Robert Wade BAHSAP EUROPEAN HISTORY

How effective was Henry VIII versus his daughter Elizabeth I

in dealing with domestic issues in

Tudor England?

Essential Question:Essential Question:

King Henry Tudor VIII

• Born: June 28, 1491, to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.

• Coronated: June 24th, 1509 with his wife Katherine of Aragon. 

• Died: January 28th, 1547 at age 56

Young Life

• Henry was raised to be a pious and devout Catholic– He was awarded the title "Defender

of the Faith“ by the Pope after writing a treatise denouncing Martin Luther's Reformist ideas

• He did not enjoy his father’s stoic and unexciting ruling style, instead favoring exciting court life.

• Henry wrote much poetry throughout his life

Court Life• The court life

initiated by his father evolved into a cornerstone of Tudor government in the reign of Henry VIII.

• Henry loved the extravegance and excitement of the court drama.– He spent much of

his time being entertained by the nobles and met the last five of his wives from his court.

Henry’s Wives

Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533)

Anne Boleyn (1533-1536)

Jane Seymour (1536-1537)

Anne of Cleves (1540)

Catherine Howard (1540-1542)

Katherine Parr (1543-1547)

The “King’s Great Matter”

• Though he and Catherine of Aragon had been married twenty years, Henry’s obsession with creating a male heir made him seek an annulment of his marriage.

• Cardinal Wolsey tried to obtain Pope Clement VII’s permission, but was unable.

• Henry created the Reformation Parliament in 1529

Reformation

Parliament• The break from Rome was accomplished

through law, not social outcry.– This step was only taken after an annulment

from the Pope was deemed impossible.• 137 statutes in seven years• Religious reform movements had already

taken hold in England, but continental Protestantism had yet to find favor with the English people.

• Henry was named the Supreme Head of the Church of England

• 1536- all ecclesiastical and government officials were required to publicly approve of the break with Rome and take an oath of loyalty.

The Acts• An Act of Submission of the Clergy (1534)

– prevented the Church from making any regulations without the King's consent.

• The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act (1534)– required the clergy to elect Bishops

nominated by the Sovereign. • The Act of Supremacy (1534)

– declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England“

• The Treasons Act (1534) – made it high treason, punishable by death, to

refuse to acknowledge the King as the Church leader.

• Act of Succesion (1534)– Rejecting the decisions of the Pope,

Parliament validated the marriage between Henry and Anne.

Dissolution of Monasteries

• Monastic lands and possessions were broken up and sold off. – In the 1520s, some monasteries

were closed down to pay for colleges like Oxford and Ipswich

– In 1535-6, another 200 smaller monasteries were dissolved

– 1539, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown.  

After the Break

• Henry became disillusioned after the break with the Catholic Church– Consequently, much of the

remainder of Henry’s reign is relatively unexciting.

• Henry’s religious policies were somewhat confusing, as he considered himself a Catholic until the end of his life.

The Royal Navy

• Henry is considered the father of the Royal Navy

• He engaged in naval warfare during his term and put a large investment into building a succesful fleet, creating dockyards and supporting naval innovations

• He did not, however, leave a running Navy for his succesors. – There was no structured system

to continue the tradition.

Succession• The Act of Succesion (1544)

– Henry gave the crown to his only surviving son, Edward

• Edward was the first Protestant monarch to rule England.

– In the event of a death without children, Edward was to be succeeded Mary, his daughter by his first wife.

– If Mary did not have children, she was to be succeeded Elizabeth, his daughter by his second wife, Anne Boleyn.

– Finally, if Elizabeth also did not have children, she was to be succeded by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor

How He Left the Country

• England was an impoverished country torn apart by religious squabbles.

• However, Henry's reformation had produced dangerous Protestant-Roman Catholic differences in the kingdom. The monasteries' wealth had been spent on wars and had also built up the economic strength of the aristocracy and other families in the counties, which in turn was to encourage ambitious Tudor court factions.

Queen Elizabeth Tudor I

• Born: September 7, 1533 to King Henry VIII and

Anne Boleyn, his second wife.

• Coronated: January 15, 1559 at Westminster Abbey

• Died: March 24, 1603 at age 69

'Proud and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the authority of the Church.... She prides herself on her father and glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the same way as the Queen.'  

– the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557

Pre-Ruling Conflicts

• Before she became Queen, Elizabeth, a Protestant, clashed with her sister Mary and other Catholics.– While her brother Edward was King,

Elizabeth was unrightfully implicated in a plot to overthrow the young King by his uncle Thomas Seymour.

– Then, in the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554, Queen Mary accused Elizabeth of being in the plot to overthrow her.

