Robotics, Nanosicence and Nobel2013

8/13/2019 Robotics, Nanosicence and Nobel2013

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Robotics, Nano Technology and Nobel Prize 2013 (Laymen Language)

Prologue

Definition and History of Robots

Humanoid Robot its Capacities and Kirobo

Basic Components of a Robot

Applications of a Robot

Nanotechnology (Darshan Chotey but Kaam Mothey

History of Nanotechnology

!raphene and Carbon Nano "ubes(CN"

NanoMaterial and Applications of CN"

Nobel Pri#e $%&' (ast but certainly not the least


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Robotics

Branch of )cience and technology *hich deals *ith application design and

manufacturing of Robots using computer Applications+ ,n a more crude language Robot

is automated *or-able machine *hich may or may not resemble human+

"he term Robotics *as introduced by a )cience .iction author named ,saac

Asimou(&//&

Time Line o Robot !e"elo#ment

Name 0ear 1or- Done

Karel Chape- &/$& ,ntroduced the 1ord Robot

Robot named 2"ele3o45 &/$6 1orld7s first 1or-able Robot

named "ele3o4(De3eloped by

1esting House Co8operation

of 9)A

!AK9":N);K9(Name of a

Robot

&/$< =apan7s .irst Robot designed

by Mo-oto

!eorge Charles &/>? Creation of 9nimation(,t is an

industrial RobotManufacturing company

Mar*in Mins-y and =ohnMccarthy

&/>6 Artificial ,ntelligence termintroduced (Artificial

intelligence emulates the

intelligence beha3ior in a

machine

.amulus(Name of a robot &/@' !erman ,ndustrial Robotic

Manufacturing companynamed K9KA produced

,nternational Robot named

.amulus2Machine defeats Man5 &//@ 1orld Chess champion !ary

Kasparo3 lost to Robot ,BM

Deep Blue )ea

A),MA (Name of a Robot $%%% ,st Humanoid Robot named

A),MA created by HondaMotor Company


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Ty#es o Robots

=apan 9)A and !ermany are leading countries in research of Robotics+ .irst emotional

Robot K,)M:"

$ndustrial Robots 8 An industrial robotis defined by as an automatically controlled,

reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in two or more axis

!omestic Robot 9sed for House Hold chores (Both ,ndoor and ;utdoor+ "he highest

le3el Domestic Robot is Domobot autonomously connected to *ifi home net*or- and

)martphone

%umanoid Robot A humanoid Robot is a Robot *ith its o3erall appearance based on

that of a human body+ ,t is an autonomous Robot (Pre8programmed Robot because it can

adapt to change in its en3ironment or in itself continue to reach its goals

Capacities of Humanoid Robot

)elf Maintenance (Can recharge itself

Autonomous learning (i+e+ learn or gain ne* capabilities *ithout outside assistance"o adapt

to ne* situations to a3oid harmful situation to people property and itself (:+g+ Chiti robot

(Rani-anth Mo3ie lolls)afe ,nteraction *ith Human Being and en3ironment

:+g+ of Humanoid Robot A),M; (&d"anced 'te# in $nno"ati"e obility)made be

Honda Motor Company+ Asimo resembles a small Astronaut *earing a bac- pac- *hich can

run at a speed of 6 -mEhr

lassiication o a Robot(*ased on the ty#e o +ob they #erorm)

1or- *hich a Robot can perform better that Humans 1here Robots can increase speed

Producti3ity Accuracy e+g+ ,ndustrial Robot


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=obs *hich a human could do better than a robot but Robots free us from dangerous dull and

dirty *or- e+g+ Domestic Robot and Military Robot

irobo

.irst tal-ing Humanoid Robot launched in ,nternational )pace )ystem(,))

F Arun Bhai *hat is ,nternational )pace )tation ()ome of you might ha3e this Guestion inyour mindE )o , *ill ust *rite the Guestions and the ans*ers these *here the Guestions

*hich , as-ed myself

A "he first to dream of building the ,nternational )pace )tation (,)) *as the 9nited )tates+

