Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

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Robert Arlinghaus Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Adaptfish-Project, Berlin, Germany Inland Fisheries Management Laboratory, Humboldt- University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany A Global Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries: an Initiative by EIFAC

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A Global Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries: an Initiative by EIFAC. Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Adaptfish-Project, Berlin, Germany - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Page 1: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Robert ArlinghausRobert Arlinghaus

EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Adaptfish-Project, Berlin, Germany

Inland Fisheries Management Laboratory, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

A Global Code of Practice for

Recreational Fisheries: an Initiative by EIFAC

Page 2: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC)

• Statuary body of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations

• Inter-governmental networking forum linking policy-makers, managers and scientists working on inland fisheries and aquaculture

• Scientific work undertaken in Working Parties led by specialists from member countries

Page 3: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Why recreational fisheries? Because it is important and widespread

• Average participation rate: 10.6%• Hotspots: Scandinavia, Australia, Eastern Europe, North

AmericaArlinghaus & Cooke 2009). In: Dickson et al. (eds.), Blackwell Science

Page 4: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Social, economic and ecological importance

1. Most important direct user of freshwater fish stocks (Arlinghaus & Cooke 2005, Science)

2. Feeds a multi-billion industry (Arlinghaus et al. 2002, Fish Fish.)

3. Incentives and engagement in fish conservation (Granek et al., 2008, Cons. Biol.)

4. Overlooked potential for biological impacts (harvesting, stocking)

Page 5: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Increasingly noticed biological impacts of recreational harvesting

Rainbow trout:1960-1980, CPUE 5.6 -> 0.25 fish/h,Total effort doubled

Walleye:1980-1990CPUE 0.25 -> 0.02 fish/ha

Pike:1960-1990CPUE 0.4 -> 0.04 fish/h

Younger, larger fluctuations in year class strenght

Bioscience

Fisheries

Science

Science

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Changes in structural attributes of the fish stock

23.3

15.3

15.5

5.1

5.5

0

39.5

43.5

25.4

3.4

1.4

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Zreizal

Banzao

Tablizas

Moal

Naviego

Gedrez

Na

me

de

r G

ew

äs

se

rstr

ec

ke

in

Sp

an

ien

Prozent am Gesamtfischbestand

Brown trout > age 4Brown trout of „large“ size

data: Braña et al. (1992), Hydrobiologia

Exploited

Unexploited

Fish

ery

Low frequency of large and old individuals in heavily exploited stocks (catch-and-kill fishery)

Relative frequency (%)

Page 7: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Potential impacts of stocking

Hoch

Competition(intraspecific, interspecific)

Predation(mostly top-predators stocked)

Introduction of novel pathogens(Gyrodactylus salaris; Anguillicola crassus, KHV, viruses and bacteria)

Loss of genetic variability(introgression, outbreeding depression)Lewin, Arlinghaus & McPhee (2008), In: Aas, Arlinghaus et al., Blackwell

Science

Page 8: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

A major problem throughout the world (Johnson et al. 2008, Front. Ecol. Evol.)

Often illegal introduction by anglers or live release from bait buckets (Johnson, Arlinghaus & Martinez, 2009, Fisheries)

Introduction of exotic species and genotypes

Page 9: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Radical Calls

Page 10: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Pressing issues for the future

• Ethics and values – fish welfare, public attitudes towards fishing, conservation values, behaviour of a minority of fishers etc. result in intersectoral conflicts

• Intrasectoral conflicts - Horizontal conflicts between stakeholders, vertical conflicts between authorities and users

• Fishery declines and sustainability - recreational fishing sector has potential to negatively affect fish and fisheries

• Stocking - meeting environmental goals and fishers can mean conflicting demands in more natural water bodies

• Non-native species - detrimental effects from the stocking of non-native fish for recreation

Page 11: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Codes of Practice in Recreational Fisheries

• Exist in some countries for local, regional or even national application produced either by fisheries authorities or NGOs (e.g., Nordic Angler Association)

• Need for more international agreement on good practice expressed at various World Recreational Fishing Conferences, starting in 1996 in Dublin (Hickley 1998)

Page 12: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

EIFAC Working Party Publications

• Output of Working Party on Recreational Fisheries

• English is official version, but is being translated by volunteers into other languages (currently available French, Spanish, Russian, Portuguese)

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• Experts of 17 different nations ranging from mangers, scientists, NGOs and avid anglers collaborated under the leadership of the WP on Recreational Fisheries

• Consultation workshop in November 2007 at the Dutch Sport Fishing Organization

• Endorsed in May 2008 by EIFAC

The drafting process

Page 14: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Rationale

• Recreational fishing the most important user of most inland fish stocks and many coastal ones in industrialized countries (Arlinghaus et al. 2002, Fish Fish.)

