Roaring TwentiesRoaring Twenties

Unit VIAUnit VIA

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Fundamental QuestionFundamental Question

►Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Progressive Era reforms and did it Progressive Era reforms and did it reflect its description as “roaring”?reflect its description as “roaring”?

““A Return to Normalcy”A Return to Normalcy”

►Dedication and inspiration for Dedication and inspiration for Progressive reform wanedProgressive reform waned

►Americans apprehensive about Americans apprehensive about becoming a world power after WWIbecoming a world power after WWI

►Returning soldiers and paranoia of Returning soldiers and paranoia of WWI reestablished a conservative and WWI reestablished a conservative and isolationist societyisolationist society

►A reinvigoration of American business A reinvigoration of American business prosperity and consumerismprosperity and consumerism

America’s Consumer SocietyAmerica’s Consumer Society

► Competition increased against trusts/monopoliesCompetition increased against trusts/monopolies► Real income increased for most workersReal income increased for most workers

Avoid agitation of unionsAvoid agitation of unions Production and profits through mass production Production and profits through mass production

techniquestechniques►Wide variety and availability of consumer Wide variety and availability of consumer

productsproducts Model TModel T Domestic appliancesDomestic appliances

► Installment plansInstallment plans► National advertisingNational advertising► Automobiles – the new railroadAutomobiles – the new railroad

Consumer AdsConsumer Ads

Republican DominationRepublican Domination

►Republican Congress, Presidents, Republican Congress, Presidents, appointed commissions, and appointed commissions, and conservative Supreme Court pursued conservative Supreme Court pursued and sided with pro-business policiesand sided with pro-business policies

►Regulation as a form of stabilization, Regulation as a form of stabilization, but generally a hands-off approach to but generally a hands-off approach to the national economythe national economy

Election of 1920Election of 1920

Warren G. Harding (R) (1920-Warren G. Harding (R) (1920-1923)1923)

► ““Return to normalcy.”Return to normalcy.”► Bureau of the BudgetBureau of the Budget► Revenue Act of 1921Revenue Act of 1921

Tax cuts for wealthyTax cuts for wealthy► Fordney-McCumber Tariff Fordney-McCumber Tariff

(1922)(1922) Increase tariff rates, Increase tariff rates,

especially on industrial especially on industrial goodsgoods

► ScandalousScandalous Teapot Dome – bribes for oil Teapot Dome – bribes for oil

fieldsfields Veteran’s Bureau fraud and Veteran’s Bureau fraud and

briberybribery Attorney General bribed by Attorney General bribed by

almost everyonealmost everyone► Harding died in officeHarding died in office

Election of 1924Election of 1924

Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-1928)1928)

► ““The business of the The business of the United States is United States is business.”business.”

► Revenue Act of 1926Revenue Act of 1926 More tax cuts for the More tax cuts for the

wealthywealthy

► Vetoed veterans’ Vetoed veterans’ benefits and farm benefits and farm assistance, but assistance, but overruled by overruled by CongressCongress

Election of 1928Election of 1928

Herbert Hoover (R) (1928-Herbert Hoover (R) (1928-1932)1932)

►Never ran for Never ran for elected office; elected office; worked under last worked under last three presidentsthree presidents

► Campaigned on Campaigned on prosperity of last prosperity of last Republican Republican presidents and to presidents and to continue policiescontinue policies

1920s Social Turmoil1920s Social Turmoil► BlacksBlacks

White resentment on blacks in job marketWhite resentment on blacks in job market Lynches increasedLynches increased Ku Klux Klan returnsKu Klux Klan returns Universal Negro Improvement Association and Marcus GarveyUniversal Negro Improvement Association and Marcus Garvey

► Unsuccessful migration plan to return to AfricaUnsuccessful migration plan to return to Africa► Nativists and ImmigrantsNativists and Immigrants

Palmer Raids and Red Scare prejudice continue on with Sacco and Palmer Raids and Red Scare prejudice continue on with Sacco and Vanzetti caseVanzetti case

Quota lawsQuota laws► Emergency Quota Act (1921) – 3% of person in U.S. in 1910Emergency Quota Act (1921) – 3% of person in U.S. in 1910► National Origins Act (1924) – 2% of persons in U.S. in 1890National Origins Act (1924) – 2% of persons in U.S. in 1890

Max of 150,000 non-WesternMax of 150,000 non-Western► ProhibitionProhibition

Enforced in rural areas; blind eye in urban areasEnforced in rural areas; blind eye in urban areas SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies Bootlegging and rise of organized crime/bribesBootlegging and rise of organized crime/bribes

► WomenWomen Voted as husbands didVoted as husbands did Homemaker, domestic jobs, low wagesHomemaker, domestic jobs, low wages Divorces becoming more attainableDivorces becoming more attainable

KKK as Rural TerroristsKKK as Rural Terrorists

Immigration and QuotasImmigration and Quotas

SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies

Culture Conflict and ChangeCulture Conflict and Change► ReligionReligion

Election of 1928 showed disdain of Protestants and CatholicsElection of 1928 showed disdain of Protestants and Catholics Modernism vs. fundamentalism among ChristiansModernism vs. fundamentalism among Christians Scopes Trial – creationism and evolutionScopes Trial – creationism and evolution

► Hero WorshipHero Worship Individual success amidst a sea of conformityIndividual success amidst a sea of conformity Babe Ruth, Charles Lindbergh, Charlie ChaplinBabe Ruth, Charles Lindbergh, Charlie Chaplin

► Entertainment develops mass cultureEntertainment develops mass culture Radio broadcasts news, sports, game shows, dramas, comediesRadio broadcasts news, sports, game shows, dramas, comedies Movie industry rises with silent films and talkiesMovie industry rises with silent films and talkies

► Jazz AgeJazz Age American youth break with American social and rural-based American youth break with American social and rural-based

traditionstraditions Flapper girlFlapper girl Jazz music and clubsJazz music and clubs

► ““The Lost Generation”The Lost Generation” Disillusionment with American culture and society as materialistic Disillusionment with American culture and society as materialistic

and consumer-drivenand consumer-driven Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway (The Sun Also Rises(The Sun Also Rises, , A Farewell to ArmsA Farewell to Arms)),, F. F.

Scott Fitzgerald (Scott Fitzgerald (The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby))► Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance

Poets, musicians, painters, authors on black themes and culturePoets, musicians, painters, authors on black themes and culture

Flapper Girl and Sexual Flapper Girl and Sexual DirectionDirection

Babe RuthBabe Ruth

Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin

American Foreign AffairsAmerican Foreign Affairs

►Washington Conference (1921)Washington Conference (1921) 5:5:3 naval ratio5:5:3 naval ratio Respect China and Open Door policyRespect China and Open Door policy

► Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) Aggressive war illegal; defensive war legalAggressive war illegal; defensive war legal

► Foreign investmentsForeign investments Middle East oil investmentsMiddle East oil investments Protection of Latin America investmentsProtection of Latin America investments

►War debts and Dawes PlanWar debts and Dawes Plan Cycle of American bank loans to Germany to pay Cycle of American bank loans to Germany to pay

reparations to France/GB to pay war debts to reparations to France/GB to pay war debts to AmericaAmerica