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I T heR oad-R P orterBimonthly Newsletter of the Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads. November/December 2001. Volume 6 # 6

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High Country Citiz ens Alliance (HCCA)has been dispatching teams of trackers

into the backcount ry of t he 1.2 million-acre Gunnison National Forest for the last sixsum mers. They are hunt ers of sorts of roads, not animals. We know why people hunt animals, but w hy bother with roads? Theanswer is also the motivation for all of HCCAs

public lands work: forest health.HCCA formed in 1977 to ba ttle a proposed molybde nu m

mine sited for the Red Lady Bowl of Mt. Emm ons, wh ich isright nex t to picturesqu e Crested Butte, CO. While the m inefight still continues, HCCA has evolved into a multi-purposegrassroots environm ental group with 25 projects falling

within its four gen eral p rogram area s: Save Red Lady, PublicLan ds, Wate r, an d Comm un ity. Due to HCCAs affiliationwith the Southern Rockies Forest Network (SRFN analliance of more than 20 conservation groups in Coloradoand so uth ern Wyomin g), our Public Land s Program isfocused on documenting roads and mapping the boun dariesof remainin g roadless areas on our local national forest.

The Gun nison Basin covers about 3 million acres, withthe Gunn ison Nationa l Forest forming a ring arou nd itseaste rn ed ge. The Forest is ecologically diverse, rangin gfrom 6 500 to 14,000 in e levation. Vegetative com mu nitiesrun th e gamut from shru bland-sagebrush steppe to alpine

tun dra, with a lot of aspen an d den se spruce-fir forests inbetween. Species of concern include the boreal toad andGunnison sage grouse (both candidates for protections under

the Endan gered Species Act), north ern gosh awk, pinemar ten, sou thwe stern willow flycatcher, boreal owl (ForestService Managemen t Indicator Species), and Colorado Rivercutth ro at trout (feder al listing pen din g). Addition ally, thearea is hom e to 12 Forest Service sensitive plant sp eciesincluding the rou ndleaf sun dew, a carnivorous p lant withonly two known populations in Colorado.

In the past two decades motorized recreational use hasexploded , creating a vast network of user -created roads onthe Gunn ison. Whether in open areas with few topographicbarriers, or in remote forests near treeline, many m otorizedroutes have been pionee red in previously roadless areas. Thecum ulative effects of user-created routes com bined withofficial Forest system mo torized routes poses a grave threat

to individual species from h abitat loss an d fragmentation (seemap , page 3).The sheer nu mber of routes requires a careful study of

their location and im pacts so that th ey will be pro perlyaddressed in th e up comin g Gun nison Travel Plan revision.The first step to address th is problem is finding ou t exactlywh ere th ese illegal road s are. Ent er HCCA an d its Road RIPprogram (Road Rehabilitation an d Inventory Project). Overthe past six years and with the cooperation of the ForestService, HCCA (and its siste r gro up in Paon ia, The WesternSlope Environm ental Resour ce Coun cil) has m app ed nea rly

The Truth, theWhole Truth,and Nothing

but theGround Truth HCCAs Quest to Map theGunnison National Forest

By Mark Heller and Sandy Shea HCCA docum ents motorized incur sion into the West Elk Wilderness. Photo by Joe Keshmer.


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The Road-RIPorter November/December 2001 3

half of the Gunnison, and we h ope to comp lete the second half by the end o f next summ er.

In the first years of the Road RIP program, the roadlocation techn ique con sisted of a USGS map, a sh eet of mylarand som e red pens. The Road Rippe rs would hike or bikearound a designated quadrangle and m ake their best guess asto the location of a road on the m ap and m ark it in. Theywould then take a few photos and fill out a form to documen tthe ch aracteristics of the r oad. In recent years, HCCA andSRFN have added an in-depth form with more th an 40 ques-tions, digital cam eras an d global p ositioning system (GPS) unitsthat talk to each oth er allowing for the p lacemen t of the exactlatitude an d longitude on each picture. Also in th e works is awireless system tha t will allow all of this inform ation to bebeamed from the field directly to the HCCA office.

Field information is tran sferred to a geograph ic informa-tion system (GIS) database an d overlaid o nto a d igitized versionof the USGS map to sh ow the u ser-created roads alon g withForest Service system road s. Sometimes th is process takes justas long as the field work, and is in many ways mo re com pli-cated. Once finished, these results will be com bined with datafrom o ther SRFN conser vation groups to form an in tegrated GISdatabase showing roads and remaining roadless areas onNational Forests in th e Southe rn Rockies region.

But just to ma ke the techn ology work, you n eed bodies todrive, bike or walk every foot o f terrain, an d carefully andaccurately enter each bit of data. Its not a job for the casualday h iker. It takes stron g legs, attentio n to detail, and lately,good rain gea r. Assisting HCCA with th is mon um en tal task th isyear were Coordin ator Alex Zende l, Crew Lead ers Jill Norton

and Wade Thom pson , and Crew Memb ers Tracy Racek, JoeKesh m er, Tom Hall, Ann -Marie Zanowick, a nd Zach Heusch er.Even though the GPS/GIS technology is fairly new, many of HCCAs Road Rippers h ave alread y wor ked with it, either forother r oad inventory efforts or for wildlife tracking. Therookies are learn ing daily and love it. I would take it over th eusual job, thats definite, says Heuscher, who treasures see ingthe are a from so m any different pe rspectives, even thou gh Julysnow and mud sometimes interfere with his reverie.

Our wor k thus far indicates that at least 200 m iles of ghostroads receive regular use o n th e Gun nison National Forestalone; in some a reas the ro ad den sity is over 10 miles persquare m ile! No, unfortu nately, thats not a typo. Our goal isto docu men t all routes as accura tely as techno logy allows, andto press th e Forest Service to close routes th at are p lainlyduplicative, that are causing unacceptable environmentaldamage, or routes that simply end up going no where.

As on all National Forests, the Forest Service has let thissituation grow while turn ing a blind eye to the pro blem. If youtalk with agen cy staffers, theyll tell you they kn ow th eres ahuge problem out there, but slim budgets and oth er agencypriorities h ave pr evented th em from con fronting the problemhead on . Because of our high quality data (much mor e compre-hensive and accurate than the agencys own information), ourwork on the Gunnison will comp el the agency to get a grip onthe problem, and force long overdue chan ges on the groun d.