,n &/


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b & -g body *eight

)pecial .eatures

& )peech Recognition

$ Natural anguage Processing

' .acial Recognition camera camera for reading

? )pecially designed to mo3e in #ero gra3ity en3ironment

*asic om#onents o a Robot

A typical robot has a mo3able physical structure a motor of some sort a sensor

system a po*er supply and a computer JbrainJ that controls all of these elements+

:ssentially robots are man8made 3ersions of animal life 88 they are machines that

replicate human and animal beha3ior+

main om#onents o a Robot

& &N$PL&T-R(Arm of a Robot 8 Manipulator 8 *hich is the robot7s arm consists of

segments ointed together *ith a4es capable of motion in 3arious directions allo*ing the robot to

perform *or-


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$ T% N! T-R(1H,CH ,) "H: PAR" ;. "H: MAN,P9A";R 8 "he end

effectors *hich is a gripper tool a special de3ice or fi4ture attached to the robot7s arm actually

performs the *or-

' T% P-.R 'PLL48 pro3ides and regulates the energy that is con3erted to motion by

the robot actuator and it may be either electric pneumatic or hydraulic

? T% -NTR-LLR8 initiates terminates and coordinates the motion of seGuences of a

robot+ Also it accepts the necessary inputs to the robot and pro3ides the outputs to interface *ith

the outside *orld+

MAN,P9A";R 8 ,s a mechanical unit that pro3ides motion similar to that of a

human arm+ ,ts primary function is to pro3ide the specific motions that *ill enablethe tooling at the end of the arm to do the reGuired *or-+ A robot mo3ement can

be di3ided into t*o general categories arm and body (shoulder and elbo*motions and *rist motions+ "he indi3idual oint motions associated *ith thesecategories are referred to as degree of freedom+ :ach a4is is eGual to one degree

of freedom+ typically an ,ndustrial robots are eGuipped *ith ? 8 6 degrees of

freedom

:nd :ffector 8 ,s the de3ice that is mechanically opened and closed+ Act as the

tool8 mounting plate depending on the type of operation+ Con3entional end


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effectors are eGuipped *ith 3arious de3ices and tool attachments as follo*s

grippers hoo-s scoops electromagnets 3acuum cups and adhesi3e fingers for

material handling+ spray gun for painting+ Attachments for spot and arc *eldingand arc cutting+ Po*er tools such as drills nut dri3ers and burrs+ )pecial de3ices

and fi4tures for machining and assembly+ measuring instruments such as dial

indicators depth gauges

Po*er )upply .unction of Po*er )upply is to pro3ide and regulate energy that

is reGuired for a robot to be operated

:lectric Motor Depends on the tas- the robot should perform+ 1hen high speed

is reGuired *ith lo* load application

Hydraulic Pressure of fluid con3erted into Mechanical Application (suited for

high load and slo* speed

Pneumatic 9sed for o* speed and lo* or medium loads

)elf collision detection obstacle a3oidance for this collection of data important

Ty#es o sensor

"ilt sensor "o analy#e degree of inclination performed by the robot

Digital Compass 9sed to Mo3e in right direction

Pro8pri Cepti3e )ensor )elf collision detection tilt sensor digital compass sensing heat

in itself

:4tero capti3e )ensor 9ses ultra sensor sonic *a3es for sound na3igation+

Lision sensor CCD(Charged Couple De3ice Camera captures photons on light

con3ert it to digital sensor

)ound )ensor ,s Performed by Microphone helps in the speech interpretation and

collection of 3oice sound

#lications o Robotics

Robotics and Artificial ,ntelligence (A, go hand in hand+

Artificial ,ntelligence 8 )cience of creating computers that can perform tas- that *e

associate *ith human intelligence+ ,t is emulation of intelligent beha3ior by a Machine+

