Roaming101_Mackay.pdf

International

Roaming

International RoamingInternational Roaming

Student Guide

80-WO308-1 Rev D

Material Use RestrictionsThese written materials are to be used only in conjunction with the associated instructor-led class. They are not intended to be used solely as reference material.

No part of these written materials may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of QUALCOMM Incorporated.

Copyright 2006 QUALCOMM Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Export of this technology may be controlled by the United States Government. Diversion contrary to U.S. law prohibited.

CDG is a registered trademark of the CDMA Development Group. QUALCOMM is a registered trademark and registered service mark of QUALCOMM Incorporated. CDMA University is a trademark of QUALCOMM Incorporated.

cdma2000 is a registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association. Used under license. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

International Roaming 80-W0308-1 Rev DTable of Contents

International

RoamingAbout CDMA University

CDMA University training is now offered by the CDMA Development Group (CDG) in association with QUALCOMM. This partnership strives to continually improve training needs assessment and outreach to the CDMA community.

CDMA University (CDMAU) offers the advanced technology training solutions you need to stay on the cutting edge of wireless technology.

Visit www.cdmauniversity.com for more information about individual training products and international training centers, along with a complete list of classes all developed and delivered by QUALCOMM, the pioneers of CDMA.

CDMA University: www.cdmauniversity.com

CDMA Development Group (CDG): www.cdg.org

QUALCOMM: www.qualcomm.com

Notes

iii


International

RoamingWhere Can I Learn More?

Packet Data Roaming Roaming Authentication SMS Roaming PRL Technical Workshop

Want to learn more?CDMA University offers additional in-depth technical training related to this course. To learn more about this or related topics, sign up for the following courses.

To check out the schedules for these courses and enroll email cdg.org or contact your CDG Carrier Relations contact.

Notes

iv


v

International

RoamingCDMA Courses from CDMA University

For the latest information on all CDMA University courses, visit http://www.cdmauniversity.com/.

Notes


vi

Table of Contents Section 1: Introduction to International Roaming ... 1-1 Course Roadmap 1-2 Section Learning Objectives .. 1-3 CDG Roaming Project ... 1-4 CDG IRT Organization .. 1-5 Resources for Operators . 1-6 What is International Roaming? . 1-7 Key Roaming Terms .. 1-8 Benefits of Roaming ... 1-11

Expanded Network . 1-12 Increased Revenue . 1-13 Competitive 1-14 Customer Satisfaction . 1-15

Reference Documentation .. 1-16 What We Learned .. 1-23

Section 2: Business Elements of Roaming .. 2-1 Section Learning Objectives ... 2-2 Developing a Business Case ... 2-3

Business Costs 2-4 Business Revenue ... 2-5 Business Margin . 2-6

Selecting Potential Partners 2-7 Roaming Partner Qualification Form . 2-8

Roaming Agreements . 2-9 Roaming Agreement Template ... 2-10 Features and Services . 2-11 Charging Principles 2-12 Operations .. 2-13 Fraud .. 2-14 Wholesale Billing .. 2-15 Settlements . 2-16 Other Information .. 2-17

What We Learned .. 2-18

Section 3: Technical Elements of Voice Roaming .. 3-1 Section Learning Objectives 3-2 Home Service .. 3-3 Automatic Roaming Service 3-4

Intersystem Connections for Roaming 3-5 SS7 and ANSI-41 Protocols 3-6 ANSI 41 .. 3-7 ANSI-41 Inter-connection Serving, Home and In-between 3-8 Inter-connecting SS7 Networks . 3-9

Elements of Technical Data Exchange Explanation 3-10


vii

Acquiring a Roaming Network Identifying a CDMA Network ... 3-12 Roamer Network Acquisition PRL Key Functions .. 3-13

Network Acquisition 3-14 Granting Access to a Roamer .. 3-15

Registration .. 3-16 Mobile Identification 3-17

Susceptibility of identity information .. 3-19 Authentication .. 3-20

Authentication Key (A-key) 3-21 Shared Secret Data (SSD) 3-22 Benefits of using SSD . 3-24 Challenge-response concept 3-25 Types of challenges . 3-27 Roaming on a network that authenticates 3-28

Keeping Track of a Roamer 3-29 Voice Calls in a Roaming Environment . 3-30 Roamer Originating a Call .. 3-31 Terminating a Call to a Roamer .. 3-32 Why Call Delivery to a Roamer May Fail 3-33

Billing, Data Clearing, and Settlement 3-34 Billing Record Formats 3-35 CIBER Overview . 3-36 Billing, Data Clearing & Clearinghouses 3-37 How a Call Gets into CIBER Records 3-38 Call Data Clearing ... 3-39 Financial Clearing and Net Settlement 3-40

What We Learned 3-41

Section 4: SMS 4-1 Section Learning Objectives 4-2 What is SMS? .. 4-3 SMS Roaming Network Elements ... 4-4 Air Interface . 4-5 Message Addressing 4-6 SMS Routing 4-7 Service Authorization .. 4-9 Mobile-Originated (MO) SMS Indirect Routing .. 4-10 Mobile-Terminated (MT) SMS Message Flow Simple 4-11 MT SMS Message Flow Delayed Delivery . 4-12 Mobile-Originated (MO) SMS Direct Routing . 4-13 International Roaming Challenges 4-14 Roaming Service Provider 4-15 SMS Network Issues 4-16 Billing Requirements 4-19

Billing Challenges of Current Networks . 4-20 Current Solutions for Roaming Billing 4-21


viii

Current Billing Challenges .. 4-22 What We Learned 4-23

Section 5: Packet Data Roaming .. 5-1 Section Learning Objectives 5-2 Packet Data Roaming Overview . 5-3 Steps in Packet Data Roaming 5-4

EV-DO Hybrid Devices .. 5-5 Packet Data System Selection . 5-6 1xRTT Access Authentication . 5-7 EV-DO Access Authentication 5-8 EV-DO Access Authentication 5-9

Access authentication comparison .. 5-10 IP Access Options 5-11 Matrix of combinations 5-12 Roaming IP Access with Simple IP . 5-13 Simple IP Roaming Pros/Cons . 5-14 Implementing Roaming with L2TP . 5-15 L2TP Roaming Pros/Con . 5-16 Roaming IP Access with Mobile IP . 5-17

Mobile IP Roaming Pros/Con .. 5-18 Data Authentication . 5-19 Data Authentication with Simple IP 5-20 Data Authentication with L2TP .. 5-21 Data Authentication with Mobile IP 5-23

Billing for Packet Data Roaming 5-25 Bilateral Billing for Packet Data Roaming . 5-28 Packet Data Roaming and CRX Billing .. 5-29

Packet Data Charging & Settlement 5-30 Inter Operator Settlement 5-31 Settlement Discrepancies 5-32

Data Authentication with Mobile IP ... 5-33 Packet Data Roaming Recommendations ... 5-40 Existing CDG PD Roaming Reference Documents 5-41 PD Roaming Implementation Flow 5-42 Process Flow 5-43 Mapping of Documents to Process . 5-44 Basic Guidance 5-45 Industry Survey of Architectures . 5-46 Roaming Architecture Definition 5-47 Partner Selection and Qualification . 5-48 Business Relationship and Terms 5-49 Technical Information Exchange 5-50 Configuration and Implementation .. 5-51 Testing .. 5-52 Launch! 5-53


ix

Reference Websites . 5-54 Packet Data Working Group Issue Discussion ... 5-55 What We Learned 5-56

Section 6: PRL Enhancements . 6-1 Section Learning Objectives 6-2 Preferred Roaming List Key Issues . 6-3 CDG Resolution for PRL Enhancement .. 6-4

PRL enhancements: how they work 6-5 Implementing the CDG Resolution . 6-6 Infrastructure Impact 6-7 Handset Impacts ... 6-8 Operator Implementation Aspects 6-9 PRL Enhancement Resolution Benefits 6-10 Preferred Roaming List PRL Enhancement Benefits 6-11

What We Learned 6-12

Section 7: Roaming Implementation . 7-1 Section Learning Objectives . 7-2 Keep it simple for the customer 7-3 Implementation Overview . 7-4 CDG Voice Roaming Documents . 7-6 CDG SMS Roaming Documents .. 7-7 Phase 1 - Key Pre Launch steps 7-8

