Numitech solutions

reportOn

Road energy utilization systemSubmitted in partial fulfilment

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B.TECH

Submitted To:

Submitted By:

Name

Name

H.O.D

B.TECH ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Mr. Gurhans Pal Singh our project advisor for his continuous effort in helping us develop our project from the initial stages till completion. His overwhelming support and expertise has been an essential driving force for us and has an immense share in the success of our project.

Mr. Adeel Iftikhar is a person who has also played an essential role in this endeavor. Mr. Adeel is a microcomputer engineer and guided us throughout the step-wise growth of the project. His knowledge in the field of computer systems shed light to many technicalities and gave us the back-support we very much needed. We are very thankful to him for all his time and patience with us.

We would also like to thank Mr. Bashir Ahmed for being very supportive and helpful in providing us the equipment and technical support quintessential in every division of this project. Without his support, this project would have been quite a difficult task to achieve.

Lastly but not the least, we would like to thank our friend, Iman Khalid, for his undue effort and everlasting help in compiling this documentation.AbstractElectricity generation using speed breaker is one of the most technical method to generate the electricity. In this project we will use gear assembly for energy regeneration. When we press the assembly from the top then gear assembly will start their work and this will rotate the dynamo shaft. We will attached the leds with dynamo and led will be glow. This prject will be implemented on the roads as a speed breaker. By use of this mechanism we can utilized the energy and save it.Content

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2 : Objective and Theory

Chapter 3 : Block Diagram

Chapter 4 : Component Used

Chapter 5 : Component Detail

Chapter 6 : Design and construction of projectChapter 7: Future Scopes and conclusion

Chapter 1:

Introduction

In the present scenario power becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lessen of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP.The Kinetic energy of moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical energy of the shaft through rack and pinion mechanism. This shaft is connected to the electric dynamo and it produces electrical energy proportional to traffic density. This generated power can be regulated by using Zener diode for continuous supply. All this mechanism can be housed under the dome like speed breaker, which is called hump. The generated power can be used for general purpose like streetlights, traffic signals. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these power humps in series this generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electric devices. The maintenance cost of hump is almost nullified. By adopting this arrangement, we can satisfy the future demands to some extent.

Possible using different Mechanisms:-

Spring coil mechanism

Rack- Pinion mechanism

Crank-shaft mechanism

Roller mechanismChapter 2:

Objective and Theory

While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP. It is an Electro-Mechanical unit. It utilizes both mechanical technologies and electrical techniques for the power generation and its storage. POWER HUMP is a dome like device likely to be speed breaker. Whenever the vehicle is allowed to pass over the dome it gets pressed downwards then the springs are attached to the dome is compressed and the rack which is attached to the bottom of the dome moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth connected to gears, there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack into rotary motion of gears but the two gears rotate in opposite direction. A flywheel is mounted on the shaft whose function is to regulate the fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform. So that the shafts will rotate with certain R.P.M. these shafts are connected through a belt drive to the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The conversion will be proportional to traffic density.

In this project we will use a dc battery. This will be attached with dynamo. And a switch will be attached with dynamo and battery. If we want to on led through battery, then we can on the switch. If we want to on led through dynamo, we can move the switch according to dynamo mode.Chapter 3:

Block Diagram

Chapter 4:

Component Used

1) Iron metal pipes2) Iron sheet3) Shaft assembly

4) Dynamo motor

5) Leds

6) Connecting wires

7) Metallic spring assembly

8) DC battery

9) Switches for mode

Chapter 5:

Component detail 5.1) About dynamo:

Adynamois anelectrical generatorthat producesdirect currentwith the use of acommutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including theelectric motor, the alternating-currentalternator, and therotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recentlysolid state) is effective and usually economic.

The worddynamo(from the Greek word dynamis; meaning power) was originally another name for anelectrical generator, and still has some regional usage as a replacement for the wordgenerator. After the discovery of theAC Generatorand thatalternating currentcan be used as a power supply, the worddynamobecame associated exclusively with thecommutateddirect currentelectric generator, while an AC electrical generator using eitherslip ringsor rotor magnets would become known as analternator.

A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called ahub dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices, and are actuallymagnetos.

