Robot 1

Robot

ASIMO (2000) at the Expo 2005 a humanoid robot

Articulated welding robots used in a factory

A robot is a mechanical or virtual agent usually anelectro-mechanical machine that is guided by a computer programor electronic circuitry Robots can be autonomous orsemi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as HondasAdvanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) and Tosys TOSYPing Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO) to industrial robotscollectively programmed swarm robots and even microscopicnano robots By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automatingmovements a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thoughtof its own

Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the designconstruction operation and application of robots[] as well ascomputer systems for their control sensory feedback andinformation processing These technologies deal with automatedmachines that can take the place of humans in dangerousenvironments or manufacturing processes or resemble humans inappearance behavior andor cognition Many of todays robots areinspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics

As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial agemore practical applications were proposed by Nikola Tesla who in1898 designed a radio-controlled boat Electronics evolved into thedriving force of development with the advent of the first electronicautonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in BristolEngland in 1948 The first digital and programmable robot wasinvented by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate Itwas sold to General Motors in 1961 where it was used to liftpieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland FisherGuide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township NewJersey[1]

Robots have replaced humans[2] in the assistance of performing those repetitive and dangerous tasks which humansprefer not to do or are unable to do due to size limitations or even those such as in outer space or at the bottom ofthe sea where humans could not survive the extreme environments

There are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society Robots are blamed for risingunemployment as they replace workers in some functions The use of robots in military combat raises ethicalconcerns The possibility of robot autonomy and potential repercussions has been addressed in fiction and may be arealistic concern in the future

Robot 2

OverviewThe word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents but the latter are usually referred to asbots[3] There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots but there is general agreement among expertsand the public that robots tend to do some or all of the following move around operate a mechanical limb senseand manipulate their environment and exhibit intelligent behavior mdash especially behavior which mimics humans orother animalsThere is no one definition of robot that satisfies everyone and many people have their own[4] For example JosephEngelberger a pioneer in industrial robotics once remarked I cant define a robot but I know one when I seeone[5] According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica a robot is any automatically operated machine that replaceshuman effort though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike mannerMerriam-Webster describes a robot as a machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts(as walking or talking) of a human being or a device that automatically performs complicated often repetitivetasks or a mechanism guided by automatic controls[6]

The various types of robots KITT (a fictitious robot) is mentallyanthropomorphic

ASIMO is physically anthropomorphic

HistoryThe idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world Engineers and inventors fromancient civilizations including Ancient China[7] Ancient Greece and Ptolemaic Egypt[] attempted to buildself-operating machines some resembling animals and humans Early descriptions of automata include the artificialdoves of Archytas[8] the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu Ban[9] a speaking automaton by Hero of Alexandria awashstand automaton by Philo of Byzantium and a human automaton described in the Lie Zi[7]

Timeline of robot and automata development

Date Significance Robot name Inventor

1st century ADand earlier

Descriptions of over a hundred machines and automata including a fire enginewind organ coin-operated machine and steam-powered aeliopile inPneumatica and Automata by Heron

Ctesibius Philo Heronand others

1206 Early programmable automata Robot band[] Al-Jazari

c 1495 Designs for a humanoid robot Mechanicalknight

Leonardo da Vinci

Early 18thcentury

Japanese mechanical toys that served tea fired arrows and painted Karakuri ningyō Hisashige Tanaka

1738 Mechanical duck that was able to eat flap its wings and excrete Digesting Duck Jacques de Vaucanson

1860s Remotely (mechanical) steered clockwork fire ship (Coastalfireship)

Giovanni Luppis

Robot 3

1860s-1870s Remotely controlled torpedos by John Ericsson (pneumatic) John Louis Lay(electric wire guided) and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided)[10]

(torpedo) John Ericsson John LouisLay Victor von Scheliha

1898 Tesla demonstrates the first radio controlled (wireless) vessel (torpedo) (torpedo) Nikola Tesla

1921 First fictional automata called robots appear in the play RUR RossumsUniversalRobots

Karel Čapek

1928 Humanoid robot based on a suit of armor with electrical actuators exhibited atthe annual exhibition of the Model Engineers Society in London

Eric W H Richards

1935-1940 Remotely controlled humanoid robot exhibited at the 1939 and 1940 WorldsFairs

Elektro Westinghouse ElectricCorporation

1948 Simple robots exhibiting biological behaviors[11] Elsie and Elmer William Grey Walter

1956 First commercial robot from the Unimation company founded by GeorgeDevol and Joseph Engelberger based on Devols patents[12]

Unimate George Devol

1961 First installed industrial robot Unimate George Devol

1963 First palletizing robot[13] Palletizer Fuji Yusoki Kogyo

1973 First robot with six electromechanically driven axes[14][15] Famulus KUKA Robotics

1976 Programmable universal manipulation arm a Unimation product PUMA Victor Scheinman

Ancient beginningsMany ancient mythologies include artificial people such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek godHephaestus[16] (Vulcan to the Romans) the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend andGalatea the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life Since circa 400 BC myths of Crete include Talos a manof bronze who guarded the Cretan island of Europa from piratesIn ancient Greece the Greek engineer Ctesibius (c 270 BC) applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics toproduce the first organ and water clocks with moving figures[17][18] In the 4th century BC the Greekmathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called The Pigeon Hero ofAlexandria (10ndash70 AD) a Greek mathematician and inventor created numerous user-configurable automateddevices and described machines powered by air pressure steam and water[19]

In ancient China the 3rd century text of the Lie Zi describes an account of humanoid automata involving a muchearlier encounter between Chinese emperor King Mu of Zhou and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi anartificer Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life-size human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiworkmade of leather wood and artificial organs[7] There are also accounts of flying automata in the Han Fei Zi andother texts which attributes the 5th century BC Mohist philosopher Mozi and his contemporary Lu Ban with theinvention of artificial wooden birds (ma yuan) that could successfully fly[9] In 1066 the Chinese inventor Su Songbuilt a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hoursThe beginning of automata is associated with the invention of early Su Songs astronomical clock tower featuredmechanical figurines that chimed the hours[][20][] His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs(cams) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments The drummer could be made to playdifferent rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations[]

Robot 4

Washstandautomaton

reconstruction asdescribed by Philo

of Byzantium(Greece 3rdcentury BC)

Al-Jazaris toy boat musicalautomata

Tea-servingkarakuri withmechanism

(NationalMuseum ofNature and

Science Tokyo)

Su Songsastronomicalclock towershowing themechanical

figurines whichchimed the

hours

Early modern developmentsIn Renaissance Italy Leonardo da Vinci (1452ndash1519) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495 Da Vincisnotebooks rediscovered in the 1950s contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now known as Leonardosrobot able to sit up wave its arms and move its head and jaw[21] The design was probably based on anatomicalresearch recorded in his Vitruvian Man It is not known whether he attempted to build itIn Japan complex animal and human automata were built between the 17th to 19th centuries with many describedin the 18th century Karakuri zui (Illustrated Machinery 1796) One such automaton was the karakuri ningyō amechanized puppet[22] Different variations of the karakuri existed the Butai karakuri which were used in theatrethe Zashiki karakuri which were small and used in homes and the Dashi karakuri which were used in religiousfestivals where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional myths and legendsIn France between 1738 and 1739 Jacques de Vaucanson exhibited several life-sized automatons a flute player apipe player and a duck The mechanical duck could flap its wings crane its neck and swallow food from theexhibitors hand and it gave the illusion of digesting its food by excreting matter stored in a hidden compartment[23]

Modern developmentsThe Japanese craftsman Hisashige Tanaka (1799ndash1881) known as Japans Edison or Karakuri Giemon createdan array of extremely complex mechanical toys some of which served tea fired arrows drawn from a quiver andeven painted a Japanese kanji character[24]

Remotely operated vehicles were demonstrated in the late 19th Century in the form of several types of remotelycontrolled torpedos The early 1870s saw remotely controlled torpedos by John Ericsson (pneumatic) John LouisLay (electric wire guided) and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided)[10] In 1898 Nikola Tesla publiclydemonstrated a wireless radio-controlled torpedo that he hoped sell to the US Navy[25][26]

In 1926 Westinghouse Electric Corporation created Televox the first robot put to useful work They followedTelevox with a number of other simple robots including one called Rastus made in the crude image of a black manIn the 1930s they created a humanoid robot known as Elektro for exhibition purposes including the 1939 and 1940Worlds Fairs[27][28] In 1928 Japans first robot Gakutensoku was designed and constructed by biologist MakotoNishimura The first electronic autonomous robots with complex behaviour were created by William Grey Walter ofthe Burden Neurological Institute at Bristol England in 1948 and 1949 They were named Elmer and Elsie Theserobots could sense light and contact with external objects and use these stimuli to navigate[]

The first truly modern robot digitally operated and programmable was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was ultimately called the Unimate Devol sold the first Unimate to General Motors in 1960 and it was installed in 1961

Robot 5

in a plant in Trenton New Jersey to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them[29] Devolrsquospatent for the first digitally operated programmable robotic arm represents the foundation of the modern roboticsindustry[30]

Commercial and industrial robots are now in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracyand reliability than humans They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty dangerous or dull to be suitable forhumans Robots are widely used in manufacturing assembly and packing transport earth and space explorationsurgery weaponry laboratory research and mass production of consumer and industrial goods[31]

Etymology

A scene from Karel Čapeks 1920 play RUR (Rossums UniversalRobots) showing three robots

The word robot was introduced to the public by theCzech interwar writer Karel Čapek in his play RUR(Rossums Universal Robots) published in 1920[]