Roles . 7-9 Organization .. 7-10 Information Management .. 7-11 Establish Roaming Team .. 7-12 Roaming Plan 7-13 Billing: Pricing Guidelines 7-14 Key Pre Launch steps . 7-15 Business Readiness 7-16 Billing . 7-17 Customer Care 7-18 Types of Roaming Fraud 7-19

Why is it a greater concern in roaming? . 7-20 Tools to prevent fraud 7-21

Competitive Research . 7-22 Planning Launch Criteria 7-23 Provisioning Information . 7-24 Home Network. 7-25 Information Exchange .. 7-26

Roaming Partner TDS Exchange . 7-27 Checklist .. 7-28

End of Phase 1: Pre-launch Activities Completed .. 7-29 Launch Activities Phase 2 7-30


x

Launch Activities . 7-31 Selecting your Roaming Partners . 7-32 Kick off Call . 7-34 Update PRL . 7-35 Data Fill ... 7-36 Testing .. 7-37 NAT/PRL Testing .... 7-38 Testing . 7-39 Operations Testing ... 7-40 Customer Experience Testing .. 7-41 Billing Testing . 7-42 Invoice Verification . 7-43 Document Internal Processes ... 7-44 Announce the Launch Internally . 7-46 Marketing and Promotions .. 7-47 Document 118 . 7-49 End of Phase 2: Launch Activities Completed 7-50

Phase III: Monitor and Maintain Quality 7-51 Stay in Touch . 7-52 Monitor Quality .. 7-55 Tools to Monitor Quality 7-56 Billing and Invoice .. 7-57 Internal Education ... 7-58 Document 118 . 7-59 CDG Voice Roaming Documents ... 7-60 CDG SMS Roaming Documents 7-61

What We Learned .... 7-62

Section 8: Wrap up - International Roaming 8-1 What We Learned ... 8-2

Business Elements of Roaming .. 8-3 Technical Elements . 8-4 SMS 8-5 Packet Data . 8-6 PRL Enhancements . 8-7 Roaming Implementation ... 8-8

Need help? .. 8-9 CDG Roaming Project 8-10 CDG IRT Organization .. 8-11 Resources for Operators . 8-12 CDG Voice Roaming Documents .. 8-13 CDG SMS Roaming Documents 8-14

Appendices:CDMA International Voice Roaming ChecklistInternational Voice Roaming Partner Qualification Form


Acronyms and Abbreviations

3DES Triple Data Encrypted Standard AAA Authentication, Authorization, Accounting APN Access Point Name AS Autonomous System ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode BG Border Gateway BGP Border Gateway Protocol BSID Base Station Identifier CDG CDMA Development Group CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDR Charging Data Record CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol CPE Customer Premises Equipment CRX CDMA Roaming eXchange DCCH Dedicated Control Channel DES Data Encrypted Standard DNS Domain Name System ESP Encapsulating Security Payload EV-DO Evolution-Data Optimized FA Foreign Agent FAC Foreign Agent Challenge FR Frame Relay GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GMT Greenwich Mean Time GPRS General Packet Radio Service GRX GPRS Roaming eXchange GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol GUI Graphical User Interface HA Home Agent HDLC High Level Data Link Control IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IIF Interworking and Interoperability Function IKE Internet Key Exchange IMF International Monetary Fund IMS International Mobile Station IMSI International Mobile Station Identity IP Internet Protocol IPCP Internet Protocol Control Protocol IPLC International Private Leased Circuit IPSec IP Security IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4 L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol LAC L2TP Access Concentrator

xi


LAN Local Area Network LCP Link Control Protocol LLC Leased Line Circuit LNS L2TP Network Server MIP Mobile IP MMS Multi-Media Services MS Mobile Station NAI Network Access Identifier NAS Network Access Server NAT Network Address Translation NOC Network Operations Center NS Name Server OUI Organizationally Unique Identifier PCF Packet Control Function PDP Packet Data Protocol PDSN Packet Data Serving Node PPP Point-to-Point Protocol QoS Quality of Service RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service RC Radio Channel SDB Short Data Burst SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node SIP Simple IP SLA Service Level Agreement TAP Transferred Account Procedure TEID Tunnel Endpoint Identifier UDR Usage Data Record UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System VPN Virtual Private Network VSA Vendor Specific Attribute WAP Wireless Application Protocol

xii


Terms and Definitions

Terms are from CDMA Development Group, www.cdma.org.

A-Key A 64-bit parameter associated with a mobile station (MS) and known only to the MS and its associated authentication center. The A-Key and electronic serial number are usually programmed into the handset by the manufacturer.

air interface Frequency in MHz and the protocol (AMPS, CDMA, TDMA, GSM, PDC) used to communicate between the mobile handset and the base station.

air time Minutes spent talking on a wireless telephone. Most operators bill customers for the minutes of air time used in a month for both outgoing and incoming calls.

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System. The term, originated by AT&Ts Bell Laboratories (before the breakup of the Bell System in 1984), which refers to its analog cellular technology. The AMPS standard has been the foundation for the industry in the United States, although it has undergone numerous modifications in recent years.

analog The traditional method of modulating radio signals so they can carry information. AM (amplitude modulation) and FM (frequency modulation) are the two most common methods of analog modulation.

ANSI American National Standards Institute. A non-profit, privately funded organization that coordinates the development of U.S. voluntary national standards. ANSI is the U.S. representative to non-treaty international standards-setting entities including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

ARP Authorized Receipt Point. The entity designated by a home operator to receive roamer call data and perform CIBER (TIA/EIA-41) or TAP (GSM) and other custom edits on behalf of the operator for purposes of settlement and exchange with the operator's roaming partners. An entity recognized by CIBERNET as an officially designated point of contact to accept, process and forward roamer call data on behalf of operators.

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode. Multiplexed (MUX) information transfer and switching method. Information is organized into fixed length (53 octet) cells and transmitted according to each applications instantaneous need. ATM is similar to packet switching, because bandwidth is allocated on demand.

authentication Process used by wireless operators to verify the identity of a mobile station by a combination of the ESN, MIN/IRM, and A-Key for the purpose of providing or denying wireless service. In authentication, information is exchanged between a mobile telephone and its associated authentication center to confirm its identity.

xiii


Authentication Center Contains cryptographic information that allows the network to determine that a mobile is valid. Usually contained within an HLR.

electronic funds transfer systems governed by operating rules that provide for the interbank clearing of electronic payments for participating financial institutions.

autonomous registration A TIA/EIA-41 feature that allows a roamer whose wireless phone is turned on to be automatically registered for call delivery and validation without receiving or placing a call or dialing a star (*) code. Also referred to as power up registration.

bandwidth Transmission capacity of a communication channel, or the amount of data that a given piece of equipment or a particular type of cable can carry, typically measured in hertz (cycles per second) or bits per second (bps).

BARG Billing and Accounting Rapporteurs Group. Committee established within the GSM Association to handle charging, tariffing, billing, and accounting issues for the GSM network.

base station The central radio transmitter or receiver that maintains communications with mobile radiophones within a given range (typically a cell site). See cell site.

BTA Basic Trading Area.

BID Billing Identification number. Values (15- or 16-bit) assigned to wireless providers in North America by CIBERNET to identify a portion of a service area. Commonly used as part of the market ID number that ultimately comprises the MSCID.

billing information The output of a billing system that consists of call detail record and feature use data that has been rated (rates applied to usage).

call delivery A feature that allows calls to be forwarded automatically to a wireless user roaming in a IS-41 Rev. A switch environment without the customer having to key in a star code in each new market. The Rev. A markets must have autonomous registration activated.

call processing The system and process that establishes a connection in a switching system. The system scans trunk and station ports for requests for service. After detecting a request, the system checks stored instructions and lookup tables and makes the connection accordingly.

CAMEL Customized Application Mobile Enhanced Logic. GSM feature name for including intelligent network functions into a GSM system. CAMEL is used when roaming between networks, allowing the home network to monitor and control calls made by its subscribers.

carrier A wireless operator. See operator.

xiv


CAVE Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption. An algorithm used to produce a unique number, given a unique set of input variables. Because CAVE always produces the same answer, given the same input variables, it is used by the associated wireless entities to verify the identity of the entity. For example, if an authentication center (AC) CAVE calculation result matches the result provided by a mobile station (MS), the AC assumes the MS is a valid user and is not a clone.