Performs comple4 sol3ing tas- that reGuires thin-ing and reasoning *hich process 3ast

amount of -no*ledge


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pac-ed bot entered the facility *ith an attached 3ideo camera allo*ing ":PC; to recei3e

li3e interior images and temperature reading of the troubled reactor building

Robotics $n $ndia

DRD; has de3eloped Daksh5 Robot+ ,t is a counter terrorist remotely operated designedto handle ha#ardous material and suspect obect in public places+ ,t is pro3ided *ith

multiple camera used for sur3eillance

DRD; has initiated a proect to ma-e Robotics )oldiers Deployed in the ;C (ine of

Control but the challenge is to integrate cogniti3e s-ills under A, to differentiatebet*een a threat and a friend

Centre for Artificial ,ntelligence robotics (CA,R Bangalore has de3eloped a

CA!"#Robot *ith 3ision sensor to pic- up obects in the 3isual field

A,,M)(Delhi has successfully performed Robotic )urgery in a patient suffering from

Auto8 ,mmune Disease Myasthenia *here they successfully remo3ed the thymus gland in

the patient+

Nano Technology

,magine if you climbed out of the sho*er only to disco3er youd shrun- in the *ash by

about &>%% million timesO ,f you stepped into your li3ing room *hat youd see around

you *ould not be chairs tables computers and your family but atoms moleculesproteins and cells+

)hrun- do*n to the JnanoscaleJ youd not only see the atoms that e3erything is made

fromyoud actually be able to mo3e them aroundO No* suppose you started stic-ing

those atoms together in interesting ne* *ays li-e tiny :!; bric-s of nature+

0ou could build all -inds of fantastic materials e3erything from brand ne* medicines to

ultra8fast computer chips+ Ma-ing ne* things on this incredibly small scale is called

nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is science engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale

*hich is about & to &%% nanometers+


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Nano science and

nanotechnology are the study

and application of e4tremelysmall things and can be used

across all the other science

fields such as chemistrybiology physics materials

science and engineering+

%o6 it 'tarted

"he ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started *ith a tal- entitled2"here7s Plenty of Room at the Bottom5 by physicist Richard .eynman at an American Physical

)ociety meeting at the California ,nstitute of "echnology on December $/ &/>/ long before the

term nanotechnology *as used+

,n his tal- .eynman described a process in *hich scientists *ould be able to manipulate

and control indi3idual atoms and molecules+ ;3er a decade later in his e4plorations of ultra precision machining Professor Norio

"aniguchi coined the term nanotechnology+ ,t *asnt until &/


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The Nanoscale

;rdinary obects are absolutely huge measured on *hat scientists call the nanoscale

Atom Q%+& nanometers+

Atoms in a molecule Q%+&> nanometers apart+

DNA double8heli4 Q$ nanometers in diameter+

"ypical protein Q&% nanometers long+

Computer transistor(s*itch Q&%%8$%% nanometers *ide+

"ypical bacteria Q$%% nanometers long+

Human hair >%%%%&%%%%% nanometers in diameter+

;ne piece ofpaper Q&%%%%% nanometers thic-+

!irl &+$ m (?ft tall Q&$%% million nanometers tall+

Man $m (6+> ft tall Q $%%% million nanometers tall+

:mpire )tate Building '% ft tall Q'


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' million sheets of !raphene on top of each other *ould be & mm thic- graphite

Pro#erties o 7ra#hene

-#tical Trans#arency8Ama#ing thing about !raphene is that you can see it+ 0ou can

lay a sheet on a *hite piece of paper and actually see it+ ,t is ama#ingly transparent

absorbing ust $+' percent of light that lands on it

'trength &%% times stronger than steel

Thermal onducti"ity ,t can conduct heat &% times better that copper so can act as a

heat sin- to conduct heat or transfer heat+

lectrical Pro#erties Due to the presence of belocali#ed or free electron there is

Balistic conduction or free flo* of electron across the grapheme layer+

arbon Nano Tube (NT)