• Diversity in fisheries types but similar rights and plight• Largely overlooked in international policy on fisheries

and sustainable fisheries management

A Global Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries needed to complement the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO 1995) with the specifics of recreational fisheries

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Role of a Code of Practice Cowx & Arlinghaus, 2008, In: Aas et al. (eds), Blackwell

Publ.

National animal welfare legislation

National environmental legislation

National fisheries legislation

International agreements and

conventions

Regional fisheries regulations

Local fisheries management, angler behaviour, conflicts

Code of Practice

Code of Practice

Code of Practice

Page 16: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

• Works from assumption that recreational fisheries is a legitimate activity providing a vital source of benefits and well-being for people and ecosystems

• Acknowledges the importance of the recreational fisheries sector to help society in conserving and enhancing aquatic habitats

• Code of Practice designed to outline a minimum standards for environmentally friendly, ethically appropriate and, depending on local conditions, socially acceptable recreational fishing globally

• Is entirely voluntary and generic enough to fit alongside national legislation and regional best practice guidelines

Framework of the Code of Practice

Page 17: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Overarching goals Cowx & Arlinghaus (2008), In: Aas et al. (eds),

Blackwell

• To increase awareness of recreational fisheries in the policy arena

• To increase acceptance of the sector as a major player in the world’s fisheries

• To improve management and development of recreational fisheries

• To improve the image of recreational fisheries within society

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• To promote sustainable recreational fisheries

• To serve as a reference document to guide institutional and policy frameworks nationally and internationally

• To promote international exchange of knowledge and stimulate discussion

• To facilitate cooperation among researchers, managers and NGOs

• To “prepare” the recreational fisheries sector to burgeoning threats (e.g., animal liberation and rights movement)

Specific objectives (Arlinghaus et al., Fisheries, in review)

Page 19: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

The Challenge of a Generic Definition

Definition: Recreational fishing is fishing of aquatic animals that do not constitute the individual’s primary resource to meet nutritional needs and are not generally sold or otherwise traded on export, domestic or black markets (EIFAC 2008)

Page 20: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Structure: 13 Articles

4: General Principles

5: Env. Stewardship 6: Instit. Framework

9: Fish Welfare 10: Stakeholder Inter.

7: Compliance, Enforc. 8: Fishing Practice

11: Mgmt. 12: Research 13: Aware., Educ.

2: Objectives 3: Implement. + Upd.1: Nature & Scope

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LogicArticle 1: Nature and Scope

Article 2: Objectives

Article 3: Implementation and Updating

INTRODUCTION

Article 4: General Principles

Article 5: Environmental Stewardship And Ethics

VALUES

POLICYArticle 6: Policy and Institutional Frameworks

Article 7: Compliance and Enforcement

TECHNICAL SUBSTANCEArticle 8: Recreational Fishing Practice

Article 9: Fish Welfare

Article 10: Stakeholder Interactions

Article 11: Management

NEW KNOWLEDGEArticle 12: Research

Article 13: Awareness, Education and TrainingPROMOTION and

EDUCATION

• Hierarchical structure

• From the general to the particular

• Keys are the articles on Technical Substance and New Knowledge

Arlinghaus et al. (2010), Fish. Magmt. Ecol.

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Articles 1-3: Introduction

• Scope (voluntary, recreational fisheries sector, EIFAC)

• Objectives statement as outlined before• Authority for updating of the Code in the future

1: Nature & Scope

2: Objectives

3: Implement.& Updating

Page 23: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Articles 4 and 5: Values

• To protect, promote and encourage access to recreational fishing

• To ensure sustainable use, conservation and management of recreational fisheries

• To avoid irreversible, costly or slowly reversible changes to aquatic biodiversity

• To avoid conflicts with commercial fisheries and other users of aquatic ecosystems

• To raise awareness that recreational fisheries can impact on fish stocks and aquatic ecosystems and encourage actions to minimize such impacts through best practice• Environmental stewardship: moral obligation to care for

aquatic environments and the actions undertaken to provide that care

4: General Principles 5: Env. Stewards

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Articles 6 and 7: Policy

• Governments, administrations and decision-makers should:

- establish policy and regulatory frameworks for the management of recreational fisheries

- provide resources and mechanisms for enforcement of rules and regulations

- ensure that the recreational fisheries sector is involved in other activities related to aquatic ecosystem management, conservation and planning

- provide the mechanisms to settle conflicts

6: Instit. Framework 7:Compl., Enforc.

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LogicArticle 1: Nature and Scope

Article 2: Objectives

Article 3: Implementation and Updating

INTRODUCTION

Article 4: General Principles

Article 5: Environmental Stewardship And Ethics

VALUES

POLICYArticle 6: Policy and Institutional Frameworks

Article 7: Compliance and Enforcement

TECHNICAL SUBSTANCEArticle 8: Recreational Fishing Practice

Article 9: Fish Welfare

Article 10: Stakeholder Interactions

Article 11: Management

NEW KNOWLEDGEArticle 12: Research

Article 13: Awareness, Education and TrainingPROMOTION and

EDUCATION

• Hierarchical structure

• From the general to the particular

• Keys are the articles on Technical Substance and New Knowledge

Arlinghaus et al. (2010), Fish. Magmt. Ecol.