The play begins in a factory that makes artificialpeople called robots though they are closer to themodern ideas of androids creatures who can bemistaken for humans They can plainly think forthemselves though they seem happy to serve Atissue is whether the robots are being exploited andthe consequences of their treatment

Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word He wrotea short letter in reference to an etymology in theOxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother the painter and writer Josef Čapek as its actualoriginator[]

In an article in the Czech journal Lidoveacute noviny in 1933 he explained that he had originally wanted to call thecreatures laboři (workers from Latin labor) However he did not like the word and sought advice from hisbrother Josef who suggested roboti The word robota means literally corveacutee serf labor and figurativelydrudgery or hard work in Czech and also (more general) work labor in many Slavic languages (egBulgarian Russian Serbian Slovak Polish Macedonian Ukrainian archaic Czech) Traditionally the robota wasthe work period a serf (corveacutee) had to give for his lord typically 6 months of the year The origin of the word is theOld Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) rabota servitude (work in contemporary Bulgarian and Russian) which inturn comes from the Indo-European root orbh- Robot is cognate with the German root Arbeit (work)[32][33]

The word robotics used to describe this field of study[] was coined by the science fiction writer Isaac AsimovAsimov created the Three Laws of Robotics which are a recurring theme in his books These have since been usedby many others to define laws used in fact and fiction Introduced in his 1942 short story Runaround the Laws statethe following

11 A robot may not harm a human being or through inaction allow a human being to come to harm22 A robot must obey a human being except where such orders would conflict with the First Law33 A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second

Law

Robot 6

Modern robots

A laparoscopic robotic surgery machine

Mobile robot

Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environmentand are not fixed to one physical location An example of a mobile robotthat is in common use today is the automated guided vehicle orautomatic guided vehicle (AGV) An AGV is a mobile robot thatfollows markers or wires in the floor or uses vision or lasers[citation

needed] AGVs are discussed later in this article

Mobile robots are also found in industry military and securityenvironments They also appear as consumer products forentertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning Mobilerobots are the focus of a great deal of current research and almost everymajor university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robotresearch[citation needed]

Mobile robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments suchas on assembly lines because they have difficulty responding tounexpected interference Because of this most humans rarely encounterrobots However domestic robots for cleaning and maintenance areincreasingly common in and around homes in developed countries Robots can also be found in militaryapplications[citation needed]

Industrial robots (manipulating)Industrial robots usually consist of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and an end effector that is attached to afixed surface One of the most common type of end effector is a gripper assemblyThe International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot in ISO 8373an automatically controlled reprogrammable multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axeswhich may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications[34]

This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics the European Robotics Research Network(EURON) and many national standards committees[35]

A Pick and Place robot in a factory

Service robot

Most commonly industrial robots are fixed robotic arms andmanipulators used primarily for production and distribution of goodsThe term service robot is less well-defined The InternationalFederation of Robotics has proposed a tentative definition A servicerobot is a robot which operates semi- or fully autonomously to performservices useful to the well-being of humans and equipment excludingmanufacturing operations[36]

Robot 7

Modular robotModular robots are a new breed of robots that are designed to increase the utilization of the robots by modularizingthe robots The functionality and effectiveness of a modular robot is easier to increase compared to conventionalrobots These robots are composed of a single type of identical several different identical module types or similarlyshaped modules which vary in size Their architectural structure allows hyper-redundancy for modular robots asthey can be designed with more than 8 degrees of freedom (DOF) Creating the programming inverse kinematicsand dynamics for modular robots is more complex than with traditional robots Modular robots may be composed ofL-shaped modules cubic modules and U and H-shaped modules ANAT technology an early modular robotictechnology patented by Robotics Design Inc allows the creation of modular robots from U and H shaped modulesthat connect in a chain and are used to form heterogeneous and homogenous modular robot systems These ldquoANATrobotsrdquo can be designed with ldquonrdquo DOF as each module is a complete motorized robotic system that folds relatively tothe modules connected before and after it in its chain and therefore a single module allows one degree of freedomThe more modules that are connected to one another the more degrees of freedom it will have L-shaped modulescan also be designed in a chain and must become increasingly smaller as the size of the chain increases as payloadsattached to the end of the chain place a greater strain on modules that are further from the base ANAT H-shapedmodules do not suffer from this problem as their design allows a modular robot to distribute pressure and impactsevenly amongst other attached modules and therefore payload-carrying capacity does not decrease as the length ofthe arm increases Modular robots can be manually or self-reconfigured to form a different robot that may performdifferent applications Because modular robots of the same architecture type are composed of modules that composedifferent modular robots a snake-arm robot can combine with another to form a dual or quadra-arm robot or cansplit into several mobile robots and mobile robots can split into multiple smaller ones or combine with others into alarger or different one This allows a single modular robot the ability to be fully specialized in a single task as wellas the capacity to be specialized to perform multiple different tasksModular robotic technology is currently being applied in hybrid transportation[] industrial automation[] ductcleaning[] and handling Many research centres and universities have also studied this technology and havedeveloped prototypes

Collaborative robotsA collaborative robot or Cobot is a robot that can safely and effectively interact with human workers in performanceof simple industrial tasks However end-effectors and other environmental conditions could create a hazard and arisk assessment should be done with any industrial motion control application[37]

The collaborative robots most widely used in industries today are manufactured by Universal Robots inDenmark[citation needed]

Baxter introduced on September 18 2012 a product of Rethink Robotics whose principal was Rodney Brooks wasan industrial robot selling for about $20000 which was designed to safely interact with neighboring human workersand be programmable for the performance of simple tasks[38] The robot stops if its movement encounters a human inthe way of its robotic arm and has a prominent off switch which its human partner can push if necessary Theproduct intended for sale to small business was touted as the robotic analogue of the personal computer Costs wereprojected to be the equivalent of a worker making $4 an hour[]

Robot 8

Robots in society

TOPIO a humanoid robot played ping pong at TokyoInternational Robot Exhibition (IREX) 2009[39][40]

Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia 32 inEurope and 16 in North America 1 in Australasia and 1 inAfrica[41] 40 of all the robots in the world are in Japan[42]

making Japan the country with the highest number of robots

Regional perspectives

In Japan and other Asian countries ideas of future robots havebeen mainly positive and the start of the pro-robotic society thereis thought to be possibly due to the famous Astro Boy Asiansocieties such as Japan and more recently in South Korea andChina believe robots to be more equal to humans having themcare for old people play with or teach children or replace pets etc[43] The general view in Asian cultures is that themore robots advance the better

This is the opening of an era in which human beings and robots can co-exist says Japanese firm Mitsubishi aboutone of the many humanistic robots in Japan[44] South Korea aims to put a robot in every house there by2015-2020[45][46]

Western societies are more likely to be against or even fear the development of robotics through much media outputin movies and literature that they will replace humans Some believe that the West regards robots as a threat to thefuture of humans partly due to religious beliefs about the role of humans and society[47][48] Obviously theseboundaries are not clear but there is a significant difference between the two cultural viewpoints

Autonomy and ethical questions

An android or robot designed to resemble ahuman can appear comforting to some people

and disturbing to others[]

As robots have become more advanced and sophisticated experts andacademics have increasingly explored the questions of what ethicsmight govern robots behavior[49] and whether robots might be able toclaim any kind of social cultural ethical or legal rights[50] Onescientific team has said that it is possible that a robot brain will exist by2019[51] Others predict robot intelligence breakthroughs by 2050[52]

Recent advances have made robotic behavior more sophisticated[53]

The social impact of intelligent robots is subject of a 2010documentary film called Plug amp Pray[54]

Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment may come when computersand robots are smarter than humans He calls this the Singularity[55]

He suggests that it may be somewhat or possibly very dangerous forhumans[56] This is discussed by a philosophy calledSingularitarianism

In 2009 experts attended a conference hosted by the Association forthe Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) to discuss whethercomputers and robots might be able to acquire any autonomy and howmuch these abilities might pose a threat or hazard They noted thatsome robots have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy including being able to find power sources on their own

and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved cockroach intelligence They noted that self-awareness as depicted in

Robot 9

science-fiction is probably unlikely but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls[55] Various mediasources and scientific groups have noted separate trends in differing areas which might together result in greaterrobotic functionalities and autonomy and which pose some inherent concerns[57][58][59]

Military robotsSome experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat especially when such robots aregiven some degree of autonomous functions[60] There are also concerns about technology which might allow somearmed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots[61] The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that asmilitary robots become more complex there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to makeautonomous decisions[62][63] One researcher states that autonomous robots might be more humane as they couldmake decisions more effectively However other experts question this[64]

One robot in particular the EATR has generated public concerns [] over its fuel source as it can continually refuelitself using organic substances[] Although the engine for the EATR is designed to run on biomass and vegetation[65]

specifically selected by its sensors which it can find on battlefields or other local environments the project hasstated that chicken fat can also be used[66]

Manuel De Landa has noted that smart missiles and autonomous bombs equipped with artificial perception can beconsidered robots as they make some of their decisions autonomously He believes this represents an important anddangerous trend in which humans are handing over important decisions to machines[67]

Relationship to unemploymentA recent example of human replacement involves Taiwanese technology company Foxconn who in July 2011announced a three-year plan to replace workers with more robots At present the company uses ten thousand robotsbut will increase them to a million robots over a three-year period[]

Service robots of different varieties including medical robots underwater robots surveillance robots demolitionrobots and other types of robots that carry out a multitude of jobs are gaining in numbers Service robots areeveryday tools for mankind They can clean floors mow lawns and guard homes and will also assist old andhandicapped people do some surgeries inspect pipes and sites that are hazardous to people fight fires and defusebombs[68]