,ts a tube made out of graphite molecules+ A sheet of graphite molecules loo-s li-e a

layer of he4agons+ ,f you *ere to roll that sheet into a tube youd end up *ith a carbonnanotube+ Nanotubes e4hibit different Gualities depending upon the direction you choose

to roll the tube+


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)cientists say that if you roll it correctly youd end up *ith a material se3eral times

stronger and lighter than steel+ ;ther uses for nanotubes include e3erything from building

semiconductors to de3eloping a suit that theoretically *ould allo* you to climb up theside of a building li-e )pider8Man+

Ty#es o NT

1) )ingle *alled Carbon Nano "ube Are indi3idual !raphene cylinder *ith & nm to $ nm

diameter2) Multi 1alled Carbon Nano "ube "hey are collection of se3eral concentric grapheme

cylinders *ith > nm to >% nm (Nm nano metre

#lications o Nano5Technology

ield o $T and lectronics

;becti3e "o ma-e huge data storage in small dis-s+ ,n Nano8"echnologysilicon chips are replaced *ith !raphene chips or CN"+

"he JmicroJ part of that *ord suggests computer chips *or- on the microscopic

scaleand they do+

But since terms li-e JmicrochipJ *ere coined in the &/@%s electronic engineers

ha3e found *ays of pac-ing e3en more transistor s*itches into integrated circuitsto ma-e computers that are smaller faster and cheaper than e3er before+

Micro8circuit &%%% chips (,n case of silicon chips

Miniaturi#ation of dis-s &%%%% chips (,n case of !raphene Chips

Hence data storage capacity is enhanced+

And its not ust the chips inside computers that use nanotechnology+ "he displays

on e3erything from iPods and cell phones to laptops and flat screen "Ls are

shifting to organic light8emitting diodes (;:Ds made from plastic films built

on the nanoscale+

&uto5mobile $ndustry

,f an engine component is made up of Carbon Nano "ube the efficiency of oil

utili#ation is more

:+g+ ,n ayman anguage 1hen *e cut onion into more small pieces put it

into a "A1A *ith 3ery little oil as the pieces are small the oil is used efficiently+


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!old Nano )hells are targeted to bind to cancerous cells by targeting or attaching

Anti8Bodies to Nano )hell surface+

By irradiating the area of tumor *ith an infra red laser *hich passes through the

body flesh *ithout heating it but the gold is heated significantly to cause death to

cancer cells As- any cancer patient ho* to ma-e chemotherapy more endurable and the number

one ans*er *ould li-ely be 2relie3e the side effects5+

Ne* chemotherapy techniGues in3ol3ing the use of drug8coated nanoparticles

promise to do ust that+ Medical researchers at the 1ashington 9ni3ersity )chool of

Medicine in )t+ ouis ha3e coated nanometer8si#ed oil droplets and coated them *ithpo*erful pro3en effecti3e anti8cancer drugs+

;nce inected the nanoparticles conglomerate at locations in cancerous tumors

*here blood 3essel gro*th occurs+ Depri3ed of nutrition the tumors shrin- and die and the results *ere achie3ed *ith drug concentrations &%%% times lo*er than

normally used thus mitigating to4ic and other*ise unpleasant side effects+

c Tissue ngineering N" can help to repair damage tissue through tissue engineering

ma-ing healing faster it includes the use of bio8degradable polymer such asPolycaprolactone coated *ith collagen to promote cell to cell attachment or *ound

healing process

d edical Nano Robots "o create robots close to Microscopic scale of nanometer"hese robots can na3igate through the human body transport important molecules

manipulate *ith microscopic obects also communicate *ith physician by *ay of

miniature sensors+ "hese are computer controlled small robots used in cancerdetection and treatment+ "hese Robots can also distinguish bet*een cancerous cells

normal cells by chec-ing their surface antigen+

Medical robots acting as artificial Red Blood Cells(RBC *hich can deli3er e3en

&%%% times more o4ygen than natural RBC and this is called Respirocyte+

Medical Robots acting as artificial 1hite Blood Cells (1BC to perform the processof phagocytosis ust li-e natural 1BC these are called Microbi3ore+

