoints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.

24

24

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

��EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of

Sheffield, UK)Sheffield, UK)Sheffield, UK)Sheffield, UK)Sheffield, UK)Sheffield, UK)Sheffield, UK)Sheffield, UK)

25

25

Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your

attentionattentionattentionattentionattentionattentionattentionattention

QuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestions ????????

Robustness of Steel Joints in Fire: Temperature...

Documents

Transcript of Robustness of Steel Joints in Fire: Temperature...