Robot 10

Contemporary uses

A general-purpose robot acts as a guideduring the day and a security guard at

night

At present there are two main types of robots based on their usegeneral-purpose autonomous robots and dedicated robots

Robots can be classified by their specificity of purpose A robot might bedesigned to perform one particular task extremely well or a range of tasksless well Of course all robots by their nature can be re-programmed tobehave differently but some are limited by their physical form For examplea factory robot arm can perform jobs such as cutting welding gluing oracting as a fairground ride while a pick-and-place robot can only populateprinted circuit boards

General-purpose autonomous robots

General-purpose autonomous robots can perform a variety of functionsindependently General-purpose autonomous robots typically can navigateindependently in known spaces handle their own re-charging needsinterface with electronic doors and elevators and perform other basic tasksLike computers general-purpose robots can link with networks softwareand accessories that increase their usefulness They may recognize people orobjects talk provide companionship monitor environmental qualityrespond to alarms pick up supplies and perform other useful tasksGeneral-purpose robots may perform a variety of functions simultaneouslyor they may take on different roles at different times of day Some suchrobots try to mimic human beings and may even resemble people inappearance this type of robot is called a humanoid robot Humanoid robots are still in a very limited stage as nohumanoid robot can as yet actually navigate around a room that it has never been in [citation needed] Thus humanoidrobots are really quite limited despite their intelligent behaviors in their well-known environments

Factory robotsCar productionOver the last three decades automobile factories have become dominated by robots A typical factory containshundreds of industrial robots working on fully automated production lines with one robot for every ten humanworkers On an automated production line a vehicle chassis on a conveyor is welded glued painted and finallyassembled at a sequence of robot stationsPackagingIndustrial robots are also used extensively for palletizing and packaging of manufactured goods for example forrapidly taking drink cartons from the end of a conveyor belt and placing them into boxes or for loading andunloading machining centersElectronicsMass-produced printed circuit boards (PCBs) are almost exclusively manufactured by pick-and-place robotstypically with SCARA manipulators which remove tiny electronic components from strips or trays and place themon to PCBs with great accuracy[69] Such robots can place hundreds of thousands of components per hour farout-performing a human in speed accuracy and reliability[70]

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)

Robot 11

An intelligent AGV drops-off goods withoutneeding lines or beacons in the workspace

Mobile robots following markers or wires in the floor or usingvision[71] or lasers are used to transport goods around large facilitiessuch as warehouses container ports or hospitals[72]

Early AGV-Style RobotsLimited to tasks that could be accurately defined and had to beperformed the same way every time Very little feedback orintelligence was required and the robots needed only the mostbasic exteroceptors (sensors) The limitations of these AGVs arethat their paths are not easily altered and they cannot alter theirpaths if obstacles block them If one AGV breaks down it maystop the entire operation

Interim AGV-TechnologiesDeveloped to deploy triangulation from beacons or bar codegrids for scanning on the floor or ceiling In most factoriestriangulation systems tend to require moderate to highmaintenance such as daily cleaning of all beacons or bar codesAlso if a tall pallet or large vehicle blocks beacons or a bar codeis marred AGVs may become lost Often such AGVs aredesigned to be used in human-free environments

Intelligent AGVs (i-AGVs)Such as SmartLoader[73] SpeciMinder[74] ADAM[75] Tug[76] Eskorta[77] and MT 400 with Motivity[78] aredesigned for people-friendly workspaces They navigate by recognizing natural features 3D scanners or othermeans of sensing the environment in two or three dimensions help to eliminate cumulative errors indead-reckoning calculations of the AGVs current position Some AGVs can create maps of their environmentusing scanning lasers with simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and use those maps to navigate inreal time with other path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithms They are able to operate in complexenvironments and perform non-repetitive and non-sequential tasks such as transporting photomasks in asemiconductor lab specimens in hospitals and goods in warehouses For dynamic areas such as warehousesfull of pallets AGVs require additional strategies using three-dimensional sensors such as time-of-flight orstereovision cameras

Dirty dangerous dull or inaccessible tasksThere are many jobs which humans would rather leave to robots The job may be boring such as domestic cleaningor dangerous such as exploring inside a volcano[79] Other jobs are physically inaccessible such as exploringanother planet[80] cleaning the inside of a long pipe or performing laparoscopic surgery[]

Space probesAlmost every unmanned space probe ever launched was a robot[81][82] Some were launched in the 1960s with verylimited abilities but their ability to fly and land (in the case of Luna 9) is an indication of their status as a robot Thisincludes the Voyager probes and the Galileo probes and othersTelerobots

Robot 12

A US Marine Corps technician prepares to use atelerobot to detonate a buried improvisedexplosive device near Camp Fallujah Iraq

Teleoperated robots or telerobots are devices remotely operated from adistance by a human operator rather than following a predeterminedsequence of movements They are used when a human cannot bepresent on site to perform a job because it is dangerous far away orinaccessible The robot may be in another room or another country ormay be on a very different scale to the operator For instance alaparoscopic surgery robot allows the surgeon to work inside a humanpatient on a relatively small scale compared to open surgerysignificantly shortening recovery time[] They can also be used to avoidexposing workers to the hazardous and tight spaces such as in ductcleaning When disabling a bomb the operator sends a small robot todisable it Several authors have been using a device called the Longpento sign books remotely[83] Teleoperated robot aircraft like thePredator Unmanned Aerial Vehicle are increasingly being used by the military These pilotless drones can searchterrain and fire on targets[84][85] Hundreds of robots such as iRobots Packbot and the Foster-Miller TALON arebeing used in Iraq and Afghanistan by the US military to defuse roadside bombs or improvised explosive devices(IEDs) in an activity known as explosive ordnance disposal (EOD)[86]

Automated fruit harvesting machines

The Roomba domestic vacuum cleaner robot doesa single menial job

Used to pick fruit on orchards at a cost lower than that of humanpickersDomestic robotsDomestic robots are simple robots dedicated to a single task work inhome use They are used in simple but unwanted jobs such as vacuumcleaning and floor washing and lawn mowing

Military robots

Military robots include the SWORDS robot which is currently used inground-based combat It can use a variety of weapons and there issome discussion of giving it some degree of autonomy in battlegroundsituations[87][88][89]

Unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs) which are an upgraded form of UAVs can do a wide variety of missionsincluding combat UCAVs are being designed such as the BAE Systems Mantis which would have the ability to flythemselves to pick their own course and target and to make most decisions on their own[90] The BAE Taranis is aUCAV built by Great Britain which can fly across continents without a pilot and has new means to avoid detection[]

Flight trials are expected to begin in 2011[91][92]

The AAAI has studied this topic in depth[49] and its president has commissioned a study to look at this issue[93]

Some have suggested a need to build Friendly AI meaning that the advances which are already occurring with AIshould also include an effort to make AI intrinsically friendly and humane[94] Several such measures reportedlyalready exist with robot-heavy countries such as Japan and South Korea[45] having begun to pass regulationsrequiring robots to be equipped with safety systems and possibly sets of laws akin to Asimovs Three Laws ofRobotics[95][96] An official report was issued in 2009 by the Japanese governments Robot Industry PolicyCommittee[97] Chinese officials and researchers have issued a report suggesting a set of ethical rules and a set ofnew legal guidelines referred to as Robot Legal Studies[98] Some concern has been expressed over a possibleoccurrence of robots telling apparent falsehoods[99]

Robot 13

Mining robotsMining robots are designed to help counteract a number of challenges currently facing the mining industry includingskills shortages improving productivity from declining ore grades and achieving environmental targets Due to thehazardous nature of mining in particular underground mining the prevalence of autonomous semi-autonomous andtele-operated robots has greatly increased in recent times A number of vehicle manufacturers provide autonomoustrains trucks and loaders that will load material transport it on the mine site to its destination and unload withoutrequiring human intervention One of the worlds largest mining corporations Rio Tinto has recently expanded itsautonomous vehicle fleet to the worlds largest consisting of 150 autonomous Komatsu trucks operating in WesternAustralia[100]

Drilling longwall and rockbreaking machines are now also available as autonomous robots[101] The Atlas CopcoRig Control System can autonomously execute a drilling plan on a drilling rig moving the rig into position usingGPS set up the drill rig and drill down to specified depths[102] Similarly the Transmin Rocklogic system canautomatically plan a path to position a rockbreaker at a selected destination[103] These systems greatly enhance thesafety and efficiency of mining operations

SchoolsFrom the 1980s robots such as turtles were used in schools and programmed using the Logo language[][] Robotics atschool in the 21st century has three main applications Robotic kits Virtual tutors and teachers assistantsRobot kitsRobotic kits like Lego Mindstorms BIOLOID OLLO from ROBOTIS or BotBrain Educational Robots can helpchildren to learn about mathematics physics programming and electronicsRobot competitionsRobotics have also been introduced into the lives of elementary and high school students with the company FIRST(For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) The organization is the foundation for the FIRSTRobotics Competition FIRST LEGO League Junior FIRST LEGO League and FIRST Tech ChallengecompetitionsVirtual tutorsVirtual tutors are some kind of embodied agent that helps children to do their homework for example on peer topeer basisTeacher assistantsRobots as teacher assistants let children to be more assertive during the class and get more motivated South Korea isthe first country deploying a program to have a robot in each school[citation needed]

Robot 14

HealthcareRobots in healthcare have two main functions Those which assist an individual such as a sufferer of a disease likeMultiple Sclerosis and those which aid in the overall systems such as pharmacies and hospitalsHome automation for the elderly and disabled