The Captivity of Elizabeth

• After the Wyatt Rebellion, Elizabeth was locked up in the Tower of London even though there was no evidence against her.

• She was then moved to the gate house at Woodstock Manor in Oxfordshire for one year.

• She was let go at the bequest of Mary’s husband, King Phillip of Spain.

Elizabeth’s Refusal to Marry

• Most thought that the Queen would marry within her first year or so as Queen.

• Elizabeth valued the independence she had and did not feel she needed a man to guide her.

• It would have also been politically difficult for her to choose a suitable husband.

• The Privy Council, whose job it was to choose a husband for the Queen, was too divided to ever agree on a suitable mate.– This made it much easier for Elizabeth

to refuse any marriage suggestions or proposals.

State of Affairs in 1558

'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast friendship abroad.' 

– An anonymous contemporary observer in 1558

Re-Establishing Protestantism

• After Elizabeth was named Queen, she re-established the Protestant Church in England.

• She herself believed in toleration of all religions.– She was often forced to take a

harsher stance on punishment of Catholics because of the schism between the two sects.

– ‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith… all else is a dispute over trifles.’

The Act of Supremacy

• Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the Church of England.

• Title of monarch modified to "Supreme Governor of the Church in England". 

• Also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take. – If they did not take it, then they

would lose their office. 

The Act of Uniformity

• Implemented in the summer of 1559• Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing

a set form of worship. • The Prayer books of Edward VI were

fused into one, and were to be used in every church in the land.

• Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was made compulsory.

• The wording of the Communion was to be vague so that Protestants and Catholics could both participate,

• Had trouble getting passed through Parliament. – A large number of the Parliament,

extremists on both sides, opposed the bill

Puritans• Puritans put power in the local parish,

above anything else, which put it in direct conlict with the monarchy.

• The Church of England was more dedicated to England and the Queen than to God, which troubled Protestants

• Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement underground.  – John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury,

adopted some reforms, but did not want to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I had created Protestant ones. 

– He was also more interested in establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine. 

The Northern Rebellion

• In 1569, The Catholics of Northern England started a rebellion with the hopes of taking away the English crown from Elizabeth and giving it to Mary, Queen of Scots.

• Led by two members of the Northern nobility:– Charles Neville– Thomas Percy

• Led to a Papal Bull set forth by Pope Pius V, The Bull of Deposition (Regnans in Excelsis), excommunicating Elizabeth.– The Bull of Deposition was issued after the

putting down of the rebellion but it led Elizabeth to stop her policy of religious toleration.

• The Catholic powers of Europe were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen as she was a heretic and enemy of the true faith. 

Political Skill

• Elizabeth’s approach to the monarchy was drastically different from any of her predecessors because of her willingness to listen to those around her.– She would change a policy if it

was unpopular. – Her approach to politics was

serious, conservative, and cautious.

Advisors

• Elizabeth was especially gifted at choosing smart people to help her lead.

Sir Francis Walsingham,The Queen’s Spymaster

Sir William CecilSecretary of State

Indecisive or Compromising?

• Many were annoyed by the Queen’s refusal to take sides on the issue of religion.– Protestants felt

that she should be more harsh in her treatment of Catholics and punish their religious worship as crime.

• But by not persecuting Catholics, she struck a balance that lasted through much of her reign.– She had to

endure much less political struggle than her siblings, who were more extremist towards either side.

Scotland

• After Mary was forced out of Scotland and fled to England, Elizabeth locked her up in the Tower of London for 20 years.

• Although Elizabeth did not want to have her cousin executed, she was forced to send Mary to execution after the plot of Babington was uncovered.

• Many believed that Mary, Queen of Scots, a catholic, was the rightful Queen of England.

• Since Mary too was a female sovereign Queen, Elizabeth was careful about how she recognized Mary’s power because she didn’t want to be in the same situation.

Succession

• On her deathbed, Elizabeth passed the crown onto James of Scotland.– He was the son of Mary, Queen of

Scots, Elizabeth’s cousin

• Elizabeth felt comfortable in giving the crown to James because he had been raised by Protestant minister with whom Elizabeth had a correspondence.

How She Left the Country

• England was one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world.

• It had proved itself to be the strongest Naval force in the World.

Conclusion

• Overall, Elizabeth was much better at handling the conflicts between feuding portions of the country.– Elizabeth’s skills as a realpolitique

helped her manage the balance between the Catholic and Protestant sects.

– Henry was much more of a traditional monarch and spent more time on his social and romantic life than on leading the country.

Reading

• YOU NEED THIS FOR POV TEST MONDAY!!!

• Minimum: Text 404-408• Recommended: Text 369-

372, 380, 403-408