If you are con cern ed with th e over-mo torization of yourlocal national Forest, we encou rage you to take the bu ll by theho rn s. A basic GPS un it costs a little over $100 , and if youcant afford a digital camera , a regular point-and -shoot cam erawill do n icely. There are lots of folks out th ere who a re doingthis kind of wor k wh o will gladly offer advice, and help you get

started (for th is we owe th e folks atWildlands CPR a deb t of gratitude th ats how we got started !). Allthats required is a desire to doaccurate work, and a comm itmentto stick with it. You ll often findthere even are agen cy staffers wh owill support you, an d som etimesactually encou rage you! These areour pu blic lands. The more weknow about them , the better ablewell be to fight to close inapp ropri-ate routes, and to preserve thediminishing roadless places outthere tha t are special to us, andessential to all the cr itters who callthe forest home.

For m ore information on the Road RIP project and HCCA in

general, readers can call HCCA at:970-349-7104 or visit their website

at: h tt p://www.hccaonline.org.

The Southern Rockies Forest Network can be contacted at:

303-444-1188 x 216 or:http://www.southernrockies.org.

WCPR, the group formerly know nas RoadRIP, thanks HCCA for

carrying on the name Road RIPand its spirit!

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Shrinking Roadless Zones in ColoradosGunnis on National Forest

This map shows im pacts to r oad less a reas over the p as t 24 years . Not ice how t he

roadless (l ight grey) areas are substantial ly more fragmented in t he r igh t -hand v iew,

in some cases t o ta l lye l iminat ing hab i ta t connect iv i t y.

DenverCrested Butte


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The Road-RIPorter November/December 20014

House of Cards By Bethanie Walder

It has been a time of many tran sitions, from o nemillennium to the next. The boom market of the90s has turn ed to unce rtainty in the n ew

centu ry. And the conservation comm un ity wasalready feeling the pin ch from th e faltering econom yeven before th e terrorist attacks began. But now, wemay be forced to face, directly, an eco nom ic paradoxlong igno red.

The un precedented economic boom of the1990s did several things for conser vation as a wh ole:1) it poured money into non-profits from founda-tions, corporations an d individual donors; 2) itprompted u s to export even m ore of our environm en-

tal degradation to less affluent, less restrictivecountries - so we could accommodate ou r increasedconsump tion in conjunction with ou r increasedconcern for the environment; and 3) it increased thedollars peop le spent on lux uries, including low andhigh-impact recreation.

This column explores how theinterconnectedness between these three issuesdirectly affects the very foun dation of th e conser va-tion movemen t. A found ation which appea rs to havesignificant cracks.

It s t he Economy, Stup id According to a recent r epor t from the Chron icle

of Philanthro py, charitable giving h as increasedalmost every year since 1940. It went up de spitePearl Harbor and World War II; despite the CubanMissile Crisis; and despite th e assassination of President Kenn edy. The only year since 1940 whencharitable giving did not increase was 1987, wh en th estock mar ket crashed, triggering a recession. Itapp ears, then , that econ om ics drive char itable giving,not politics.

Even so, the September 11 th attacks, and th eongoing terrorism threats raise an uncertain politicaland economic paradigm that may limit the applicabil-ity of this h istorical perspective on char itable giving.We have assumed th at as long as we have a fun c-tional econ omy (even if its n ot growing), fun ding forconser vation work shou ld continu e. But is un -checked, nonstop econom ic growth really such agood thing for conservation?

Herein lies the paradox. As the prosp erity of theAmerican peop le has increased, so too has ou rconsu mp tion. As a society we could choose to beprosperous and productive without increasing ou renvironm entally destructive behavior. We couldchoo se to use our affluence to invest in alterna tiveenergy developmen t or conservation at an industriallevel, in the hom e, or on th e road. We could chooseto use ou r affluen ce to invest in edu cation and social

justice.But many prosperous Americans have spent their

mon ey on conspicuous consump tion, from gasguzzling cars and sport utility vehicles, to m otorizedtools and toys, like leaf blowers, off-road vehicles andrecreational vehicles. The same econ om ic boom th atincreased conservation funding also promotedwasteful and con sum ptive lifestyles, causing furth erenvironm ental degradation both in the US andabroad. The constant push for increased globaliza-tion has comp ounded labor and environmentalproblems, both here an d abroad.

The ecological imp acts of our affluence are profound, yet it is only w ith t his new crisis t hat w e are forced to examine our

choices, and more s ignificantly, forced to decide whet her or not w e will cont inue to dest roy bot h our own lands and

t hose of other peoples and count ries, to maintain our affluence.

What do we need t o do, as conservationists and as a society,

to re-create a global ethic of conservation?


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Odes to Roads

D ave Person h as a knack for th is sort of thing.Everyo ne Ive talked to says so. He shuffleshis boots un til he finds a flat patch of ground . Then he clears his thro at, tilts his headback, and lets loose a long, euph on ious howl. Its abluesy, barroo m how l. And nea rly as loud. Daveben ds the ton e up an d down , finally sliding to asingle note, which h e pulls a half step h igher a t theend, punctuating his little backwoods aria with whatsounds like a question m ark.

As silence se ttles back into this ch un k of Southeast Alaska, the three of us tur n ear s to the treeline an d wait, hoping for an an swer. Amy Russellleans forward, a s if that four-inch tilt will make iteasier to hear the wolves respon d (if they choo se to).

Focusing on th e forest of shad ows that looms a h alf-mile away, her eyes na rrow, but I can still see aboun dless enthu siasm gleam ing ther e. Daves gotthe sa me loo k. As wildlife biologists for Alaska Fishand Game, this is what they live for.

Dave pu lls up his binocu lars, scans th e tree line,but sees no m ovemen t. It could take awhile, hewhisper s. We settle in, crouching beh ind a largestump, trying to get comfortable amid the sharpangles and tan gled chao s of a recent clear-cut. Itsnot easy. This patch of once lush tem peraterainforest looks as if some beast h as turned theworld inside out. Slash, stump s, and bro ken trunksare scattered like skeletons acr oss acres of churn edup earth . They bleach in this March sun to ahau nting, cadaverous gray.

Its har d to find a spot an ywhe re on Prince of Wales Island wh ere a clear-cut doesn t define theview. Logging has upro oted both natu re and hum anculture on this, the th ird largest island in America,and Dave and Amy are here to find out h ow thatcataclysmic cutting has impa cted the wolf popu la-tion.