The Care-Providing Robot FRIEND (PhotoIAT)

Robots have developed over time from simple basic robotic assistantssuch as the Handy 1[] through to semi-autonomous robots such asFRIEND which can assist the elderly and disabled with common tasks

The population is aging in many countries especially Japan meaningthat there are increasing numbers of elderly people to care for butrelatively fewer young people to care for them[104][105] Humans makethe best carers but where they are unavailable robots are graduallybeing introduced[106]

FRIEND is a semi-autonomous robot designed to support disabled andelderly people in their daily life activities like preparing and serving ameal FRIEND make it possible for patients who are paraplegic havemuscle diseases or serious paralysis (due to strokes etc) to performtasks without help from other people like therapists or nursing staff

PharmaciesScript Pro manufactures a robot designed to help pharmacies fill prescriptions that consist of oral solids ormedications in pill form The pharmacist or pharmacy technician enters the prescription information into itsinformation system The system upon determining whether or not the drug is in the robot will send the informationto the robot for filling The robot has 3 different size vials to fill determined by the size of the pill The robottechnician user or pharmacist determines the needed size of the vial based on the tablet when the robot is stockedOnce the vial is filled it is brought up to a conveyor belt that delivers it to a holder that spins the vial and attaches thepatient label Afterwards it is set on another conveyor that delivers the patientrsquos medication vial to a slot labeled withthe patients name on an LED read out The pharmacist or technician then checks the contents of the vial to ensureitrsquos the correct drug for the correct patient and then seals the vials and sends it out front to be picked up The robot isa very time efficient device that the pharmacy depends on to fill prescriptions

McKessonrsquos Robot RX is another healthcare robotics product that helps pharmacies dispense thousands ofmedications daily with little or no errors The robot can be ten feet wide and thirty feet long and can hold hundredsof different kinds of medications and thousands of doses The pharmacy saves many resources like staff membersthat are otherwise unavailable in a resource scarce industry It uses an electromechanical head coupled with apneumatic system to capture each dose and deliver it to its either stocked or dispensed location The head movesalong a single axis while it rotates 180 degrees to pull the medications During this process it uses barcodetechnology to verify its pulling the correct drug It then delivers the drug to a patient specific bin on a conveyor beltOnce the bin is filled with all of the drugs that a particular patient needs and that the robot stocks the bin is thenreleased and returned out on the conveyor belt to a technician waiting to load it into a cart for delivery to the floor

Research robotsWhile most robots today are installed in factories or homes performing labour or life saving jobs many new types ofrobot are being developed in laboratories around the world Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specificindustrial tasks but on investigations into new types of robot alternative ways to think about or design robots andnew ways to manufacture them It is expected that these new types of robot will be able to solve real world problemswhen they are finally realized[citation needed]

Robot 15

Nanorobots

A microfabricated electrostatic gripper holdingsome silicon nanowires[107]

Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field of creating machines orrobots whose components are at or close to the microscopic scale of ananometer (10minus9 meters) Also known as nanobots or nanites theywould be constructed from molecular machines So far researchershave mostly produced only parts of these complex systems such asbearings sensors and synthetic molecular motors but functioningrobots have also been made such as the entrants to the NanobotRobocup contest[108] Researchers also hope to be able to create entirerobots as small as viruses or bacteria which could perform tasks on atiny scale Possible applications include micro surgery (on the level of individual cells) utility fog[109]

manufacturing weaponry and cleaning[110] Some people have suggested that if there were nanobots which couldreproduce the earth would turn into grey goo while others argue that this hypothetical outcome isnonsense[111][112]

Reconfigurable RobotsA few researchers have investigated the possibility of creating robots which can alter their physical form to suit aparticular task[113] like the fictional T-1000 Real robots are nowhere near that sophisticated however and mostlyconsist of a small number of cube shaped units which can move relative to their neighbours Algorithms have beendesigned in case any such robots become a reality[114]

Soft RobotsRobots with silicone bodies and flexible actuators (air muscles electroactive polymers and ferrofluids) controlledusing fuzzy logic and neural networks look and feel different from robots with rigid skeletons and can havedifferent behaviors[115]

Swarm robots

A swarm of robots from the open-sourcemicro-robotic project

Inspired by colonies of insects such as ants and bees researchers aremodeling the behavior of swarms of thousands of tiny robots whichtogether perform a useful task such as finding something hiddencleaning or spying Each robot is quite simple but the emergentbehavior of the swarm is more complex The whole set of robots canbe considered as one single distributed system in the same way an antcolony can be considered a superorganism exhibiting swarmintelligence The largest swarms so far created include the iRobotswarm the SRIMobileRobots CentiBots project[116] and theOpen-source Micro-robotic Project swarm which are being used toresearch collective behaviors[117][118] Swarms are also more resistantto failure Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission aswarm can continue even if several robots fail This could make them attractive for space exploration missionswhere failure is normally extremely costly[119]

Haptic interface robotsRobotics also has application in the design of virtual reality interfaces Specialized robots are in widespread use inthe haptic research community These robots called haptic interfaces allow touch-enabled user interaction withreal and virtual environments Robotic forces allow simulating the mechanical properties of virtual objects whichusers can experience through their sense of touch[120]

Robot 16

EntertainmentPoledancing robotsSome robots are used for entertainment and as a demonstration of the newest technology This nimble automoton is aperfect example of this process Being the main attractions at Ce-BIT the worldrsquos biggest IT trade fair in HanoverGermany[121]

Future development

Technological trendsVarious techniques have emerged to develop the science of robotics and robots One method is evolutionaryrobotics in which a number of differing robots are submitted to tests Those which perform best are used as a modelto create a subsequent generation of robots Another method is developmental robotics which tracks changes anddevelopment within a single robot in the areas of problem-solving and other functions

Technological developmentOverall trendsJapan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by 2025 Much technological research in Japan isled by Japanese government agencies particularly the Trade Ministry[122]

As robots become more advanced eventually there may be a standard computer operating system designed mainlyfor robots Robot Operating System is an open-source set of programs being developed at Stanford University theMassachusetts Institute of Technology and the Technical University of Munich Germany among others ROSprovides ways to program a robots navigation and limbs regardless of the specific hardware involved It alsoprovides high-level commands for items like image recognition and even opening doors When ROS boots up on arobots computer it would obtain data on attributes such as the length and movement of robots limbs It would relaythis data to higher-level algorithms Microsoft is also developing a Windows for robots system with its RoboticsDeveloper Studio which has been available since 2007[123]

New functions and abilitiesThe Caterpillar Company is making a dump truck which can drive itself without any human operator[124]

Many future applications of robotics seem obvious to people even though they are well beyond the capabilities ofrobots available at the time of the prediction[125][126] As early as 1982 people were confident that someday robotswould[127] 1 clean parts by removing molding flash 2 spray paint automobiles with absolutely no human presence3 pack things in boxesmdashfor example orient and nest chocolate candies in candy boxes 4 make electrical cableharness 5 load trucks with boxesmdasha packing problem 6 handle soft goods such as garments and shoes 7 shearsheep 8 prosthesis 9 cook fast food and work in other service industries 10 household robotGenerally such predictions are overly optimistic in timescale

Robot 17

Reading robotA literate or reading robot named Marge has intelligence that comes from software She can read newspapers findand correct misspelled words learn about banks like Barclays and understand that some restaurants are better placesto eat than others[128]

Robots in popular culture

LiteratureRobotic characters androids (artificial menwomen) or gynoids (artificial women) and cyborgs (also bionicmenwomen or humans with significant mechanical enhancements) have become a staple of science fictionThe first reference in Western literature to mechanical servants appears in Homers Iliad In Book XVIIIHephaestus god of fire creates new armor for the hero Achilles assisted by robots[] According to the Rieutranslation Golden maidservants hastened to help their master They looked like real women and could not onlyspeak and use their limbs but were endowed with intelligence and trained in handwork by the immortal gods Ofcourse the words robot or android are not used to describe them but they are nevertheless mechanical deviceshuman in appearance The first use of the word Robot was in Karel Čapeks play RUR (Rossums UniversalRobots) (written in 1920) Writer Karel Čapek was born in Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic)Possibly the most prolific author of the twentieth century was Isaac Asimov (1920ndash1992)[] who published overfive-hundred books[] Asimov is probably best remembered for his science-fiction stories and especially those aboutrobots where he placed robots and their interaction with society at the center of many of his works[129][130] Asimovcarefully considered the problem of the ideal set of instructions robots might be given in order to lower the risk tohumans and arrived at his Three Laws of Robotics a robot may not injure a human being or through inaction allowa human being to come to harm a robot must obey orders given to it by human beings except where such orderswould conflict with the First Law and a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does notconflict with the First or Second Law[131] These were introduced in his 1942 short story Runaround althoughforeshadowed in a few earlier stories Later Asimov added the Zeroth Law A robot may not harm humanity or byinaction allow humanity to come to harm the rest of the laws are modified sequentially to acknowledge thisAccording to the Oxford English Dictionary the first passage in Asimovs short story Liar (1941) that mentionsthe First Law is the earliest recorded use of the word robotics Asimov was not initially aware of this he assumedthe word already existed by analogy with mechanics hydraulics and other similar terms denoting branches ofapplied knowledge[132]