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access. A spread-spectrum approach to digital transmission. With CDMA, each conversation is digitized and then tagged with a code. The mobile phone is then instructed to decipher only a particular code to connect the right conversation. The process can be compared in some ways to an English speaking person picking out in a crowded room of French speakers the only other person who is speaking English. See Digital modulation.

CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data. Open standard for using existing wireless systems to transmit data, as opposed to voice. The technology breaks data files into packets and sends them along idle channels of existing wireless voice networks.

cell site The basic geographic coverage area of a wireless system. Also, the basis for the generic industry term cellular. Cells can vary in size depending upon terrain, capacity demands, etc. By controlling the transmission power, the radio frequencies assigned to one cell can be limited to the boundaries of that cell. When a wireless phone crosses the boundary from one cell to another, the call is transferred ("handed off") to the new cell and another radio frequency. In TIA/EIA-41, this hand-off is controlled by a computer at the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) that monitors signal strength and hands the call off at the proper time. In GSM, the mobile telephone monitors signal strength and transfers to the new cell at the proper time. See base station.

cellular Communications systems that use the radiotelephony technology of limited-coverage cells with automatic handoff of calls-in-progress between cells.

certificate 1) In cryptography, a digital certificate is a password-protected, encrypted data file that includes the name and other data that identifies the associated entity. A certificate includes a public key that verifies the digital signature of the user, which is signed with a matching private key unique to that user. Through the use of keys and certificates, the entities exchanging data can authenticate each other. 2) A digital token assigned to address several security issues when executing business transactions through the Internet. Certificates are designed so that no details can be changed during a transaction or interchange without invalidating the digital signature.

certification Process by which a certification authority issues a digital certificate for a user's public key and returns that certificate to the user's client system or posts that certificate in a repository.

xv


channel The particular frequency along which a communications signal is assigned and transmitted.

CIBER Cellular Intercarrier Billing Exchange Record. Industry-standard format used to transfer roamer billing data in AMPS networks; ensures smooth and consistent processing of roaming records for settlement and liability among wireless operators. CIBER is the AMPS counterpart to TAP in GSM networks and is primarily used in North America.

clearing A process for the exchange of roamer billing records among roaming partners. Billing records are converted from one billing format to another, validated or edited for errors, and processed for the calculation and reporting of financial positions among roaming partners by a third party entity. Other elements that are essential to inter-operator relationships, and that may be performed by the clearinghouse, include wholesale and retail rating of records and financial net settlement (the actual exchange of funds among roaming partners).

clearinghouse An entity (e.g., TSIs ACCESS or ACCESS S&E) authorized by wireless operators to receive roamer call data on behalf of the operator for purposes of settlement and exchange with the operators roaming partners. Also known as a settlement and exchange service provider. An organization recognized by CIBERNET to officially be the operator's designated point of contact to accept, process, and forward roamer call data, and to generate comprehensive financial settlement reports. See ARP.

CLLI code Common Language Location Identifier Code. Unique 11-digit identifier for a switching entity (e.g., switching office, MTSO, etc.).

cloning fraud Unauthorized use of MINs, ESNs, and possibly PINS to alter or clone another wireless telephone to mimic the original. As a result, the legitimate customer is billed instead of the cloning thief.

CTIA Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association. The trade organization that represents the wireless telecommunication industry. Membership in the organization includes the four types of wireless providers: cellular, personal communications D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service. Digital wireless radio in North America; the same technology known as GSM in Europe and PDC in Japan.

data encryption standard Also known as DES. An algorithm or block cipher that uses a 56-bit key and operates on a block of 64 bits. Created by IBM and endorsed by the United States government in 1977, DES is relatively fast and often used to encrypt large amounts of data at one time.

digital certificate See certificate.

xvi


digital modulation A method of encoding information for transmission. Information (in most cases a voice conversation) is turned into a series of digital bits the 0s and 1s of computer binary language. At the receiving end, the information is reconverted to its original form. Digital transmission offers a cleaner signal and is less susceptible to the problems of analog modulation such as fading and static. Digital transmission has been embraced by the wireless industry because it offers major gains in capacity compared to analog. See CDMA,TDMA, GSM.

dual band handset Wireless phone that operates on two different bandwidths for wireless communications.

dual mode handset Wireless phone that will work with two different air interface technologies (e.g., analog and one of the digital wireless phone standards).

EDI Electronic Data Interchange. A transaction-oriented exchange of data with strict standards for transmission protocols.

EDT Electronic Data Transfer. A network transportation medium used to transfer roamer call data among operators, billing vendors, and settlement and exchange service providers.

encryption Process of converting a message so it is unreadable by anyone without a secret encryption key. This is a method of ensuring security through the use of complicated mathematical algorithms. Encrypted messages are assigned a key that must be used to decrypt them. See A-Key.

ESN Electronic Serial Number. In TIA/EIA-41, a unique number embedded in a wireless phone unit by the manufacturer; used to identify a mobile unit for billing and fraud control purposes. According to the Federal Communications Commission, the ESN is to be fixed and unchangeable, a unique fingerprint for each phone. Used in conjunction with a MIN to create a unique identifier for a user.

FCC Federal Communications Commission. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United States government agency, directly responsible to Congress. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. The FCC's jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions.

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access. Method of radio transmission that allows multiple users to access a group of radio frequency bands without interference.

financial settlement Financial reconciliation between operators for providing roaming services to each other's customers.

xvii


frame relay A network access standard defined by the ITU-T in the I.122 recommendation, Framework for Providing Additional Packet Mode Bearer Services. Frame relay services, as delivered by the telecommunications operators, use a form of packet switching analogous to a streamlined version of X.25 networks. A frame relay network can accommodate data packets of various sizes associated with virtually any native data protocol.

fraud In the wireless industry, fraud is defined as the deliberate attempt to obtain wireless phone service without paying for it.

frequency Rate at which an electrical current alternates; usually expressed in cycles per second (Hz). See hertz.

frequency reuse System of allocating frequencies among cells so that nearby, but non-adjacent, cells use the same frequencies. Because each cell is designed to use radio frequencies only within its boundaries, the same frequencies can be reused in other cells not far away with little potential for interference. The concept is akin to FM radio stations in two different cities using the same frequency without interference. Frequency reuse is what allows a wireless system to handle a large number of calls with a limited number of channels.

Global Title An SS7 address type based on a telephony number, such as a calling card number, IMSI, or MIN.

GLR General Location Register. TSI's database in the call processor that contains all information for validation of known TIA/EIA-41 roamers. The GLR also contains routing files that the call processor usesto locate the home operator for validation of unknown roamers.

GHz Gigahertz. A unit of frequency equal to one billion hertz. See hertz.

GPRS General Packet Radio Service. Standardized by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) as part of the GSM Phase 2+ development, GPRS represents the first implementation of packet switching within GSM. Rather than sending a continuous stream of data over a permanent connection, packet switching only uses the network when there is data to be sent.

GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile or Global System for Mobile Communications. A time-division based standard for digital wireless transmissions. It is most prevalently used in Europe but is also used by some North American PCS operators. GSM was designed to provide one common global wireless standard. See digital modulation, TDMA.

hand off Process by which the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) passes a wireless phoneconversation from one radio frequency in one cell to another radio frequency in another cell. It is performed quickly enough that callers dont notice.

xviii


hertz A measurement of electromagnetic energy, equivalent to one wave or cycle per second. A hertz is the basic measurement for bandwidth in analog terms. See KHz, MHz, GHz.

HLR Home Location Register. 1) Location register that a user identity is assigned to for record purposes such as subscriber information. The HLR may be located within a mobile switching center (MSC) and may be indistinguishable from an MSC. An HLR may serve more than one MSC and may be distributed over more than one physical entity. 2) SS7 switch database, located on the service control point (SCP), containing information on the current location and validation status of an operator's subscribers who are roaming in other (serving) markets.

IFAST International Forum on AMPS Standards Technology. Group that assigns International Roaming MINs (IRMs) and coordinates SID assignments internationally.