I think shes over here, Dave says as he wavesa han dheld antenn ae in the air and its receiver startsbeepin g like a hyp eractive geiger counter. A radio-collared fem ale wolf is movin g our way. She s veryclose, he says.

Prince of Wales Island rests at the so uth ern e ndof Alaskas pan han dle, a region dom inated by th eTongass National Forest. Water h as sha ttered th eplace into thousa nds of islands and ed ged its ruggedmainland mou ntains with the labyrinthian chan nelknown as the Inside Passage. A mo saic of forest,mu skeg, and glacial ice blankets all that rises abovethe sea. Its wild country, part of th e largest temp er-ate rain forest in th e world.

But app arently not wild enough.In the fifties, the timber indu stry turn ed on th e

Tongass and th e private land s aroun d it. For the n extha lf cen tur y it logged vora ciously. Princ e of Waleswas hit particularly hard.

Prince of Wales logging ech oed th e freneticcha os of a California Gold Rush . The island s 2,231square miles of mountainous land h arbored thelargest trees in Southe ast Alaska, but few regulationsto protect them . Loggers scramb led north from thedepleted forests o f Oregon an d Washington , living infloating camps and slapp ed-together cabins. Engi-neers barged in heavy equipment, carving roadsacross vast tracts of virgin forest. Where tho se roadscrossed, towns ap peared (within a year of itsfound ing, the village of Thorn e Bay was th e largestlumber camp in the world).

Two th ousan d m iles of logging roads are thelegacy of that era. The majority are unpaved andoften so r iddled with poth oles they look like artillerytargets. Some con nect com mu nities. Most conn ectnothing m ore h eartening than o ther clear-cuts.

These tou gh realities temp er Dave and Amysenth usiasm. Prince of Wales probab ly has mo reroading than any other island in southern southeastAlaska, Dave says with a sigh . This is the worstcase scenar io with respect to balancin g logging an ddevelopmen t with wildlife concerns.

Yet wolves are adap table creatu res. Earlier in

The Singing Wolves By Guy Hand

If there w as a place in history w here people needed roads less t han any ot her,

Southeast Alaska was once it.Water provided an elegantly extensive

highway s yst em t hat for thousands of yearslead Alaskans t o every t hing that m att ered.

Roads w ere as ess ent ial in thisland of glacial ice, tor rent ial rains,

and tower ing mountains as central air or sport y convertibles.

g


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the day we passed a spot where pup s had been playing alongthe shou lder of a wide dirt track. The two biologists believethe real prob lem isnt how roads h ave changed wolves, buthow road s have chan ged south east Alaskas hum an cu lture.

If there was a place in history where people needed roadsless than any oth er, South east Alaska was once it. Waterprovided an elegantly extensive highway system th at forthou sand s of years led Alaskans to everything that mattered .Roads were as essential in this lan d o f glacial ice, torren tialrains, and towering mou ntains as central air or sportycon vertibles. To this day, th e major tow ns of the Ton gass Jun eau, Ketchikan , Sitka reflect tha t fact, their road systemsfading to forest a few m iles from th e city limits. But on thoselands targeted for logging, all that ch anged.

Its so much different th an it was in the past. Frank Wright said wh en I visited him on Chichagof Island , north of Prince o f Wales. Hes a native Alaskan , of the Tlingit tribe,and sees his peoples relationship to the land crumblingbecause roads have changed the way his people hu nt for food.We used to go ou t in a boat. Now its just riding in a car,driving full speed u p an d down th e highway to see if you canfind a deer to shoot. Wheres the spor t in that? Wheres thehu nting ability? Frank thinks h is tribe is losing more th anhu nting ability; he th inks the Tlingit are losing their veryidentity.

That hu man loss, Dave believes, also translates to a lossfor animals. The cen ter parts of these island s were essen-tially refugia for wildlife spe cies, he says as he sweeps a h andacross ba re hills, because th e areas just w erent accessible topeop le. But with the ad vent of road s, those areas are largelyopen and a ccessible.

Amy h as no ticed an incr ease in illegal hun ting: I recently

caught an d radio collared nine wolves. And before the seaso nopen ed to legally take wolves, two of th ose n ine were killed.A rare we arin ess seep s into her voice. Its largely frompeople driving the roads, encountering the an imals, andshooting them.

Dave predicts such illegal shooting of wolves will onlyincrease as clearcuts fill with you ng trees. As part of the irresearch , Dave and Amy h ave watched the food sources fordeer dw indle as second growth rises into a un iform , closedcano py, choking out the su n an d killing the forage deer nee dto survive.

Its a place wh ere deer would h ave to pack a lun ch to

find anyth ing to eat, Dave says. When we see declines indeer in th ese areas in twen ty-five to thirty years, mo st peop learent going to say Oh my gosh , look what we did with th ehab itat; what can we d o to fix it? theyre going to b lamewolves.

Dave stares into the sky, as if lost to th e cascade of consequences that visit a forest when too many tr ees are cut.Then h is eyes refocus. The on ly way to protect wolves willbe to have areas where p eople cant easily get at them . Andthat means areas that dont have roads.

Yet he and Amy have seen how d ifficult it is to controlaccess once roads are reality and people accustomed to usingthem : The locked gates Alaska Fish a nd Game have placedacross some roads are often cut open or pu lled down withindays.

Dave stuffs his han ds into his pock ets. Amy zips her coatto her ch in. For several minutes th ey say nothin g. There.

Dave suddenly turn s his head to the right. Did you hearthat?

Amy sits straight up, then n ods. I strain, but hear on ly thelow hiss of wind through sp ruce n eedles. Amy points to aspot buried in the trees. And th en I hear it too: a little chor usof howls, nearly inaudible at first, but building. I shift towardthe sou nd an d soon th e woods are full of wolf how ls. Itsnoth ing like Id expe cted, certainly not th e chilling, predator yscream Id imagined. This is pur e son g, melodious, and if Icould be forgiven a m omen t of anthropomorp hism down right joyful.

The three of us sit amidst the rub ble and sm ile.Six month s from no w, on a blustery September morn ing,

Ill be rem inded o f this small mom ent when the ra dio playsnot m usic, but cries of despair; when the world suddenlyshrinks to a hard stone and words no longer hold room forthings as quaint, as inconse quen tial as woods an d wolves. YetI wont be able to get their h owling out of my h ead. Theyllsoun d sweeter. And th eyll answ er a question I dont yet knowto ask: Is there h ope for th e world?