Problems depicted in popular cultureFears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots motivated to take over or destroy the human race (See The Terminator Runaway RoboCop the Replicators in Stargate the Cylons in Battlestar Galactica The Matrix Enthiran and I Robot) Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware Examples of popular media where the robot becomes evil are 2001 A Space Odyssey Red Planet and Enthiran Another common theme is the reaction sometimes called the uncanny valley of unease and even revulsion at the sight of robots that mimic humans too closely[] Frankenstein (1818) often called the first science fiction novel has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or monster advancing beyond its creator In the TV show Futurama the robots are portrayed as humanoid figures that live alongside humans not as robotic butlers They still work in industry but these robots carry out daily lives Other problems may include events pertaining to robot surrogates (eg the movie Surrogates) where tissue of living organisms is interchanged with robotic systems These problems can leave many possibilities where electronic viruses or an electro magnetic pulse (EMP) can destroy not only the

Robot 18

robot but kill the hostoperator as well

References[1] Pearce Jeremy George C Devol Inventor of Robot Arm Dies at 99 (http www nytimes com 2011 08 16 business

george-devol-developer-of-robot-arm-dies-at-99 html) The New York Times August 15 2011 Accessed February 7 2012 In 1961 GeneralMotors put the first Unimate arm on an assembly line at the companyrsquos plant in Ewing Township NJ a suburb of Trenton The device wasused to lift and stack die-cast metal parts taken hot from their molds

[7][7] Needham Volume 2 53[8] Noct Att L 10[9][9] Needham Volume 2 54[10][10] Edwyn Gray Nineteenth-century torpedoes and their inventors page 18[17] Mark E Rosheim (1994) Robot evolution the development of anthrobotics (http books google com booksid=IxtL54iiDPUCamp pg=amp

dqamp hl=env=onepageamp q=amp f=false) p2 Wiley-IEEE ISBN 0-471-02622-0[18] Robots then and now (http news bbc co uk cbbcnews hi find_out guides tech robots newsid_3914000 3914569 stm) BBC[22] Jane Marie Law Puppets of Nostalgia ndash The Life Death and Rebirth of the Japanese Awaji Ningyo Tradition 1997 Princeton University

Press ISBN 978-0-691-02894-1[23] Wood Gabby Living Dolls A Magical History Of The Quest For Mechanical Life (http www guardian co uk books 2002 feb 16

extract gabywood) The Guardian 2002-02-16[32] Indo-European root orbh- (http web archive org web 20080512121943 www bartleby com 61 roots IE363 html)[36] Provisional definition of Service Robots (http www ifr org service-robots ) English 27th of October 2012[38] Baxter Robot Heads to Work (http online wsj com article SB10000872396390443720204578004441732584574 html) September 18

2012[41] Robots Today and Tomorrow IFR Presents the 2007 World Robotics Statistics Survey (http www robots com blog phptag=48)

World Robotics 2007-10-29 retrieved on 2007-12-14[42] Reporting by Watanabe Hiroaki Writing and additional reporting by Negishi Mayumi Editing by Norton Jerry Japans robots slug it out

to be world champ (http www reuters com article technologyNews idUST32811820071202) Reuters 2007-12-02 retrieved on2007-01-01

[43] Robot Helpers (http www usatoday com tech news techinnovations 2004-04-11-robot-helpers_x htm) USA Today April 11 2004[44] Domestic robot to debut in Japan (http news bbc co uk 1 hi world asia-pacific 4196052 stm) BBC News 2005-08-30 retrieved on

2007-01-02[45] Robotic age poses ethical dilemma (http news bbc co uk 1 hi technology 6425927 stm) BBC News 2007-03-07 retrieved on

2007-01-02[46] Chamberlain Ted Photo in the News Ultra-Lifelike Robot Debuts in Japan (http news nationalgeographic com news 2005 06

0610_050610_robot html) National Geographic News 2005-06-10 retrieved on 2008-01-02[47] Biglione Kirk The Secret To Japans Robot Dominance (http www planettokyo com news index cfm fuseaction story ID 36 )

Planet Tokyo 2006-01-24 retrieved on 2007-01-02[48] Yang Jeff ASIAN POP Robot Nation Why Japan and not America is likely to be the worlds first cyborg society (http www sfgate

com cgi-bin article cgif= g a 2005 08 25 apop DTL) SFGate 2005-08-25 retrieved on 2007-01-02[49] AAAI webpage of materials on robot ethics (http www aaai org AITopics pmwiki pmwiki php AITopics Ethics)[50] AAAI compilation of articles on robot rights (http www aaai org AITopics newstopics ethics5 html) Sources compiled up to 2006[51] Scientists Predict Artificial Brain in 10 Years (http www familyhealthguide co uk scientists-predict-artificial-brain-in-10-years html)

by Kristie McNealy MD July 29 2009[52] Robot Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind (http books google com booksid=fduW6KHhWtQCamp dq=robotamp printsec=frontcoveramp

source=blamp ots=SuquyjYb4namp sig=5S3L8pqiLqZ_yjJgh97tPE6F7gQamp hl=enamp ei=R1-MSubxLs_dlAfJm_26CAamp sa=Xamp oi=book_resultampct=resultamp resnum=6v=onepageamp q=amp f=false) By Hans Moravec Google Books

[53] Robots Almost Conquering Walking Reading Dancing (http www koreaittimes com story 4668robots-almost-conquering-walking-reading-dancing) by Matthew Weigand Korea Itimes Monday August 17 2009

[54] Plug amp Pray (http www plugandpray-film de en content html) documentary film by Jens Schanze about the possibilities of AI androbotics

[55] Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man (http www nytimes com 2009 07 26 science 26robot html_r=1amp ref=todayspaper)By John Markoff NY Times July 26 2009

[56] The Coming Technological Singularity How to Survive in the Post-Human Era (http www-rohan sdsu edu faculty vinge miscsingularity html) by Vernor Vinge Department of Mathematical Sciences San Diego State University (c) 1993 by Vernor Vinge

[57] Gaming the Robot Revolution A military technology expert weighs in on Terminator Salvation (http www slate com id 2218834 )By P W Singer slatecom Thursday May 21 2009

[58] Robot takeover (http www gyre org news explore robot-takeover) gyreorg[59] robot page (http www engadget com tag robotapocalypse) engadgetcom[60] Call for debate on killer robots (http news bbc co uk 2 hi technology 8182003 stm) Jason Palmer BBC News 8309

Robot 19

[61] Robot three-way portends autonomous future (http www wired com dangerroom 2009 08robot-three-way-portends-autonomous-future ) By David Axe wiredcom August 13 2009

[62] New Navy-funded Report Warns of War Robots Going Terminator (http www dailytech com New Navyfunded Report Warns of WarRobots Going Terminator article14298 htm) by Jason Mick (Blog) dailytechcom February 17 2009

[63] Navy report warns of robot uprising suggests a strong moral compass (http www engadget com 2009 02 18navy-report-warns-of-robot-uprising-suggests-a-strong-moral-com ) by Joseph L Flatley engadgetcom February 18 2009

[64] New role for robot warriors (http www csmonitor com layout set print content view print 279448) Drones are just part of a bid toautomate combat Can virtual ethics make machines decisionmakers by Gregory M Lamb Christian Science Monitor February 17 2010

[65] Press release RTI Inc (2009 July 16) Cyclone Power Technologies Responds to Rumors about ldquoFlesh Eatingrdquo Military Robot (http wwwrobotictechnologyinc com images upload file Cyclone Power Press Release EATR Rumors Final 16 July 09 pdf) pp 1-2

[66] Press release RTI Inc (2009 April 6) Brief Project Overview (http www robotictechnologyinc com images upload filePresentation EATR Brief Overview 6 April 09 pdf) EATR Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot pp 22

[67] Manuel de Landa War in the Age of Intelligent Machines New York Zone Books 1991 280 pages Hardcover ISBN 0-942299-76-0Paperback ISBN 0-942299-75-2

[68] retrieved September-03-11 (http www sciencedaily com releases 2004 10 041021085857 htm)[81] The Utilization of Robotic Space Probes in Deep Space MissionsCase Study of AI Protocols and Nuclear Power Requirements (http

upes academia edu SeeteshPANDE Papers 1717325The_Utilization_of_Robotic_Space_Probes_in_Deep_Space_Missions_Case_Study_of_AI_Protocols_and_Nuclear_Power_Requirements)Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Robotics and Aerospace October 2011

[82] Review Space Probes (http www thespacereview com article 2004 1) by Jeff Foust Monday January 16 2012 Review of SpaceProbes 50 Years of Exploration from Luna 1 to New Horizons by Philippe Seacutegueacutela Firefly 2011

[87] WIRED First Armed Robots on Patrol in Iraq (http blog wired com defense 2007 08 httpwwwnational html)[88] WIRED Armed Robots Pushed To Police (http blog wired com defense 2007 08 armed-robots-so html)[89] Americas Robot Army (http www popularmechanics com technology military_law 4252643 htmlpage=2)[90] The Present and Future of Unmanned Drone Aircraft An Illustrated Field Guide (http www popsci com technology article 2010-02

field-guide-flying-robots) Inside the wild kingdom of the worldrsquos newest and most spectacular species of unmanned aircraft from swarminginsect rsquobots that can storm a burning building to a seven-ton weaponized spyplane invisible to radar By Eric Hagerman Popular Science 23February 2010

[93] AAAI Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures 2008-2009 Study (http research microsoft com en-us um people horvitzAAAI_Presidential_Panel_2008-2009 htm) Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Accessed 72609

[94] Article at Asimovlawscom (http www asimovlaws com articles archives 2004 07 why_we_need_fri_1 html) July 2004 accessed72709

[95] Asimovs First Law Japan Sets Rules for Robots (http www livescience com technology 060526_robot_rules html) By BillChristensen livesciencecom May 26 2006