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identifier. A numbering standard defined by ITU-T Recommendation E.212. In GSM, a unique account number that identifies the subscriber. The IMSI is made up of the mobile country code (MCC) and mobile network code (MNC) identifying the wireless operator, followed by additional digits that uniquely identify the subscriber. The IMSI is not tied to a specific piece of equipment; for example, the subscriber can use any GSM handset by inserting a subscriber identity module (SIM) card into the handset. The SIM card contains the subscriber's IMSI and other information.

INF Industry Negative File. Database of all MIN/ESN combinations that have been reported as negative by member and non-member operators.

intelligent networks Systems that allow a wireless user to make and receive phone calls while roaming outside the users home network. These networks, which rely on computers and sophisticated switching techniques, also provide many PCS features such as one person/one phone.

interconnection The routing of telecommunications traffic between the networks of different communications companies.

IRM International roaming MIN. An interim solution assigned by IFAST to identify subscribers internationally until all operators adopt IMSI.

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network. A communications standard that uses digital transmission technology to support voice, video, and data communications applications.

ISG International Signaling Gateway. Hardware and software that provides protocol conversion, message routing, and SS7 STP functionality.

xix


ISUP Integrated Services User Part. The call control part of the SS7 protocol. ISUP determines the procedures for setting up, coordinating, and taking down trunk calls on the SS7 network. ISUP is defined by ITU-T recommendations Q.761 and Q.764.

ITU International Telecommunications Union. The ITU is an international organization within which governments and the private sector coordinate global telecommunications standards for networks and services. The ITU absorbed the function previously performed by the CCITT in 1992.

key An algorithmic pattern used by a sender to encrypt messages, and by a recipient to decrypt them.

kHz Kilohertz. One thousand hertz. See hertz.

link Communications channel consisting of a circuit or transmission path, including equipment, between a sender and receiver.

LNP Local Number Portability. Federal mandate to allow subscribers, both landline and wireless, to change service providers but retain their existing phone numbers. Examples include changing from an incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) to a competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC), or changing from a B-side to a Personal Communications Services (PCS) service provider.

LRN Service - Location Routing Number Service. (See LNP - local number portability.)

MAP Mobile Application Part. Signaling or message information format used in GSM systems.

MC - Message Center - Stores and forwards short messages.

MCC Mobile Country Code. A three-digit code, which is part of the IMSI, that identifies the country in which the operator provides service.

MDN - Mobile Directory Number. Unique phone number assigned to a cellular or Personal Communications Services (PCS) subscriber under a local number portability (LNP) plan. The assignment is to a person, rather than a phone, to ensure that the subscriber retains the number regardless of equipment or carrier/operator changes.

messaging standard Also known as signaling standard. Signaling is the process of sending signals or signaling information the transfer of information to control wireless communication. It is a method of intersystem operations that consists of messages that contain parameters which support the function of mobility management through the networks, including call validation, call delivery, and features information.

xx


MHz Megahertz. One million hertz. See hertz.

MIN Mobile Identification Number. In TIA/EIA-41, a 10-digit number assigned by the wireless operator to a ustomers phone. The MIN can be the dialable directory number of the subscriber. The MIN is meant to be changeable, because the phone could change hands or a customer could move to another city. See ESN, IMSI,TMSI.

MNC Mobile Network Code. A one- to three-digit portion of the IMSI that uniquely identifies an operator within a country.

MSCID Mobile Switching Center Identification. Unique number made up of a five-digit SID number and a three-digit switch number that identifies each wireless switch.

MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area.

MSC Mobile Switching Center. See MTSO.

MSIN Mobile Station Identification Number. Nine- to eleven-digit part of the IMSI that identifies an individual handset on a network within a country.

MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN. In GSM, the subscriber's directory telephone number.

MTA Metropolitan Trading Area.

MTSO Mobile Telephone Switching Office. Located between a cell site and a conventional telephone switching office, the MTSO is the link between a wireless handset and the rest of the phone system. A central computer, the MTSO also handles the routing of traffic within the system and records call details on tape and forwards the tape to the wireless operator's rating/billing vendor.

N-AMPS Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service. A narrowband version of the analog cellular telecommunications system used in North America. It is characterized by dividing the 30-KHz analog radio channels used for AMPS into three 10-kHz channels, thereby increasing capacity.

NANP North American Numbering Plan. System that specifies the format for telephone numbers in the United States, Canada, Bermuda, and many Caribbean countries. It uses a system of 10-digit numbers to uniquely identify every telecommunications device in North America.

net settlement The monthly accumulation of financial positions between roaming partners, identifying total payables and receivable position of each operator. For CIBER data, settlement period is defined from the 16th of one month to the 15th of the following month. In GSM, the normal settlement period is a calendar month.

xxi


NPA-NXX Numbering plan area (area code) and exchange (NXX). In the North American Numbering Plan (NANP), the first six digits of a ten-digit telephone number that are uniquely assigned to an operator and a geographic region.

number range Sequence of dialed numbers in a geographic area's numbering scheme that identifies line range (phone numbers). Usually the first and last numbers in the range are given.

numbering format Conventions used to identify number sequence in a numbering plan.

operator A company or carrier that provides wireless service.

providers of wireless voice and data communications services.

PCS Personal Communications Services. United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) terminology describing two-way, personal, digital wireless ommunications systems. PCS is intended to allow individuals or systems to communicate regardless of location. PCS telephone numbers are assigned to individuals rather than to telephones.

PDC Personal Digital Cellular. Digital system used in Japan.

PIN Personal Identification Number. A unique code that provides an individual with access to a system.

POP 1) Persons of population. One POP equals one person. For example, an operator whose market serves one million people is said to offer service to one million POPs. In the wireless industry, systems are valued financially based on the population of the market served. 2) Point of presence. A service provider's location for connecting to users.

profiling Fraud detection system that compares current calling activity against a variety of dynamic factors to identify abnormal activity that may indicate fraud.

registration Process by which a user first becomes known to a wireless switch or certification authority.

RF Radio frequency, a sound wave frequency well above the range of human hearing.

roaming Using a wireless phone to make and receive calls in places outside ones home service area.

roaming agreement A legally binding document executed by two wireless operators to provide service to each other's roaming subscribers with provisions for rates, privileges, and fraud handling.

roaming partner Any operator who has a bilateral agreement with another operator.

xxii


SCP Service Control Point. A mainframe computer system with a front end that connects to the SS7 network. Contains SS7 node software, application software used to effect a service, a database for record storage, and system management software.

service bureau System for which TSI retains ownership, operates the server computing environment, and administers operational, administrative and maintenance routines. The operators own the workstations and printers (if applicable).

SID System ID. A five digit code assigned to each market within the U.S. by CIBERNET for each license issued to wireless operators. Multiple SIDs may be assigned to one operator. The first two digits designate the country (for example, 00 and 01 are assigned to the U.S.; 16 is assigned to Canada). Internationally, SIDs are coordinated by IFAST. Markets or service areas may be further broken down into Billing Identification numbers, or "BIDs."

signaling information Information pertaining to the operation and status of the components of a telecommunication system. For example, the dial tone on a phone is the signal indicating the status of the phone; the ring is a signal alerting the user to an incoming call.

SIM Subscriber Identification Module. A card used in GSM that contains information about the subscriber, including the subscriber's IMSI and other billing information. The subscriber can insert the SIM card into any GSM mobile equipment and use that equipment.

SS7 Signaling System Seven. International telecommunications standard used in landline and wireless communications to provide call processing information to a circuit-switched network; a transmission protocol signaling method.

STP Signal Transfer Point. Distribution point for SS7 messages that provides network administration and control and processes routing instructions for SS7 messages.

subscription fraud The activation of a wireless telephone using an invalid or stolen name or address (or both) with no intention of paying for the service.

SWID Switch Identification. Eight-digit code that identifies a physical switch within a particular market. The first five digits identify the SID, and the last three digits identify the switch number for that SID.

switch Electronic switching office that enables communication between a wireless phone and the landline switches; the equipment that represents either the origination or the destination for a wireless message transferred over a network.

TADIG Transferred Account Data Interchange Group. Committee established within the GSM Association to document various technical items for GSM operators. TADIG is primarily concerned with implementation of the Transferred Account Procedure (TAP) used to exchange roamer call records.

xxiii


TAP Transferred Account Procedure. GSM industry standard format for the exchange of billing information among public land mobile networks.