Theyll say yes.Because ou t here, in th is other ravaged landscape, in this

chaotic tangle of Alaskan gray and green, the wolves aresinging.

Guy Hand is a w riter and radio producer based in Boise, Idaho. His work has appeared in Audubon , Sierra, and Northern Lights magazines and been broadcast on NPRs Living On Earthand Radio High Count ry News.

Photo by D. Poszig.

Sea kayakin g the Inside Passage. File photo.


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Bibliography Notes sum marizes and highlights some of t hescientific literature in our 6,000 citation bibliography on the

ecological effects of roads. We offer bibliographic searches tohelp activists access important biological research relevant toroads. We keep copies of mos t art icles cited in Bibliography

Notes in our off ice library.

Bibliography Notes

The Impacts ofRailroads on Wildlife

By Edgar A. van der Grift

The imp acts of railroads on wildlife and w ildlife h abitatsare not mu ch different from those caused by road s. Loss of hab itat, mortality due to collisions, barrier effect and r eductionin hab itat quality are the m ain impacts of hab itat fragmenta-tion by railroads. This may cause redu ced pop ulation viability

or th reaten a sp ecies survival. On a local scale, trains affectwildlife hab itats through th e introduction o f exotic plantspecies (e.g. seeds), em ission of toxic con taminan ts like heavymetals, or m anagem ent (e.g. herbicides).

Death between the tracksWildlife m ortality du e to collision s with trains can be

significant. Mamm als and birds seem particularly vulnerable,as shown by studies in Spain, The Nether lands an d CzechRepub lic (Havln 198 6; SCV 199 6; Van der Grift 19 99; Bran djes& Smit 199 9; Van d er Grift & Graa fland, u np ub lished d ata).Differences in m ortality between species groups are wellportrayed b y a survey of animal carcasses at the railroadMadrid-Sevilla (Spain). Along th is railro ad th e ann ual kill wasestim ated at 36 .5 kills/km (SCV 199 6). Abou t 57% of thecasualties were birds, 40% were mam mals while only 3% werereptiles and amphibians.

European and North American studies indicate that m anywildlife species are victims of collisions w ith trains. Mam ma-lian victims range from small roden ts to large ungu lates andcarn ivores (Van Tighe m 198 1; Child & Stuart 1 987 ; Havln1987 ; Belant 19 95; Gibeau & Heuer 199 6; Groot Bruinderink &Hazebroe k 199 6; Paquet & Callaghan 199 6; SCV 199 6; Wells1996 ; Serrou ya 1997 ; Gibeau & Herrero 1998; see a lso reviewVan d er Grift 199 9). Size of avian victims varies (Havln 198 7;SCV 1996; Brandjes & Smit 1999), though owls and birds of prey seem especially vulnerab le (Spencer 1 965; Lsekru g1982 ). Snakes (SCV 1996 ; Wiema n et al. 2000 ) and a mp hibians,

main ly toads an d frogs, also are victims (Baran dun 1991).Railroad fatalities can have a severe imp act on anim al

po pu lation s. Moose fatalities in th e lower Susitn a Valley(Alaska) revealed an astonishing an nu al mo rtality of 5 .5/km(Moda fferi 1991 ). Train-m oos e collisions were largely resp on -sible for population reduction in this area. In some years theredu ction was as high as 35% (Becker & Grauvogel 1991).Studies in Cana da an d Norway indicate sim ilar losses (Child etal. 1991; Muzzi & Bisset 19 90; And erson et al. 1991 ; Jaren et al.1991; Groot Bruind erink & Hazebroek 19 96).

Small nu mb ers of victims also may cau se negative imp actson p opu lation levels and h ave severe implications for pop ula-

tion sur vival pro bability if a species is endan gered, has a largehome range, low population density or low reproduction rate.Between 1 994 an d 1996 13 black bears were killed along 15kilometer of railroad in Glacier National Park in BritishColumb ia, Canad a (Wells 199 6; Mun ro 1 997), while four mo re

bear-kills occurred on a n earby highway. Although black bearpopulation num bers are n ot well known, the railroad (andhighway) is a population sink. Similar conclusions can bedraw n in th e Bow Valley of Ban ff Nation al Park . Betwee n 19 85and 1 995 an average of 9-11% of the black bear pop ulationwas killed by trains an d cars each year (Gibeau & Heuer 199 6).In 1996 on e anima l was hit by a train and four by cars, whilethe total popu lation in th e valley was estimated at no m orethan 20 adu lts (Serrouya 1997 ).

Why so m any collisions?High mo rtality rates are prim arily foun d at the intersection

of railroads with impor tant wildlife habitats an d m igrationroutes. Anima l beh aviour, snow depth , tem perature, railroad

chara cteristics, and railroad use (e.g. train sp eed) are importan tfactors tha t affect the nu mb er of train-kills (Lsekru g 1982;Child 1983; Child & Stuart 1987; Child et al. 1991; Andersen etal. 1991; Jaren et al. 19 91; Moda fferi 199 1; Modafferi & Becker1997). Anima ls are also killed becau se they are attracted torailroads. Ungulates and carn ivores use plowed rail beds assubstitute travel corridors du ring winter (Child 1983 ; And ersenet al. 1991; Paqu et & Callaghe n 19 96; Wells 1996). For m an yreptiles the sun -exposed, sandy em bankm ents form suitablehab itat and corridors for seasonal migrations or th e coloniza-tion of n ew habitats (Korn acker 19 93; Hedeen & Hedeen 1999).

Railroad kills attract predator s or carrion eaters (SCV1996). On average, two grizzly bears p er year are killed alongthe railroad th at separates Glacier Nationa l Park to the n orth

from th e Bob Marshall Wildern ess comp lex to th e south(Montana, US). Main reasons for grizzly bear mortality alongthis railroad segmen t are grain spills dur ing derailmen ts anddurin g norm al operation s (Waller & Servheen 19 99). InCanad a, most co llisions with wolves and coyotes took p lacenear train-killed ungulates (Wells 1996; Gibeau & Heuer 1996).