[96] Japan drafts rules for advanced robots (http www physorg com news95078958 html) UPI via physorgcom April 6 2007[97] Report compiled by the Japanese governments Robot Industry Policy Committee -Building a Safe and Secure Social System Incorporating

the Coexistence of Humans and Robots (http www meti go jp english press data 20090325_01 html) Official Japan government pressrelease Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry March 2009

[98] Toward the human-Robot Coexistence Society on Safety intelligence for next Generation Robots (http works bepress com cgiviewcontent cgiarticle=1000amp context=weng_yueh_hsuan) report by Yueh-Hsuan Weng China Ministry of the Interior InternationalJournal of Social Robotics (http www springer com engineering robotics journal 12369) April 7 2009

[99] Evolving Robots Learn To Lie To Each Other (http www foxnews com story 0293354072100 html) Popular Science August 192009

[100] Rio Tinto Media Center - Rio Tinto boosts driverless truck fleet to 150 under Mine of the Futuretrade programme (http www riotintocom media 5157_21165 asp)

[101] AIMEX blog - Autonomous mining equipment (http adrianboeing blogspot com 2011 06 aimex html)[102] Atlas Copco - RCS (http www atlascopco com rcs )[103] Transmin - Rocklogic (http rocklogic com au )[108] Techbirbal Nanobots Play Football (http www techbirbal com viewtopic phpp=3687amp sid=7faaeeb64eaf84880b23755fea7fa7cd)[109] KurzweilAInet Utility Fog The Stuff that Dreams Are Made Of (http www kurzweilai net meme frame htmlmain= articles

art0220 html)[110] (Eric Drexler 1986) Engines of Creation The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (http www e-drexler com d 06 00 EOC

EOC_Chapter_11 html)[113] (1996) LEGO(TM)s to the Stars Active MesoStructures Kinetic Cellular Automata and Parallel Nanomachines for Space Applications

(http www islandone org MMSG 9609lego htm)[114] (Robert Fitch Zack Butler and Daniela Rus) Reconfiguration Planning for Heterogeneous Self-Reconfiguring Robots (http groups csail

mit edu drl publications papers MeltSortGrow pdf)[116] ((cite web|http www activrobots com RESEARCH wheelchair html|title=SRI MobileRobots Centibot project))

Robot 20

[122] Research and Development for Next-generation Service Robots in Japan (http ukinjapan fco gov uk resources en pdf 56069075633632 next-generation-services-robots) United Kingdom Foreign Ministry report by Yumiko Moyen Science and Innovation SectionBritish Embassy Tokyo Japan January 2009

[123] Robots to get their own operating system (http www ethiopianreview com articles 23156) by Mehret Tesfaye Ethipian ReviewAugust 13 2009

[124] The Caterpillar Self-Driving Dump Truck (http www fastcompany com magazine 131 the-caterpillar-self-driving-dump-truckhtmlnav=inform-rl) By Tim McKeough fastcompanycom November 25 2008

[125] Robotic Tactile Sensing - Technologies and System (http www springer com engineering robotics book 978-94-007-0578-4)[126] IEEE Transaction on Robotics - Special Issue on Robotic Sense of Touch (http ieeexplore ieee org xpls abs_all

jsparnumber=5784198amp tag=1)[127] Robotics in practice Future capabilities by Joseph F Engelberger in Electronic Servicing amp Technology magazine 1982 August[128] Robot can read learn like a human http www msnbc msn com id 40534768 ns technology_and_science-science[129][129] He wrote over 460 books as well as thousands of articles and reviews and was the third most prolific writer of all time [and] one of the

founding fathers of modern science fiction

Further readingbull Glaser Horst Albert and Rossbach Sabine The Artificial Human FrankfurtM Bern New York 2011 The

Artificial Human (http www amazon com The-Artificial-Human-Tragical-History dp 3631578083ref=sr_1_1s=booksamp ie=UTF8amp qid=1335701088amp sr=1-1)

bull TechCast Article Series Jason Rupinski and Richard Mix Public Attitudes to Androids Robot Gender Tasks ampPricing (http www techcast org Upload PDFs 050804104155TC androids2 pdf)

bull Cheney Margaret [1989123] (1981) Tesla Man Out of Time Dorset Press New York ISBN 0-88029-419-1bullbull Craig JJ (2005) Introduction to Robotics Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River NJbull Gutkind L (2006) Almost Human Making Robots Think New York W W Norton amp Company Incbull Needham Joseph (1986) Science and Civilization in China Volume 2 Taipei Caves Books Ltdbullbull Sothebys New York The Tin Toy Robot Collection of Matt Wyse (1996)bull Tsai L W (1999) Robot Analysis Wiley New Yorkbull DeLanda Manuel War in the Age of Intelligent Machines 1991 Swerve New Yorkbull Journal of Field Robotics (http www3 interscience wiley com journal 117946193 grouphome home html)

External linksbull Robotics (http www dmoz org Computers Robotics ) at the Open Directory Projectbull Robotics Portal (http www roboticsportal it )Researchbull International Foundation of Robotics Research (IFRR) (http www ifrr org)bull International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR) (http www ijrr org)bull Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) (http www ieee-ras org) at IEEEbull Robotics Network (http kn theiet org communities robotics index cfm) at IETbull Robotics Division (http robotics nasa gov) at NASAbull Human Machine Integration Laboratory (http robotics eas asu edu ) at Arizona State University