Development

The operating principle of electromagnetic generators was discovered in the years of 18311832 byMichael Faraday. The principle, later calledFaraday's law, is that anelectromotive forceis generated in an electrical conductor which encircles a varyingmagnetic flux.

He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called theFaraday disk, a type ofhomopolar generator, using acopperdisc rotating between the poles of a horseshoemagnet. It produced a smallDC voltage. This was not a dynamo in the current sense, because it did not use acommutator.

This design was inefficient, due to self-cancelling counterflows ofcurrentin regions that were not under the influence of the magnetic field. While current was induced directly underneath the magnet, the current would circulate backwards in regions that were outside the influence of the magnetic field. This counterflow limited the power output to the pickup wires, and induced waste heating of the copper disc. Later homopolar generators would solve this problem by using an array of magnets arranged around the disc perimeter to maintain a steady field effect in one current-flow direction.

Another disadvantage was that the outputvoltagewas very low, due to the single current path through the magnetic flux. Faraday and others found that higher, more useful voltages could be produced by winding multiple turns of wire into a coil. Wire windings can conveniently produce any voltage desired by changing the number of turns, so they have been a feature of all subsequent generator designs, requiring the invention of the commutator to produce direct current.

Independently of Faraday, the HungarianAnyos Jedlikstarted experimenting in 1827 with the electromagnetic rotating devices which he calledelectromagnetic self-rotors. In the prototype of the single-pole electric starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic.

Description:The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electriccurrentthroughFaraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called thestator, which provides a constantmagnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called thearmaturewhich turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or morepermanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or moreelectromagnets, which are usually calledfield coils.

Thecommutatoris needed to producedirect current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation,alternating currentgenerally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such aselectroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquidbatteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotaryswitch. It consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes", because the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.The earliest dynamos usedpermanent magnetsto create the magnetic field. These were referred to as "magneto-electric machines" ormagnetos.[11]However, researchers found that stronger magnetic fields, and so more power, could be produced by usingelectromagnets(field coils) on the stator.[12]These were called "dynamo-electric machines" or dynamos.[11]The field coils of the stator were originallyseparately excitedby a separate, smaller, dynamo or magneto. An important development byWildeandSiemenswas the discovery (by 1866) that a dynamo could alsobootstrapitself to beself-excited, using current generated by the dynamo itself. This allowed the growth of a much more powerful field, thus far greater output power.CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE CONCLUSION:-(

It can be implemented at metropolitan cities. So that more electric power is produced. Arrangement of whole setup is easier.The stored electricity could satisfy the daily requirement of electric power.

FUTURE SCOPE:-( Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signals

Uses:

Charging batteries and using them to light up the streets, etc. Such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input torque and ultimately output of generator. More suitable and compact mechanisms to enhance efficiency.

5.2) Switches

Inelectrical engineering, aswitchis anelectrical componentthat can break anelectrical circuit, interrupting thecurrentor diverting it from one conductor to another.[1]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" \l "cite_note-2" [2]The most familiar form of switch is a manually operatedelectromechanicaldevice with one or more sets ofelectrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push-for "off") type.

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as alight switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting assensorsin a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, athermostatis a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called arelay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be padlocked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock.

An ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed, and would have no limits on voltage or current rating. It would have zerorise timeandfall timeduring state changes, and would change state without "bouncing" between on and off positions.

Practical switches fall short of this ideal; they have resistance, limits on the current and voltage they can handle, finite switching time, etc. The ideal switch is often used in circuit analysis as it greatly simplifies the system of equations to be solved, but this can lead to a less accurate solution. Theoretical treatment of the effects of non-ideal properties is required in the design of large networks of switches, as for example used in telephone exchanges.

A DIP switch is a manual electric switch that is packaged with others in a group in a standard dual in-line package (DIP). The term may refer to each individual switch, or to the unit as a whole. This type of switch is designed to be used on a printed circuit board along with other electronic components and is commonly used to customize the behaviour of an electronic device for specific situations.

DIP switches are an alternative to jumper blocks. Their main advantages are that they are quicker to change and there are no parts to lose.