Birds are a ffected in a sim ilar way (Havln 19 87; Wells1996). Other food attractants are: anth ropogen ic-inducedalteration s of th e vegetation (Gibeau & Herrero 1998; Jaren etal. 1991; Wells 1996; Woods & Munro 1996; Munro 1997); foodspills (Wells 19 96; Gibeau & Herrero 1998); and abun dan ce of prey in ra ilroad verges (Wells 1996 ). Possible den s ites (e.g. red

Black bear on tracks Banff National Park, CP Rail line West of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada. Photo by Reno Somm erhalder.


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ings of the Transportation related Wildlife Mortality SeminarFlorida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, Florida.

Reh, W. and A. Seitz. 1990. The influence of land use on thegenetic structure of populations of the common frog Ranatemporaria . Biological Conservation 54: 239-249.

Rodrguez, A., G. Crema and M. Delibes. 1996. Use of non-wildpassages across a high-speed railway by terrestrial vertebra

Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 1527-1540.Rodrguez, A., G. Crema and M. Delibes. 1997. Factors affectin

crossing of red foxes and wildcats through non-wildlife

passages across a high-speed railway. Ecography 20: 287-294.Schwartz, C.C. and B. Bartley. 1991. Reducing incidental moosemortality: considerations for management. Alces 27: 227-231.

SCV. 1996. Mortalidad de vertebrados en lneas de ferrocarril: Documentos Tcnicos de Conservacin SCV 1, SociedadConservacin Vertebrados, Madrid.

Serrouya, R. 1997. Black bear movem ents and survival in the BValley of Banff National Park, Alberta: 14-18. In: A.P. Cleven& K. Wells (eds). Proceedings of the Second Roads, Rails anthe Environment Workshop. Parks Canada, Banff NationalPark, Alberta & Columbia Mountains Institute of AppliedEcology, Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada.

Spencer, K.G. 1965. Avian casualties on railways. Bird Study 12: 257.Trewhella, W.J. and S. Harris. 1990. The effect of railway lines o

urban fox (Vulpes vulpes ) numbers and dispersal movements. Journal of Zoology 221: 321-326.

Van de Bund, C.F. 1991. Herpetofauna in weg- enspoorwegbermen. In: Natuurbeheer voor reptielen enamfibien. WARN-publicatie 7, Amsterdam.

Van der Grift, E.A. and H.M.J. Kuijsters. 1998. Mitigation m easuto reduce habitat fragmentation by railway lines in theNetherlands: 166-170. In: G.L. Evink et al. (eds). Proceedingthe International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transtation. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL

Van der Grift, E.A. 1999. Mammals and railroads: impacts andmanagement implications. Lutra 42: 77-98.

Van Tighem, K. 1981. Mortality of bighorn sheep on a railroad highway in Jasper National Park, Canada. Unpublished repo

Vos, C.C. 1999. A frogs-eye view of the landscape; quantifyingconnectivity for fragmented amphibian populations. Ph.D.-thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen.

Waller, J.S. & C. Servheen 1999. Documenting grizzly bearhighway crossing patterns using GPS technology. In: Evink,G.L., P. Garrett & D. Zeigler (eds.). Proceedings of the thirdInternationa l Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transporttion: 21-23. FL-ER-73-99. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, Florida.

Wells, P. 1996. Wildlife mortality on the Canadian Pacific Railwbetween Field and Revelstoke, BC. Unpublished report.

Wieman, E.A.P., R.J.F. Bugter, E.A. van der Grift, A.G.M. SchotmC.C. Vos and S.S.H. Ligthart. 2000. Beoordeling ecologischeeffecten reactivering IJzeren Rijn op het gebied de MeinweReport 081. Alterra, Wageningen.

Wolf, K.R. 1993. Zur Biologie der Erdkrte Bufo bufo L. unterbesonderer Bercksichtigung der Bedeutung vonMigrationshindernissen auf das Wanderverhalten und die

Entwicklung von vier Erdkrtenpopulationen im Stadtgebievon Osnabrck. Ph.D.-thesis Universitt Osnabrck. MellenUniversity Press, Lewiston, New York.

Woods, J.G. and R.H. Munro. 1996. Roads, rails and the enviroment: wildlife at the intersection in Canadas western mountains. In: G.L. Evink et al. (eds). Proceedings of the Transportion related Wildlife Mortality Seminar. Florida Department Transportation, Tallahassee, Florida.

Yanes, M., J.M. Velasco and F. Surez. 1995. Permeability of roand railways to vertebrates: the importance of culverts.

Biological Conservation 71: 217-222.

Gibeau, M.L. and S. Herrero. 1998. Roads, rails and grizzly bears inthe Bow River Valley, Alberta: 104-108. In: G.L. Evink et al.(eds). Proceedings of the Internationa l Conference on WildlifeEcology and Transportation. Florida Department of Transporta-tion, Tallahassee, Florida.

Groot Bruinderink, G.W.T.A. and E. Hazebroek. 1996. Ungulatetraffic collisions in Europe.Conservation Biology 10: 1059-1067.

Havln, J. 1987. On the importance of railway lines for the life of avifauna in agrocoenoses.Folia Zoologica 36: 345-358.

Hedeen, S.E. and D.L. Hedeen . 1999. Railway-aided d ispersal of an

introducedPodarcis m uralis population. Herpetological Review30: 57-58.Huijser, M.P., P.J.M. Bergers and C.J.F. Ter Braak. 2000. Road, traffic

and landscape characteristics of hedgehog traffic victim sites.In: M.P. Huijser (ed). Life on the edge. Hedgehog traffic victimsand mitigation strategies in an anthropogenic landscape: 107-126. Ph.D. thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen, TheNetherlands.

Hunt, A., H.J. Dickens and R.J. Whelan. 1987. Movement of mammals through tunnels under railway lines. Australian

Zoologist 24: 89-93.Igelmann, E. 1994. Zum Einflu von Bahndmmen auf das

Wanderverhalten von Erdkrten Bufo bufo L.: 22. In: A. Mendt(ed). Zusammenfassungen Jahrestagung der DeutschenGesellschaft fr Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde e.V. inFrankfurt/Main. Deutschen Gesellschaft fr Herpetologie undTerrarienkunde e.V., Rheinbach.

Jaren , V., R. Andersen, M. Ulleberg, P.H. Pedersen and B. Wiseth .1991. Moose-train collisions: the effects of vegetation removalwith a cost-benefit analysis. Alces 27: 93-99.