Article Sources and Contributors 21

Article Sources and ContributorsRobot Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphpoldid=560018835 Contributors alyosha (jarbarf) 12 Noon 129128164xxx 15turnsm 1freegold 20015B027FF1EF00003C21655 23skidoo 26001006B10C8A77DEAF987A431C4A41 26001006B128C1C4C23C30B14177C442 2602306CD86A1F0159CB517D3D3E2E6 999cj999 modi A plagueof rainbows A3 nm A930913 ABF ALACE AOL account AVand Aaagmnr Aarktica Aaron Schulz AaronPaige Abdullais4u Aboeing Abrech AbsolutDan Abu badali AcademicChallenger Acalamari Accurizer Ace Frahm Acebulf Aceituno Acer77e Addshore Adroitv82 Age Happens Ageekgal Agemoi Ahoerstemeier Aidencrr Akasanof Akinkhoo Al E AlanRockefeller Alansohn Albert E Alesnormales Alexandrepv Alexhong211 AlexiusHoratius Alfio Allanx Allstarecho Alphanin Altenmann Altermike Alwayzright4eva AlysTarr AmatulicAmp71 Amrav94 Anaraug Anarchemitis Andonic Andor Andre Engels Andreas-B Andres Andrew Delong Angela Anger22 Angmering Anilocra Anna Lincoln Anna512 AntAntOnTrack Antandrus AntiHacker Antonbharkamsan Aranel Cuthalion ArglebargleIV Argo Navis Arnoutf Asath Asdcaszx Ash Ashenai Assasin Droid Astros433 Astudent AszxasdcAtbreid AtonalFreeRider Audriusa Ausir Average Earthman Avidd Avono AxelBoldt Az29 AzaToth Aznkid924 B BAxelrod Babalzoo Babbarankit Bact Bamagic BanaticusBangthedash101 Barnham Barticus88 Bayerischermann Beetstra Beezhive Beginning Beland Belinrahs Belugatoa Benno Briton Berek Betterusername Bhadani BigPimpinBrahBighead01753 Bijx BillC Binary TSO Bisqwit Bissinger Blake Jimsta Blanchardb Blogjack Bn gff Bobisthecoolest Bobo192 Bobrayner Bones108 Bongwarrior Boog96 BoogyboysBovineone BradBeattie Brain Brandon Briangadelphianet Brighterorange Brklnboi BrokenSegue Bruno424 Bruyninc Bryan Derksen Bubba hotep Bubbha Bugnot Bunnyhop11 Cestmoi CF84 CQJ Cadiomals Calabraxthis Calltech Calmer Waters Caltas Cameleon123 Cant sleep clown will eat me Canadiansteve Candorwien CanisRufus Canuck222 Caper13Capricorn42 Captain Disdain Captmog CardinalDan Careful Cowboy Catgut Cautious Cbdorsett Cc2po Celticengineer Cenarium Centrx Chaojoker Chaosdruid Chaosrxn CharlesCCharlie Huggard CharonM72 Chasteng Ched Cheezmeister CherryX Chilla9697 Chinaexports Chocolateboy Chodorkovskiy Cholmes75 Chris 73 Chris G Chris the speller Chris857ChrisGualtieri Christian List Ck lostsword Clarekatz Clarince63 Clasqm Cllv25 Club Penguin Undercover Spys Cmdrjameson Cmichael Cmskog Coemgenus Cole31337 Colin KeigherColinMcMillen Colonel Warden Commit charge CommonsDelinker Conjon9 Conversion script Cooldude504 Corpx Coslet101 Count Iblis Crazycomputers CrystalMyst Cubs197Cunikm Curps Curry4u Cxz111 Cynwolfe DJ Clayworth DOC DS DV8 2XL DVD R W DVdm Dan100 Dan94l DancingPenguin Dancter Danger Daniel J Leivick Daniel5127 DanimDank Danniel R DarkFalls Dartheragon1 Darthmix DaveFS David Gerard Davidelit Davidiad Davidm617617 Dawn Bard Dawnseeker2000 Dbenbenn De728631 DeadEyeArrowDeathsythe Debresser Decumanus Dekisugi Delldot Deltabeignet Denisarona Denizgazel Dependent Variable DerHexer Derumi Dethme0w Deus257 DexDor Dfrgmsc Dharmabum420Dhfsai Dicehiggins Didzej DigitalC Dina Disavian Discospinster Dlaz Dlohcierekim Dmd Docboat Dodomat Dominic7848 DonSiano Donner60 Doomshifter DownDeath DownloadDpotter Drangon Drappel Dravick Drbreznjev Dreamafter Drmies Dstructo Dwane E Anderson Dwo Dysepsion E Wing E0steven EEPROM Eagle EJF ERcheck ESkog EclecticologyEd Cormany Ed Poor EdGl EdX20 Edderso Eddyjos Edison Editor18 Eduardo Sellan III Edward espino Edward321 Eenu Egghead06 Egil Ego White Tray Ehheh El C EladinbarElectronicsEnthusiast Elfguy Ellrond Elockid Elussya Emurphy42 Enviroboy Epbr123 Esanchez7587 Escape Orbit Esotericmynd Essjay Evercat Everyking Evil Monkey EvilbredExacerbation Excirial Exxolon FF2010 Fabrictramp FaerieInGrey Fagallos Faizan Falcon8765 Farmer21 Farosdaughter Favonian Fcummins Fedor Felliax08 Fences and windowsFiachraByrne FidelDrumbo Fieldday-sunday Fiftwekid Filipmorris Fishsteak Flewis Fountains of Bryn Mawr Fram Frammy7 Franamax Francisco Valverde FrancoGG FrankCostanzaFreakofnurture Fred the Oyster FredrikM Free Bear FreeKresge Freilipc FreplySpang Fritslyneborg Frosty0814snowman FuegoFish Funandtrvl Func Futurerobo FuzheadoFylbecatulous GB fan GHe GPHemsley Galoubet Galzigler Gareth Griffith-Jones Ged UK Gene s Geni Geo2642 Geometry guy George Ponderevo George100 Gilliam Glacialfox GlenGoShow Gobonobo Gogo Dodo Gohiking GoingBatty Golbez Governmentspy Gracefool GraemeL GrandDrake GreatWhiteNortherner Greensam74 Gregalodon GregorB GreudinGtrmp GumbaGumba Gunman24 Guoguo12 Guppy Guy M Gwernol Gzkn Hackercracker Hadal Haikupoet HalJor Hansierher Haoie HappyApple Hard Sin Hazfacta HeartboreHenryLi Hephaestos Heron Hersfold HexaChord HiLo48 Hibernian Highfields Hl224483 Hmains Hockeyrink Holgerwinkler Honza97 Hoof Hearted Horselover Frost Hschmid616Htomfields Hu Huku-chan HumanDictionary117 Humanrobo HumphreyW Hut 85 Hutcher I already forgot IAIeropoulos IG-2000 II MusLiM HyBRiD II ILovePlankton IRP IWHGIam Iaroslavvs Idaltu Igordebraga Ikh Iloverickey Imaninjapirate Imjustmatthew Imnotminkus Imran Imrek Indon Inferno Lord of Penguins Insanity Incarnate Instinct IntellectusInterchange88 Intersofia Ionlyputrealfacts Iridescent Irishguy IronMaidenRocks Ishikawa Minoru Isptraack Ixfd64 Izehar Jdelanoy Jsmith JHunterJ JQF JRR Trollkien JSimmonzJaGa Jaanuskalde Jack Phoenix Jackfork Jackol Jackson Peebles Jagged 85 Jahsonic Jaibe Jaikrishna Jake Wartenberg JakeVortex Jakerobb Jamoche Janezp Japantrends JarandaJarmen kell Jauhienij Java7837 Jazzyjwb Jb-adder Jdeep74 Jdietsch Jeff G Jem141 Jenda Jennavecia Jerryobject Jetis4him Jewellzy Jeydnb Jhanthem Jhgf JimVC3 Jimmayjr Jirka7Jkaplan Jman678 Jmundo Joana Gonccedilalves JoanneB Joe Decker Joel7687 Joelr31 Joemahon John John Chamberlain John Cline John of Reading JohnCD Johnbod JohnuniqJomaririzarry Jon Backenstose JonHarder JordanIsTheCoolest Joseph Solis in Australia Josephacutler Josh Parris Josh2510 Josh3580 Jottce Joyous Jpallas Jpardey01 Jprg1966 JrockleyJulesd Juliancolton Julius1990 Junglecat Junu944 Juro Juru Jusdafax Jusses2 Jwelsh1023 KFP KVDP Kablaang Kane5187 Kanesthename Kanishafa Karada Karch Karl stefanovic fanKarlhahn Karthikvs88 Kasey112 Kashare Kcordina Ke4roh Kechvsf Keilana Kellyna Kelvin Case Kenrinaldo Kevinalewis Kevinb Khazar2 Khukri Kilonum King jakob c 2Kingpin13 KitSolidor Kizor Kkailas Klomag Knight1993 KnowledgeOfSelf Kozuch Kp2ak Kratos240 Krellis Krich Kross Kruckenberg1 Krystalo Kubigula Kungfuadam KuralyovKuru Kusunose Kv0nza Kwertii L33tminion LSmok3 Lala336 Landroo LarryGilbert Lateg Laviathin66 Lazylaces Lcarscad Leafyplant LeaveSleaves Lectonar LedgendGamer LeeDaniel Crocker Lee J Haywood Leflyman Lemmingfan LeoNomis Leuko Lexor LibLord Liftarn Lightdarkness Lights Likeicecr3am LilHelpa Lindert Linnell LionMans AccountLissajous Logan Lolziez1 LonelyMarble LongAgedUser Lotusduck Louis Do Nothing Lrofthejungle Lsparages Lucinos Luckas Blade Lugia2453 Lun xia2000 Luna Santin LylodoLyncas Lynea MER-C 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Miskin Mitch Ames Mkamensek Mkdw Mllyjn Mlukehac Mnemeson MogismMonkeyMoney101 Monstera Monty845 Moocowpong1 Moogle001 Moonriddengirl Mormegil Moswento Motters Mountainlion1990 Movingboxes Moxon Mporter Mprinc Mr StephenMr Stop 2000-2000-1999 to 2006 versus TCP Mr Stradivarius MrOllie Mspraveen Mtmelendez Muenda Mynor3000 Mysid Mystylplx N5iln NCurse NERIC-Security NO ACMLMANDXKEPPER SUCK Nagle Nakon Nalknipper Narendra1913 Natalie Erin Navigatr85 NawlinWiki Nayakharish Neelix NellieBly Nescio Neverquick NewEnglandYankeeNewsAndEventsGuy Nickt69 NightFalcon90909 Nightmare88ish Nightscream Nihiltres NijatK Nikola Smolenski Nintendude Nishkid64 Nivix Nk Nkdblackhole NobbiPNosnhojYbbag Nousernamesleft Noz92 Nsaa Ntsimp NuclearWarfare Nufy8 Nukeless Nurg Nyttend Oceanmeets Ocee Oda Mari Odalcet Officiallyover Ohconfucius OhellotharOhnoitsjamie OlEnglish Oleg Alexandrov Olivier Oliviermichel OllieFury Omegatron Omicronpersei8 OnBeyondZebrax Opelio Orangemike Orphan Wiki Orrmaster Ortolan88Oscar2000 OverlordQ Ovons Owen214 Oxymoron83 P-penguinz PDH POofYS PTSE Palalalala Paranoid ParlorGames Pasky PatrickCarbone Paul August Paulson74 PedroPericlesofAthens Persian Poet Gal Peruvianllama PervyPirate Pgk Pgr94 Phanton Pharaoh of the Wizards Pharaohmobius Phasmatisnox Phgao Philip Trueman Philwelch Phlegat Pianonon troppo Pietrow Pimpjuices Pinakidou Pinethicket Ping Pinkadelica Piotrus Pjacobi Pjvpjv Pnm Pocar19 Polar Polenth Polygamyx4 Poomuffins Poopman12 PopeOnDope71 PozorPranksterTurtle Prashanthns Praveen khm Primetime PrivateMasterHD Pro123handyman Prolog ProtossPylon Psandin Psb777 Pschemp PseudoSudo Psy guy Pupster21 Pvfd117 PyloriPyroen21 Qbman123321 Qetuoadgjlzcbm Qrstuv1 Qtoktok QueenCake Quickwik Quintote Qwyrxian Qxz R Calvete RnB R00b0t-war RA0808 RJaguar3 Racerx11 Raghav182001RaiderTarheel Rajasidhu14 Rajendran tt Rallego Rama Ramaksoud2000 Rampart Ran4 RandomP Ransack Rasmasyean RealityApologist Realityscalling Reaper Eternal RedSpruceRedalert42 Redbrown1234 Reddi Redrose64 Redthoreau Reliableforever Remco47 RenamedUser01302013 RetiredWikipedian789 Rettetast RexNL Rgrof Rhrad Rianamit RichFarmbrough Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) Richard D LeCour Richcoder Rick kelley Riku15 Rixchi Rjanag Rjka K Rjwilmsi Rmhermen Roastytoast Robbbb Robby8867t RobertBrockway Robertfjames Robin klein Roboshed RockMFR Rocket71048576 Rocketmagnet Rocketmaniac Rodhullandemu Ronathen jonen Ronz Rory096 Roryp57 RossF18 Rossy1010RoyBoy Royalguard11 Rrburke Rror Rsd111 Rtc Rtv Rtvihjowvemtoi RuiAgostinho Runewiki777 Runlaugr RustyPete12 Ruud Koot Rwendland Ryan Roos Ryan032 RyūkotsuseiSEWilco SME SWAdair Saalstin Sabik Sabinerossbach Saif Sohail Saintrain Salamurai Sam Korn Sam Vimes Sander123 Sandstein Sango123 Savage1666 Savidan Sbn1984 ScarianSceptre SchfiftyThree Schrei Schzmo Science History ScienceApe Scientizzle Scoot-Overload Sdornan Seaphoto Searchme Selket Semperlumen Sesu Prime Sfan00 IMG ShadowPuppet Shanes Shaun Kellys Nan Shawnc Shenme Shimei Shoaler Shopeda Shrine of Fire Shsilver Siawase Sideways713 Siliconov Simeon H Singularity Sithboy Sjakkalle SjoumlSkerHawx Skizzik Skoonky Skumarla SkyMachine Skyler243 Slakr Slayemin Sleeping123 Sleepy42 Sm8900 Smalljim Smiloid Smithhhhhhhh Snow Blizzard Snowdog SnoyesSoWhy SocratesJedi Soerfm Someoneelseagain Sonett72 Souklis SoyYo SpaceFlight89 SpacemanAfrica Spartan-James Spellcast Spellmaster Spen gottogo Spenceisgay Spiel496Spitfire Splash Splitpeasoup SpookyMulder SpuriousQ Srainwater Starnestommy StaticVision Steel Stefan Stentie Stephanemagnenat Stephen G Brown Stephenb Stephlet Steve1608Stinknamazing Stormwriter Strontium86 Stuw Stwalkerster Sully89 Sumone10154 Swabey233 Symane Syrthiss TBloemink THEN WHO WAS PHONE Tabletop Taco hotTakeitupalevel Tanvir Ahmmed Tarret Tarun pinto Tavilis Taylor Bohl Tblackma222 Tclowers Tcturner2002 Techtonik Tedd Teleshopper Telfordbuck Terrx TerryNF TevanorTgeairn Th4n3r That Guy From That Show Thaxin The Anome The High Fin Sperm 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Image Sources Licenses and Contributors 22