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access. A method of digital wireless communications transmission allowing a large number of users to access (in sequence) a single radio frequency channel, without interference, by allocating unique time slots to each user within each channel. See digital modulation.

TIA Telecommunications Industry Association. Association of telecommunications equipment manufacturers that is responsible for the development of standards for AMPS, N-AMPS, D-AMPS, and CDMA.

TIA/EIA-41 Wireless telecommunications intersystem data messaging standard used for intersystem operations. Formerly called IS-41.

TLDN Temporary Local Directory Number. Ten-digit numeric field (NPA-NXX-LINE) used as a temporary phone number that is assigned to a roamer by the serving operator.

TMSI Temporary Mobile Station Identifier. A mobile station identifier (MSID) sent over the air interface that is assigned dynamically by a network to a mobile station. The TMSI is most commonly used by GSM wireless systems as a means of fraud protection, but is also available in D-AMPS and CDMA systems. See MIN, IMSI.

trading partner agreements Specifications, agreed upon by two or more companies doing business together, which define the forms of the data that will be exchanged using EDI.

tumbling fraud Type of fraud that alters a wireless phone so that the phone transmits a series of ESNs, which makes the caller appear to be a new, different customer each time a call is made.

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. European member of the International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 family of third generation wireless mobile standards. The network infrastructure for UMTS is based on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Customized Application Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL), which are part of GSM phase 2+. UMTS is differentiated by a new air interface operating at around 2GHz that offers higher GSM data rates and capacity, and a packet-based network architecture that supports both voice and data services.

unique challenge Authentication challenge over the voice channel, initiated by a mobile switching center or authentication center for initial registration, call origination, or call termination purposes.

validation Process of verifying a roamer's status (positive or negative) and authorized features during service authorization.

xxiv


verification In TIA/EIA-41, the process in which a wireless switch determines if a MIN/ESN combination is being used by the authorized user. This can be done by matching the caller's voice with a previously recorded voiceprint, by the use of personal identification numbers (PINs), or by radio frequency finger printing.

VLR Visitor Location Register. The switch database containing information on the current location and validation status of other operators' subscribers who are roaming in an operator's home market.

vocoder A device used to convert speech into digital signals. See digital modulation.

wireless Radio-based systems that transmit telephone and data signals through the air, without a physical connection, such as a metal wire or fiber optic cable.

xxv


This page left blank intentionally.

xxvi

International Roaming 80-W0308-1 Rev D

2006 QUALCOMM Incorporated

CDMA International

RoamingSection 1:

Introduction to International Roaming

1SECTION

Introduction to International Roaming

Section 1-1

Notes

Section 1: Introduction to International Roaming

1-1



CDMA International

RoamingCourse RoadmapSection 1-2

Notes


1-2



CDMA International

RoamingSection Learning Objectives

Get to know the CDG International Roaming Team

Understand how to find useful websites

Review key roaming terms

Discuss the benefits of roaming

Discover a list of reference documentation

Section 1-3

Notes


1-3



CDMA International

Roaming

CDG Roaming Project

Carrier Relations Managers

CDG

Roaming Director Bill Dahnke*

Latin America, CaribbeanRicardo Sarti

Southeast Asia, South Asia, Australia, NZ

Randall Todd* China, EMEA, Africa, Europe, Japan, Korea, US, Canada

Federico Nienstadt** On loan from Qualcomm to CDG

VP, Asia & Programs James Person

Executive Director Perry LaForge

Section 1-4


1-4



CDMA International

RoamingCDG IRT Organization

PlenaryIRT co-chairs

Working GroupVoice & SMS

Working GroupMarketing

Working GroupFraud

Working GroupPacket Data

CDMA Development Group International Roaming Team (CDG IRT)

See your CDG IRT Carrier Relations contact for more information on the IRT

Section 1-5

This is a dynamic organization that continues to grown and change. Check the CDG website www.cdg.org or the IRT wikihttp://210.54.118.1/wiki/Main_Page for current information about the IRT.

To be included on the distribution lists for the IRT distribution list or the working group lists please see the CDG IRT webpage for current contact information, www.cdg.org.

Each region has a CDG CRM (Carrier Relations Manager). Ask the instructor who your CRM is.

North America and parts of Asia and ROW Mexico, Latin America, Caribbean Parts of Asia, India, Oceanic


1-5



CDMA International

RoamingResources for Operators

CDG website - www.cdg.org/irt Requires CDG membership, user name and password

Contact your CDG IRT Carrier Relations Manager (CRM) to get your login credentials List of roaming contacts at operators and vendors Web-based bulletin board for exchange of information among operators Quarterly CDMA Roaming Journal Reference documents Presentation slides from IRT meetings

IRT wiki - http://210.54.118.1/wiki/Main Page No credentials required to view material

Self registration required to edit materialOther websites

www.IFAST.org IS-41 standards www.tiaonline.org Wireless standards www.3gpp2.org CDMA standards www.IETF.org Internet standards

Section 1-6


1-6



CDMA International

RoamingWhat is International Roaming?

Subscribers can seamlessly make and receive calls and use voice, SMS and data services outside their home country.

Roaming is a company-wide effort that requires cooperation from those responsible for provisioning, handsets, billing, product management and operations.

seamworld.emf

International Roaming is the ability for wireless subscribers to use services on a wireless network outside their home country.

Section 1-7

Notes


1-7



CDMA International

RoamingKey Roaming Terms

Key Roaming TermsNational/Domestic Roaming

The same country with different network operators. Similar numbering plan and fixed digit length.

International Roaming In different countries with different network operators.

Numbering plans may be different, with various digit lengths. Protocol conversion may be required.

Prepaid Roaming Customer pays up for roaming services before the service is used.

Postpaid Roaming Customer is billed for roaming service after it hasbeen used.

This course focuses on CDMA to CMDA, post paid International Roaming only.

Section 1-8

Roaming Examples Domestic Roaming

North American Numbering plan (NANP) USA is 10 digits: NPA-NXX-XXXX Los Angeles to New York with different network operator.

International Roaming Mexico to United States roaming uses 15-digit and 10-digit numbering plans,

respectively.

A later section provides a high level overview of interstandard roaming however, the focus of this training is CDMA to CDMA roaming.


1-8



CDMA International

Roaming

Roaming Partner NetworkYour Network

Key Roaming Terms

Key TermsHome carrier

The carrier that is sending subscribers to another network. On network is your subscriber on your home network. Off network is your subscriber on the serving carrier network.

Serving carrier The carrier that is providing roaming to your subscriber when

outside their home network.

Home Network

ServingNetwork

Outbound Roaming

Serving Network

HomeNetworkInbound Roaming

Section 1-9

Notes

Inbound Roaming - A subscriber from a roaming partner (red) can use services in your network (gold).Outbound Roaming - Your network subscriber (gold) can use services in the roaming partners network (red).


1-9



CDMA International

RoamingKey Roaming Terms

Key Terms

Mobile originated (MO)Making a call or sending an SMS

Mobile terminated (MT)Receiving a call or receiving an SMS

Section 1-10

Notes


1-10



CDMA International

Roaming

Larger perceived network with small investment

Increased MOUs and increased revenue

Enhanced competitive position

Customer satisfaction

Benefits of RoamingSection 1-11

Some of the benefits of international roaming include:

A perceived larger network so customers feel confident that they can use their phones where they want to use their phones

Increased Minutes of Use (MOUs) resulting in increased revenue will occur when customers have a simple, affordable way to use their phone all over the world.

It is easier to attract and retain valuable customers with an international roaming offering in your suite of products.

Customers who take advantage of a high quality international roaming service are less likely to switch wireless carriers.


1-11



CDMA International

RoamingBenefits of Roaming - Expanded Network

CDMA Roaming Opportunities

Source: http://www.cdg.org./technology/roaming/coverage.asp

International roaming extends the virtual network footprintand provides a perception of an advanced, connected network.

Section 1-12

For an updated view of this map see www.cdg.org.


1-12



CDMA International

RoamingBenefits of Roaming Increased Revenue

Increased MOUs and Revenue Roaming is a highly value, premium service Roaming attracts high margin customers such as:

Financially prime users Business users Longer tenure users

International roaming customers have a higher on networkARPU than non-roamers

Both inbound and outbound roaming can produce significant revenue margins sometimes topping 50%

Section 1-13

Not only will customers use their phones more often but the customers who use international roaming will also use more minutes on their home network resulting in a higher Average Revenue Per User (ARPU).