Keller, V. and H.P. Pfister. 1997. Wildlife passages as a means of mitigating effects of habitat fragmentation by roads and railwaylines: 70-80. In: K. Canters et al. (eds). Proceedings HabitatFragmentation & Infrastructure. Ministry of Transport, PublicWorks an d Water Managem ent, Delft, Netherlands.

Kornacker, M. 1993. Populationskologische Untersuchungen aneiner Bahndam-Population von Lacerta vivipara im Rheinland.Salamandra 29: 97-118.

Lsekrug, R.G. 1982. Vogelverluste durch die Eisenbahn im RaumGttingen. Angew.Ornithologie 5: 263-274.

Mader, H.J., C. Schell and P. Kornacker. 1990. Linear barriers toarthropod movements in the landscape. Biological Conservation54: 209-222.

Modafferi, R.D. 1991. Train moose-kill in Alaska: characteristicsand relationship with snowpack depth and moose distributionin lower Susitna Valley. Alces 27: 193-207.

Modafferi, R.D. and E.F. Becker. 1997. Survival of radio collaredadult moose in lower Susitna River Valley, Southcentral Alaska.

Journal of W ildlife Management 61:540-549.Munro, R. 1997. Assessing the impact of the Trans-Canada

Highway and the Canadian Pacific Railway on bear m ovemen tsand habitat use patterns in the Beaver Valley, British Columbia:8-13. In: A.P. Clevenger & K. Wells (eds). Proceedings of theSecond Roads, Rails and the Environmen t Workshop. ParksCanada, Banff National Park, Alberta & Columbia MountainsInstitute of Applied Ecology, Revelstoke, BC, Canada.

Mri, H. and K. Stamm bach. 1991. Bahn 2000 will Rcksichtnehmen auf Wildtiere. Empfehlungen zur Gestaltung vonBrcken und Lrmschutzwnden.Wildtiere 1: 12 .1-12.11.

Muzzi, P.D. and A.R. Bisset. 1990. Effectiveness of ultrasonicwildlife warning devices to reduce m oose fatalities alongrailway corridors. Alces 26: 37-43.

Ockenfels, R.A., W.K. Carrel and C. van Riper III. 1997. Homeranges and m ovemen ts of pronghorn in northern Arizona.Proceedings of the Third Bienn ial Conference of Research onthe Colorado Plateau 3 : 45-61.

Paquet, P. and C. Callaghan. 1996. Effects of linear developmentson winter movements of gray wolves in the Bow River Valley of Banff National Park, Alberta. In: G.L. Evink et al. (eds). Proceed-


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What is the distribution an d inten sity of OHV use on thelandscap e, and wh at are the impacts? The fact is, no on ereally knows. Yet ma ny governm ent a gencies, scientists,conser vation ists and recre ationists need to answer th is criticalquestion in order to man age lands well.

Part of the reason so little is known abou t the inten sityand distribution of OHV use is th at an effective tool for

mo nitoring OHV use ha s not been available. Last mon th, alawyer for a Montana-based o rganization told me th at the U.S.Forest Service has a legal obligation to monitor OHV use levels,but has n ot done so, claiming that the tool to do so d id notexist. Such a tool is no w available. The TRAFx Off-Highw ayVehicle Coun ter com bines tiny precision m agnetic sensor s,advanced d igital signal processing, and soph isticated em bed-ded so ftware systems to create a techn ology for cou nting OHVsof various shape s and sizes.

Back in the mid-1990 s I was involved in o ne of the firstCanadian applications of the U.S. Forest Services cumulativeeffects model for grizzly bears. To determ ine how useful anarea is to grizzly bear s, both h abitat quality and levels of hu man u se must be quan tified accurately. While it was

relatively straightforward to qu antify hab itat quality throughhu ndred s of field p lots, it was very difficult to accuratelyquantify levels of human use on the landscape. This substan-tially limited th e efficacy of th e m odel.

In the area w here I was, the dominant type of hu man usewas m otorized re crea tiona l use ma inly ATVs and d irt bikes.In the study ar ea, forestry, oil and gas activities, and coalminin g had collectively created a dense n etwork of trails androads u sed by OHVs in grizzly bear h abitat. These spatiallyabundan t linear features used by mo torized recreationalvehicles in fact drive the cum ulative effects mod el andstrongly influen ce how useful an area is to grizzly bears.

TRAFx Off-Highway Vehicle CounterBy Jake Herrero

Because th e prop er tool to inventory OHV use wasun available, I becam e determ ined to create such a tool. Fiveyears after my initial crude p rototype, I am p leased to say thata sop histicated, flexible, micro-comp uter b ased OHV detection,coun ting and m onitoring tool has arrived. The TRAFx Off-Highway Vehicle Counter has the following key feature s:

* quick to deploy, and easy to hide (bury in the road or placeit beside the r oad un der a rock)

* long battery life (three AA batteries last four months; threeC batteries last a year)

* small size (including AA batteries and waterproof fieldcase, it is the size of a bar of soap )

* user configurable settings (auto-start time, adjustablesensitivity, time stam ps, variable-length period coun ts)

* low maintenance (no moving parts, or wire loops orrubber tubes to dam age)

* large memory capacity (can store over 10 million counts if necessary)

* designed for outdoor environments (the precision sensoris rated to -40 C)

* data easily transfers into spreadsheet programs (worksgreat w ith Microsoft Excel)

* connects to a handheld, laptop or desktop PC (the smallComp aq iPAQ is excellent for th e field)

To d ate, the TRAFx Off-Highway Veh icle Coun ter ha smain ly been used in th e Cana dian Rockies in Alberta andBritish Columb ia in en vironm ental cum ulative effects assess-me nts. The Biological Division of th e U.S. Geological Surveyrecently ordered some of the coun ters for a research projectne ar Yellowston e National Park .

While the U.S. Forest Service cumulative effects model forgrizzly bears (which I used in th e 1990 s) has gr adually beenreplaced with resource selection function (RSF) mo dels, th eneed to gather accurate data on intensity and spatial andtem po ral distribu tion of ORV use rem ains critical. In RSFmo dels, it must be de term ined wh at resour ces wildlife areselecting or avoiding. Are they avoiding mo torized roads andtrails used by OHVs? What is the level of OHV use th at resu ltsin avoidance? These questions remain unan swered in regardsto grizzly bears an d oth er wildlife species. Becau se OHVs canmove qu ickly over the landscap e, can read ily access remoteand sen sitive wildlife hab itat, and ar e mu ch louder th annor mal vehicles, they have considerable impa cts on w ildlife.