&any more applications are there I ha'e co'ered the important one do sur( on the

net to (ind more applications o( Nanotechnology

'ome $m#lications o Nanotechnology

& Nanotechnology sounds li-e a *orld of great promise but there are contro3ersialissues too that must be considered and resol3ed+ People ha3e raised concerns that

nanoscale organisms or machines could harm human life or the en3ironment+ ;ne


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b De3elopment of NanoMaterial useful for drug deli3ery safe drin-ing

*ater using Nano )il3er coating on ceramic filters to eliminate Bacteria

Lirus

c Promoting foreign collaboration in Nano8"echnology Programme+

Nobel Prize 2013 (No $ndians This year Toooo)

Nobel Prize or Physics (&n $ndian connection is there here9)

'ol"ing the #rocess o mass ormation

.rancois :nglert Peter 1 Higgs A*arded Nobel Pri#e $%&' for their theory

of ho* particles acGuired mass

,n &/6? they proposed the theory independent of each other+ ,n $%&$ their ideas

*ere confirmed by the disco3ery if Higgs Particle at C:RN("he :uropean

;rgani#ation for Nuclear Research lab outside !ene3a in )*it#erland

*ig *ang Theory

Most astronomers belie3e the 9ni3erse began in a Big Bang about &? billion years ago+

At that time the entire 9ni3erse *as inside a bubble that *as thousands of times smaller

than a pinhead+ ,t *as hotter and denser than anything *e can imagine

"hen it suddenly e4ploded+ "he 9ni3erse that *e -no* *as born+ "ime space and matter

all began *ith the Big Bang+ ,n a fraction of a second the 9ni3erse gre* from smallerthan a single atom to bigger than a gala4y+ And it -ept on gro*ing at a fantastic rate+ ,t is

still e4panding today+

As the 9ni3erse e4panded and cooled energy changed into particles of matter and

antimatter+ "hese t*o opposite types of particles largely destroyed each other+ But somematter sur3i3ed+ More stable particles called protons and neutrons started to form *hen

the 9ni3erse *as one second old+ ;3er the ne4t three minutes the temperature dropped belo* & billion degrees Celsius+ ,t

*as no* cool enough for the protons and neutrons to come together forming hydrogenand helium nuclei+

After '%% %%% years the 9ni3erse had cooled to about '%%% degrees+ Atomic nuclei could

finally capture electrons to form atoms+ "he 9ni3erse filled *ith clouds of hydrogen andhelium gas+


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atter

Matter is e3erything and e3ery*here+ "here are three physical properties of matter

3olume mass and *eight+ "he properties of matter mass 3olume and *eight include

the states of matter the changing states of matterand density+ "he states of matter are

solid liGuid gasplasma and Bose8:instein Condensate+

Pro#erties o atter 8 Matter is made of atomsand molecules+ ,t also is e3erything and

e3ery*here+ Atoms are made ofprotonsneutrons and electrons

*ose5instein *asics

"he Bose8:instein state of matter *as created in &//>by t*o scientists Cornell

and 1eiman they finally created the condensate+

1hen you hear the *ord condensate thin- about condensation and the *ay gas

molecules come together and condense and to a liGuid+
http://prezi.com/lq0j9u2_rxfi/solid-liquid-gas-and-plasma/http://changesinmatterforkids.wordpress.com/http://www.slideshare.net/science619/mass-volume-weight-and-densityhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guoU_cuR8EE&feature=relatedhttp://pluto.space.swri.edu/IMAGE/glossary/plasma.htmlhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-bose-einstein-condensate.htmhttp://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/molecules.htmhttp://propertiesofmatter.wordpress.com/research-paper/http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/neutron.htmhttp://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/electron.htmhttp://prezi.com/lq0j9u2_rxfi/solid-liquid-gas-and-plasma/http://changesinmatterforkids.wordpress.com/http://www.slideshare.net/science619/mass-volume-weight-and-densityhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guoU_cuR8EE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guoU_cuR8EE&feature=relatedhttp://pluto.space.swri.edu/IMAGE/glossary/plasma.htmlhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-bose-einstein-condensate.htmhttp://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/molecules.htmhttp://propertiesofmatter.wordpress.com/research-paper/http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/neutron.htmhttp://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/electron.htm