1-13



CDMA International

RoamingBenefits of Roaming - Competitive

Enhanced competitive position Attract customers

Retain customers

Attract and retain profitable customers

Section 1-14

Notes


1-14



CDMA International

RoamingBenefits of Roaming Customer Satisfaction

Improved customer satisfaction

Roaming is not only about revenue but also about customer satisfaction. Meeting this additional demand can improve the loyalty of your

customers.

Offering and supporting international roaming well will create even more customer loyalty.

Section 1-15

Notes


1-15



CDMA International

Roaming

Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

964AB_00_revB.eps

Reference DocumentationSection 1-16

Reference Documentation ANSI41 E -- Cellular Radiotelecommunications Intersystem Operations DevelopmentANSI93 B TIA/EIA-93-BPN-4206 -- -- Wireless Telecommunications Ai - Di Interfaces Standards May 29, 2000ANSI124 A PN-3293 Wireless Radio Telecommunication Intersystem Non-Signaling Data

Communications (Data Message Handler) March 1997ANSI124 C SP-4528PN-4528 -- -- Wireless Radio Telecommunication Intersystem Non-Signaling Data

Communications (Data Message Handler) BallotANSI124 D PN-4853 Wireless Radio Telecommunication Intersystem Non-Signaling Data

Communications (Data Message Handler) DevelopmentANSI T1.111 -- -- Signaling System Number 7 - Message Transfer Part (MTP) 1998ANSI T1.113 Final -- Signaling System Number 7 - Integrated Services Digital Network

(ISDN) User Part 1995 ANSI T1.114 1996 -- Signaling System Number 7 - Transaction Capabilities Application

Part (TCAP) March 8, 1996ANSI T1.611 -- -- Signaling System Number 7 - Supplementary Services for Non-ISDN

Subscribers 1991ANSI T1.628 Pre-Pub -- Routing, Bridging and Transfer of Emergency Service Calls 2000SP-4027-740 Draft -- TDMA Third Generation Wireless System Assisted Mobile

Positioning Through Satellite Teleservice July 21, 2000TIA/EIA-93 B ANSI93-B See ANSI93-BTIA/EIA-801 -- IS-801 Position Determination Service Standard for Dual-Mode Spread Spectrum

Systems October 15, 1999


1-16



CDMA International

RoamingReference Documentation (continued)

Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

964AB_00_revB.eps

Section 1-17

Reference Documentation (continued)J-STD-025 Final -- Lawfully Authorized Electronic Surveillance September 7, 2000J-STD-034 0.0 -- Enhanced Emergency Services, October 1997J-STD-036 1.0 PN-3890 Enhanced 9-1-1 (E911), Phase II (125 m. location accuracy) July 2000J-STD-036 Addendum Final PN-3890 Enhanced Wireless 9-1-1 Phase II: TIA/EIA/IS-J_STD_036,

Addendum 1 December 2000IS-725 Pre-pub -- Over-the-Air Service Provisioning (OTASP) and Parameter Administration

(OTAPA) March 1999IS-751 -- PN-3892 TIA/EIA-41-D Modifications to Support IMSI (E.212 International Mobile

Station Identity) February 1998IS-756 A -- Wireless Number Portability, Phase II (WNP-PH2) (MDN/MIN separation to

allow porting to or from wireless phone numbers) December 1998IS-756 B PN-4411 Wireless Number Portability, Phase III (WNP-PH3) (Feature interactions and

optimization) BallotIS-764 -- -- Wireless Calling Name Features Description (1998 Release) June 1998IS-786 -- PN-4410 Automatic Code Gaping August 2000IS-801 -- TIA/EIA 801 See TIA/EIA 801IS-808 Final PN-4582 User Identity Module December 2000IS-817 Ballot PN-4662 Position Determination Service Standard for Analog Systems April 12, 2000IS-824 Pre-pub -- Generic Broadcast Teleservice Transport Capability (BTTC) October 1999IS-826 -- PN-4287 WIN Phase II: Prepaid calling BallotIS-837 -- PN-4550 A Answer Hold Approved June 17, 2000IS-838 -- PN-4551 A User Selective Call Forwarding (USCF) Approved June 17, 2000


1-17



CDMA International


Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

964AB_00_revB.eps

Section 1-18

Reference Documentation (continued)IS-841 -- PN-4411 MDN Based Message Centers July 2000IS-843 Rev. 0.1 PN-4818 Location Based Services - WIN Phase III December 6, 2000IS-847 Ballot PN-4863 Enhanced International Dialing, Calling Number Identification & Callback,

Calling Party Category Identification February 12, 2001IS-848 -- PN-4289 WIN Phase II August 2000PN-3590 -- -- Parameter Map for TIA/EIA-41-E June 1, 2000PN-4284 -- -- TIA/EIA-41 and TIA/EIA-124 modifications for expanded ESN On HoldPN-4285 -- -- Calling Party Pays On HoldPN-4288 6 -- Enhanced 9-1-1 (E911), Phase III: Optional features beyond FCC mandate

August 17, 1999PN-4720 V&V Rev. 0.12 -- CDMA - Packet Data Services (C-PDS), Phase-1 February 12, 2001PN-4747 2.0 -- Location service enhancements January 15, 2001PN-4755 -- -- Intersystem support for 3G packet data, including simultaneous voice and data DevelopmentPN-4762 0.5 -- IP-Based Transport of TIA/EIA-41 Messages January 2001PN-4785 Post Ballot -- Roamer Database Verification January 2001PN-4863 -- -- Network Based Enhancements for International Dialing, Calling Number

Identification and Call Back February 2001PN-4927 1.0 -- IFF Enhancements to Support one-way SIM Roaming to GSM

February 12, 2001P.S0001 1.0 PN-4286 Wireless IP Network Standard December 10, 1999TSB29-1 C -- Addendum to TSB29 (International Implementation of Wireless

Telecommunication Systems Compliant with TIA/EIA-41) Sept. 17, 1999


1-18



CDMA International


Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

964AB_00_revB.eps

Section 1-19

Reference Documentation (continued)[1] TIA/EIA/IS-835-A, Wireless IP Network Standard Revision A, May 2000.[2] TIA/EIA/IS-835-B, Wireless IP Network Standard Revision B, September 2002.[3] TIA/EIA/IS-835-C, Wireless IP Network Standard Revision C, August 2003.[4] Perkins, IPv4 Mobility, RFC 2002, May 1995.[5] Simpson, The Point to Point Protocol (PPP), RFC 1661, July 1994.[6] Simpson, PPP in HDLC-like Framing, RFC 1662, July 1994.[7] Simpson, PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), RFC 1994,

August 1996.

[8] McGregor, The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP), RFC 1332, May 1992.

[9] Rigney, Rubens, Simpson, and Willens, Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS), RFC 2138, August 1997.

[10] Jacobson, Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low Speed Serial Links, RFC 1144, February 1990.