If you are inte rested in learn ing more abou t the TRAFxOff-Highway Veh icle Cou nte r, please go to h ttp://www.trafx.n et.

For more informa tion, you can ema il me at: [email protected].

Jake Herrero is an environmental scientist who lives inCanm ore, Alberta. In his fr ee tim e, he shuns technology and hikes and skis in the mount ains around his home.


12/16


13/16


Threat of New Road Forces Protes t ors fr om Trees to Jail

Memb ers o f the Buckeye Forest Coun cil blockeda timber sale on Ohios Zaleski State Forest for eightdays in September, the first action of its kind in Oh io.

On Friday, August 31, loggers were surprised toarrive at a soft blockade of about 20 peop le

blocking the road that accesses the 292 acre timbersale. Division of Forest law enforceme nt an d OhioState Highway Patrol agents arr ived an d scattere d th esoft blockade. The logging trucks continu ed downthe road a few feet only to be met by a ditch and ahan ging basket which was susp ended from a traverseline an d held in place by a log lashed across th e road,making it impossible for trucks to continue withoutharm ing the activist suspended in the b asket.

Susan Heitker, State Forest Campaign Coordina-tor for th e Athen s-based Buckeye Forest Council, wasin the basket while two other activists, Mr. B. and MattGlass, were sitting in tree platforms on either side of the traverse line.

We took to the tr ees becau se weve been tryingfor eight years to express our concerns with th etimber sale pro gram to no avail, said Heitker, adding,The Division of Forestr y was just giving us lipservice.

The Ohio Departm ent o f Natural ResourcesDivision of Forestry ha s no form al public input p eriodand does not require an Environment Impact Assess-men t. Heitker addressed these concerns to the man ywell-wishers and reporters who stopped by du ringthe eight day action. The Division o f Forestry h asviolated its own man date to man age state forests for

wildlife, recreation, timber har vesting an d soil andwater qu ality. They have neglected to follow theirown departments Indiana bat strategy by notsurveying for th e Indiana bat an d cutting dur ing itssum mer roosting season. Also, their logging haulroad crosses one of on ly two backpack trails in thestate forest system. The Division of Forestry h asshown a bias for timber h arvesting. This is only oneexample.

The Indiana bat is a federally endan gered speciesand th e Zaleski State Forest ma y be ho me to th e batas well as the state endan gered timber rattlesnake.

The interactions between the tr ee sitters, theirfluid sup port crew, the loggers an d Division of Forestry employees remained courteous overallduring the action. The sit ended on Septemberseventh when the DOF and loggers showed up readyto cut a new a ccess road to the timber sale, bypassingthe b lockade.

Three m iles of access road is bad eno ugh, wecouldnt stand to see additional road cu t through th issm all state forest, said BFC attorney Joe Hazelbaker.

On Monday, October 22, Matt and Susan werearraigned in Vinton Coun ty Cour t on ch arges of criminal trespass. Because Susan refused to revealthe identities of other alleged protestors, and un derthe threat of con tempt of court, she and Matt wereforced to plead guilty. Susan was senten ced to themax imum pen alty of 30 days in jail, a $250 fine, andis being forced to p ay $50 a day, up to $1500, foreach day she serves. Matt was also foun d guilty andis serving 7 days alon g with paying a $1 25 fine.

For more information, or to contribute to theSusan Heitker an d Matt Glass legal fun d, pleasecontact:

Buckeye Fore st Coun cil11315 Jackso n DriveThe Plains, OH 45780740-797-7200http://www.buckeyeforestcoun [email protected]

Voice you r o pinion :

Ron AbrahamChief of Division of Forestry1855 Fountain Square, Building H-1Columb us, OH 4322 4ph. 614-265-6694

Samu el W. Speck, Director

Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources193 0 Belcher Drive, Building 3Columb us, OH 4322 4ph. 614-265-6694

Govern or Bob Taft77 South High Street, 30 th fl.Columb us, OHph. 614-466-3555

Contributed by Mary Reed and Diano Circo

2002 , just before the ph ase-out goes into effect.Environmentalists question plans to spend anestimated $2.4 million on the n ew study. Theproposed snowmobile study will look at threeoption s, two of which would kee p Yellowston eNational Park trails open to sno wmo biles. The threealternatives that will be stud ied include:

1. A no-chan ge alternative, mean ing Januar ys federalban on snowm obile use in Yellowstone an d GrandTeton National Parks wo uld stan d.

2. Patterned after legislation propo sed by WyomingsU.S. Sen . Craig Thom as, park trails would be limitedto clean and quiet snowmo biles with no caps onnumbers of snowmobilers or requirement that theyfollow guides.

3. Clean and qu iet snowmob iles would still berequired, but there would be limits on n um bers of snowm obiles allowed in the pa rks at any one time,plus requ irements for groups to follow NationalPark Service gu ides.

Meanwh ile, the sn owm obile ind ustry so far hasfailed to provide substan tive new inform ation oncleaner an d quieter machines that could change theoutcom e of earlier mo deling. A draft version of thenew study m ust be available to th e pu blic by Janu ary.The National Park Service is still planning for a finaldecision by November 200 2.

Photo courtesy BFC website.


14/16


New Resources forRoad-Rippers

This issue finds us w ith several new reports to tell you about.From ATV impacts in Alaska, to a petroleum company

publication about linear barrier impacts, theres lots of new (and new t o us) information out there that can improve your advocacy

efforts. Please dont forget to tell us about your new reportsso we can get the word out.

Shredded Wildlands ATV Management in A laska

All-terrain vehicles are tearing up Alaskas public lands,and state and federal land man agers rarely use their auth orityto stop the m, according to a new Sierra Club report. The rep ort,written by former Katmai National Park superin tende nt G. RayBanes w ith principal fund ing from th e Sierra Club an d theAlaska Conservation Foun dation, says off-road vehicle dr ivershave blazed trails through Wrangell-St. Elias National Park despite pro hibitions there against cutting new tra ils. In oth erplaces, narrow ATV trails have widened to several hun dred feetwhere drivers detour aroun d streams and bogs. The reportincludes com pelling ph otos of ATV dam age and strong reco m-men dations to both land man agers and Alaska environmentalactivists to address this prob lem m ore forth rightly.

Wildlands CPR has free copies available at our office.