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"he molecules get denseror pac-ed closer together

"*o other scientists )atyendra Bose(,ndian Connection and Albert :instein had

predicted it in the &/$%s but they didnt ha3e the eGuipment and facilities to ma-eit happen at that time+

No* *e do+ ,f plasmas are super hot and super e4cited atoms the atoms in a

Bose8:instein condensate (B:C are total opposites+ "hey are super une4cited and

super cold atoms+

F Arun Bhai but *hat is condensation

A Condensation happens *hen se3eral gas molecules come together and form a liGuid+ ,t all

happens because of a loss o energy+ !ases are really e4cited atoms+ 1hen they lose energy

they slo* do*n and begin to collect+ "hey can collect into one drop+ 1ater (H$; 3apor in theform of steam condenses on the lid of your pot *hen you boil *ater+ ,t cools on the metal and

becomes a liGuid again+ 0ou *ould then ha3e a condensate+

"he B:C happens at super lo* temperatures+ 1e ha3e

tal-ed about temperature scales and el"in('o 6aterboils at 3:3 )+ At #ero Kel3in (absolute zero allmolecular motion stops+ )cientists ha3e figured out a *ay

to get a temperature only a fe* billionths of a degree

abo3e absolute #ero+


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1hen temperatures get that lo* you can create a B:C *ith a fe* special elements+ Cornell and

1eiman did it *ith rubidium (Rb+

I guess that)s enough to clear atleast *% percent o( your doubts+ Now lets go back to Nobel ri-e$%./

;#lanation or 6hy they 6ere gi"en Nobel Prize

A*arded theory is a central part of the standard model of particle physics that ho* the

*orld is constructed+

According to standard model 8 :3erything from flo*ers people to stars planets

consist of ust a fe* building bloc-s Matter Particles( "hese particles are held together

by strong electrical forces

'tandard odel

The entire standard model also rests on the e4istence of a special -ind of particle "he

Higgs Particle+

"he particle originates from an in3isible field that fills up all space+ :3en *hen the

uni3erse seems empty this field is there *ithout it *e *ould not e4ist because it is from

contact *ith the field that particles acGuire mass+ "he theory that *as proposed by:nglert Higgs describes this process+

;n =uly $%&$ at C:RN lab for Particle physics the theory *as confirmed by thedisco3ery if Higgs particle

C:RN7s particle collider HC(arge Hadron Collider is probably the largest the most

comple4 machine e3er constructed by Humans+ $ !roups of some '%%% scientist each

A"A) CM) managed to e4tract the Higgs from billions of collisions in the HC

But Job Not Done

0es it7s a great achie3ement to ha3e found Higgs Particle 8 the missing piece in the

standard Model Pu##le+ But the standard Model is not the final piece in the cosmic

pu##le+

Reasons

& ,s that the standard Model treats certain particles for e+g+ neutrinos as being 3irtually

mass less but recent study sho*s that they actually do ha3e mass

$ "his model only describes 3isible matter *hich only accounts for &E>th(of all the matter

in the cosmos


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ain -b


23/27

Among other things you *ill also see

& ? Manganese ions

$ & calcium ion

' )e3eral o4ygen atoms

,mage sho*s clearly ho* atoms ions are positioned in relation to each other but it says

nothing about *hat these atoms and ions do+ "his is *hat more chemists *ere interestedto find out but *as not possible before the soft*are de3eloped by the three Nobel

laureates+

"he details of this process are 3irtually impossible to map using traditional methods+

Because many things happen in a fraction of a millisecond 8 a rate that rules out most-inds of test tube e4periments+

And image that you ha3e in your computer for that image it is difficult to guess the

reaction process because it *as ta-en *hen the proteins *here in a state of rest+