1-19



CDMA International


Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

964AB_00_revB.eps

Section 1-20

Reference Documentation (continued)[11] TCP/IP Illustrated, Vol. I & II, W. Richard Stevens & Gary R. Wright;

Internetworking with TCP/IP Vol. I, II, & III, Douglas E. Comer

[12] RFC1180: A TCP/IP Tutorial[13] RFC0791: Internet Protocol[14] RFC1166: Internet Numbers[15] RFC1918: Address Allocation for Private Internets[16] RFC1519: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) an Address Assignment and

Aggregation Strategy

[17] RFC1034: Domain Names Concepts and Facilities [18] RFC1035: Domain Names Implementation and Specification[19] RFC0793: Transmission Control Protocol[20] RFC0768: User Datagram Protocol[21] http://www4.ulpgc.es/tutoriales/tcpip/pru/3376fm.htm[22] http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/wg-dir.html[23] www.cdg.org


1-20



CDMA International


Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

964AB_00_revB.eps

Section 1-21

Reference Documentation (continued)[24] GSMA PRD-IR34, Inter-PLMN Backbone Guidelines[25] J-STD-038-B (3GPP2 X.S0023), Network Interworking between GSM MAP and 31

ANSI-41 MAP, Rev. B

[26] CDMA Packet Data Roaming eXchange Guidelines Acronyms and Abbreviations Ref Doc 94, Ver 1.0 1 November 2004

[27] IS-835-A (P.S0001-A-1), CDMA2000 Wireless IP Network Standard[28] 3GPP TS 23.060, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage

2 (Release 6)[29] 3GPP TS 29.061, Interworking between the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)

supporting packet based services and Packet Data Network (PDN) (Release 6)[30] 3GPP TS 29.200, Signalling System No. 7; Mobile Application Part (MAP); Security

signalling flows for the Ze interface

[31] 3GPP TS 29.060, GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp interfaces (Release 4)

[32] 3GPP TS 32.015, Call and Event Data for the Packet Switched (PS) Domain (Release1999)


1-21



CDMA International


Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

Course References

964AB_00_revB.eps

Section 1-22

Reference Documentation (continued)[33] CDG Reference Document 79, Wireless Data Roaming Requirements and

Implementation Guide, Phase 1, Version 1.0

[34] ANSI X3.106, "American National Standard for Information Systems-Data Link Encryption," American National Standards Institute, 1983

[35] RFC 2406, S. Kent, R. Atkinson, IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), IETF proposed standard, November 1998

[36] RFC 2409, D. Harkins, D. Carrel, The Internet Key Exchange (IKE), IETF proposed standard, November 1998

[37] RFC 2865, C. Rigney, et al., Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS), IETF draft standard, June 2000

[38] RFC 2866, C. Rigney, RADIUS Accounting, IETF informational RFC, June 2000 [39] RFC 2794, P. Calhoun, C. Perkins, Mobile IP Network Access Identifier Extension

for IPv4, IETF proposed standard, March 2000

[40] RFC 2002, C. Perkins, IP Mobility Support, IETF proposed standard, October 1996[41] RFC 3012, C. Perkins, P. Calhoun, Mobile IPv4 Challenge/Response Extensions,

IETF proposed standard, November 2000


1-22



CDMA International

RoamingWhat We Learned

What will be covered today

What is the CDG IRT

Where to go for more roaming information on the web

The definition of roaming

The benefits of roaming

Where to find additional roaming reference documents

Section 1-23

Notes


1-23



CDMA International

RoamingSection 2:

Business Elements of Roaming

2SECTION Business Elements

of International Roaming

Section 2-1

Notes

Section 2: Business Elements of Roaming

2-1



CDMA International


Discuss the business elements of roaming:

The roaming business case

Selecting roaming partners

Negotiating a roaming agreement

Section 2-2

Notes


2-2



CDMA International

RoamingDeveloping a Business Case

Develop a roaming business case and strategy

Due to strategic important of roaming some companies launch roaming before the business case is complete

Do a business case regardless of where you are in the roaming product launch process

Determine what will be done in house versus by a vendorFigure out your costs for all major components of

roaming

Section 2-3

Roaming Business Case and Strategy

A careful and thorough business case analysis should be done to evaluate the economic and competitive benefit of roaming to your business.

Identify roaming partners that are best suited in terms of coverage and features. Create a roadmap for both strategy and technology. Forecast long term and short term revenue.

Analyze your company's needs with questions such as: Would the roaming customers be predominantly businesses or individuals? What are your customers' travel patterns, ARPU, BRPS of target market?

Determine target wholesale and retail rates according to business case needs Wholesale (tariffs) are the rates that partners charge each other and retail rates are

what the customer is charged from the network operator. Retail rates are the rates that the company charges to the subscriber or end user. Competitive analysis can provide guidance on how to determine retail rates for

roaming.


2-3



CDMA International

Roaming

Roaming Department Staff Billing system updates Network visibility tools Information management tools

Signaling Connectivity charges such as IP, SS7 and frame

relay Roaming partner processing and routing service fees

Data and Financial settlement Roaming partner message processing CIBER license fee

Fraud Management Roaming fraud management tools

Inter-carrier wholesale rates/tariffs Airtime and LD rates for out bound roaming

Network cost per Minute of Use (MOU) Cost of providing a minute of inbound roaming

service to a partner

CDMA Operator Roaming Cost Considerations

Business CostsSection 2-4

Business Costs

Tariffs are wholesale rates between roaming partners.


2-4



CDMA International

RoamingBusiness Revenue

Outbound Annual Revenue*:Unique Subscribers: 35,000Avg. # of Visits per Year: 2Avg. # of Days per Visit: 5Avg. # of Calls per Day: 5Avg. # of Minutes per Call: 3Avg. Price per Minute: $2Subtotal: $10,500,000

Outbound and inbound international roaming revenue will vary by operator and is based on travelers to and from different countries.

Inbound Annual Revenue*:Unique Subscribers: 15,000Avg. # of Visits per Year: 2Avg. # of Days per Visit: 5Avg. # of Calls per Day: 5Avg. # of Minutes per Call: 3Avg. Price per Minute $1Subtotal: $2,250,000Gross Revenue: $12,750,000Less: Bad Debt ($637,500)Net Annual Revenue: $12,112,500

*Note: Estimated revenues for a generic CDMA operator

Section 2-5

Notes


2-5



CDMA International

RoamingBusiness Margin

Annual Cost of Service*:Inter-Operator Tariff: $5,250,000Network Cost per MOU: $45,000Signaling:Lease Line Rent: $12,0003rd Party Processing/Routing: $43,750Total Signaling Cost: $55,750Financial Settlement:3rd Party Message Processing: $28,000CIBER Fee: $29,000Total Settlement Cost: $57,000Fraud Management: $19,500Subtotal: $5,427,250

Gross Margin: $6,685,250 55%SG&A*: $2,422,500EBITDA: $4,262,750 35%Depreciation $33,333EBIT: $4,229,417 35%

International roaming can generate healthy margins with minimal upfront capital investments.

*Note: Estimated costs for a generic CDMA operator

Section 2-6

Business Costs (continued)SG&A = Sales, General and Administration

EBITDA = Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization


2-6



CDMA International

RoamingSelecting Potential Partners

Guidelines for identifying potential partners Look for desirable coverage Look for compatible systems:

Technology Frequency Billing protocol and format

Ease of doing business: Are they responsive to requests for information? Do they participate in net settlement?

Section 2-7

Selecting Potential Partners

Questions to research when identifying and selecting potential partners: Will the roaming partners coverage area benefit your customers? Is the potential partner compatible with your handsets and network configuration? Are the partners billing systems, financial clearing and settlement for billing

compatible with your systems? Does your roaming partner have similar business concerns when it comes to

roaming? Are you both working toward the same goal at the same pace?


2-7



CDMA International

RoamingRoaming Partner Qualification Form

Vital information must be shared and assessed

Home carrier shares first Identifies potential issues

Settle in contract Address during implementation

Find the right fit early Saves time Saves money Increases quality

Do your homework up front before the agreement is started

CDG IRT Reference document #120. See appendix for full version of this form.

6.1 Contact Information Roaming Partner Home Carrier

6.1.1 Company Name: Primary:

Aliases:

Primary:

Aliases:

6.1.2 Website address:

6.1.3 Address of main office:

6.1.4 Date form filled out: / / / /

6.1.5 Person completing form Name:

Phone:

Email:

Other:

Name:

Phone:

Email:

Other:

6.1.6 Time Zone (e.g. GMT-8)

6.2 Service Overview Roaming Partner Home Carrier

6.2.1 When was your wireless voice network launched?

Expected: / /

Expected: / /

6.2.2 Type of roamers supported

6.2.3 Currently supported technology , , ,

Others:

, , ,

Others:

6.2.4 Band classes used GSM PCS (1900), , ,

Others:

, , ,

Others:

6.2.5 Expected future technology , , ,

Others:

, , ,

Others:

Section 2-8

Carrier Information Exchange Form

See www.cdg.org CDG International Roaming document #120 for a soft copy version of this form. Check back periodically for updates. It keeps getting better and better.

The home carrier will complete the Home Carrier column of this form before providing it to the potential international voice roaming partner for completion of the Roaming Partner column.

This enables both carriers to determine if a roaming partnership is viable and appropriate before expending the time and effort required to establish the roaming agreement.