The Effects of Linear Development s onWildlife: a Review of Scientific Literature

This report, from 1 998, was completed by non e other th anthe Canadian Association o f Petroleum Producers. We found itwhile trying to find an intern to complete a study on th e

relative effects of different type s of linear disturban ces. Whilethis report doesnt answer all our questions about differenttypes of linear b arriers, it is a good starting poin t. According tothe CAPP webs ite: This rep ort reviews the scientific literatu redescribing the e ffects of linear developm ents o n w ildlife especially large mam mals. Of particular interest were the typesof roads and linear d evelopments created by the oil andpipeline indu stries in western Canada. This review shou ld beconsidered a reference to be used wh en information isrequ ired regarding the effects of linear developmen ts onwildlife: it is n ot m eant to be re ad from cover to cover. Inaddition, the review shou ld be a starting point for tho seinterested in understanding the effects of linear developmentson wildlife.

Its available for free down load from their website at:http://www.capp.ca/ Once you get to the w ebsite, go to the boo kstore, then to

the Health, Safety, and WCB section and you will see therepo rt listed there. Its about 350 pa ges lon g and intende d tobe a web reference, not a pr inted report, though we printed itout an yway, because we ve foun d it easier to use th at way. Itincludes almost 20 0 pages of citations.

Defenders to Release New ORV Report :Off-Road Vehicle And Road Densit y Ecological

Imp acts on Florid as Nat ional Forest s

Over the past several decades, both road an d trail densityand off-road vehicle (ORV) use have increased dramatically onthe three Florida national forests, the Apalachicola (ANF), theOcala (OcNF), and the Osceola (OsNF).

Road den sities are appa llingly high on OcNF and OsNF,and excessive on parts of ANF. The densities on OcNF are greateno ugh to critically imper il the ecosystem . ORVs have haddram atic and highly visible impacts on the Florida NationalFores ts. Illegal m ud -bogging and vehicular play activities havetorn up nu mero us ecologically valuable sinkho les, wet prairies,isolated wetland s, and ep hem eral pon ds, particularly on OcNFand along th e easter n edge of ANF.

Perha ps th e m ost distressing fact is that th e United StatesForest Service h as kn own h ow destru ctive ORVs are andunderstood the basics of how they should be m anaged fordecades, while the problem h as been allowed to grow tocritical levels of ecological and fiscal irresponsibility.

Aldo Leopo ld described the ch allenge that informed landman agers must m eet in situations like this: One of thepen alties of an ecological education is that on e lives alone in aworld of wounds. Much of the dam age inflicted on land isquite invisible to laymen . An ecologist mu st either h arden hisshell and make believe that the consequences of science arenon e of his business, or he must be the doctor who sees themar ks of death in a com mu nity that believes itself well anddoes n ot want to be told otherwise. The USFS has bee n takingthe make believe approa ch for too long. Now it is time toheal the landscape.

This report was prep ared to provide decision-m akers withthe best available information on the existing and potentialecological imp acts of off-road vehicles and ro ad n etworks on

the Florida nation al forests.

For more information, contact:Christine Small, Defenders of [email protected]

W ant to W ork for W ildlands CPR?!?

This summer and fall we conducted a search for astaff scientist. Unfor tunately, we came up empty. Werelooking for a masters or Ph.D. level person to be our

staff scientist. The posit ion will not be a strong researchposition, but will entail working with other scientists todevelop the field of road removal research. It will alsoinvolve a limited amount of work on off-road vehicle androad impacts issues.

If youre interested in more information, check outthe job announcement on our website athttp://www.wildlandscpr.org, or give us a call.

The job search closes December 21.


15/16


Printed Materials Road-Ripper 's Handbook ($20.00, $30 non-members ) A com -

preh ensive activist m anu al that includes the five Guides listedbelow, plus The Ecological Effects of Roads , Gathering In-

format ion wit h the Freedom of Informat ion Act , and more! Road-Ripper 's Guide to the National Forest s ($5, $8 non-mem-

bers) By Keith Hamm er. How-to proced ures for gettingroads closed and revegetated, descriptions of environmentallaws, road den sity standards & Forest Service road p olicies.

Road-Ripper 's Guide t o t he National Parks ($5, $8 non-members) By David Bah r & Aron Yarm o. Provides ba ckgrou ndon th e Nationa l Park System and its use of roads, and o utlineshow activists can get involved in NPS plann ing.

Road-Ripper's Guide to the BLM ($5, $8 non-members) ByDan Stotter. Provides an o verview of road-related land an dresource laws, and detailed discussions for participating inBLM decision-making processes.

Road-Ripper's Guide to Off-Road Vehicles ($5, $8 non-members) By Dan Wright. A com prehen sive guide to reducingthe use an d abuse of ORVs on pu blic lands. Includes an ex-tensive bibliography.

Road-Rippers Guide to Wildland Road Removal ($5, $8 non- members) By Scott Bagley. Provides tech nical inform ationon ro ad construction and rem oval, where and why roads fail,and ho w you can e ffectively assess road rem oval projects.

Trails of Dest ruction ($10) By Friends of the Earth and Wild-lands CPR, written by Erich Pica and Jacob Smith. This re-por t exp lains the ecological impacts of ORVs, federal fun dingfor motorized recreation on public lands, and the ORVindustr ys role in p ush ing the ORV agenda.

On-Line ResourcesVisit our Web Site: www.WildlandsCPR.org. You ll find edu ca-

tional mater ials, back issues of The Road-RIPorter (includingall our bibliography, legal and field notes), and cu rrent actionalerts.

Also at the sit e, weve got a link to an ORV Inform ation Site withan in teractive m ap-based d atabase on each National ForestsORV Policy.

Now av ailable on our site: Ecolo gical Impacts of Roads : A Bib-liographic Database (Update d Jan . 2001) Contains ap pr ox.6,000 citations including scientific literature on erosion,fragmentation, sedime ntation , pollution, effects on wildlife,aquatic and hydrological effects, and other information onthe impacts of roads.

Subscribe to our online list-serves. Check th e boxes below onthe m emb er form an d receive Skid Marks an d/or our ActivistAlert over E-Mail.

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Photo by Edgar van der Grift.

On public lands, off-r oad vehicles w il l be t he issue of t he decade. Form er Forest Servi ce Chief Mike Domb eck

Visions

Road RIPorter 6.6

Documents

Transcript of Road RIPorter 6.6