And in nature *hen sunlight hits the green lea3es ho*e3er the proteins are filled *ith

energy the entire atomic structure is changed+ ,n laymen language it is difficult to create asoft*are that *ill stimulate the real *orld en3ironment in *hich the chemists *or- into

their home machines and this ob done by ' Nobel pri#e *inners $%&'+

arlier 'ot6are

"he pre3ious soft*are at scientist disposal *as based upon either classical Ne*tonian

physical theories or Guantum physics both *ith *ea-ness and strengths+ Classicalprograms ga3e chemists a good representation of ho* the atoms *ere positioned in the

molecules but only displayed molecules in a state of rest+

During reactions molecules are filled *ith energy they become e4cited+ Classical physics

simply ha3e no understanding for such states a se'ere limitation

)o *hen scientists *anted to stimulate chemical reactions they turned to Guantum physics+

Fuantam physics ,s a theory *here electrons can be both particles and *a3essimultaneously+ ,t is unbiased and e4cludes any of the scientist7s preconceptions ma-ing

simulations more realistic+

)o Classical and Fuantum *ere t*o fundamentally different ri3aling *orlds+ But the

Nobel aureates in Chemistry $%&' ha3e opened a gate bet*een these *orlds+ 0uantum

Chemistry collaborating with classical physics


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All the hard *or- started in &/@%7s and in &/@6 they reached their goal and published the

first computeri#ed model of an en#ymatic reaction+

'ome $m#ortant ontributions

& Program could be used for any -ind of molecule+ )i#e *as no longer an issue+$ )cientists can perform demanding Guantum physical calculations on electrons and atomic

nuclei that directly impact the chemical process+ "he other parts of the molecules are

modeled using classical eGuations+

' ,t is possible to merge se3eral atoms during calculations+

? ,n modern calculations scientists add a third layer to the simulation+ "hey bundle atoms

and molecules into a single homogenous mass called dielectric medium+ "his also can be

done using this soft*are+

Nobel Prize or medicine or Psysiology 2013 (Thomas 'udho, . 'chec/man, +ames

Rothman

Note 1 2ill try to explain this in a nutshell+ Not a expert in 3iology so do (orgi'e and correct me(or the mistake I make+


25/27

.hy = or disco"eries o machine regulating "esicle traic, a ma


26/27

)o Dr )chec-man compared defecti3e cells *ith properly ones+ He *as able to isolate

three different classes of genes mutations in *hich he felt might be the reason for such

chaos

Dr )chec-man ust applied the fundamental principle 2 to -no* ho* an machine can

brea- do*n it is important in understanding it5+ But so is -no*ing ho* it is meant to

*or-+

.or/ by +ames Rothman

Disco3ered the molecular mechanism by *hich indi3idual 3esicles transport their cargoes

to *here they are needed+

He disco3ered a pair of protein comple4es one on the 3esicles one set on their specific

targets that bind to each other li-e $ hal3es of a #ip+

,t7s li-e a pass*ord+ ,f the protein matches the 3esicles opens discharges its cargo if

they do not it remains shut+

.or/ by !r Thomas 'udho

Applied these insights to the specific Guestion of ho* brain cells communicate+ Ner3e

cells tal- to each other *ith a mi4ture of electrical chemical signals+ 1hen a neuron

fires an electrical impulse tra3els do*n its length until it reaches the synapse (,t is the

point *hich one neuron oins *ith another

"hen the electric signal stimulates the release of neuro transmitters speciali#ed

molecules that cross the synaptic gap stimulate the second neuron in turn

)udhof described e4actly ho* an arri3ing electrical impulse stimulates a rush of calciumions into a cell *hich subseGuently causes 3esicles loaded *ith neuro8transmitters to

bind to the cell *all disgorging their contents across the gap+

Nobel Prize or Piece 2013 > -P. (-rganisation o Prohibition o chemical 6ea#ons)9

*ut $ eel alala 4ousazai should ha"e 6on this #rize9

Nobel Prize or conomics 2013 5 :ugene .+ .amaars Peter Hansen and Robert =+ )hiller 8

for Trends#otting in asset mar/ets9

References 8 "he Hindu

***+google+com
http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/


27/27

***+nobelpri#e+org

Name Arun Chettiar

Robotics, Nanosicence and Nobel2013

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