Image Sources Licenses and ContributorsFileHONDA ASIMOjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileHONDA_ASIMOjpg License GNU Free Documentation License Contributors UserGnsinFileFANUC 6-axis welding robotsjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFANUC_6-axis_welding_robotsjpg License Creative Commons Attribution 30 ContributorsPhasmatisnox 1 anonymous editsImageSimplified robottypessvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSimplified_robottypessvg License Public Domain Contributors Simplified_robottypesJPG KVDPderivative work Fred the Oyster (talk)ImageKnight2000 ex107jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileKnight2000_ex107jpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30252010 ContributorsKITT1982ImageAsimo look new designjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileAsimo_look_new_designjpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 20 ContributorsMorio Romram Yuval Y 1 anonymous editsImageWashstand by Philo of Byzantiumpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileWashstand_by_Philo_of_Byzantiumpng License Public Domain Contributors Carra deVaux BImageAl-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toyjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileAl-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toyjpg License Public Domain Contributors GrenavitarImageKarakuriBritishMuseumjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileKarakuriBritishMuseumjpg License Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 30 Unported Contributors UserPHGCOM UserPHGCOMImageClock Tower from Su Songs BookJPG Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileClock_Tower_from_Su_Songs_BookJPG License Public Domain ContributorsPericlesofAthensFileCapek playjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileCapek_playjpg License Public Domain Contributors Unknown uploaded to arwiki by arالمستخدمClassic 971 on to enwiki by enUserRocketmagnet on to commons by UserSreejithk2000 onFileLaproscopic Surgery Robotjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileLaproscopic_Surgery_Robotjpg License GNU Free Documentation License ContributorsOriginal uploader was Nimur at enwikipediaFileAutomation of foundry with robotjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileAutomation_of_foundry_with_robotjpg License Public Domain Contributors KUKARoboter GmbH BachmannImageTOPIO 3jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileTOPIO_3jpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30 Contributors UserHumanroboFileActroid-DER 01jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileActroid-DER_01jpg License GNU Free Documentation License Contributors Photo by GnsinFilesmUsingGuiaBotjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSmUsingGuiaBotjpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30 Contributors JdietschFileADAM Intelligent AGVjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileADAM_Intelligent_AGVjpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30 ContributorsJdietschFileIED detonatorjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileIED_detonatorjpg License Public Domain Contributors Lance Cpl Bobby J SegoviaFileRoomba originaljpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileRoomba_originaljpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30 Contributors Larry D MooreFileFRIEND-III kleinpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFRIEND-III_kleinpng License GNU Free Documentation License Contributors Institute of Automation(IAT) University of BremenFileMicrogripper holding silicon nanowiresjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileMicrogripper_holding_silicon_nanowiresjpg License Creative Commons Attribution25 Contributors KristianMolhave Pieter KuiperFileSwarmRobot orgjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSwarmRobot_orgjpg License GNU General Public License Contributors Serg (Sergey Kornienko ())

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 30 Unportedcreativecommonsorglicensesby-sa30

• Robot
• • Overview
  • History
  • • Ancient beginnings
    • Early modern developments
    • Modern developments
    • • Etymology
      • Modern robots
      • • Mobile robot
        • Industrial robots (manipulating)
        • Service robot
        • Modular robot
        • Collaborative robots
        • • Robots in society
          • • Regional perspectives
            • Autonomy and ethical questions
            • Military robots
            • Relationship to unemployment
            • • Contemporary uses
              • • General-purpose autonomous robots
                • Factory robots
                • Dirty dangerous dull or inaccessible tasks
                • Military robots
                • Mining robots
                • Schools
                • Healthcare
                • Research robots
                • Entertainment
                • • Future development
                  • • Technological trends
                    • Technological development
                    • Reading robot
                    • • Robots in popular culture
                      • • Literature
                        • Problems depicted in popular culture
                        • • References
                          • Further reading
                          • External links
                          • • License

Image Sources Licenses and Contributors 22

Image Sources Licenses and ContributorsFileHONDA ASIMOjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileHONDA_ASIMOjpg License GNU Free Documentation License Contributors UserGnsinFileFANUC 6-axis welding robotsjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFANUC_6-axis_welding_robotsjpg License Creative Commons Attribution 30 ContributorsPhasmatisnox 1 anonymous editsImageSimplified robottypessvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSimplified_robottypessvg License Public Domain Contributors Simplified_robottypesJPG KVDPderivative work Fred the Oyster (talk)ImageKnight2000 ex107jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileKnight2000_ex107jpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30252010 ContributorsKITT1982ImageAsimo look new designjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileAsimo_look_new_designjpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 20 ContributorsMorio Romram Yuval Y 1 anonymous editsImageWashstand by Philo of Byzantiumpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileWashstand_by_Philo_of_Byzantiumpng License Public Domain Contributors Carra deVaux BImageAl-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toyjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileAl-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toyjpg License Public Domain Contributors GrenavitarImageKarakuriBritishMuseumjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileKarakuriBritishMuseumjpg License Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 30 Unported Contributors UserPHGCOM UserPHGCOMImageClock Tower from Su Songs BookJPG Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileClock_Tower_from_Su_Songs_BookJPG License Public Domain ContributorsPericlesofAthensFileCapek playjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileCapek_playjpg License Public Domain Contributors Unknown uploaded to arwiki by arالمستخدمClassic 971 on to enwiki by enUserRocketmagnet on to commons by UserSreejithk2000 onFileLaproscopic Surgery Robotjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileLaproscopic_Surgery_Robotjpg License GNU Free Documentation License ContributorsOriginal uploader was Nimur at enwikipediaFileAutomation of foundry with robotjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileAutomation_of_foundry_with_robotjpg License Public Domain Contributors KUKARoboter GmbH BachmannImageTOPIO 3jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileTOPIO_3jpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30 Contributors UserHumanroboFileActroid-DER 01jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileActroid-DER_01jpg License GNU Free Documentation License Contributors Photo by GnsinFilesmUsingGuiaBotjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSmUsingGuiaBotjpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30 Contributors JdietschFileADAM Intelligent AGVjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileADAM_Intelligent_AGVjpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30 ContributorsJdietschFileIED detonatorjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileIED_detonatorjpg License Public Domain Contributors Lance Cpl Bobby J SegoviaFileRoomba originaljpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileRoomba_originaljpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30 Contributors Larry D MooreFileFRIEND-III kleinpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFRIEND-III_kleinpng License GNU Free Documentation License Contributors Institute of Automation(IAT) University of BremenFileMicrogripper holding silicon nanowiresjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileMicrogripper_holding_silicon_nanowiresjpg License Creative Commons Attribution25 Contributors KristianMolhave Pieter KuiperFileSwarmRobot orgjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSwarmRobot_orgjpg License GNU General Public License Contributors Serg (Sergey Kornienko ())

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 30 Unportedcreativecommonsorglicensesby-sa30

• Robot
• • Overview
  • History
  • • Ancient beginnings
    • Early modern developments
    • Modern developments
    • • Etymology
      • Modern robots
      • • Mobile robot
        • Industrial robots (manipulating)
        • Service robot
        • Modular robot
        • Collaborative robots
        • • Robots in society
          • • Regional perspectives
            • Autonomy and ethical questions
            • Military robots
            • Relationship to unemployment
            • • Contemporary uses
              • • General-purpose autonomous robots
                • Factory robots
                • Dirty dangerous dull or inaccessible tasks
                • Military robots
                • Mining robots
                • Schools
                • Healthcare
                • Research robots
                • Entertainment
                • • Future development
                  • • Technological trends
                    • Technological development
                    • Reading robot
                    • • Robots in popular culture
                      • • Literature
                        • Problems depicted in popular culture
                        • • References
                          • Further reading
                          • External links
                          • • License