The DIP switch with sliding levers was granted US Patent 4012608 in 1976.[1] It was applied for 1974 and was used in 1977 in an ATARI Flipper game.

Types

There are many different kinds of DIP switches. Some of the most common are the rotary, slide, and rocker types.

Rotary DIP switches contain multiple electrical contacts, one of which is selected by rotating the switch to align it with a number printed on the package. These may be large like thumbwheels, or so small that a screwdriver must be used to change them (although there are also small potentiometers of this type).

The slide and rocker types, which are very common, are arrays of simple single pole, single throw (SPST) contacts, which can be either on or off. This allows each switch to select a one-bit binary value. The values of all switches in the package can also be interpreted as one number. For example, seven switches offer 128 combinations, allowing them to select a standard ASCII character. Eight switches offer 256 combinations, which is equivalent to one byte.

The DIP switch package also has socket pins or mounting leads to provide an electrical path from the switch contacts to the circuit board. Although circuits can use the electrical contacts directly, it is more common to convert them into high and low signals. In this case, the circuit board also needs interface circuitry for the DIP switch, consisting of a series of pull-up or pull-down resistors, a buffer, decode logic, and other components. Typically, the device's firmware reads the DIP switches when the device is powered on.ApplicationDIP switches were used extensively in ISA architecture of PC expansion cards to select IRQs and memory addresses. They were also often used on arcade games in the 1980s and early 1990s to store settings before the advent of cheaper, battery-backed RAM, and were very commonly used to set security codes on garage door openers as well as on some early cordless phones. This design, which used up to 12 switches in a group, was used to avoid RF interference from other nearby door opener remotes or other devices. Current garage door openers use rolling code systems for better security.

These types of switches were used on early video cards for early computers to facilitate compatibility with other video standards. For example, CGA cards allowed for MDA compatibility.

Recently (since the late 1990s), DIP switches have become less common in consumer electronics. Reasons include the trend toward smaller products, the demand for easier configuration through software menus, and the falling price of non-volatile memory. However, DIP switches are still widely used in industrial equipment because they are inexpensive and easy to incorporate into circuit designs, and because they allow settings to be checked at a glance without powering the system on.

DIP switches are still used in some remote controls to prevent interference; for example, to control a ceiling fan (and its light fixture) that was retrofitted to a single-circuit junction box. The DIP switches set a different radio frequency for each transmitter/receiver pair, so that multiple units can be installed in different rooms of the same house, or different units of the same apartment building, without unintentionally controlling each other.

Rotary switches are also used in X10 home automation to select house and unit numbers. Rotary switches are also used in some radio transmitters (particularly VHF and FM broadcast) to select the DC bias used to set the voltage-controlled oscillator, which determines the centre frequency of the carrier wave output.

5.3) Ribbon wire:

A Ribbon cable (also known as multi-wire planar cable) is a cable with many conducting wires running parallel to each other on the same flat plane. As a result the cable is wide and flat. Its name comes from the resemblance of the cable to a piece of ribbon.

Ribbon cables are usually seen for internal peripherals in computers, such as hard drives, CD drives and floppy drives. On some older computer systems (such as the BBC Micro and Apple II series) they were used for external connections as well. Unfortunately the ribbon-like shape interferes with computer cooling by disrupting airflow within the case and also makes the cables awkward to handle, especially when there are a lot of them; round cables have almost entirely replaced ribbon cables for external connections and are increasingly being used internally as well.

5.4) Batteries

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each battery consists of a negative electrode material, a positive electrode material, an electrolyte that allows ions to move between the electrodes, and terminals that allow current to flow out of the battery to perform work.

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irrevesibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable devices. Secondary (rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium ion batteries used for portable electronics. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy. A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the positive electrode electrode to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate. Redox reactions power the battery. Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode during charging, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode during discharge.The electrodes do not touch each other, but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Some cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell. A separator allows ions to flow between half-cells, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes.

Each half-cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-cells.[9] Thus, if the electrodes have emfs \mathcal{E}_1 and \mathcal{E}_2, then the net emf is \mathcal{E}_{2}-\mathcal{E}_{1}; in other words, the net emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions.The electrical driving force or \displaystyle{\Delta V_{bat}} across the terminals of a cell is known as the terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage.An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of \mathcal{E} until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one coulomb then on complete discharge it would perform 1.5 joules of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under dischargeand the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.

The voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and zinccarbon cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. The high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more

Battery lifetimeAvailable capacity of all batteries drops with decreasing temperature. In contrast to most of today's batteries, the Zamboni pile, invented in 1812, offers a very long service life without refurbishment or recharge, although it supplies current only in the nanoamp range. The Oxford Electric Bell has been ringing almost continuously since 1840 on its original pair of batteries, thought to be Zamboni piles.

Self-dischargeDisposable batteries typically lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge per year when stored at room temperature (2030C).[34] This is known as the "self discharge" rate, and is due to non-current-producing "side" chemical reactions that occur within the cell even when no load is applied. The rate of side reactions is reduced for batteries are stored at lower temperatures, although some can be damaged by freezing.

Old rechargeable batteries self-discharge more rapidly than disposable alkaline batteries, especially nickel-based batteries; a freshly charged nickel cadmium (NiCd) battery loses 10% of its charge in the first 24 hours, and thereafter discharges at a rate of about 10% a month. However, newer low self-discharge nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries and modern lithium designs display a lower self-discharge rate (but still higher than for primary batteries).

CorrosionInternal parts may corrode and fail, or the active materials may be slowly converted to inactive forms.

Physical component changesThe active material on the battery plates changes chemical composition on each charge and discharge cycle, active material may be lost due to physical changes of volume; further limiting the number of times the battery can be recharged.

Rechargeable batteries.

Most nickel-based batteries are partially discharged when purchased, and must be charged before first use.[35] Newer NiMH batteries are ready to be used when purchased, and have only 15% discharge in a year.[36]Some deterioration occurs on each chargedischarge cycle. Degradation usually occurs because electrolyte migrates away from the electrodes or because active material detaches from the electrodes.

Low-capacity NiMH batteries (17002000 mAh) can be charged some 1,000 times, whereas high-capacity NiMH batteries (above 2500 mAh) last about 500 cycles.[37] NiCd batteries tend to be rated for 1,000 cycles before their internal resistance permanently increases beyond usable values.

Charge/discharge speedFast charging increases component changes, shortening battery lifespan.[37]OverchargingIf a charger cannot detect when the battery is fully charged, then overcharging is likely, damaging it5.5) Springs:

Aspringis anelasticobject used to store mechanicalenergy. Springs are usually made out ofspring steel. There are a large number of spring designs; in everyday usage the term often refers tocoil springs.

Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made fromannealedsteel and hardened after fabrication. Somenon-ferrous metalsare also used includingphosphor bronzeandtitaniumfor parts requiring corrosion resistance andberyllium copperfor springs carrying electrical current (because of its low electrical resistance).

When a coil spring is compressed or stretched slightly from rest, theforceit exerts is approximately proportional to its change in length (this approximation breaks down for larger deflections). Therateorspring constantof a spring is the change in theforceit exerts, divided by the change indeflectionof the spring. That is, it is thegradientof the force versus deflectioncurve. Anextensionorcompressionspring has units of force divided by distance, for example lbf/in or N/m.Torsion springshave units of torque divided by angle, such asNm/radorftlbf/degree. The inverse of spring rate is compliance, that is: if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of 0.1mm/N. The stiffness (or rate) of springs in parallel isadditive, as is the compliance of springs in series.

Depending on the design and required operating environment, any material can be used to construct a spring, so long as the material has the required combination of rigidity and elasticity: technically, a woodenbowis a form of spring.

Types:

Springs can be classified depending on how the load force is applied to them:

Tension/extension spring the spring is designed to operate with atensionload, so the spring stretches as the load is applied to it.

Compression spring is designed to operate with a compression load, so the spring gets shorter as the load is applied to it.

Torsion spring unlike the above types in which the load is an axial force, the load applied to a torsion spring is atorqueor twisting force, and the end of the spring rotates through an angle as the load is applied.

Constant spring- supported load will remain the same throughout deflection cycle

Variable spring- resistance of the coil to load varies during compression

They can also be classified based on their shape:

Coil spring this type is made of a coil orhelixof wire

Flat spring this type is made of a flat or conical shaped piece of metal.