If both carriers decide to move forward with the roaming partnership, this form helps the partners identify potential issues that need to be addressed during implementation.


2-8



CDMA International

Roaming

Roaming Agreements

Roaming AgreementsRoaming Agreements

To have roaming you need a roaming agreement

This agreement outlines the rules

CMDA to CDMA the most common type is the direct agreement between two operators.

The CDG offers an agreement template CDG doc #44

Roaming Agreements

Completing an agreement can take months and implementation must follow before the service is commercially available.

Section 2-9

Roaming Agreements

Sometimes carriers choose to proceed with the implementation even without a signed agreement and work these in parallel. Other carriers may refuse to begin the implementation or even information exchange until the agreement has been finally signed.

Keep in mind that negotiating a direct roaming agreement may take months. Plan the roaming launch date accordingly.

Other agreement types may include:

Sponsor carrier An operator signs a roaming agreement with a sponsor operator. This agreement provides roaming with the sponsor operator and the sponsor's roaming partners. This option expedites access to multiple markets for the operator. Used often with CDMA to GSM interstandard roaming agreements.


2-9



CDMA International

RoamingRoaming Agreement Template

CDG Document #44 is a roaming agreement template found on the CDG website www.cdg.org/IRT

The agreement template covers the following items: Features and services supported for inbound and outbound roaming Charging principles Customer care service expectations Fraud prevention and detection tools Billing and settlement procedures Trouble resolution guidelines Exchange of technical information Dispute resolution process Legal: Limitation of liability and Service Level Agreements

CDG IRT Reference document #44, International Roaming Agreement

Section 2-10

Roaming Agreement Terms

Business expectations between operators should be defined in the roaming agreement.

Agreements are typically signed between operators on an individual basis and contain clauses related to tariffs, operator-specific requirements, and value-added services.

A standard CDMA Roaming Agreement is available to members from the CDG website (http://www.cdg.org) CDG Document #44. This document provides a good overall understanding of the terms in a roaming agreement. If both carriers use this template it can reduce the time it normally takes to agree upon the terms of the contract.


2-10



CDMA International

Roaming

Potential inbound and outbound services Make and receive international and domestic voice calls Operator services and Directory Assistance Ability to make international calls Supplemental services

Voicemail, VM retrieval and Message Waiting Indicator Calling Line ID Special feature codes such as *codes Plus code dialing Emergency services

Short Messaging Service (SMS) and Multimedia Media Service (MMS) Packet data or circuit switched data Location based servicesAll services may be discussed on a case by case basis. Not all operators will

offer all services.

Roaming Agreements Features and ServicesSection 2-11

Features

Do not assume that certain features will be offered by the roaming partner. All services must be addressed on an individual basis.


2-11



CDMA International

Roaming

Charging Principles Rates (wholesale/inter-operator tariffs) to be defined in

the contract Mobile originating air time Mobile terminating air time Domestic & International Toll Operator Service Directory assistance Data usage Mobile Originated SMS Mobile Terminated SMS Any special features should be discussed to determine rates

Roaming Agreements Charging PrinciplesSection 2-12

Charging Principles Rates (wholesale)

Mobile originated domestic toll and international toll call rates, in addition to airtime charges as specified in the roaming agreement

Mobile terminated incoming call rates (roaming airtime) Data packet data rates; should they be by the Megabyte or based on time in

use? The rest of the items should be discussed at a similar level of detail.


2-12



CDMA International

RoamingRoaming Agreements - Operations

Operational differences Customer care support processes

Will an inbound roamer receive any support from the serving carrier customer service?

Can the customer be routed back to their home service provider automatically?

Will they hear a message in their own language or will only foreign language messages be provided?

Customer care hours of operations. Multi-lingual technical support operations.

Trouble reporting and resolution guidelines. Guidelines for when the roaming partner can contact your subscriber. Business rules for privacy and sharing customer information.

Section 2-13

Customer Care Operations

Customer care hours of operations may be 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, or it may be a limited time window, such as 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. local time of the serving carrier.

Be sure to define: Service escalation processes Service Level Agreement timelines Emergency and outage resolution process Privacy laws Business regulations and policies on how customer issues are handled


2-13



CDMA International

RoamingRoaming Agreements Fraud

Fraud processes What tools are required?

Authentication High Usage Reports RoamEx Mandatory or recommended

Fraud notification: Determine who will be notified of fraud Agree on what conditions or events trigger notification Discuss what will be done once a partner is notified of

fraud and how quickly it will be done Document who is liable for fraud losses if they occur

Section 2-14

Notes

The main objective concerning fraud is to prevent it but if it does occur, swift detection is required. Detailed processes to detect, communicate with partners and stop active fraud are essential. Key elements of detecting and stopping fraud should be detailed in the agreement.

Fraud prevention strategies

Establish call validation assumption

Positive or negative (FM recommends neg.)Determine registration process to be used

(FM recommends pre-call validation upon power-up)Determine if Authentication (network access) can be done, at what level (i.e. orig., term., 3-way flash) and if SSD will be sharedEstablish SLAs for removal of line ranges when fraud is excessive (brown-out process)Include verbiage within contract that explains fraud related disputes and settlements

Determine if carrier is capable of and willing to send high usage reports


2-14



CDMA International

Roaming

Wholesale Billing Questions Do you provide all the records I require to bill my

subscribers? What record type format do you use to exchange

billing data? What currency will we use? What will we use to determine the exchange rate if

multiple currencies are involved?

Wholesale means operator to operator billing

Roaming Agreements Wholesale BillingSection 2-15

Billing Guidelines

Billing guidelines were developed by CDMA Development Groups International Roaming Team.

CDG document #59, a billing specification, is helpful in understanding and implementing CIBER. It covers such topics as:

Charging principles Field population Use of indicators (time zones, etc.)


2-15



CDMA International

Roaming

Settlement Questions Net settlement or manual When do you settle Type of payment Penalties

What incurs a penalty The amount of penalty Will interest be accrued and how

Additional compliance incentives

Roaming Agreements SettlementsSection 2-16

Notes

See the Technical section for more detail on settlements.


2-16



CDMA International

Roaming

Technical Data Exchange

Source Distribution

Trouble Resolution Process for resolving

roaming issues Service level

agreements

Primary Contacts Billing & settlement Product

Management Network / technical Fraud Marketing

Legal Items Terms & conditions Amendments Dispute resolution Termination

Roaming Agreements Other InformationSection 2-17

Roaming Agreements Terms

Implement customer management systems that give your roaming partner near real-time visibility of a subscriber's roaming activity and facilitate customer service for customers who need roaming service overseas.

These customer management systems cover: Trouble ticket reporting and resolution guidelines Service Level Agreement terms and conditions


2-17



CDMA International

RoamingBusiness Elements of Roaming

What We Learned

Roaming Business Elements

The roaming business case.

Selecting a roaming partner.

Negotiating a roaming agreement.

Section 2-18

Notes


2-18



CDMA International

RoamingSection 3:

Technical Elements of Voice Roaming

3SECTION

Technical Elements of

Voice Roaming

Section 3-1

Notes

Section 3: Technical Elements of Voice Roaming

3-1



CDMA International


Acquisition of a Roamer Network

Access to a Roaming Partner Network

Making and Receiving calls in a roaming partner network

Charging and billing for roaming calls

Section 3-2

Notes

Section 3: Technical Elements of Voice Roaming

3-2



CDMA International

RoamingHome Service

On single service provider: A customer opens an account and

is given a number and a provisioned device.

The device acquires the network. The network allows access to the

device & customer identity. The Billing systems process

accounting records for the customer identity.

Bills get produced and the customer pays.

Billin

g

Provisioning

contractA

Operational

Acct

bill

pay A

HLR

Section 3-3

Network Operator Overview Home Service1. In the provisioning plane of the business, the customer applies for service and enters

a service contract.2. The provisioning plane then disseminates customer information to the billing and

operational planes. A billing account is established, and service and device details are provided to the network systems.

3. The customer is given a device provisioned accordingly.4. The customer attempts to access the network and, after appropriate authentication

and authorization, uses the mobile service.5. The service use generates usage information (Call Detail Reports) that are relayed to

the billing plane for processing.6. The usage information is processed against the tariff informati

Roaming101_Mackay.pdf

Documents

Transcript of Roaming101_Mackay.pdf