Page 26: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Article 8: Recreational Fishing Practices

• Detailed, yet mostly common-sense, provisions related to

– Safety while fishing– Fish stocks (e.g. not take more than needed, not

leave gear unattended, where feasible – gill nets, traps exceptions)

– Litter (e.g. do not litter and remove litter from others)

– Environment and habitats (e.g. not illegally stock or transfer live fish, avoid damage to vegetation, avoid disturbance of waterfowl)

8: Fishing Pract.

Page 27: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Article 9: Fish Welfare

• Focuses on what happens to the individual fish• No reference to contentious issues such as pain and

suffering• Function-based definition: good welfare means that

an individual fish is in good health, with its biological systems functioning properly and with no impairment of fitness

9: Fish Welfare

Page 28: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Provisions in the Code

B. Catch-and-release, voluntary or manadatory

A. Live baitfish, killing process

C. Holding fish alive, weigh-in

Page 29: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Article 10: Stakeholder Interactions

• Emphasises often-overlooked basic principles such as:

- To understand that some human activities have priority over recreational fishing

- To respect the values and perspectives of other stakeholders

- To respect the rights of land owners- To respect other people’s privacy at the fishing

site- To work cooperatively to resolve conflicts

10: Stakeholder Interact.

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Article 11: Management

• Emphasizes basic management principles such as

– Ecosystem approach – Precautionary approach

11: Mgmt.

Page 31: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Article 11: Management

• Emphasizes basic management principles such as

– Ecosystem approach – Precautionary approach– Structured management process by

identification of goals and measurable objectives– Adaptive management though monitoring and

evaluation of actions– Decisions based on the best available science

11: Mgmt.

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Learning &Adaptation

Improvement of

policies

Governance regime & institutional settings

Adaptive learning and management

Page 33: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Article 11: Management

• Emphasizes basic management principles such as

– Ecosystem approach – Precautionary approach– Structured management process by

identification of goals and measurable objectives– Adaptive management though monitoring and

evaluation of actions– Decisions must be based on the best available

science– Management at three levels: people, fish,

environment

11: Mgmt.

Page 34: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

• Size limits• Creel limits and harvest quotas• Season limits• Area restrictions (sanctuaries)• Gear restrictions• Prevention of stocking Stocking Habitat enhancement Fish removal

People

Fish, habitats

Management toolbox

Page 35: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Account for a diverse fishing clientele, manage for diversity (no panaceas)

Johnston, Arlinghaus, Dieckmann, 2010, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

020406080

100

Generic

0 25 50 75 100

Consumptive

Minimum-size limit (cm)

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mb

er o

f an

gli

ng

lic

ense

s

Trophy Mixed anglers

0 25 50 75 100

020406080

100

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Article 12: Research12: Research

• Emphasizes the need for cooperation between researchers and local stakeholders, e.g. to identify research questions

• Highlights multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of recreational fisheries research, specifically the need to integrate natural and social sciences

• Emphasizes the need for standardised monitoring programmes of fish and fisher dynamics to enable timely and well-grounded management responses

• Emphasizes need to document knowledge in published form

Page 37: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Article 13: Awareness, Education and Training 13: Awareness, Educ.

• To disseminate new information, policies and regulations to the fishing public

• To communicate recent advances in recreational fisheries science objectively

• To invest funds for education and outreach programs

• To promote awareness of the CoP internationally and development of more specific regional and local codes (e.g. tailored towards particular fish species)

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Summary and Outlook

• Framework that describes minimum standard of best practice principles, approaches and actions

• Useful for policy makers, NGOs, recreational fishing industry, managers and scientists as a communication tool for best practices

• May develop into a tool to facilitate assessment of recreational fisheries

• To be viable, it needs to be adopted by the international community and applied nationally and regionally and possibly further developed to meet regional specifics

• Technical Guidelines for Recreational Fisheries will be drafted under the auspices of FAO in 2011 to provide more substance to the rather densely-written and rather generic principles of the Code

Page 39: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Acknowledgements

• Raymon van Anrooy (FAO) for encouragement and drive for funding

• Financial support from the Central Fisheries Board in Ireland (Joe Caffrey), the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (Arjo Rothuis), the Dutch Recreational Fishing Association (Fret Bloot) and the Adaptfish-Project (www.adaptfish.igb-berlin.de)

• 28 participants at international workshop in Bilthoven (The Netherlands) in November 2007 and EIFAC experts for their constructive feedback on earlier drafts

• The organizers of this symposium for the invitation!

Page 40: Robert Arlinghaus EIFAC, Sub-Commission IV, WP Recreational Fisheries

Access to the Document

ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0363e/i0363e00.pdf