Machined spring this type of spring is manufactured by machining bar stock with a lathe and/or milling operation rather than coiling wire. Since it is machined, the spring may incorporate features in addition to the elastic element. Machined springs can be made in the typical load cases of compression/extension, torsion, etc.

The most common types of spring are:

Cantilever spring a spring which is fixed only at one end. Coil springorhelicalspring a spring (made by winding a wire around a cylinder) and theconicalspring. These are in turn of two types: Compression springsare designed to become shorter when loaded. Their turns (loops) are not touching in the unloaded position, and they need no attachment points. Avolute springis a compression spring in the form of a cone, designed so that under compression the coils are not forced against each other, thus permitting longer travel. Tensionorextension springsare designed to become longer under load. Their turns (loops) are normally touching in the unloaded position, and they have a hook, eye or some other means of attachment at each end. Hairspringorbalance spring a delicate spiral torsion spring used inwatches,galvanometers, and places where electricity must be carried to partially rotating devices such assteering wheelswithout hindering the rotation.

Leaf spring a flat spring used in vehiclesuspensions, electricalswitches, andbows.

V-spring used in antiquefirearmmechanisms such as thewheellock,flintlockandpercussion caplocks.

Other types include:

Belleville washerorBelleville spring a disc shaped spring commonly used to apply tension to a bolt (and also in the initiation mechanism of pressure-activatedlandmines).

Constant-force spring a tightly rolled ribbon that exerts a nearly constant force as it is unrolled.

Gas spring a volume of gas which is compressed.

Ideal Spring the notional spring used in physics: it has no weight, mass, or damping losses.

Mainspring a spiral ribbon shaped spring used as a power source inwatches,clocks,music boxes, winduptoys, andmechanically powered flashlights Negator spring a thin metal band slightly concave in cross-section. When coiled it adopts a flat cross-section but when unrolled it returns to its former curve, thus producing a constant force throughout the displacement andnegatingany tendency to re-wind. The most common application is the retracting steel tape rule.[7] Progressive rate coil springs A coil spring with a variable rate, usually achieved by having unequalpitchso that as the spring is compressed one or more coils rests against its neighbour.

Rubber band a tension spring where energy is stored by stretching the material.

Springwasher used to apply a constant tensile force along the axis of afastener.

Torsion spring any spring designed to be twisted rather than compressed or extended. Used intorsion barvehicle suspension systems.

Wave spring a thin spring-washer into which waves have been pressed.5.6) LED:

Alight-emitting diode(LED) is a two-leadsemiconductorlight source. It is apn-junctiondiode, which emits light when activated.[4]When a suitablevoltageis applied to the leads,electronsare able to recombine withelectron holeswithin the device, releasing energy in the form ofphotons. This effect is calledelectroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energyband gapof the semiconductor.

An LED is often small in area (less than 1mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape itsradiation pattern.[5]Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962,[6]the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across thevisible,ultraviolet, andinfraredwavelengths, with very high brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form ofseven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.

Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse asaviation lighting,automotive headlamps, advertising,general lighting,traffic signals, and camera flashes. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are still relatively expensive, and require more precise current and heat management than compactfluorescent lampsources of comparable output.

LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.

Chapter 6: Design and construction of project6.1) Full design of project:

6.2) Top view of project:

6.3) Front view of project:

6.4) Side view of project

Chapter 7:Future Scopes and conclusion

CONCLUSION:- It can be implemented at metropolitan cities. So that more electric power is produced. Arrangement of whole setup is easier. The stored electricity could satisfy the daily requirement of electric power. FUTURE SCOPE: - Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signals, etc. Uses: Charging batteries and using them to light up the streets, etc. Such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input torque and ultimately output of generator. More suitable and compact mechanisms to enhance efficiency.

REFERENCES

www.8051 projects.net

www.wikipideia.comwww.8052projects.comwww.howstuffworks .com

http://www.numitechsolutions.com/

8051 programming by M. ali Mazidi

Gear assembly

Dc battery

Speed breaker mechanism

Dynamo

Led lights

Slide switch